1. Scott Hahn, cofounder with Gregory of Rogan and Loomstate, which uses all-organic cotton, says high-quality sustainable materials can still be tough to find. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Scott Hahn says…。high-quality sustainable…find为says的宾语。which引导的非限制性定语从句which uses all-organic cotton修饰的是Rogan and Loomstate。cofounder with Gregory为Scott Hahn的同位语。
【译文】Scott Hahn与Gregory同为使用全有机棉的Rogan和Loomstate 公司的创始人，他声称，高质量的可持续使用面料仍然很难寻觅到。
2. Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren?t comparable fa brics that can just replace what you?re doing and what your customers are used to,” he says. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Most designers…are finding…。there aren?t…used to为省略了that的宾语从句。that引导的定语从句that can just replace…修饰fabrics。what引导的两个宾语从句what you?re doing 和what your customers are used to作replace的宾语。
【译文】他说，“大多数现有品牌设计师发现，并没有匹配的面料能代替你正用着的和顾客们已经适应的面料。”
3. Last year the influential trade show Designers & Agents stopped charging its participation fee for young green entrepreneurs (企业家) who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and gave special recognition to designers whose collections are at least 25% sustainable. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为… Designers & Agents stopped charging…and gave special recognition…。who引导的定语从句who attend its…York修饰entrepreneurs，whose引导的定语从句whose collections are…sustainable修饰designers。
【译文】去年，颇具影响力的Designers & Agents对参加其在洛杉矶和纽约举办的两次春季展览的年轻环保企业家们实行免费入场，同时给予那些作品中包括至少四分之一可持续产品的设计师们以特别表彰。
4. This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional (过渡型的) cotton at higher prices, thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Wal-Mart is set to announce a… initiative。aimed…organic为后置定语，修饰initiative。冒号后的句子it will buy…prices即initiative的内容，相当于initiative的同位语从句。helping to…sustainable作伴随状语。
【译文】本周沃尔玛特打算宣布一大重要举措，旨在帮助种植棉花的农民走有机种植之路：它将以稍高价收购过渡型的棉花，以此帮助扩大一种主要的可持续使用面料的供应量。
5. Scientists have devised a way to determine roughly where a person has lived using a strand (缕) of hair, a technique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unidentified murder victims. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Scientists have devised a way…。a technique为a way的同位语。where引导的宾语从句where…lived作determine的宾语。using…hair为现在分词作方式状语。that引导的定语从句that…victims修饰technique。
【译文】科学家已经设计出一个方法，凭借人的一缕头发便能大致确定某人曾经居住过的地点，这项技术可能能够帮助跟踪锁定犯罪嫌疑人或不明身份案件受害人的活动场所。
6. Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Todd Park said…。a local detective为Todd Park的同位语。the method has…为省略了引导词that的宾语从句，该宾语从句中又包含一个由whose引导的定语从句whose skeleton…Lake，修饰的是woman。
【译文】当地的侦探Todd Park说这个方法帮助他了解到关于一具在大盐湖附近发现的不明身份女尸骸的更多信息。
7. He had a perfect résumé and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为He had a…résumé and gave…responses, but the fact…said untrustworthy…so she decided…。从句that he never looked her in the eye为the fact的同位语。and连接He的两个谓宾，but 表转折，so则表结果。
【译文】这位应试者的履历非常完美，并且对她的问题回答得不错，但是，他不敢正视她这一事实意味着“不值得信赖”，因此她决定把工作留给第二个候选人。
8. When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past, from the media, peers, family, friends, etc., we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed (有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental values. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主句为we begin to realize…，从句为When引导的时间状语从句When we…etc.。主句中包括一个由that引导的宾语从句that some…values，作realize的宾语。从句中包含了一个由what引导的宾语从句what we think，作challenge的宾语；而think后又带了一个省略引导词的宾语从句we have learned from…etc.。
【译文】当我们开始质疑自己的假设，并且向那些我们认为是从我们的过去、媒体、同辈、家人、朋友等那里学到的东西发出挑战的时候，我们就
开始意识到我们的结论有些是有缺陷的，或者说与我们的基本价值是相违背的。
9. We need to train ourselves to think differently, shift our mindsets and realize that diversity opens doors for all of us, creating opportunities in organizations and communities that benefit everyone. (2009年6月) 【分析】本句为复合句，主干为We need to…。to后带了三个并列的不定式，分别是train ourselves to think，shift our mindsets和realize，而that引导的宾语从句that diversity opens…us则作realize的宾语。creating…communities作伴随状语，该状语中又包括一个由that引导的定语从句that benefit everyone，修饰的是opportunities。
【译文】我们需要训练自己用不同的思维方式去思考，转变我们的思维，并且意识到多元化的大门向我们每一个人开放，这样就能创造机会，使组织和社区中的每一个人都受益。
10. They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, …Geez, if it could happen to him, …?(2008年12月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主句为They only come in，从句为when引导的时间状语从句。从句中包含两个由and连接的并列结构a friend drops dead和they think…。…Geez…?为think的宾语，该宾语的省略号里其实省略了与it could happen to him结构对应的it could happen to me too。【译文】某个朋友在打高尔夫时猝死，他们会想：…天啊，如果这能在他身上发生……?，只有这个时候他们才会来(医院)。
11. He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为He believes…diseases…could be
add ressed…。that引导的定语从句that commonly affect men修饰most diseases。by preventive check-ups为be addressed的方式状语。
【译文】他相信，那些经常感染男性的疾病大多数都可以通过预防性的检查来处理掉。
12. Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, coworkers, strangers — and anyone who will listen. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Shoppers seldom complain to…but…will alert…。破折号在这里起到强调或引起别人注意破折号后面要说的话的作用。在破折号后，who引导的定语从句who will listen修饰的是anyone。【译文】顾客很少向经理或者零售店的老板投诉，相反，他们会转而向他们的朋友、亲戚、同事、陌生人——以及任何可以听到的人吐苦水。13. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句为简单句，主干为This guidance eliminated the need…and avoided confrontation…。eyeing the same parking space为现在分词作后置定语，修饰those。
【译文】这些引导消除了顾客在停车场无尽地兜圈子的必要，而且避免了顾客之间因抢占空车位而引发的冲突。
14. Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filling complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句为简单句，主干为Customers can…improve…experiences。方式状语by filling complaints to the retailer修饰improve future shopping experiences。instead of表示否定，其前后成分结构一致，complaining
前其实省略了by。
【译文】顾客也可以通过向零售商投诉来改善今后的购物体验，而不是向全世界其他的人抱怨。
15. A code of conduct is hard to create when you?re living in a world in which everyone is exhausted from overwork and lack of sleep, and a world in which nice people are perceived to finish last.(2008年12月) 【分析】本句为复合句，主句为A code of conduct is hard to create，从句为when引导的时间状语从句when you?re living…last。从句中又包括两个由介词in加which引导的定语从句in which everyone is…sleep和in which nice…last，先行词均为a world。
【译文】当你生活在一个每个人都因加班工作、缺乏睡眠而筋疲力尽的社会，在一个好人最后总是吃亏的社会时，很难创造出一套行为准则。
16. This jumping to our children?s defence is part of what fuels the “walking on eggshells” feeling that surrounds our dealings with other people?s children. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为…jumping to our children?s defence is part of…。what引导的宾语从句what fuels…feelings作of的宾语。that引导的定语从句that surrounds…children修饰feeling。
【译文】这种对孩子的急切保护，加剧了我们在处理别人孩子的事情时，那种“在蛋壳上行走”的感觉。
17. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, you?ll die on average five years before a woman. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句为简单句。句子主干为you?ll die…。Assuming…term 为条件状语。about 78 years for men in Australia作插入语，是对natural term 的解释说明，去掉后，句子的语法结构和语义仍完整。
【译文】假定你有幸活到了生命的自然尽头——在澳大利亚男性大概是78岁——你平均也要比女性早去世五年。
18. Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker?s cough for a year. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句为复合句。主句为Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man。who 引导定语从句,修饰 a 50-year-old man。delay后常接动名词，表示“推迟做某事”。smoker?s cough指吸烟引起的咳嗽。
【译文】两个月前，古丽塔遇见一位50岁的男人，他耽搁了一年而未对吸烟引起的咳嗽做任何处理。
19.Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句为并列复合句。when引导时间状语从句，according to…是介词短语。conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School作后置定语修饰a study。the last one to do sth.意为“最后一个做某事的人”。
【译文】据沃德集团和沃顿商学院所做的一份联合调查显示，商店经理总是最后一个接到投诉，并且通常是当他们的常客决定定期光顾他们的竞争对手时才发现。
20. “Retailers who?re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren?t so friendly,” said Professor Stephen Hoch. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句中的直接引语为复合句。句子主干为Retailers are more likely to smooth over issues than those, more…than是比较级结构。第一个who 引导的定语从句修饰Retailers，第二个who引导的定语从句修饰those。【译文】史提芬?霍克教授说：“与那些态度不友好的零售商相比，能够及时作出反应且态度友好的零售商更有可能平息事端。”
21. But the real truth is that we don?t know enough to relieve global warming, and — without major technological breakthroughs —we can?t do much about it. (2008年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为the real truth is that…。that从句为is的表语，在该表语从句有两个由and连接的简单句we don?t know…warming 和we can?t do much about it。两个破折号之间的内容是对we can?t do much about it的原因解释。
【译文】但真相是，我们对缓解全球变暖知道的还不够多，并且——没有较大的技术突破——我们仍将束手无策。
26. Few people turn down a discount at tollbooths (收费站) to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile movements.(2008年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Few people turn down a discount。at tollbooths为地点状语。to avoid using the EZ-Pass system为不定式作状语。that引导的定语从句that can track automobile movements修饰the EZ-Pass system。
【译文】很少有人会拒绝使用在收费站能打折的易通收费系统，该系统能够追踪汽车的行车路线。
27. Privacy economist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon (优惠券). (2008年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests。Privacy economist作Alessandro Acquisti的定语。that引导的定语从句that reveal people… coupon修饰的是a series of tests。to在这里表目的。
【译文】隐私权经济学家Alessandro Acquisti做了一系列测试，测试显示，人们会为了得到少得可怜的50美分优惠券而轻易地就将像社会保险号码这样的个人信息提供出来。
28. When you consider that nearly three out of four Americans have seen the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? you can understand the power of television to communicate with a large audience. (2008年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主句主干为you can understand the power，从句为when引导的时间状语从句When you consider…Millionaire?。从句中又包含一个由that引导的宾语从句that nearly…Millionaire?，作consider的宾语。
【译文】当你考虑到几乎每四个美国人中就有三个看过电视游戏节目《谁想成为百万富翁？》，你就会明白电视在与大量的观众交流方面的巨大威力了。
29.Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but —regardless of whether it is or isn?t —we won?t do much about it. (2008年6月)
【分析】本句为并列句。句子主干为Global warming…,but we won?t… about it。regardless of意为“不管，不顾”；whether it is or isn?t 中的it指代的是并列连词but前的句子。
【译文】不管全球变暖是否是21世纪最大的环境危机，我们都不会为之倾注太多。
22. We need economic growth unless we condemn the world?s poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else?s living standards. (2008年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主句为We need economic growth，从句为unless 引导的条件状语从句。在从句中，we有两个由and连接的谓宾：condemn…poverty和freeze…standards。
【译文】我们需要经济增长，除非我们迫使世界上的穷人继续穷困潦倒，不提高他们的生活水平。
23. The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it?s really an engineering one. (2008年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为The trouble…is that…。that引导的表语从句that it has become…one作is的表语，该表语从句中又包括一个由when引导的时间状语从句when it?s really an engineering one。
【译文】全球变暖的争论很伤脑筋的地方在于，全球变暖其实是一个技术问题，但在现在的争论中已经变成了一个道德问题。
24. Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen — the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked. (2008年6月) 【分析】本句为复合句，主句主干为they will see you，从句为Whoever 引导的让步状语从句Whoever it is。in a way为see you的方式状语。you never intended to be seen为省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰的是way。破折号在这里起解释说明的作用，解释前面的句子。
【译文】无论是谁，他们都会以一种你所不愿意被看到的方式来看你——21世纪就好像是一个被人裸视的时代。
25. Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it?s important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in stages, at appropriate times. (2008年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Psychologists tell us…。us后接了两个宾语从句，第一个宾语从句为boundaries are healthy，省略了引导词that；第二个宾语从句为that引导的that it?s…times。按照规则，若动词后跟两个由that引导的宾语从句，第一个宾语从句可省略引导词，但第二个宾语从句的引导词必须出现，不能省略。
【译文】心理学家告诉我们，隐私界线是健康的，在某些阶段，某个合适的时间，向朋友、家人和爱人展现你自己很重要。
30. Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth”, as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution. (2008年6月) 【分析】本句为复合句。主句为Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth”。as if 意为“仿佛/好像……似的”，引导方式状语从句时谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。put us on a path to a solution意为“找到解决之道”。
【译文】阿尔?戈尔将全球变暖称作一个“不愿面对的真相”，好像仅仅认识到全球变暖便能找到解决之道似的。
31. The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. (2008年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句。句子主干为The crumbs make it easy。make sth.+adj.+to do为固定用法；you leave everywhere为省略了that或which 的定语从句；reconstruct后接了三个并列的宾语从句；digital bread crumbs为比喻用法，意为“数字碎屑”。
【译文】你在任何地方留下的数字碎屑都会让陌生人很容易就重新构造出一个你来，知道你的身份，住所，和喜好。
32.Only when it?s gone do you wish you?ve done more to protect it. (2008年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句。when it?s gone为状语从句。Only在句首时，主句要部分倒装，即将助动词do提前。
【译文】当你失去时，你才会希望自己原来能够多做点事情以保护好它。
33. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability. (2007年12月)
【分析】本句为简单句。句子主干是the opening has made universities a powerful force。动名词opening作主语，of后面都是定语，在这里a powerful force是宾语universities的补语。at the same time是时间状语。【译文】但是同时，世界各国对商品、服务、信息，尤其是人员的跨境开放，已经使大学成为加速全球一体化进程、增进互相了解和促进地缘政治稳定的一股强大力
34. Objections from American university and business leaders led to improvements in the process and a reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students. (2007年12月)
【分析】本句为并列句，but连接两个并列的简单句。句子主干为Objections led to improvements and a reversal, but the United States is still seen as unwelcoming。第一个分句的谓语是led to，其后有两个由and连接的并列宾语，分别是improvements和a reversal。第二个分句里的as是副词，连接补语。
【译文】尽管在美国大学校长和商界领袖们的反对之下，签证程序有所改进，留学生人数开始回升，但美国依然给许多人留下了不欢迎外国留学生的印象。
35. In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative (合作的) research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity. (2007年12月)
【分析】本句为复合句。主句主干为universities have become…global。In response to 连接方式状语，其中包含了一个that引导的定语从句，修饰forces，that在从句中作主语。冒号后面的部分是三个并列的现在分词作状语，解释说明前面的句子。在第一个分词结构里包含了一个who引导的定语从句，修饰students。在最后一个分词结构里也有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰courses of study。
【译文】作为对推进世界经济力量的回应，大学变得更加具有“自我全球意识”：大学从世界各地招来承载多元文化和价值观的学生；大学把本校学生派往国外准备开拓全球事业；大学还通过开设课程，共同应对来自互相联系的世界及为了全人类的利益发展科学而展开的联合研究带来的多重挑战。
36. Yale professor and Harvard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai?s Fudan University in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. (2007年12月)
【分析】本句为简单句。句子主干为Tian Xu directs a research center。主语前面的部分都是它的同位语，说明身份。focused on作后置定语修饰research center；at Shanghai?s Fudan University是地点状语；in collaboration with…则是方式状语。
【译文】由徐天教授(耶鲁大学教授，霍华德·休斯医学院研究员)所负责的人类疾病遗传学研究中心坐落在上海的复旦大学，其工作人员由耶鲁和复旦两所大学共同派人组成。
37. In the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K. (2007年12月)
【分析】本句为简单句。句子主干为changes caused…and…。caused 有两个并列宾语，分别是decline 和surge。seeking 是现在分词作定语修饰students。
【译文】“9·11事件”之后，签证程序的调整导致注册美国大学的外国学生人数急剧下降。而同一时期前往澳大利亚、新加坡和英国留学的外国学生人数却迅猛增长。
38. While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, DL usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi (课程大纲), reading assignments, and schedules on Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail.(2007年12月)
【分析】本句为复合句。主句主干为DL signifies a course。主句中的in which引导定语从句，对course进行解释说明，其中instructors和students 是并列成分。While意为“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句；从句中的offered 为过去分词做后置定语，修饰instruction。
【译文】虽然各个大学提供的网络课程不尽相同，但是远程教学通常会把课程公开，教师会把课程大纲、阅读任务和课程安排上传到网站上，学生们则通过电子邮件提交作业。
39. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. (2007年12月)
【分析】本句为简单句。句子主干为I offered suggestions。Telling myself…hall为伴随状语，that引导宾语从句；guiding the young writer across the hall为现在分词作后置定语，修饰writer。that 后的从句可改写为I was merely an experienced writer who are guiding the young writer across the hall。
【译文】我一次次地告诫自己，这只是一个有些经验的作家在指导一个小作家成长而已，关于她的故事中的人物、冲突和结尾我都提供了一些建议。
40. While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough away to give her room but close enough to help if asked. (2007年12月) 【分析】本句为复合句。句子主干为it was a step。While意为“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。主句中，it指代stepping back，that引导定语从句，that 在从句中作follow的宾语,即a good first step；putting myself far enough away是现在分词作伴随状语，to give her…if asked是目的状语。【译文】虽然坐视不管对我来说并非易事，但这确实是一个不错的开始。我会继续这样做，让自己和她保持足够的距离，给她空间，但同时又离她很近，以便在她寻求帮助的时候伸出援手。
41. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social issues related to chronic pain. (2007年6月)
【分析】本句为并列复合句。句子主干为Not only do we evaluate the cause, but we also help provide therapy。Not only…but also…连接两个并列句，否定词组not only在句首，句子要部分倒装。在第一个分句里，which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰第一个分句，which在从句中作主语。在第二个分句里，related to作后置定语修饰issues。
【译文】我们不仅要找出疼痛的病因，帮助我们更好地治疗；还提供综合疗法，治疗与慢性疼痛相关的抑郁症和其他心理与社交问题。
42. Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don?t talk about that anymore. (2007年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句。句子主干为a sentence came out of my mouth。在句中用了全部倒装结构“介词短语+谓语+主语”。that 引导定语从句修饰a sentence，其在定语从句中作主语。冒号后面的部分是对sentence的解释说明，作同位语。
【译文】后来几年前的一天，我说了一句话并最终成为我对任何和全部挑衅的回答：关于那个问题我再也不讨论了。
43. The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edi t as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” （2007年6月）
【分析】本句为复合句。句子的主干为The practice is…。that引导定语从句，先行词为practice，that在从句中充当主语。of trying to edit as you write修饰bad habits，其中as引导时间状语从句。what引导的表语从句what Elbow calls “free writing”为is的表语。
【译文】这种可以帮助你克服在写作的同时就试图修改的坏习惯的做法便是Elbow所说的“自由式写作”。
A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束 B.从介词开始到动名词结束 C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束2018年12月大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义 一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理 1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。 2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词 3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词 （1）主句的辨识：谓语动词 （2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词 （3）介词短语： （4）非谓语动词：4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个 5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法 ·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基 础，断开主句和从句。 ·长难句划分的具体步骤： 【第一步】断开主句和从句 通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而 言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主 语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如 果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。） 动名词（doing ） 动词不定式（to do ） 现在分词（doing ） 过去分词（done ）
【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词 二、总结复习句子的主要成分 1、主语 （1）定义：主语是动作的发出者。 （2）位置：在谓语动词之前。 （3）什么可以充当主语： 2、谓语 （1）定义：述说主语的动作或状态。 （2）位置：在主语之后。（3）什么可以充当谓语：实意动词。 3、宾语 （1）定义：（2）位置： （3）什么可以充当宾语：4、表语 （1）定义：表述主语的身份特征，性质状态的 （2）位置：在系动词之后 （3）什么可以充当表语： A.名词： B.代词： C.介词短语： D.非谓语动词： E.句子：A.动作的承受者B.介词所联系的对象，即介词宾语（简称介宾） A.名词： B.代词： C.介词短语： D.非谓语动词： E.句子： A.名词： B.代词： C.形容词 D.介词短语： E.非谓语动词： F.句子：A.在谓语动词之后B.在非谓语动词之后C.在介词之后
When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past,from the media,peers,family,friends,etc.,we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed or contrary to our fundamental values.(2009四级快速阅读) 【分析】主句：we begin to realize我们开始意识到...... 修饰成分：that some of our conclusions are flawed or contrary to our fundamental values.宾语从句做realize的宾语 When we begin to...时间状语从句其中question和challenge并列做谓语 what we think做challenge的宾语从句 we have learned from our past,from the media,peers,family,friends,etc.又做 think的宾语从句译为“从我们的过去、媒体、同辈、家人、朋友等那里学到 的东西” 【必背词汇】assumption n.假设 flawed adj.有缺陷的，有错误的 fundamental adj.根本的，基本的 【翻译】当我们开始质疑自己的假设，并且向那些我们认为是从我们的过去、媒体、同辈、家人、朋友等那里学到的东西发出挑战的时候，我们就开始意识到我们的结论有些是有缺陷的，或者说与我们的基本价值是相违背的。 But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying,as well as studying,can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that,unlike many investments,should yield huge dividends.(2009.阅读6Text4) 【分析】主句：economists say经济学家声称 修饰成分：about to go into debt to fund four years of partying,as well as studying,形容词短语做定语，修饰families families can console themselves with the knowledge做say的宾语从句 that college is an investment做the knowledge的同位语从句 unlike many bank stocks与许多银行股票不同，做插入语 that should yield huge dividends定语从句，修饰an investment 【必背词汇】console v.安慰，慰藉 investment n.投资 yield v.产生，得出 dividend n.股息，红利，收益 【翻译】但是经济学家们声称，即将因为支付儿女大学四年聚会玩乐外加学习的费用而背上债务的那些家庭可以安慰自己说，上大学是一项投资，与许多银行股票不同，这项投资将收获巨额收益。 What parents do,in other words,is of deep concern to the state,for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society.(2010.阅读6Text 1) 【分析】主句：What parents do is of deep concern to the state.主系表结构国家对家长的作为密切关注 修饰成分：in other words“换句话说”插入语 for the obvious reason原因状语 that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of
复杂长难句分析 现在，常常听到同学抱怨：“四、六级考试中，阅读部分句子里的单词都是认识的，但可是句子太长，结构太复杂，句子意思理解起来很慢、很吃力，有时候根本看不懂”。的确，目前在四、六级考试阅读部分中出现含有50-70个词汇的长句子已经司空见惯。所以，我们必战胜那些“复杂长难句”，才有可能在“四、六级”这个战场上大获全胜！ I. 并列平行结构 英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如 and、or等，或标点符号如分号、逗号、破折号等把若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂、多层次含义。这种句式虽然难度不一定很高，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的. 1.I wanted her to know that my heart was with her,and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.（注：owe s.th to sb的用法） 要点:that my heart……and that I thought为两个并列宾语从句；owed her ……and was going…… 为两个并列的谓语结构。 参考译文：我想让她知道我的心和她在一起，而且我认为英国欠了她很多，很快就会怀念她。 2.And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless,that thousands of travelers fly safely every day,and (that)millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day. 参考译文：朋友们及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使他们相信多数动物对人无害，数以千计的旅行者每日都安全飞行，数百万的人每天都安全地乘好几次电梯。 3.Review important points mentioned in class as well as points(that) you remain confused about. 要点：as well as为连接词组，意为“不但……而且……；既……又……”，在句中连接并列成分。还要注意as well as的用法与not only…but also…相同，但重点通常在as well as前面的部分。 参考译文：不仅要复习你仍然混淆不清的地方，而且要重温课堂上提到的要点。 II. 插入结构 插入结构是在一个句子中某两个句子成分之间，如主谓，谓宾，定语和受定语等之间插入一个从句，短语或单词以对原来句子所表达的内容进行补充、添加、限定和说明。有时这些介入成分又较长，从而使本来应该紧联在一起得句子成分被分隔开了。有时一个句子会有多个从句，分词短语等存在，再加上插入成分，就会使得句子结构显得很复杂，从而造成阅读上的障碍。 插入成分最明显的标志是用逗号与主句隔开。但有时由于多种句子成分的存在，句子中会使用多个逗号，分号，从而导致插入成分不易一眼看出，以至出现理解错误。下面我们就集中辨析这一类结构的句子。 1. During the rest of this century,as never before,history will be the study of population. 要点：as never before为插入语，插于状语和谓语之间，意为“前所未有”。 参考译文：在本世纪末，对人口的研究将前所未有地成为历史。 2. Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous,… 要点：此句的主语和表语之间插入了由as引导的时间状语从句；pollen grains are subject to为定语从句，修饰the potential hazards。 参考译文：因为花粉在长距离输送中存在的潜在危险是巨大的…… 3.We live in a time when,more than ever before in history ,people are moving about. 要点：定语从句“people are moving about”被比较状语“more than ever before in history”分隔。 参考译文：我们生活在一个四处奔波甚于历史上任何时期的时代。 4.While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. 要点：此句的宾语” a teaching post” 之所以放在” in a local newspaper” 之后是因为它带有较长的后
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应用范围——阅读及翻译 1.简单句：只有一套谓语动词的句子。简单句只和谓语动词有关系，谓语动词为自带时态、语态以及单复数的实义动词或系动词。 2.简单句的基本结构（5种）——不加修饰的简单句 ?主谓 ?主谓宾 ?主谓双宾 ?主谓宾宾补 ?主系表 简单句的五种基本结构是由5种不同的谓语动词所决定的，无论多长多难的句子的主干都要对应其中一种基本结构。 ——加修饰的简单句（不简单的简单句） 英文修饰只有状语、同位语、定语（前置和后置定语） 3.英语语言成分（9种、区别中文） ①主语 ②谓语 ③宾语 ④补语 ⑤系动词 ⑥表语 ⑦状语 ⑧同位语 ⑨定语 4.复合句：简单句+从句，充当某一成分的句子就是从句。 英语6种从句：主、宾、表、状、同位、定语从句 5.并列句=简单句and简单句 6.长难句：简单句的基本结构+修饰+从句+简单句 7.分析长难句:顺读，读到修饰加（），用指向被修饰的词，读到从句加【】，判断从句属于6种中的哪种，读到并列就拆分。 例：The girl [who often helps me with my English] is from England. 这个女孩来自英国。 加上修饰：这个经常帮助我英语的女孩来自英国。 01:作文模板:解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 1.问题现状 2.怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点) In recent days, we have to face | problem-----A, which is becoming more andmore serious. First, ---------(说明A的现状). Second, ------------(举例进- -步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a
长难句分析三大黄金规则 1.一个句子有且只有一个谓语，如果一个句子有了两个或两个以上的谓语，则必有连词或从句的出现（注意定语从句和宾语从句连词的省略，to do,doing没有be动词都不是谓语动词） 2.去除所有修饰成分，介词短语，非谓语动词，修饰语等 3.唯一仅前：一个谓语仅能对应最近的主语（从句到主句） In a2001study of158hospital nurses,those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they couldn't get the job done.(2005.四级阅读.Text2) 【分析】主句：those were more likely to say+that宾语从句 修饰成分：who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge定语从句，修饰those they were in good health than those...作say的宾语从句 who felt they couldn't get the job done定语从句修饰those 【必背词汇】considerable相当多的，相当大的 coped with对付，应付 【翻译】2001年，一项针对158名医院护士的调查研究表明，那些可以很好地应付繁重的工作负担的人，更有可能表露他们的身体状况良好;而那些无法胜任工作的人则不然。 So you can imagine the reaction when a recent USA Today investigation of air quality around the nation’s schools singled out those in the smugly green village of Berkeley,Calif.,as being among the worst in the country.(2009.六级阅读.12.Text1) 【分析】主句：So you can imagine the reaction 修饰成分：when a recent USA Today investigation...singled out those...as being among the worst...时间状语从句 of air quality介词短语作定语，修饰investigation around the nation’s schools地点状语 in the smugly green village of Berkeley,Calif.介词短语作定语，修饰those 【必背词汇】investigation调查 single out sth as...挑出...作为... smugly自鸣得意地；沾沾自喜地 【翻译】近来《今日美国》对全国范围内学校周边空气质量进行了一次调查，调查结果指出那些一向以位于加州伯克利绿色小镇自夸的学校拥有全国最差的空气质量，大众对此的反应可想而知。 Precisely because readers from different historical periods,places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social
洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌 1. But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. 2. The fridge’s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. 3. It may then take us a long time to render it intelligent by loading in the right software or by altering the architecture but that too will happen. 4. As the intelligence of robots increase to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers. 5. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power. 6. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. 7. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled. 8. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading. 9. “In Japan, a most competitive society with stronger discipline than ours.”Says Isaac Stern. “children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music.” 10. What does the phrase ‘learning to use a computer’mean? It sounds like ‘learning to drive a car’; that is , it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer. 1、但是如果对绩效差的业绩也进行奖励或者让人们对奖励有太多的预期，是很容易抹杀创造性的。
2019年12月大学英语四六级语法讲义 一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理 1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。 2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。 3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词。 （1）主句的辨识：谓语动词 （2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词 （3）介词短语：（4）非谓语动词：4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法 ·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础， 断开主句和从句。 ·长难句划分的具体步骤： 【第一步】断开主句和从句 通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而 言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主 语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如 果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。） 【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词 A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束 B.从介词开始到动名词结束 C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束动名词（doing ） 动词不定式（to do ） 现在分词（doing ） 过去分词（done ） 在进行第一步的时候注意以下5种情况： 1如果动词前没有任何（落单的）连词，那么该动词应该是主句的谓语。 2如果动词前有两个或两个以上的连词，那么动词和连词的匹配遵守就近原则。 3如果动词比连词多两个或两个以上，说明有连词省略了或者把过去分词错当 成谓语动词。 4切割嵌套的从句：从句往往从连词开始到从句中的第二个谓语动词出现之前 结束。 5有些词既可以是连词，也可以具有别的词性 例如：that ：既可以是连词，也可以是代词或者限定词； than 、before 、after 、until 等既可以是连词也可以是介词
1. Many who today hear me somewhere in person , or on television , or those who read something I've said , will think I went to school far beyond the eighth grade. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是 may...or those...will think...。第一个 who 引导定语从句，修饰 many 。第二个 who 引导定语从句，修饰 those。I've said 是定语从句，修饰 something。I went to school far beyond the eighth grade 是宾语从句。 参考翻译：今天，许多当面或在电视上听到我讲话的人，或那些读过我的讲演稿的人会认为我的学历远远不止八年级。 2. My love for the alphabet , which endures , grew out of reciting it , but before that , out of seeing the letters on the page. 结构分析： which endures 是非限定性定语从句，修饰 love for the alphabet 。 out of reciting it 和 out of seeing the letters on the page是并列的两个状语，修饰主句的谓语动词 grew。before that 是介词短语作状语。it 代替的是 alphabet，that 代替的是 reciting it。 参考翻译：我对字母表经久不减的喜爱来自于背诵它，但在那之前，则来自于看书页上的字母。 1. A body at will remain at rest and a body in motian remnins in motian at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force. 结构分析：这是一个并列复合句。and 连接两个句子，构成并列句。unless 是连词，连接一个省略了 it is 的子句“（ it is ) acted on... force ", 作前面两个主句的状语从句。at rest 和 in motion 是两个介词短语，分别作两个 body 的定语，意思分别是”处于静止状态中“和 “处于运动中“。翻译易采用逆序法，即先译 unless 从句，省略部分可以不译。 参考翻译：除非受到外力的作用，静止的物体将继续保持静止，运动的物体将继续作匀速直线运动。 2. But a committee faced with a major decision can't always move as quickly as the events it's trying to respond to. 结构分析：句子虽然很短却是主从复合句。句子的主句是 a committee can't move as quickly as the evevts。句中 faced with...是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 committee。在 as quickly as 中，第二个 as 是连词，后面省略了谓语。 it's trying to respond 是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰 events；it 指代 committee。faced with a major decision 在意义上表示时间，翻译时可把它译成时间状语。 参考翻译：委员会在面临重大决策时，未必总是能对迅速变化的事件作出及时的反应。 1. A book may be compared to your neighbour; if it be good, it can not last too long; if bad, you can not get rid of it too early. 单词词组： be compared to ...被比作...，联想记忆：be compared with : 与...比较；get rid of 去除。 结构分析：在这个句子中，两个分号将句子分成了三个部分，后两部分出现了与上句相同的not + but ,即双重否定结构；第一个if从句省略了should，完整形式是if it ( should ) be good, 其中的it指代前面的book，第二个if从句的完整形式是if （it should be ）bad, it 也是指代book。
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/8517603900.html,/ielts/xd.html（报名网址） 1. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. 2. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi. 3. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t. 4. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner. 5. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos. 6. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships. 7. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it. 8. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race. 9. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty? 10. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist. 1、根据政府和私人雇主的性质来看，私人雇主更有可能采取歧视。 2、这种化合物通过碳的释放来实现循环，主要依靠喜氧和厌氧细菌以及一
大学英语四六级长难句分析
真题应用：四六级真题长难句分析 一、基本结构的长难句 1.断开 2.简化 二、特殊结构的长难句 1.分裂结构 2.嵌套结构 3.平行结构 基本结构的长难句 基本结构的长难句： 1. 断开 （1）标点 （2）连接词：从句开始于连接词，结束于？ （3）分析主谓 连接词断开，结束于标点 But this is a real-life argument before a Supreme Court that has a well-earned reputation for looking out for the interests of large corporations ． (CET-6, 201312 仔细阅读2) If it has to hire a caregiver for every two children, it can ’t really achieve any economics of scale on labor to save money when other expenses go up. (CET-4, 201412 仔细阅读 1) 断开 1 标点 2 连接词 3 分析主谓 简化 1 定位谓语动词 2 去修饰找核心
More than half of all recent graduates are unemployed or in jobs that do not require a degree, and the amount of student-loan debt carried by households has increased more than five times since 1999. (CET-4, 201312 长篇阅读) 连接词断开，结束于下一个连接词前 Imagine the number of teaching jobs that might be eliminated if this could be done for math, economics, chemistry, and so on. (CET-6, 201406长篇阅读) Although it has been nearly 30 years since the first commercial mobile-phone network was launched, advertisers have yet to figure out how to get their messages out to mobile-phone users in a big way. (CET-4, 201312 选词填空) 连接词断开，结束于第二个谓语动词前 Those who stay on for an additional two years can earn a master’s degree that qualifies them as nurse practitioners or clinical nurse specialists. (CET-4, 201312 选词填空) People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who are more
第一天 China is the homeof silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are allgreat inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and ZhouDynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques hadreached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD),Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia andconnected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a newera of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’ssilk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design andcolor, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has beenaccepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of orientalcivilization. 中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。 But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. 但是，对一小部分学生来说，职业教育也许是条可取之路。因为在其他因素相同的情况下，技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。 第二天 Chinese Era The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording andnaming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng,xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si,wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancientsfound that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and twolunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stemsand the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. Interms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. TheChinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in usenow. according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the yearof “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of