Pancreatic stents to prevent post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreati

ENZYME CONCENTRATIONS AND ENZYME ACTIVITY: PLANNING SHEETPurpose∙To investigate how enzyme concentration can affect the initial rate of reaction.∙To develop practical skills.SAFETYWear eye protection, lab coats and disposable gloves.All enzymes are potential allergens and skin contact should be avoided. Any spillages ontothe skin should be washed off immediately. Asthma sufferers may be particularly sensitive,so alert your teacher.Hydrogen peroxide is corrosive. Use with great care avoiding contact with eyes, skin andclothing. Any spillages onto the skin should be washed off immediately.Use the knife with care, cutting on a secure surface.Reducing concentrationIf someone’s pancreatic duct becomes blocked it reduces or prevents the release of pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine. The aim of this activity is to investigate the effect of a reduction in enzyme concentration on the initial rate of reaction. The pancreas releases several enzymes, including proteases, which could be used to investigate the effect of enzyme concentration on initial rate of reaction. Other enzymes, including catalase, could be used to investigate the effect of enzyme concentration on initial rate of reaction. Catalase is not released by the pancreas: it occurs in most cells to break down toxic hydrogen peroxide, the by-product of various biochemical reactions.Why do we measure the initial rate of reaction?At the start of an enzyme experiment in the lab there will be a fixed amount of substrate in the test tube and no product. As the reaction proceeds, the amount of substrate decreases and the amount of product increases. Therefore the chance of a substrate molecule colliding with an enzyme goes down, so the rate of reaction is slower than at the start. For this reason, when carrying out enzyme catalysed reactions, it is the initial rate of the reaction that is the most valid measurement to take; it will give the rate of the reaction under the desired conditions.1 Scientific questions and information researchMilk powder contains a white protein called casein. A white suspension of milk powder clears on the addition of the enzyme trypsin. Hydrogen peroxide is broken down by the enzyme catalase, forming water and oxygen gas.Research relevant information and decide what you think the relationship will be between the enzyme concentration and the initial rate of reaction. Make sure that you understand and explain why we are only interested in the initial breakdown of the substrate. Write down your idea as a hypothesis that you can test. Use scientific ideas to support your prediction.2 Planning and experimental designYou are provided with the following equipment:●Standard acidified protease solution or a cylinder of potato tissue (a source of catalase).●Milk powder or hydrogen peroxide solution (the substrate).●Standard laboratory glassware and apparatus including a ruler, stopclock and thermometer.● A colorimeter and cuvette.NB: Casein will hydrolyse in acid conditions without addition of the enzyme.Plan an experiment that will test your hypothesis. Make sure your plan:∙includes a hypothesis about enzyme concentration and the breakdown of substrate, with a scientific explanation to support your ideas∙includes a procedure that uses suitable apparatus to produce measurements that will validly test your hypothesis∙includes a method that allows you to assess the initial rate of reaction∙identifies the dependent and independent variables and, where possible, controls or allows for other variables∙has a control and replicates, and that you have explained why these are necessary∙says exactly what measurements you will make and how they will be made∙says how you will make sure the results are valid, accurate, precise and repeatable∙identifies any possible sources of error∙includes a risk assessment with any safety precautions you will take.Refer to the Developing Practical Skills Framework in Practical Skills Support for guidance on planning an experiment.Have your plan checked by your teacher/lecturer before starting the experiment.On completion of the experiment make sure you have presented your results in the most appropriate way, and identified and explained any trends or patterns in your results, supporting your statements with evidence from your data. Also, using biological knowledge, you should have commented on any variation and possible errors within the data, and proposed changes to your procedure that would improve the experimental results.The effect of substrate concentrationHaving successfully completed the practical work to determine the effect of enzyme concentration, modify your experimental procedure to show how you would investigate the effect of substrate concentration on initial rate of enzyme reaction.ENZYME CONCENTRATIONS AND ENZYME ACTIVITYPurpose∙ To investigate how enzyme concentration can affect the initial rate of reaction.∙ To develop practical skills.SAFETYEnsure eye protection, lab coats and disposable gloves are worn throughout.All enzymes are potential allergens and skin contact should be avoided. Any spillages ontothe skin should be washed off immediately. If enzyme solutions are made up from solids thisshould not be done by students and precautions should be taken to avoid raising dust.Asthma sufferers may be particularly sensitive.Hydrogen peroxide is corrosive. Directly supervise its use ensuring it is handled with care,avoiding contact with the skin, eyes and clothing. Any spillages onto the skin should be washedoff immediately.Ensure knives are used with care on secure surfaces. Demonstrate a safe method for cutting materials.Notes on the procedureStudents should be given the opportunity to plan this experiment themselves. A planning sheet is provided. The experimental work is placed in the context of the reduced enzyme secretions from the pancreatic duct, which occurs with cystic fibrosis (CF). The use of a protease enzyme would strengthen this link, but there are different enzymes and methods that can be used in this experiment. Students will require some guidance before they start planning, regarding the type of enzyme and substrate to use and a method of assessing the initial rate of reaction. Students could be shown the type of equipment available and a class discussion about what should be included in the practical plan is appropriate. The Developing Practical Skills support provides a framework for the steps in completing an investigation. This can be used to guide students through the process. Once the investigation has been completed students could use the Developing Practical Skills Self-evaluation Sheet to reflect on what they have done in this practical.Two possible methods (A and B) are given below. The methods provided are not fully comprehensive, but provide a starting point if required. Students need to measure initial rate of reaction. This is done by measuring the slope of the time-course graph at each concentration and plotting a summary graph of initial rate against enzyme concentration.Either individually or in pairs students could complete an agreed procedure for one of the concentrations and then share results to complete the summary graph.Some centres have reported very good results for the dried milk experiment, while for others the dried milk powder did not break down. It is always best to check the enzyme activity in advance.In the ICT support there is a datalogging sheet on monitoring an enzyme-catalysed reaction.The Core Practical requires investigation of enzyme and substrate concentration. Having completed the practical investigating enzyme concentration, students can plan how to investigate substrate concentration, which would use a similar procedure with the enzyme concentration remaining the same but varying the substrate concentration. If time is available students could complete this in addition to completing the planning activity.You need:● Milk powder solution● Test tubes, flat-bottomed tubes or conical flasks● Test tube holder● Stopclock ● Standard protease solution 1% ● 5 cm 3 pipettes, syringe or measuring cylinder ● Glassware for diluting enzymesPurpose∙To investigate how enzyme concentration can affect the initial rate of reaction. ∙ To develop practical skills. What do you think will be the effect of reducing the concentration of the protease enzyme on theinitial rate of breakdown of the protein found in milk powder? Use scientific ideas to support your idea (hypothesis).SAFETYWear eye protection, lab coats and disposable gloves.All enzymes are potential allergens and skin contact should be avoided. Any spillages ontothe skin should be washed off immediately. Asthma sufferers may be particularly sensitive,so alert your teacher.Procedure1Pipette 2 cm 3 of protein solution into a cuvette. 2 Pipette 2 cm 3 of the protease solution into the cuvette. Mix thoroughly and immediately put thiscuvette into the colorimeter and start the stopclock.3 Measure absorbance at suitable time intervals for 5 minutes or until there is little change inreaction.4 Discard the content of the cuvette and rinse with distilled water.5 Plot a graph of absorbance against time. Use the graph to determine the initial rate of reaction.This is the initial gradient of the graph and should be the steepest part. Calculate the initial rate bydividing the change in they-axis by the change in the x -axis values and use the units you haveplotted on your y - and x -axes.6 Repeat steps 1 to 5 of the experiment using a range of different enzyme concentrations, ensuringthat other conditions are unchanged. Plot a separate absorbance against time graph for eachenzyme concentration and calculate an initial rate of reaction from each one.7 Present your results in the most appropriate way.8 Identify any trends in your results.9 Explain any trends or patterns, supporting your statements with evidence from your data andusing biological knowledge.10 State a clear conclusion to your work, summarising what you have found out and comment on thevalidity of your conclusion.Comment on the accuracy and precision of your results. Suggest any modifications to your procedure that would improve the experiment.The effect of substrate concentrationHaving successfully completed the practical work to determine the effect of enzyme concentration, modify your experimental procedure to show how you would investigate the effect of substrateconcentration on initial rate of enzyme reaction.You need● Cylinders of potato tissue● Hydrogen peroxide solution● Buffer solution pH 7.2● Distilled water● Boiling tube● Bung and delivery tube● 250 cm 3 beakers● Small beaker● 10 cm 3 syringe barrel● 2 ⨯ 10 cm 3 syringes or graduated pipettes● Short piece of rubber tubing ● Screw clip ● Cork borer ● Measuring cylinder ● Thermometer ● Stopclock ● Glass rod ● Sharp knife ● White tile ● Forceps ● Water bathPurpose∙To investigate how enzyme concentration can affect the initial rate of reaction. ∙ To develop practical skills.Catalase is an enzyme that occurs in most plant and animal cells. It catalyses the reaction:2H2O 2 → 2H 2O + O 2What do you think will be the effect of reducing the concentration of catalase on the initial rate ofbreakdown of the substrate, hydrogen peroxide? Use scientific ideas to support your idea (hypothesis). The initial rate of reaction can be measured by determining the volume of oxygen gas produced in a unit of time using the apparatus shown in Figure 1. Potato tissue provides a source of catalase.SAFETYWear eye protection, lab coats and disposable gloves.Hydrogen peroxide is corrosive. Use with great care avoiding contact with eyes, skin andclothing. Any spillages onto the skin should be washed off immediately.Use the knife with care, cutting on a secure surface. Demonstrate a safe method for cuttingmaterials.Procedure1Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 1, with the collecting tube filled with water and the screw clip closed. 2Cut 10 discs of potato, each 0.2 mm thick. Place these in the boiling tube with 5 cm 3 of buffer solution. 3 Add 5 cm 3 of hydrogen peroxide solution to the potato discs. Immediately place the bung anddelivery tube firmly into the boiling tube. Place the other end of the delivery tube under thecollecting tube.4 Start a stopclock as soon as the first bubble of oxygen enters the collecting tube from the deliverytube. Collect any gas produced at suitable time intervals for 5 minutes or until there is littlechange in the volume. Shake the boiling tube gently throughout the reaction period to keep thecontents well mixed. Measure the volume of oxygen produced by raising the collecting tube sothat the water level in the tube is level with the surrounding water level in the beaker. Wash outthe boiling tube thoroughly.5Plot a graph of volume of gas produced against time. Use the graph to determine the initial rate ofreaction. This is the initial gradient of the graph and should be the steepest part. Calculate theinitial rate by dividing the change in the y -axis by the change in the x -axis values and use the unitsyou have plotted on your x - and y -axes.6 Repeat steps 1 to 5 of the experiment using a range of numbers of potato discs, ensuring that otherconditions are unchanged. Open the screw clip to refill the collecting tube and then tighten again.Plot a separate volume of gas produced against time graph for each enzyme concentration and calculate an initial rate of reaction from each one.7 Present your results in the most appropriate way.8 Identify any trends in your results.9 Explain any trends or patterns, supporting your statements with evidence from your data andusing biological knowledge.10 State a clear conclusion to your work, summarising what you have found out and comment on thevalidity of your conclusion.11 Comment on the accuracy and precision of your results. Suggest any modifications to yourprocedure that would improve the experiment.Figure 1 Apparatus for investigating catalase activity.The effect of substrate concentrationHaving successfully completed the practical work to determine the effect of enzyme concentration, modify your experimental procedure to show how you would investigate the effect of substrate concentration on initial rate of enzyme reaction.ENZYME CONCENTRATIONS AND ENZYME ACTIVITYPurpose∙To investigate how enzyme concentration can affect the rate of reaction.∙To develop practical skills.SAFETYWear eye protection, lab coats and disposable gloves.All enzymes are potential allergens and skin contact should be avoided. Enzyme powdersare irritants and potential allergens. If enzyme solutions are made up from solids this shouldnot be done by students and precautions should be taken to avoid raising dust. Avoid inhalation of powder and wear eye protection and gloves when handling powders. Rinsewith lots of water if you come in contact with the enzymes. All spills should be moistenedand wiped up immediately. Asthma sufferers may be particularly sensitive. Hydrogen peroxide is corrosive; use with great care and avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing.The requirements for this practical will depend on whether the students undertake the planning themselves or are guided. Two basic experimental procedures are provided as a starting point and possible requirements are detailed below. Note that the requirements are given per student per concentration investigated. Students are likely to want to investigate five concentrations each. Procedure A: Using milk and trypsinRequirements per student orgroup of studentsNotesFor each concentration studentsinvestigate, they will need:5 cm3 casein or milk powder suspension (5%) To make milk suspension use 5 g milk powder in 100 cm3 water. Marvel® has been found to be the best milk powder to use: it is almost fat-free.5 ml trypsin solution Mix 0.5 g trypsin powder in 100 cm3 water. Add enough alkali (forexample, dilute sodium hydroxide) while mixing it up to produce a pHof 9. It is recommended to use a buffer solution to produce a morestable pH. If making up enzyme solutions do not heat to dissolve.Students will also need to dilute this standard solution to give 0.1%,0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% solutions.Test tubes, flat-bottomed tubes, orconical flasksTest tube holderStopclockTwo 5 cm3 pipettes syringes ormeasuring cylinders50 cm3 beakerEye protectionProcedure B: Using catalase and hydrogen peroxideNotesRequirements per student orgroup of studentsCylinder of potato tissue Students can cut these for themselves using a cork borer and whitetile.Hydrogen peroxide solution 20 volume.Buffer solution pH 7.2Distilled waterBoiling tubeBung and delivery tube250 cm3 beakersSmall beaker10 cm3 syringe barrel To collect the oxygen evolved, a small measuring cylinder could beused as an alternative, but the syringe barrel with a rubber tube andscrew clip allows the collecting tube to be filled with water very easilyby loosening the screw clip.2 10 cm3 syringes or graduatedpipettesShort piece of rubber tubingScrew clipMeasuring cylinderThermometerStopclockGlass rodCork borer To cut cylinders of potato.Sharp knifeWhite tileForcepsWater bath Beaker of water to maintain the reaction tube at a constanttemperature would be adequate.。

2.6.1. STERILITY2.6.1 无菌检查法The test is applied to substances, preparations or articles which, according to the Pharmacopoeia, are required to be sterile. However, a satisfactory result only indicates that no contaminating micro-organism has been found in the sample examined in the conditions of the test.本检查方法适用于按照药典要求应当无菌的原料、制剂或其他物质。

但是，如果按照本无菌检查法的结果符合要求，仅表明在该检查条件下未发现微生物污染。

PRECAUTIONS AGAINST MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION微生物污染防范The test for sterility is carried out under aseptic conditions. In order to achieve such conditions, the test environment has to be adapted to the way in which the sterility test is performed. The precautions taken to avoid contamination are such that they do not affect any micro-organisms which are to be revealed in the test. The working conditions in which the tests are performed are monitored regularly by appropriate sampling of the working area and by carrying out appropriate controls.无菌检测试验应在无菌的条件下进行。

胰管支架向内移位的原因分析及启示张亚萍;潘小平【摘要】目的通过分析胰管支架向近端移位的原因,探讨如何预防其发生.方法追踪观察1例胰管支架向内移位特殊病例的治疗全过程.结果胰管支架置入术后可以向内移位,使用十二指肠活检钳能取出移位支架.结论置入胰腺支架的技术水平要求较高,如何选择合适的支架是本技术的关键.活检钳可以作为移除胰管支架的工具.【期刊名称】《微创医学》【年(卷),期】2014(009)001【总页数】3页(P99-101)【关键词】胰管支架;逆行性胰胆管造影;胰腺炎;并发症【作者】张亚萍;潘小平【作者单位】内蒙古科技大学包头医学院第二附属医院,包头市,014030;内蒙古科技大学包头医学院第二附属医院,包头市,014030【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R657.5胰管支架置入术(pancreatic duct stenting)是预防逆行性胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography，ERCP)术后胰腺炎的有效方法[1]。

大量临床研究表明[2]，胰管支架置入可以降低具有高危因素患者ERCP术后胰腺炎的发生率，并可以减少患者住院费用和住院时间。

但此项技术具有高风险和高难度，甚至可以发生严重的并发症，其中包括重度胰腺炎、早期支架移位、穿孔、出血和感染等[3]。

我们在此项技术实施过程中，发生1例术后4个月胰管支架向内移位(胰尾方向)的病例，现报告如下。

1.1 病例简介患者女性，74岁，因“无诱因出现右上腹部持续性胀痛，向背部放散1月”就诊。

超声波检查提示：胆囊切除术后，胆总管扩张，胆总管下段结石。

以“胆总管结石”收入院。

查体：生命体征平稳，巩膜及全身无黄染，心肺未闻及杂音。

腹部平软，未见静脉曲张，右上腹压痛明显、无反跳痛及肌紧张。

肝肋下未触及。

辅助检查：核磁共振水成像(MRCP)示胆囊切除术后改变，胆总管下段多发结石伴低位不全胆道梗阻。

生物医学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common type of cancer in the world?A. Lung cancerB. Breast cancerC. Prostate cancerD. Colorectal cancer答案：A2. The term "pathogen" refers to:A. A substance that causes diseaseB. A person who has a diseaseC. An organism that causes diseaseD. A symptom of a disease答案：C3. What is the primary function of red blood cells?A. To carry oxygenB. To fight infectionsC. To clot bloodD. To regulate body temperature答案：A4. The nervous system is divided into two main parts: thecentral nervous system and the:A. Peripheral nervous systemB. Autonomic nervous systemC. Sympathetic nervous systemD. Parasympathetic nervous system答案：A5. Which of the following is a characteristic of a viral infection?A. Presence of bacteria in the bloodB. Inflammation of the heartC. Infection by a virusD. Infection by a fungus答案：C6. The hormone responsible for the regulation of blood sugar levels is:A. InsulinB. Thyroid hormoneC. CortisolD. Adrenaline答案：A7. What is the term for the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment?A. HomeostasisB. MetabolismC. Circadian rhythmD. Immunity答案：A8. The largest organ in the human body is:A. The brainB. The liverC. The skinD. The heart答案：C9. Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?A. Muscle tissueB. Nervous tissueC. Epithelial tissueD. Cartilage答案：D10. The process of cell division that results in two identical cells is called:A. MitosisB. MeiosisC. ApoptosisD. Cytokinesis答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. The study of the structure of organisms is called__________.答案：anatomy2. The process by which cells extract energy from nutrients is known as __________.答案：metabolism3. The basic unit of heredity is the __________.答案：gene4. The medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart and blood vessels is called __________.答案：cardiology5. The hormone that stimulates the growth and development of bones and muscles is __________.答案：growth hormone6. The study of the causes and effects of diseases is called __________.答案：pathology7. The body's response to injury or infection is known as__________.答案：inflammation8. The process by which the body gets rid of waste products is called __________.答案：excretion9. The largest gland in the human body is the __________.答案：liver10. The study of the nervous system is called __________.答案：neurology三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the role of the immune system in defending the body against infections.答案：The immune system plays a crucial role in defending the body against infections by recognizing and eliminating harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and otherforeign substances. It consists of various cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. When a pathogen enters the body, the immune system responds by activating white blood cells and producing antibodies that target and neutralize the invaders. This response helps to prevent the spread of infection and promotes healing and recovery.2. Describe the process of respiration in humans.答案：Respiration in humans is a process that involves the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment. It consists of two main stages: inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, air containing oxygen is drawn into the lungs through the nose or mouth, then travels down the trachea and into the bronchi, which branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs. Oxygen from the air diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli into the bloodstream, where itbinds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and forcing the carbon dioxide-rich air out of the lungs. This cycle of inhal。

不可切除胰腺癌的分子靶向药物治疗进展胡润，李俊蒽，姚沛，桂仁捷，段华新湖南师范大学附属第一医院，湖南省人民医院肿瘤科，长沙 410005通信作者：段华新，****************（ORCID： 0000-0001-9596-5013）摘要：胰腺癌作为消化系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，其发病率及死亡率正逐年上升，大多数胰腺癌患者因分期较晚而失去了手术机会。

尽管以吉西他滨、氟尿嘧啶为主的化疗方案在一定程度上延长了患者的生存期，但仍有部分患者因无法耐受化疗而失去治疗机会。

随着精准医疗时代的来临，分子靶向药物治疗展现出的优异疗效使其成为对抗肿瘤的重要治疗手段之一，但由于胰腺癌高度的异质性及复杂的免疫微环境，针对胰腺癌的分子靶向治疗并未取得显著效果，因此亟需探寻新的治疗靶点及药物攻克这一难题。

本综述基于胰腺癌常见分子靶点及肿瘤免疫相关靶点探究在不可切除胰腺癌中分子靶向药物治疗研究的最新进展，为胰腺癌患者提供新的治疗策略。

关键词：胰腺肿瘤；分子靶向治疗；免疫疗法基金项目：湖南省自然科学基金（2020JJ8084）Advances in molecular-targeted therapy for unresectable pancreatic cancerHU Run，LI Junen，YAO Pei，GUI Renjie，DUAN Huaxin.（Department of Oncology，The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University， Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital， Changsha 410005， China）Corresponding author： DUAN Huaxin，****************（ORCID： 0000-0001-9596-5013）Abstract：Pancreatic cancer is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors of the digestive system， and its incidence and mortality rates are increasing year by year. Most patients with pancreatic cancer are unable to receive surgery due to the advanced stage. Although chemotherapy regimens based on gemcitabine and fluorouracil have prolonged the survival time of patients to some extent，some patients cannot tolerate chemotherapy and hence lose the opportunity for treatment. With the advent of the era of precision medicine， molecular-targeted therapy has exhibited an excellent therapeutic efficacy and has thus become one of the most important treatment techniques for tumors； however， due to the high heterogeneity of pancreatic cancer and its complicated tumor microenvironment， molecular-targeted therapy for pancreatic cancer has not achieved notable results. Therefore， it is imperative to seek new therapeutic targets and medications to overcome this issue. This article reviews the latest advances in the research on molecular-targeted therapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer based on common molecular targets and tumor immunity-related therapeutic targets， in order to provide new treatment strategies for patients with pancreatic cancer.Key words：Pancreatic Neoplasms； Molecular Targeted Therapy； ImmunotherapyResearch funding：Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China （2020JJ8084）胰腺癌是一种起病隐匿、进展迅速、疗效及预后极差的恶性肿瘤，大多数患者确诊时已经属于晚期。

NCR——熟悉的名称崭新的脚步刘文汇【期刊名称】《北京电子信息时代导刊》【年(卷),期】1996(000)004【总页数】4页(P27-30)【作者】刘文汇【作者单位】无【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP3【相关文献】1.扎实基础拓展新篇NCR致力于拓展自助服务崭新行业 [J],2.NCR全力拓展自助服务崭新行业 [J],3.Pancreatic stents for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis should be inserted up to the pancreatic body or tail [J], Mitsuru Sugimoto;Tadayuki Takagi;Rei Suzuki;Naoki Konno;Hiroyuki Asama;Yuki Sato;Hiroki Irie;Ko Watanabe;Jun Nakamura;Hitomi Kikuchi;Yuichi Waragai;Mika Takasumi;Takuto Hikichi;Hiromasa Ohira4.Pancreas-preserving duodenal resections vs pancreatoduodenectomy for groove pancreatitis. Should we revisit treatment algorithm for groove pancreatitis? [J], Vyacheslav Egorov;Roman Petrov;Aleksandr Schegolev;Elena Dubova;Andrey Vankovich;Eugeny Kondratyev;Andrey Dobriakov;Dmitry Kalinin;Natalia Schvetz;Elena Poputchikova5.Duodenum and ventral pancreas preserving subtotal pancreatectomy for low-grade malignant neoplasms of the pancreas: An alternative procedure to total pancreatectomy for low-grade pancreatic neoplasms [J], Xing Wang;Chun-Lu Tan;Hai-Yu Song;Qiang Yao;Xu-Bao Liu因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

答案CHAPTER 43 练习：A. 用括号内的词将汉语译成英语:1)The research about this enzyme can be traced back to 1970s.2)Recently, the use of reproducible resource has reached new heights.3)Vinegar could play on the taste buds.4)Pay attention to the harmony of appearance, smell, taste, texture whenconfecting the beverage.B. 根据课文判断下列陈述是否正确：1)T2)T3)T4) F5) F6)TCHAPTER 54练习：1)用表内提供的词组合成句子，描述图中勺的相对位置：Seven spoons are symmetrically and evenly spaced. Perforated spoon with black hand is at the far left and goes to the left of perforated spoon with stainless steelhand. Slotted spoons with black hand is next to perforated spoon with stainless steel hand on the right and goes to the left of slotted spoon with stainless steel hand. Three-cornered stirring spoon is next to slotted spoon with stainless steel hand on the right and goes to the left of solid spoons with black hand. Solid spoons with stainless steel hand is at the far right.2) 根据Fig 5-3 描述其余不同用具相对于球形切割器Ball cutter 的位置One ball cutter is placed horizontally below the center of the place, and a straight spatula goes to the top-left of it. Next to the straight spatula on the right is a cook’s fork. In front of the straight spatula is an offset spatula. A pie server is on the right of the offset spatula and in front of the cook’s fork.CHAPTER 63 练习：A．用建议的词进行汉译英1)Make the eye level even with the bottom of meniscus inside the tube.2)The electronic scales should be placed where they set level and where theyreceive a minimum amount of jarring.3)Use this method to analyze the arginine through HPLC, the linearity range isfrom 0.5 μg to 10 μg.4)Portion 100 ounce flour into 5 fractions.5)The column is 2 inch in diameter and 10 inch in highness.B. 用表内的词填空Now describe a similar experiment for finding the density of a beverage in a report style. Use the following words in the description. The procedure is: wash→dry→pour→measure→calculate.Density bottle was washed with brush firstly and then rinsed with alcohol. The empty bottle was dried and weighed by the scale. Then put exactly a volume of the liquid into the bottle. Next the full bottle was weighed by the scale and gained the mass. The mass of the liquid, therefore, can be calculated with subtraction between the mass of the full bottle and the mass of the empty bottle. Finally its density is calculated with the equation ρ = m/v. The operation should be done at the room temperature.E. 描述测量物体的单位Chapter 74 练习：构词1) Study the meanings of stems and affixes, and then give examples of words you know which are derived from these stems and affixes.2) Mach these stems and affixes with their meaningsChapter 83 练习：A. 学习实验方法和讨论结果的表述(用括号内的词或句型将汉文译成英文)1)The details of an analytical method for determination of the content ofglutamic acid is as following.2)Initiate the research with the determination of the pH range-finding.3)The food additive most frequently employed include sugar, salt, vinegar and soon.4)The enzyme reaction is terminated after a period of 2 hours by heating.5)According to the regulations, experimental dose-effect relationship must be noless than five concentration levels, each concentration level with triplicate parallel test, employed with a control.6)The sample should be watched in regard to the color changes in the process ofexperiment.7)Select the enzyme depending on the using temperature and pH.8)If there are indications that the liver is damaged after medicine feeding thenthe subacute experiment must be carried out.9)To establish of standard curves, pre-tests of at least three concentration levelsshould be conducted to establish the range.10)It could be demonstrated that this compound could be capable of showingdifferent colors under different pH in this experiment.11)In the experiment of detecting pesticide residue, GC has proved mostadaptable.12)In the chronic animal experiments, no less than four groups plus a controlgroup of experimental animals are employed, each consisting of at least 25 pairs of mice.13)The experiment should be operated in the temperature and humiditycontrolled room.14)The minimum toxic dosage level is expected to produce no toxicity, at the otherextreme the maximum dosage should be sufficient to cause pathological changes, but not cause high mortality before the end of the experiment. Otherdosages fall in between these two dosages.15)In the experiment need to be sampled at various intervals, the quantity ofsample in each group should increase accordingly.16)Observations and sampling should be made of every two hours.17)The change of the detective current is due to contamination of the electrode.18)Control group should be handled in the identical manner as the sample.19)The theory of that literature could be cited to show that our experimentalresults are right.20)This new chromatogram is about ten times as sensitive to pesticide residues asthe old one.21)Patient is as much as ten times more susceptible to toxic compounds thanhealthy individual.B. 构词1) Study the meanings of suffixes, stems and affixes, and then give examples of words you know which are derived from these suffixes, stems and affixes.2) Study the meanings of following stems and affixes. Mach these stems and affixes with their meaningsChapter 92 练习：A. 学习下列化学词汇的前缀、词干和后缀，根据它们的词义将下列的化学名词译成中文。

胰管支架对伴有危险因素的患者发生ERCP术后胰腺炎的预防作用贾国法;单红;吴丽颖;张迪;王金芝;王晓天;朱良松【摘要】背景:胰腺炎是ERCP的主要并发症,多个危险因素累加会增加发生风险.研究显示临时胰管支架可降低ERCP术后胰腺炎(PEP)发生率.目的:探讨胰管支架置入预防伴有危险因素的患者发生PEP的有效性和安全性.方法:选取2013年11月-2016年11月安徽省淮北市人民医院接受ERCP且具备1项及以上PEP相关危险因素的患者,随机分为胰管支架置入组(观察组)和未置入胰管支架组(对照组).比较两组患者术后4 h、24 h、48 h血淀粉酶水平和PEP发生率.结果:共297例患者纳入研究,其中观察组147例,对照组150例.两组患者性别、年龄和ERCP疾病谱等均无明显差异(P>0.05).观察组PEP发生率显著低于对照组(6.1％对16.0％,P<0.05),术后4 h、24 h、48 h血清淀粉酶水平显著低于相应对照组(P<0.05),但两组术后高淀粉酶血症发生率无明显差异(59.2％对54.7％,P>0.05).结论:预防性胰管支架置入可降低伴有PEP危险因素患者的PEP发生率,尤其可降低P E P的严重程度,但高淀粉酶血症的发生率并未下降.%Background:Pancreatitis is the main complication of ERCP,and a variety of risk factors will increase its risk. Studies showed that temporary pancreatic duct stent can reduce the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). Aims:To study the efficacy and safety of prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting on preventing PEP in patients with risk factors. Methods:Patients undergone ERCP and accompanied with one or more PEP-associated risk factors from November 2013 to November 2016 at Huaibei People's Hospital were enrolled,and were divided randomly into pancreatic ductstenting group (observation group)and non-stenting group (control group). Serum levels of amylase at 4,24 and 48 hours after the procedure and incidence of PEP were compared between the two groups. Results:A total of 297 patients were enrolled, and 147 patients were in observation group,and 150 patients in control group. No significant differences in gender,age and ERCP disease spectrum were found between the two groups (P > 0. 05). Incidence of PEP was significantly decreased in observation group than in control group (6. 1％ vs. 16. 0％,P < 0. 05). Serum levels of amylase at 4,24 and 48 hours after the procedure were significantly decreased in observation group than in corresponding control group (P < 0. 05), however,no significant difference in incidence of hyperamylasemia was found between the two groups (59. 2％ vs. 54. 7％, P > 0. 05). Conclusions:Prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting may decrease the incidence of PEP in patients accompanied with PEP-associated risk factors, especially could decrease the severity of PEP. However, the incidence of hyperamylasemia is not decreased.【期刊名称】《胃肠病学》【年(卷),期】2017(022)009【总页数】5页(P548-552)【关键词】胰胆管造影术,内窥镜逆行;支架;ERCP术后胰腺炎;高淀粉酶血症;危险因素【作者】贾国法;单红;吴丽颖;张迪;王金芝;王晓天;朱良松【作者单位】安徽省淮北市人民医院消化内科 235000;安徽省淮北市人民医院消化内科 235000;安徽省淮北市人民医院消化内科 235000;安徽省淮北市人民医院消化内科 235000;安徽省淮北市人民医院消化内科 235000;安徽省淮北市人民医院消化内科 235000;安徽省淮北市人民医院消化内科 235000【正文语种】中文背景：胰腺炎是ERCP的主要并发症，多个危险因素累加会增加发生风险。