斯派莎克教材_蒸汽输送系统

蒸汽输送管道的水击及其防范马博【摘要】工业蒸汽输送管道中,水击问题始终困扰蒸汽系统运行维护人员.文章分析了蒸汽输送系统水击发生的机理及危害,并介绍如何通过有效的系统设计和布置,良好的操作实践来避免输送系统产生严重的水击事故.%In industrial steam piping, phenomenon of water hammer often makes engineers disturbed. In this article, the mechanism and harms of water hammer occurred in steam transportation system were analyzed. The methods with effective sysmematic design and arrangement and good practical operation to avoid serious accident induced from water hammer were introduced.【期刊名称】《化工设备与管道》【年(卷),期】2016(053)001【总页数】6页(P78-83)【关键词】蒸汽;管道;水击【作者】马博【作者单位】斯派莎克工程(中国)有限公司,上海 201114【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ050.7;TH17典型的蒸汽和冷凝水系统通常由以下四部分组成：蒸汽的产生（蒸汽锅炉或发生器），蒸汽输送管道，蒸汽使用点以及冷凝水的回收系统。

在这四大系统中，蒸汽输送管道起到连接蒸汽产生的源头和使用点，输送蒸汽的作用，根据系统规模的大小及距离的长短，输送系统的规模也不尽相同。

通常输送管道的水击发生在系统刚刚投用之初，用汽负荷由低到高突然变化［1］，以及系统刚刚停运等阶段，每个过程发生的水击现象也不尽相同。

例如在系统投运以及负荷变大时，管道多阶段性地发出“咚咚”的声响；而停运后，蒸汽管道多阶段性的发出如金属敲击般的尖锐声响。

疏水阀产品应用指南Steam Traps o l u t i o n s● 我们的子公司、办事处及授权经销商遍布全世界100多个国家和地区●35个培训中心与您分享知识产品可持续发展(Sustainability)斯派莎克将致力于为客户管理好您的蒸汽系统，提供全面的能源审计，或是为您的质量、业务或生产方面的问题提供全套产品和服务，满足您的可持续发展目标。

专业技术(Expertise)斯派莎克的专业知识和技能源于100多年来的全球蒸汽工程应用经验。

这些知识和技能通过全球的35个培训中心，各种培训课程和技术出版物向客户传播。

我们所运用的专业技术是可以为客户提供的最基本而最宝贵的部分，也正是这些因素让我们与众不同，成为行业中的领先者。

斯派莎克是专业致力于推广有效的使用和控制蒸汽、热水和压缩空气等多种工业流体的节能公司。

斯派莎克在全球范围内使用专业知识和技能为广大蒸汽用户提供解决方案，从而显著提高其设备性能和系统效率，节约能源，满足您的可持续发展目标。

斯派莎克公司历史可追溯至1888年，1937年建址于英国，1959年斯派莎克集团公司在伦敦股票市场上市，每年均有骄人的业绩报告。

斯派莎克在英国、法国、德国、美国、阿根廷、巴西、意大利等国家均有生产基地，质量管理通过ISO9000体系认证，产品通过PED 认证。

解决方案(Solutions)斯派莎克作为蒸汽及热能整体解决方案提供商，我们将根据您工艺应用的具体需求，提供具有针对性的产品、系统与服务，对蒸汽和相关工艺产生的废弃物中热能的控制、再利用、回收和储存做出改造，从而达到降低您的成本，改进工艺可靠性及能效水平，帮您提高生产效率与利润。

●1000位销售工程师竭诚为您服务●100，000位长期客户遍布全球/cn斯派莎克蒸汽疏水阀斯派莎克的历史可以追溯到1888年，世界上第一台疏水阀就是由斯派莎克生产的。

经过100多年的发展，斯派莎克已经能够提供浮球型、热动力型、热静力型、双金属式和倒吊桶式等各种形式的高品质蒸汽疏水阀，至今已广泛应用在各种设备上，得到客户高度好评。

Steam trace heatingSpirax Sarco steam tracing systems An efficient and reliable trace heating system is a vital componentof the modern process plant. Its use ensures that optimum pumpingviscosity is maintained, product solidification or spoilage does notoccur and damage from adverse ambient conditions is avoided.No other form of trace heating offers the all round benefits of steamin terms of efficiency, low operating costs, controllability,flexibility and above all, safety.Spirax Sarco tracing system for critical applicationSpirax Sarco has provided knowledge, service and products for the control and efficient use of steam intracing systems for over 85 years. We have a wealth of experience in its use in all industries and canprovide the expertise and products to ensure that our customers enjoy its benefits.2The advantages of steam trace heating areacknowledged by experienced piping engineers and plant operators worldwide:Efficiency:Steam is the most efficient carrier of heat energy. Often, steam tracing systems can use excess process steam that would otherwise go to waste.Controllability:Precise product temperatures can be maintained and tracing can be turned on and off automatically to suit ambient conditions. Empty product lines can be pre-heated or steam cleaned without anyproblem. Increased heat demand because of insulation degradation is automatically catered for.Reliability:Steam tracing systems are extremely rugged. Their operation is not affected by adverse conditions and they easily withstand the normal day to day knocks that occur in a process plant.Flexibility:Steam tracer outputs are easily adjusted without the need to change the installation. Systems are easily extended.Safety:Steam is inherently safe and suitable for use in all zones. It is the only totally 'no risk' solution to tracing applications.Economic:Steam tracing is very simple in its concept. It is easy to design and install and uses simple mechanical components that require no external power source.Condensate InsulationSensorDiffusersReduced erosion.Reduced noise.Product line34The need for steam tracingSteam tracing is very simple in its principle of operation. When a product in a pipeline is at a higher temperature than the air surrounding it, heat will pass through the wall of the pipeline from the product to the surrounding air.This heat loss will cause the temperature of the product to fall. Insulating the pipeline will significantly lower the rate at which heat is lost, but unfortunately, no insulation is 100% efficient.Steam is a very efficient carrier of heat with a fixed relationship between its pressure and temperature. It can transport heat over long distances and gives up its heat at a constant temperature.To make up the heat lost from the product pipeline, small bore steam pipes, or tracers, are attached to the product line. Heat from the steam passes into the product line and replaces the heat lost.The amount of heat transferred, and therefore the product temperature, can easily be controlled by simple self-acting control systems. The same type of control can also be used in winterization applications, only SteamJacketed pipeline Air ventTypes of steam heat tracingWe, at Spirax Sarco, are able to provide our customers with advice and products for all types of steam tracing from simple winterization to critical jacketed applications.Jacketed - used in ultra-critical applications, usually where a product temperature has to be maintained at an elevated temperature all of the time. The use of a steam jacket also allows quick pre-heating of the pipeline.Critical - here, steam tracing is used to maintain the temperature of a product that will solidify or spoil should its temperature fall below a predetermined level.Non-critical - tracing is used to maintain the product viscosity at its optimum pumping level.Winterization - to ensure pipelines are not damaged due to freezing in adverse weather conditions.Instrument - small bore steam tracing pipes, normally 10 mm, used to protect flowmeters, control valves,sampling stations, impulse lines etc.5Determining tracer requirementsCalculating steam demandTo calculate actual steam demand, the following simple formulae can be used:-Total steam demand Individual tracer steam demandTable 1 Heat loss from insulated process pipes - W/mm =Q x L x 3.6h f g m = Q x L x 3.6h fg x n m =Steam demand (kg/h)Q =Heat loss from Table 1 (W/m)L =Length of traced product pipeline (m)h f g =Specific enthalpy of evaporation (kJ/kg)3 bar g = 2 133 kJ/kg5 bar g = 2 086 kJ/kg7 bar g = 2 048 kJ/kg9 bar g = 2 015 kJ/kgn =Number of parallel tracers per length ofproduct pipelineTo select the size and number of steam tracing lines required for a particular application, the rate of heat loss from the product pipeline under worst design conditions must be determined.This rate of heat loss is dependant upon the difference between the product temperature and the ambient temperature. Other factors such as the thermal conductivity of the insulation, ambient wind speed and the emissivity of the insulation surface will affect this rate of loss.Table 1 provides heat loss figures for insulated product pipelines up to 500 mm diameter with alternative figures for both 50 mm and 100 mm thickness insulation.The Table gives rates for an average wind speed of 10 m/s which will be suitable for most applications.Once the heat loss per metre from the insulated product pipeline is determined from Table 1, a suitable steam tracing line can be selected from Table 2. In some cases, multiple tracing lines fitted in parallel may be required.Table 2 gives practical heat transfer rates from a steam tracing line into a product line. They already take into account losses from the tracing line to the surrounding air through the insulation.The use of heat transfer cement as a fillet between the tracer and the product line will increase the rates shown in Table 2 by a factor of at least 2. It will also prevent hot spots and uneven heating.6Determining tracer requirements exampleA temperature of 100°C in a 300 mm line needs to be maintained. The minimum design ambient temperature is -15°C, steam pressure is 5 bar g and the line is 200 m long. The product line has 100 mm thick insulation with aluminium low emissivity cladding. Steam tracing lines will be steel, fitted in 50 metre lengths.Step 1 - Determine heat loss from product line1.1Temperature difference between product and ambient air = 100°C - (-15°C) = 115°C.1.2From Table 1, next temperature difference line (left scale) above 115°C is 125°C.1.3Follow 125°C temperature difference line across table until the figure for 300 mm pipe with 100 mm thick insulation is reached.1.4Read off heat loss figure - 94 W/mStep 2 - Select suitable tracer(s)2.1From Table 2, select the 100°C product temperature line from the left scale.2.2Follow the line across and read the tracer outputs from the 5 bar g column in the steel tracer section.15 mm NB tracer = 50 W/m output20 mm NB tracer = 64 W/m outputIn this instance two 15 mm NB tracers fitted in parallel will be selected to provide the 94 W/m required to make up the heat losses from the product line. Note that if heat transfer cement were used, only one 15 mm NB tracer line would be required.Spirax Sarco steam tracing productsSpirax Sarco manufacture a range of high quality products for steam tracing systems.For assistance and advice on the most suitable components for your tracing system please contact your local Spirax Sarco company.Step 3 - Calculate steam demand3.1Total steam demand 3.2Individual tracer steam demand ▲Swivel connector steam trapsSpirax Sarco manufacture a complete range of lightweight,stainless steel steam traps for tracing applications.Their rugged design ensures reliable operationunder all operating conditions.If necessary, swivel connector steam traps can be replacedvery quickly without the need to break into the tracing line.Steam distribution andcondensate collection manifoldsSpace saving forged manifolds with integral piston valveseliminate the need for on site fabrication and testing.Available in a number of configurations, all with pre-drilledmounting points.Mounting kits and insulating jackets are available to furtherease installation.▲94 W/m x 200 m x 3.6=32 kg/h 2 086 kJ/kg94 W/m x 50 m x 3.6=4kg/h2 086 kJ/kg x 27Steam trap monitoring Spiratec provides a simple and accurate method of monitoringsteam trap performance under operating conditions.It will help save energy by reporting steam traps which havefailed open and protect critical tracing applications byreporting steam traps which have failed closed.▲▲Self-acting temperature controls Simple, reliable, self-contained temperature control systems that are intrinsically safe and require no external powersource.The TA10 control range, designed specifically for tracing applications, is manufactured from stainless steel andincorporate a bellows sealed valve arrangement.▲DiffusersFitted to the outlet of steam traps or blowdown valvesdischarging to atmosphere, the Spirax Sarco diffuser greatlyreduces the problem of noise and erosion.At 1 metre the sound pressure level will be reduced by 80%.▲Pilot operated pressure reducing valvesA wide range of pressure reducing valves are availablefor applications where steam pressure needs to be reduced.Spirax Sarco pilot operated pressure reducing valveswill provide accurate control of secondary pressurewhere tracer temperature needs to be constant or must notexceed a predetermined level.▲Bellows sealed stop valves The bellows sealed stop valve is a zero emissions valveproviding long valve life with no maintenance.This robust valve is unaffected by vibration and will operateover a wide range of pressures and temperatures.CM Issue 2SB-GCM-12T R A C E Spirax-Sarco Limited, Charlton House,Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL53 8ER UK.T el: +44 (0)1242 521361 Fax: +44 (0)1242 573342E-mail:*************************Internet: © Copyright 2001 Spirax Sarco is a registered trademark of Spirax-Sarco LimitedA partnership with Spirax Sarco provides knowledge, service and products worldwide for the control and efficient use ofsteam and other industrial fluids.A further 46 agencies operate throughout the world.If you have difficulty finding a local contact please contact us at the number shown below.Spirax Sarco worldwide service Europe Austria Vienna Belgium Zwijnaarde Czech Republic Prague Denmark Copenhagen Finland Helsinki France Trappes Germany Konstanz Hungary Budapest Ireland Dublin Italy Milan Netherlands Maarn Norway Oslo Poland Warsaw Portugal Lisbon Russia St. Petersburg Spain Barcelona Sweden Stockholm Switzerland Zürich - Zollikon United Kingdom Cheltenham AfricaKenya Nairobi Nigeria Lagos South Africa Johannesburg l Worldwide support from a team of 3 900 dedicated employees.l Local access to Spirax Sarco's expertise and products through 39 group companies in 32 countries.l Valuable information, advice and interchange of ideas from customer training courses held in any of our 31 training centres worldwide.l A comprehensive range of the highest quality products.AmericasArgentina Buenos Aires Brazil São Paulo Canada TorontoMexico Monterrey USA Columbia, & Middle East China ShanghaiHong Konglndia Poona Indonesia Jakarta Japan Tokyo Korea SeoulU.A.E. DubaiMalaysia Kuala Lumpur Pakistan KarachiPhilippines Manila SingaporeTaiwan Taipei Thailand Bangkok Australasia Australia SydneyNew Zealand Auckland l Boiler controls l Flowmeters l Pneumatically and electronically actuatedcontrol valvesl Pressure reducing valvesl Self-acting temperature control valves l Programmable electronic controllersl Pneumatic transmitter controllers l Safety valves l Steam traps l Steam trap monitoring systems l Condensate pumps l Flash vessels l Separators l Strainers l Stop valves l Check valves l HumidifiersOur comprehensive product rangeincludes:。

蒸汽系统的节能专家——斯派莎克工程(中国)有限公司岳红【摘要】@@ 百年基业铸就专业名牌rn蒸汽广泛应用于食品、制药、化工、电子、造纸等许多行业.随着社会经济的发展,工业化水平的日益增强,蒸汽工业的发展也越来越迅猛.如今,蒸汽系统已实现了自动化、并能高效、安全地运行,且具有更低的生产周期成本.同时,与其它可替换的同类系统相比,其购置成本、安装、运行和维修费用也更低.【期刊名称】《节能与环保》【年(卷),期】2011(000)003【总页数】3页(P44-46)【作者】岳红【作者单位】【正文语种】中文随着第一次工业革命的结束，19世纪下半叶的英国成为欧洲，乃至世界上第一个工业化国家。

现代工业的快速发展，新技术的进步和机器化程度的加深，使蒸汽越来越多地应用到更多领域，成为不可或缺的资源，有人甚至称蒸汽为现代工业的“血液”。

斯派莎克集团正是在当时英国大环境推动下成立的，并且开发出世界上最早的蒸汽产品。

经过100多年的开拓和发展，如今的斯派莎克集团已经成为全球蒸汽控制系统的领先者。

斯派莎克集团于上世纪90年代进入中国，成立了斯派莎克工程（中国）有限公司，并一直致力于中国企业的节能降耗工作。

斯派莎克中国公司销售总监宋徐辉博士在接受本刊采访时，十分感慨地回顾了斯派莎克的发展历程。

做为中国市场业务拓展的策划者和决策者，他见证了斯派莎克在中国的蓬勃发展，并带领销售团队创建了遍布全国各地的销售和服务网络。

他坚信斯派莎克在中国还会开创更大的市场和商机，并为工业蒸汽的节能减排带来更加辉煌的未来。

百年基业铸就专业名牌蒸汽广泛应用于食品、制药、化工、电子、造纸等许多行业。

随着社会经济的发展，工业化水平的日益增强，蒸汽工业的发展也越来越迅猛。

如今，蒸汽系统已实现了自动化、并能高效、安全地运行，且具有更低的生产周期成本。

同时，与其它可替换的同类系统相比，其购置成本、安装、运行和维修费用也更低。

考虑到环境因素和能源供应的不规律性，蒸汽作为一些区域性的高效热电厂的附属产品，变得越来越实用。