吴恩达深度学习第二课课后测验(docx版)

Practical aspects of deep learning1.If you have 10,000,000 examples, how would you split the train/dev/test set?☐33% train, 33% dev, 33% test☐60% train, 20% dev, 20% test☐98% train, 1% dev, 1% test2.The dev and test set should:☐Come from the same distribution☐Come from different distribution☐Be identical to each other (same (x,y) pairs)☐Have the same number of examples3.If your Neural Network model seems to have high bias, what of the following would bepromising things to try? (Check all that apply.)☐Add regularization☐Get more test data☐Increase the number of units in each hidden layer☐Make the Neural Network deeper☐Get more training data4.You are working on an automated check-out kiosk for a supermarket, and are building aclassifier for apples, bananas and oranges. Suppose your classifier obtains a training set error of 0.5%, and a dev set error of 7%. Which of the following are promising things to try to improve your classifier? (Check all that apply.)☐Increase the regularization parameter lambda☐Decrease the regularization parameter lambda☐Get more training data☐Use a bigger neural network5.What is weight decay?☐ A regularization technique (such as L2 regularization) that results in gradient decent shrinking the weights on every iteration.☐The process of gradually decreasing the learning rate during training.☐Gradual corruption of the weights in the neural network if it is trained on noisy data.☐ A technique to avoid vanishing gradient by imposing a ceiling on the values of the weights.6.What happens when you increase the regularization hyperparameter lambda?☐Weights are pushed toward becoming smaller (closer to 0)☐Weights are pushed toward becoming bigger (further from 0)☐Doubling lambda should roughly result in doubling the weights☐Gradient descent taking bigger steps with each iteration (proportional to lambda)7.With the inverted dropout technique, at test time:☐You apply dropout (randomly eliminating units) and do not keep the 1/keep_prob factor in the calculations used in training☐You apply dropout (randomly eliminating units) but keep the 1/keep_prob factor in the calculations used in training.☐You do not apply dropout ( do not randomly eliminating units), but keep the 1/keep_prob factor in the calculations used in training.☐You do not apply dropout (do not randomly eliminating units) and do not keep the 1/keep_prob factor in the calculations used in training.8.Increasing the parameter keep_prob from (say) 0.5 to 0.6 will likely cause the following:(Check the two that apply)☐Increasing the regularization effect☐Reducing the regularization effect☐Causing the neural network to end up with a higher training set error☐Causing the neural network to end up with a lower training set error9.Which of these techniques are useful for reducing variance (reducing overfitting)? (Check allthat apply.)☐Xavier initialization☐Data augmentation☐Gradient Checking☐Exploding gradient☐L2 regularization☐Vanishing gradient☐Dropout10.Why do we normalize the inputs x?☐It makes the parameter initialization faster☐It makes the cost function faster to optimize☐Normalization is another word for regularization—It helps to reduce variance☐It makes it easier to visualize the dataOptimization algorithms1.Which notation would you use to denote the 3rd layer’s activation when the inputs is the 7thexample from the 8th minibatch?☐a[8]{3}(7)☐a[8]{7}(3)☐a[3]{8}(7)☐a[3]{7}(8)2.Which of these statements about mini-batch gradient descent do you agree with ?☐One iteration of mini-batch gradient decent (computing on a single mini-batch) is faster than one iteration of batch gradient decent.☐You should implement mini-batch gradient descent without an explicit for loop over different mini-batches, so that the algorithm processes all mini-batches at the same time (vectorization).☐Training one epoch (one pass through the training set) using mini-batch gradient descent is faster than training one epoch using batch gradient descent.3.Why is the best mini-batch size usually not 1 and not m, but instead something in-between?☐If the mini-batch size is m, you end up with stochastic gradient descent, which is usually slower than mini-batch gradient descent.☐If the mini-batch size is m, you end up with batch gradient descent, which has to process the whole training set before making progress.☐If the mini-batch size is 1, you lose the benefits of vectorization across examples in the mini-batch.☐If the mini-batch size is 1, you end up having to process the entire training set before making any progress.4.Suppose your learning algorithm’s cost J, plotted as a function of the number of iterations,looks like this:Which of the following do you agree with?☐Whether you’re using batch gradient decent or mini-batch gradient decent, something is wrong.☐Whether you’re using batch gradient decent of mini-batch gradient descent, this looks acceptable.☐If you’re using mini-batch gradient descent, something is wrong. But if you’re using batch gradient descent, this looks acceptable.☐If you’re using mini-batch gradient descent, this looks acceptable. But if you’re using batch gradient decent, something is wrong.5.Suppose the temperature in Casablanca over the first three days of January are the same:Jan 1st: θ1=100CJan 2nd: θ2=100C(We used Fahrenheit in lecture, so will use Celsius here in honor of the metric world.)Say you use an exponentially weighted average with β=0.5 to track the temperature:v0=0, v t=βv t-1+(1-β)θt. If v2 is the value computed after day 2 without bias correction, and v2corrected is the value you compute with bias correction. What are these values? (You might be able to do this without a calculator, but don’t actually need one. Remember what is bias correction doing.)☐v2=7.5, v2corrected=10☐v2=10, v2corrected=7.5☐v2=7.5, v2corrected=7.5☐v2=10, v2corrected=106.Which of these is NOT a good learning rate decay scheme? Here, t is the epoch number.☐α=1α01+2∗t☐α=e tα0☐α=0.95tα0☐α=α0√t7.You use an exponentially weighted average on the London temperature dataset. You use thefollowing to track the temperature: v t=βv t-1+(1-β)θt. The red line below was computed using β=0.9. What would happen to your red curve as you vary β? (Check the two that apply)☐Decreasing βwill shift the red line slightly to the right☐Increasing βwill shift the red line slightly to the right☐Decreasing βwill create more oscillation within the red line.☐Increasing βwill create more oscillation within the red line.8.Consider this figure:These plots were generated with gradient descent; with gradient descent momentum (β=0.5) and gradient descent with momentum (β=0). Which curve corresponds to whichalgorithm?☐(1) is gradient descent with moment (small β). (2) is gradient descent. (3) is gradient descent with momentum (large β)☐(1) is gradient descent. (2) is gradient descent with momentum (small β). (3) is gradient descent with momentum (large β)☐(1) is gradient descent. (2) is gradient descent with momentum (large β). (3) is gradient descent with momentum (small β)☐(1) is gradient descent with momentum (small β). (2) is gradient descent with momentum (small β). (3) is gradient descent.9.Suppose batch gradient descent in a deep network is taking excessively long to find a value ofthe parameters that achieves a small value for the cost function J(W[1],b[1],……,W[L],b[L]).Which of the following techniques could help find parameter values that attain a small value for J? (check all that apply)☐Try tuning the learning rate α☐Try initializing all the weights to zero☐Try better random initialization for the weights☐Try mini-batch gradient descent☐Try using Adam10.Which of the following statements about Adam is False?☐Adam combines the advantages of RMSProp and momentum☐Adam should be used with batch gradient computations, not with mini-batches.☐The learning rate hyperparameter αin Adam usually needs to be tuned.☐We usually use “default” values for the hyperparameter β1, β2 andεin Adam (β=0.9, β2=0.999, ε=10-8)1Hyperparameter tuning, Batch Normalization, Programming Frameworks1.If searching among a large number of number of hyperparameters, you should try values in agrid rather than random values, so that you can carry out the search more systematically and not rely on chance. True or False?☐True☐False2.Every hyperparameters, if set poorly, can have a huge negative impact on training, and so allhyperparameters are about equally important to tune well. True or False?☐True☐False3.During hyperparameters serch, whether you try to babysit one model (“Panda” strategy) ortrain a lot of models in parallel (“Caviar”) is largely determined by:☐Whether you use batch or mini-batch optimization☐The presence of local minima (and saddle points) in your neural network☐The amount of computational power you can access☐The number of hyperparameters you have to tune4.If you think β(hyperparameter for momentum) is between on 0.9 and 0.99, which of thefollowing is the recommended way to sample a value for beta?☐ 1 r = np.random.rand()2 beta = r*0.09+0.09☐ 1 r = np.random.rand()2 beta = 1-10**(-r-1)☐ 1 r = np.random.rand()2 beta = 1-10**(-r+1)☐ 1 r = np.random.rand()2 beta = r*0.9+0.095.Finding good hyperparameter values is very time-consuming. So typically you should to itonce at the start of the project, and try to find very good hyperparameters so that you don’t ever have to revisit tuning them again. True or False?☐True☐False6.In batch normalization as presented in the video, if you apply it on the l th layer of you neuralnetwork, what are you normalizing?☐B [l ] ☐a [l ] ☐Z [l ] ☐W [l ]7. In the normalization formula z norm (i)=(i)√σ2+ε, why do we use epsilon?☐To speed up convergence ☐To avoid division by zero ☐To have a more accurate normalization ☐In case μ is too small8. Which of the following statements about γ and β in Batch Norm are true?☐ There is one global value of γ∈R and one global value of β∈R for each layer, andapplies to all the hidden units in that layer.☐ They can be learned using Adam, Gradient descent with momentum, or RMSprop, notjust with gradient descent.☐ The optimal values are γ=√σ2+ϵ, and β=μ.☐ β and γ are hyperparameters of the algorithm, which we tune via random sampling. ☐ They set the mean and variance of the linear variable z [l] of a given layer.9. After training a neural network with Batch Norm, at test time, to evaluate the neural networkon a new example you should:☐ Perform the needed normalization, use μ and σ2 estimated using an exponentiallyweighted average across mini-batches seen during training.☐ Skip the step where you normalize using μ and σ2 since a single test example cannotbe normalized☐ Use the most recent mini-batch ’s value of μ and σ2 to perform the needednormalizations.☐ If you implemented Batch Norm on mini-batches of (say) 256 examples, then toevaluate on one test example, duplicate that example 256 time so that you ’re working with a mini-batch the same size as during training.10. Which of these statements about deep learning programming frameworks are true? (Checkall that apply)☐ A programming frameworks allows you to code up deep learning algorithms withtypically fewer lines of code than a lower-level language such as Python.☐ Even if a project is currently open source, good governance of the project helps ensurethat the it remains open even in the long term, rather than become closed or modified to benefit only one company.Deep learning programming frameworks require cloud-based machines to run.。