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2022年上半年英语四级真题阅读长难句分析1.2022年上半年英语四级真题阅读长难句分析1. it may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil's technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child's deep feelings. (1991. 阅读. text 1)【译文】这或许是对同学写作力量的尖锐批判，但也反映了老师的悲伤—他根本没读过这篇文章，而文章里包含了同学内心感受的美丽表达。
【析句】多重复合句，句子主干为it may have been a sharp criticism..., but it was a sad refection of the teacher, but连接两个成转折关系的句子，其中，后句又包含两个从句：who had omitted to read the essay作定语从句修饰the teacher,而which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面的句子。
2. the teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centered on he child's ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement. (1991. 阅读. text 1)【译文】老师关注错误不行厚非，但假如他更重视同学的想法的话，那么他表现出的绝望本可以激发出同学更大的动力去改进。
英语六级阅读的真题长难句解析
1. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice.
【译文】尽管大局部单独生活的.人是靠养老金生活的老年人，尤其是老年女性，但是最新消失的这群单身主义者却正值三十岁到四十岁的壮年。
这些人收入丰厚，渐渐把单身看作是一种生活方式的选择。
【析句】复合句。
主句the newest crop of singles are high earners..., who increasingly view living alone as...是定语从句修饰主句，而主句前while引导让步状语从句，具有转折语气。
2. Supporters of the biotech industry have accused an American scientist of misconduct after she testified to the New Zealand government that a genetically modified bacterium could cause serious damage if released.
【译文】一位美国女科学家向新西兰州政府证明，一种基因改造细菌假如泄露到试验室外，可能会导致严峻破坏，随后生物科技产业的支持者对她的这种行为表示了剧烈责备。
英语六级经典长难句分析（15句）1. This is a difficult and unpleasant business and few animals would survive if they had to start from the beginning and learn about the world wholly by trial and error, for there are the have possible decisions which would prove fatal. (1992. 阅读. 6. Text 2)【译文】这是个困难而又糟糕的事，因为如果动物出生后不得不从头学习生存本领，并且仅仅依靠尝试错误体验世界，那么只有极少数动物能够存活，因为它们做出的决定有可能是致命的。
【析句】复合句。
主句由and连接两个并列句子组成，This is a difficult and unpleasant business and few animals would survive, and前的句子是简单句，and后的句子后又跟有if引导的条件状语从句和for 引导的原因状语从句for there are decisions, decisions又有which引导的定语从句修饰。
2. Vigorous criticism is constructive in science more than in some other areas of human endeavor because in it there are adequate standards ofvalidity which can be agreed upon by competent scientists the world over.(1992. 阅读. 6. Text 3)【译文】激烈的批评在科学界比在其他人类智慧领域更能起到建设性的作用，这是因为在科学世界里有足够多的有效标准，这些标准被全世界的优秀科学家们共同认可。
六级阅读真题长难句解析六级阅读真题长难句解析1. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case.【译文】学习中应该包括具有启发性的娱乐这一观点对于大部分学术机构而言似乎是愚蠢的，但事实的确如此。
【析句】本例句的难点在于寻找主句的'主干。
很明显，主句由but连接两个并列句组成，but后的句子that is nonetheless the case 是简单句。
but前的句子主句是the notion would seem merely silly to the greater part of the academic establishment，to在这里作介词，这一介宾结构提前放在了谓语动词seem后，容易让人误以为是短语seem to的用法，结果导致理解失误。
最后主句主语the notion 有that引导的定语从句修饰。
2. Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began.【译文】从事成人教育的公共机构已经因为经济萧条开始以来席卷全国的趋势而陷入困境。
【析句】例句2的句子结构并不复杂，主句the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide, that has swept over them...作定语从句修饰the tide, 而定语从句中，又有since引导的时间状语从句，这个时间是修饰swept over这个动作的。
英语六级阅读理解长难句剖析英语六级考试中的阅读理解部分，经常出现一些长难句，给考生阅读和理解造成一定困扰。
本文将对英语六级阅读理解中的长难句进行剖析，帮助考生更好地理解和应对这些句子结构复杂的题目。
1. 倒装句型：In no way did I expect him to show up at the party.这句话的正常语序应该是：I did not expect him to show up at the party in any way.倒装句即将助动词或情态动词提前，主语放在谓语动词之后，从而给句子增加了一定的难度。
考生在阅读中要注意寻找这类句子，分析句子结构的变化。
2. 强调句型：It is John who broke the vase.这句话的正常语序应该是：John broke the vase.强调句型通过将强调部分提到句首，突出某个成分，增加了句子的复杂性。
考生需要注意识别这类句子，理解强调的重点。
3. 定语从句：The book, which was recommended by my teacher, is worth reading.这句话中的定语从句“which was recommended by my teacher”修饰前面的名词“book”。
定语从句有两种结构：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句对修饰的名词起限定性作用，不能省略；非限制性定语从句对修饰的名词起补充说明作用，可以省略。
4. 同位语从句：I have no idea what she is talking about.这句话中的同位语从句“what she is talking about”解释说明了前面的名词“idea”。
同位语从句用来解释说明某一名词的具体内容，起进一步补充说明的作用。
5. 宾语从句：He asked me whether I had finished my homework.这句话中的宾语从句“whether I had finished my homework”充当了动词“asked”的宾语。
四六级阅读长难句训练1.Many critics of Eamily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part asa counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a “romantic” reading receives more confirmation.2.The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.3.It is true that a high proportion of the newly farmed land was suitable only for grazing and dry farming, but agricultural practices had become sufficiently advanced to make it possible to increase the profitability of farming by utilizing even these relatively barren lands.4.The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.5.The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers’ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.6.In brief, her works neither elevate nor instruct. This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth-century French contemporaries.7.In the early 1950’s, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.8.Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law——notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positiveenactment are concerned——that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.9.Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)，the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.10.Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.11.Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside；its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent.12.While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct, the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed, showing, for instance, that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles, and throwing the date once more into utter confusion.13.This is unlikely to happen, but it warns usthat perhaps the most salutary feature of the papyrus scrap is its message of the extreme difficulty of classifying and categorizing rigidly the development of a creative artist.14.Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.15.Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.16.They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women"s economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women"s work.17.The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics.18.It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880"s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered "women"s work."19.The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.20.Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women"s work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women"s household labor remains demanding.21.Disputes occurred, of course, among those who remained on the rebel side, but the extraordinary social mobility of eighteenth-century American society (with the obvious exception of slaves) usually prevented such disputes from hardening along class lines.22.Social structure was in fact so fluid—though recent statistics suggest a narrowing of economic opportunity as the latter half of the century progressed—that to talk about social classes at all requires the use of loose economic categories such as rich, poor, and middle class, or eighteenth-century designations like "the better sort."23.Although undertones of class conflict existed beneath such hostility, the opposition was primarily geographical. Sectional conflict—which also existed between North and South—deserves further investigation.24.Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.25.The recent, apparently successful, prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of EI Nino—the warm ocean current that periodically develops along the Pacific coast of South America—has excited researchers.26.Taking months to traverse the Pacific, Rossby waves march to the western boundary of the Pacific basin, which is modeled as a smooth wall but in reality consists of quite irregular island chains, such as, the Philippines and Indonesia.27.Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generally, the nature of human knowledge they believe, are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.28.When, in the seventeenth century, Descartes and Hobbes rejected medieval philosophy, they did not think of themselves, as modern philosophers do, as proposing a new and better philosophy, but rather as furthering “the warfare between science and theology.”29.They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.30.This link between philosophical interests and scientific practice persisted until the nineteenth century, when decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarship and changes in the nature of science provoked the final separation of philosophy from both.31.The demarcation of philosophy from science was facilitated by the development in the early nineteenth century of a new notion, that philosophy’s core interest should be epistemology, the general explanation of what it means to know something.32.Modern philosophers now trace that notion back at least to Descartes and Spinoza, but it was not explicitly articulated until the late eighteenth century, by Kant, and did not become built into the structure of academic institutions and the standard self-descriptions of philosophy professors until the late nineteenth century.33.Me taphysics, philosophy’s traditional core—considered as the most general description of how the heavens and the earth are put together—had been rendered almost completely meaningless by the spectacular progress of physics.34.Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics with epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of philosophy as “queen of sciences” into the new notion of philosophy as a separate, foundational discipline.35.Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned.36.But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be liars themselves or be very naive; pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic.37.Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid, such as alloys of palladium and silicon, or alloys consisting of iron, phosphorus, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained.38.One of the most promising properties of glassy metals is their high strength combined with high malleability. In usual crystalline materials, one finds an inverse relation between the two properties, whereas for many practical applications simultaneous presence of both properties is desirable.39.One residual obstacle to practical applications that is likely to be overcome is the fact that glassy metals will crystallize at relatively low temperatures when heated slightly.40.Yet Walzer"s argument, however deficient, does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism—namely, that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards, often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.41.Some even argue plausibly that this weakness may be irremediable：in any society that, like a capitalist society, seeks to become ever wealthier in material terms disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.42.There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions—short of a massive shift away from the private automobile—is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline withcleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.43.These dramatic elements, along with an intensely social or political purpose and the use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the dialogues, which realistically capture the flavor of Mexican American conversation, are still characteristic both of the acto and of most other forms of Mexican American theater today.44.The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez" study of the Italian commedia dell" arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the comic and improvisational qualities of the more contemporary and local carpas of Mexican theater.45.The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell"arte troupes on tour in Spain.46.But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution—the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.47.In humans excessive intake ( for adults, over 4 milligrams per day) over many years can lead to skeletal fluorosis, a well-defined skeletal disorder, and in some plant species, fluoride is more toxic than ozone, sulfur dioxide, or pesticides.48.And while fluoride intake from water and air can be evaluated relatively easily, it is much harder to estimate how much a given population ingests from foodstuffs because of the wide variations in individual eating habits and in fluoride concentrations in foodstuffs.“四、六级阅读长难句”中文译文1.许多艾米丽·勃朗特的小说《呼啸山庄》的评论家，把小说的第二部分看作一种对比【对照物】，它对第一部分作出评论，即使没有把第一部分逆转，在小说第一部分中，一种“浪漫的”的阅读能获得更多的确认。
逢考必过英语六级阅读长难句词汇及考点讲解(十八)lt's no secret that there's a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be ea8ily forgotten when you pocket the tips.众所周知，等客人点菜的时候，服务员通常都需要百般忍耐，不过当他们把小费放人口袋的时候，就把这些麻烦忘光了。
六级词汇讲解：本句的结构是“It +be+名词(no secret)+that从句”，其中it是形式主语，that引导的主语从句是本句真正的主语。
it is no secret意为“众所周知”。
如：It is no secret that Singapore owes it all to its uncorrupt leaders for where it is today.众所周知，新加坡今天的成绩得归功于其廉洁的领导人。
短语put up with的意思是“忍受，承受”。
如：I could hardly put up with that guy any longer.我再也不能忍受那家伙了。
pocket作动词讲时，意思是“将……放人口袋”。
tip的意思是“小费”。
六级考点归纳：it作形式主语的that从句是主语从句的一种，可有如下四种搭配：It +be+形容词+that从句。
如：It is essential that...绝对必要的是……It is significant that...重要的是……It is clear that...很明显……It+be+过去分词+that从句。
如：It is recommended that...据推荐/介绍……It is known to us/all that...众所周知……It is anticipated that...据预测……It +be+名词+that,从句。
六级阅读真题长难句解析关于六级阅读真题长难句解析下面是英语六级阅读真题长难句解析，供考生参考学习。
1. She recalls watching the ship, brightly lit, slipping into its dark grave - and into seeming nothingness, rarely mentioned for more than half a century.【译文】她回忆起看着轮船被火光照亮，慢慢沉入漆黑的墓穴，最后永远消失。
这场悲剧半个世纪以来极少被提起。
【析句】英语句子中存在多个动词时，常大量使用分词，保证句子中只有一个谓语动词。
本句中主句是She recalls watching the ship,recall是谓语动词，后面的一系列分词lit,slipping, mentioned的主语都是the ship，通过动作与the ship的主动被动关系决定使用的是现在分词还是过去分词。
在现在分词slipping后跟有两个并列的into短语。
2. Now Germanys Nobel Prize-winning author Gunter Grass has revived the memory of the 9,000 dead, including more than 4,000 children - with his latest novel Crab Walk, published last month.【译文】如今，德国诺贝尔奖作家冈特格拉斯用上个月最新出版的'《蟹行》一书重新将这份惨烈的记忆9000人死亡，其中有4000是儿童在人们心中唤起。
【析句】复合句。
主句Ginter Grass has revived the memory of the 9000 dead是主句，Germanys Nobel Prize-winning author 作主语的同位语。
大学英语六级真题阅读长难句分析1. In our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of “mastery”—feeling important and worth-while-and the sources of what we call a sense “pleasure”-finding life enjoyable-are not always identical. (1994. 阅读. 1. Text 4) 【译文】在我们的文化中，我们常说的“控制感”——感觉自己很重要有价值，与“快乐感”——发现生活的乐趣，它们的来源是不尽相同的。
【析句】例句1句子看起来很长，但结构并不复杂。
句子主干是the sources of... and the sources of...are not always identical,有两个并列的主语the sources of,而两个of后各有一个what引导的宾语从句what we call a sense of...。
同时，主语后各有一个现在分词伴随状语，位于破折号后。
2. Ironically, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g., secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosure and truthful statements). (1995. 阅读1. 1. Text 1)【译文】让人感到讽刺的是，那些阻碍我们了解别人的东西(比如秘密和欺骗)对于培养令人满意的友谊，或许与那些使我们准确了解别人的东西(比如坦白和真话)同样重要。
英语四级真题阅读长难句分析
【分析】本句为复合句。
主句主干为 DL signifies a course。
主句中的”in which引导定语从句，对course进展解释说明，其中instructors 和students是并列成分。
While意为虽然，尽管，引导让步状语从句;从句中的offered 为过去分词做后置定语，修饰instruction。
【译文】虽然各个大学供应的网络课程不尽一样，但是远程教学通常会把课程公开，教师会把课程大纲、阅读任务和课程安排上传到网站上，学生们则通过电子邮件提交作业。
2. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales.
【分析】本句为简洁句。
句子主干为I offered suggestions。
Telling myself hall为伴随状语，that引导宾语从句;guiding the young writer across the hall为现在分词作后置定语，修饰writer。
that 后的从句可改写为I was merely an experienced writer who are guiding the young writer across the hall。
【译文】我一次次地告诫自己，这只是一个有些阅历的作家在指导一个小作家成长而已，关于她的故事中的人物、冲突和结尾我都供应了一些
建议。
英语四级长难句精选汇（一）1)I was scared of leaving the protective bubble of this place for places unknown , during uncertain economic times .在经济不稳定的年代，我害怕离开这里的保护罩到未知的地方去。
2)You are the only one who can answer that ， But what I can offer as guidance ,and reassurance ,is a story :the story of one Stanford graduate’s process of stumbling and searching to find a place in the world ,oftentimes in the face of her fears.你是仅仅一个可以回答这个问题的人，但是我能够讲一个故事为你提供引导使你放心：这是一位斯坦福大学毕业生在社会上摸爬滚打以争得一席之地的故事,尽管她一直面对恐惧.3)The philosophics and ideologies themselves certainly left an impression on me .But the rigor of the distillation process ,the exercise of refinement ,that’s where the real learning happened。
这些哲理和思想的确给我留下了深刻印象,但严谨的提炼过程和不断的改进加工才是我真正学习到的东西。
4)When you graduate from here ，you exit with thousands of pages of personal text on which are inscribed beliefs and values shaped by years of education ,family interactions ，relationship ,experience 。
1.For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟) have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to handcarry the hatchlings (幼龟) down to the water’s edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead. (2009年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主架为… turtles have struggled…。
For hundreds of millions of years 为介词短语作时间状语。
before… 为时间状语从句，该从句采用的是there be结构，主语为or 连接的三个名词（词组）：natural documentaries，GPS satellites and marine biologists和volunteers，主语后的不定式均为主语的后置定语。
lest“以免”引导状语从句，采用虚拟语气。
【译文】数百万年以来，海龟们都挣扎着从海里爬出来，到沙滩上产卵，那时候还没有自然纪录片来记录它们的活动，没有GPS卫星和海洋生物学家跟踪它们，没有志愿者用手把小海龟放到水边以防它们被桅灯搞得迷失方向而爬向旅馆的停车场。
2.The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened” to “endangered” — meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help. (2009年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主架为The figures prompted Oceana…。
四六级长难句100句1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参照译文] 美国旳经济是以基本旳私有企业和市场导向经济为架构旳，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要旳货品和服务付费来决定什么应当被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[参照译文] 因此，在美国旳经济体系中，个体消费者旳需求与商人试图最大化其利润旳欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用旳欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应当被制造，以及资源怎样被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[参照译文] 另首先，假如大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有也许增长卖方和制造商能提供旳供应，而这也就会反过来减少价格并容许更多旳消费者购置产品。
四级真题英语阅读长难句分析四级真题英语阅读长难句分析1. Recent decisions by Hamilton and others may be “a sign that people are starting to realize that there’s this destructive competition going on,” says Baum, co-author of a recent College Report that raises concerns about the role of institutional aid not based on need. (2009. 阅读. Text A)【译文】鲍姆认为，哈密顿和其他人最近的决定可能就是“一种迹象表明人们开始意识到存在一种破坏性竞争”。
他是最近一项大学调查报告的组织者之一，这项报告引发了人们对并非基于需要的制度性经济援助的关心。
【析句】复合句。
主干是Baum says+宾语从句，也就是Baum 说话的内容。
宾语从句的主句是Recent decisions may be "a sign that are starting to realize that there is this destructive competition...", 引号内包含两个从句，that引导定语从句修饰a sign, realize后是that引导的宾语从句。
最后，co-author of a recent College Report作Baum的同位语，that raises concerns about...是College Report的定语从句。
2. “No one can take one-sided action,” says Laird, who is exploring whether to seek an exemption from federal anti-trust laws so member colleges can discuss how they could jointly reduce merit aid. (2009. 阅读. Text A)【译文】"任何人都不能采取单方面的行动。
阅读中的长难句在四六级考试中，通过关键词可以定位到原文中的关键句，这些关键句就是我们所说的“链”。
如何找到“链”-----精准定位法；如何理解“链”------长难句剪枝法。
精准定位法利用关键词（点）去寻找关键句（链）时，我们要运用同义转述原则。
篇章阅读真题示例：精准定位法：题干中的关键词为accomplish和planet。
由题干关键词定位到原文最后一段。
定位段第一句说明，争夺资源会将我们的星球引向地狱，除非人类懂得分享。
而随后一句指出，完成这一任务需要每个人都承担起责任，并且只有共同合作才能完成。
可见，保护地球必须聚集众人的努力，选项D）中的pooling their efforts together是对原文accomplished together with others的同义转述，所以D)为本题答案。
信息匹配真题示例：精准定位法：题干中的关键词为the majority of和rival。
由题干关键词定位到原文最后两句。
定位句提到，由于美国在冷战中大获全胜，似乎我们的经济体制已没有真正的竞争对手。
而一旦失去了国际竞争，我们就没有必要证明我们的体制能够为大多数公民带来利益。
题干中的the majority of和rival分别是原文中的most of和competitor的同义转述，故答案为E)。
长难句剪枝法长难句，顾名思义，即长又难，主要难在用词、结构等方面。
掌握了刚才说的精准定位法后，如果定位到的句子是长难句，这个方法就要排上用场了——长难句剪枝法。
先快速找到句子的主干，再掌握细节要素。
1. 找主干，明结构即：拨开枝杈，直扑主干；排除干扰，确定结构；首先抓住中心内容。
看到一个难句，不要被它吓住，首先要集中精力，找出句子主干。
句子再长，主干不会长，根据谓语动词的特点，主干还是不难找到的。
只要找到句子的主干，就能明确句子的结构（是简单句，还是并列句、主从复合句、倒装句、强调句等），也就明白句子主要讲了什么。
下面是一些真题中的长难句，我们对主干部分进行了铺底：例1Inequality is dangerous, he argued, not merely because it doesn'tlook good to have a large gap between the rich and the poor, but because inequality itself destroys upward mobility, making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty.例2While Wall Street executives used their expensive lawyers to ensure that their ranks were not held accountable for the misdeeds that the crisis in 2008 so graphically revealed, the banks abused our legalsystem to foreclose （取消赎回权）on mortgages and eject tenants, some of whom did not even owe money.例3But for students who haven…t yet done enough research, or who are still constantly changing their minds on favorite schools, theearly-decision system needlessly and prematurely narrows the field of possibility just at a time when students should be opening themselves to a whole range of thrilling options.例4The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent.例5There are some very commendable characteristics of the CFL ［compact fluorescent (荧光的) light bulb］, yet the selection of any light source remains inseparable from the luminaire (照明装置) that houses it, along with the space in which both are installed, andlighting requirements that need to be satisfied.2. 理枝杈，明各层即：变长为短，层层理清；修饰成分，对号入座；仔细搞清各层意思。
这里的关键就是修饰语和被修饰语要能对得起来，从而理清句子的层次，一层层地搞清楚句子的意思。
还是以上面5个真题长难句为例：例1Inequality is dangerous, he argued, not merely because it doesn…t look good to have a large gap between the rich and the poor, but because inequality itself destroys upward mobility, making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty.剪枝法分析：用剪枝法先找到有引导词也有谓语动词的从句：两个由because引导的原因状语从句，并用关联词组not merely…but相连接。
然后用剪枝法剪掉各个短语，并掌握这些细节信息：插入语he argued，补充说明全句的信息来源，介词短语between the rich and the poor作名词gap的后置定语，现在分词结构making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty作伴随状语，对原因状语从句进行补充说明。
图解结构：参考译文：他提出，不公平是危险的，不仅仅是因为贫富差异大看起来不好，更是因为不公平本身破坏了社会阶层向上提升的流动性，令贫困者难以摆脱贫困。
例2While Wall Street executives used their expensive lawyers to ensure that their ranks were not held accountable for the misdeeds that the crisis in 2008 so graphically revealed, the banks abused our legal system to foreclose （取消赎回权）on mortgages and eject tenants, some of whom did not even owe money.剪枝法分析：用剪枝法先找到有引导词也有谓语动词的从句：While引导的时间状语从句说明主句的时间；而该时间状语从句中又包含that引导的宾语从句充当动词不定式结构中ensure的宾语，该宾语从句也是一个主从复合句，包含that引导的限定性定语从句，修饰说明名词misdeeds。
然后用剪枝法剪掉各个短语，并掌握这些细节信息：to foreclose （取消赎回权）on mortgages and eject tenants为动词不定式作目的状语，而其中还包含一个介词of+whom引导的定语从句，补充说明之前的名词tenants。
图解结构：参考译文：当华尔街的行政长官雇用费用高昂的律师来确保他们在2008年金融危机所显现出的罪行中不承担任何责任时，银行就滥用了法律体系的权利来取消抵押的赎回权，并把房客驱逐出去，有些房客甚至没有欠款。
例3But for students who haven't yet done enough research, or who are still constantly changing their minds on favorite schools, theearly-decision system needlessly and prematurely narrows the field of possibility just at a time when students should be opening themselves to a whole range of thrilling options.剪枝法分析：用剪枝法先找到有引导词也有谓语动词的从句：定语从句when students should be opening themselves to a whole range of thrilling options，修饰时间状语中的名词time；两个并列定语从句who haven't yet done enough research和who are still constantly changing their minds on favorite schools由连词or连接，修饰students。
然后用剪枝法剪掉各个短语，并掌握这些细节信息：just at a time为时间状语；介词短语for students置于句首，强调描述的对象和范围。
图解结构：参考译文：但是，对于那些没有做足够功课的或者是在自己喜欢的学校上摇摆不定的学生来说，提前录取则没有必要，并且过早地缩小了他们可能的选择范围，而这个时候他们应该放开自己去面对所有令他们心动的选择。
例4The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent.剪枝法分析：用剪枝法先找到有引导词也有谓语动词的从句：that引导的宾语从句，作主句动词suggests的宾语；how引导宾语从句，作介词on的宾语。
