托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译part3

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO1-34阅读原文翻译摘要：本版内容包括34篇托福真题阅读原文翻译，大家可以做一下对照，平时可以看一下，也可以当做美文来欣赏，不仅能提高大家的英语阅读水平，也能把握阅读命题的大概方向，大家快来下载吧~托福 TPO1-34阅读原文翻译适用人群：1、备考托福的考生：使用这份资料不仅可以帮助大家了解托福阅读的常考题材，难度以及每篇文章的篇幅等，还能帮助大家通过阅读来提升自己的阅读速度。

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托福TPO1-34阅读原文翻译:TPO-3-1：ArchitectureArchitecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body:a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu highin theeastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.译文：TPO-3-1 建筑物建筑是一门出于实用和象征的双重目的，通过组织和利用空间来实现设计结构的艺术和科学。

托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译part3相信备考托福的同学都知道托福TPO的重要性，为了方便大家备考，下面小编给大家整理出托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译，希望大家喜欢。

托福TPO1阅读真题原文Part3Timberline Vegetation on MountainsThe transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlinesare strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. Thehighest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.Paragraph 1: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often adramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.托福TPO1阅读真题题目Part31. The word "dramatic" in the passage is closest in meaning to○gradual○complex○visible○striking2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?○In an area that has little water○In an area that has little sunlight○Above a transition area○On a mountain that has on upper timberline.3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?○Both are treeless zones.○Both mark forest boundaries.○Both are s urrounded by desert areas.○Both suffer from a lack of moisture.Paragraph 2: The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.4. Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?○They cannot grow in cold climates.○They do not exist at the upper timberline.○They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.○They do not require as much moisture as evergreens do.Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach theirgreater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.5. The word "attain" in the passage is closest in meaning to○require○resist○achieve○en dure6. The word "they" in the passage refers to○valleys○trees○heights○ridges7. The word "prone" in the passage is closest in meaning to○adapted○likely○difficult○resistant8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes tha n it does inthe tropics.Paragraph 4：There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.9. Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitu des show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.10. In paragraph 4, what is the author's main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations ○To explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified ○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon Paragraph 6: The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is lessprevalent.11. The word "prevalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to○predictable○widespread○successful○developed12. According to paragraph 6, all of the following statementsare true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:○Because they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.○Because they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.Paragraph 5: Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally c alled alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █At this great height, rocks, wa rmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. █13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.●●●Answer choices○Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.○There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.○The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.○The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.○High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.○Despite being adjacent t o the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures托福TPO1阅读真题答案Part3答案：1. ○42. ○13. ○24. ○35. ○36. ○27. ○28. ○19. ○310. ○411. ○212. ○313. ○414. There is no agreeme nt among…Despite being adjacent …The geographical location of…托福TPO1阅读真题Part3原文翻译山上树带界线的植被通常从山坡上的森林到没有树的苔原是一种非常戏剧化的转变。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO1阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

▉托福TPO1阅读Passage3原文文本： Groundwater Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water. The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down. The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick. In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater. So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone,for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed. Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous. The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them. Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away. The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held. ▉托福TPO1阅读Passage3题目： Question 1 of 14 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? A. It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time. B. It prevents most groundwater from circulating. C. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. D. It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. Question 2 of 14 The word “incredible ” in the passage is closest in meaning to。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO1(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Timberline Vegetation on Mountains托福阅读原文The transition from forest to treeless tundraon a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils. There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most importantenvironmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.托福阅读试题1.The word “dramatic” in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.gradualplexC.visibleD.striking2.Where is the lower timberline mentionedin paragraph 1 likely to be found?A.In an area that has little waterB.In an area that has little sunlightC.Above a transition areaD.On a mountain that has on uppertimberline.3.Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?A.Both are treeless zones.B.Both mark forest boundaries.C.Both are surrounded by desert areas.D.Both suffer from a lack of moisture.4.Paragraph 2 supports which of thefollowing statements about deciduous trees?A.They cannot grow in cold climates.B.They cannot grow in cold climates.C.They are less likely than evergreens tosurvive at the upper timberline.D.They do not require as much moisture asevergreens do.5.The word “attain” in the passage(paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA. requireB.resistC.achieveD.endure6.The word “they” in the passage (paragraph3) refers toA.valleysB.treesC.heightsD.ridges7.The word “prone” in the passage (paragraph3) is closest in meaning toA.adaptedB.likelyC.difficultD.resistant8.According to paragraph 3, which of thefollowing is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?A.Tree growth is negatively affected by thesnow cover in valleysB.Tree growth is greater in valleys than onridges.C.Tree growth on ridges is not affected byhigh-velocity winds.D.Tree growth lasts longer in thoselatitudes than it does in the tropics.9.Which of the sentences below best expressthe essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph4) ? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave outessential information.A.Because of their deformed shapes at highaltitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmedby the strong winds typical of thosealtitudes.B.As altitude increases, the velocity ofwinds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found athigh altitudes.C.The deformed shapes of trees at highaltitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can causeserious hardship for trees.D.Increased wind velocity at high altitudesdeforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.10.In para graph 4, what is the author’smain purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at theupper timberline?A.To argue that none of several environmentfactors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play arole in causing itB.To argue in support of one particularexplanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanationsC.To explain why the primary environmentalfactor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identifiedD.To present several environmental factorsthat may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon11.The word “prevalent” in the passage(paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.predictableB.widespreadC.successfulD.developed12.According to paragraph 6, all of thefollowing statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:A.Because they are low, they are lessexposed to strong winds.B.Because they are low, the winter snowcover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.C.In the equatorial mountains, they tend tobe lower than in mountains elsewhere.D.Their low growth form keeps them closerto the ground, where there is more heat than further up.13.Look at the four squares [█] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This explains how, for example, alpine cushionplants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.Above the tree line there is a zone that isgenerally called alpine tundra.█【A】Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists ofa fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higherup the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare groundwith occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █【B】Some plantscan even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highestplants in the world occur at around 6,100meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █【C】At thisgreat height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.█【D】Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.At the timberline, whether upper or lower,there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.A.Birch is one of the few species of treethat can survive in the extremeenvironments of the upper timberline.B.There is no agreement among scientists asto exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the uppertimberline.C.The temperature at the upper timberlineis probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as theamount of snowfall or the force of winds.D.The geographical location of an uppertimberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and theirphysical characteristics.E.High levels of ultraviolet light mostlikely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberlinethan do grazing animals such as the ibex.F.Despite being adjacent to the timberline,the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure highwinds and very low temperatures.托福阅读答案1.dramatic剧烈的，戏剧化的，就单词本身能够想到drama戏剧，所以这个应该是戏剧的形容词，原文后句说在几十米的垂直距离内，树木完全被低矮的灌木和草取代了，所以变化非常剧烈，A渐渐B复杂C可见的都不靠谱2.以lower timberline做关键词定位至本段最后一句，说有lower timberline 是因为a lack of moisture，缺乏湿度，等于A选项中的没有水3.分别以upper timberline和lower timberline为关键词定位至本段倒数两句，不管是upper timberline还是lower timberline都是快速的过渡带，树还是有的，只是在向草原等等过渡，所以A错，既然是过渡，也就是边界了，B对，C没说，只有lower timberline缺水，所以D说both错4.以deciduous trees做关键词定位至原文的第三句和第四句，根据第四句说有的地方的timberline是由落叶树构成的，所以timberline上还是有落叶树的，所以选项A和B说反，D项moisture原文没说，第三句说timberline通常是常绿树构成的，第四句说有的时候也出现落叶树，所以常绿树比落叶树出现的概率大，所以C正确5.attain获得，想到相似的obtain和retain，原文说中高纬度的树木会变形，在山脊处怎么样更高，后半句的whereas所在句与之并列，其中reach greater heights应该和考的那部分是并列的，所以attain也是reach之意，答案是achieve，A要求B反对抵抗D忍耐都不对6.并列句，往前找，找主语，trees是正确答案，此外，被暴露在大风之下的应该是树，山谷山脊和高度都不靠谱7.prone可能，倾向于。

托福TPO3阅读真题Part1原文及答案参考托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了方便大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO3阅读真题Part1原文及答案参考，希望大家喜欢。

托福TPO3阅读真题原文：Part1ArchitectureArchitecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, havechanged little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world's architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture-such as igloos and adobe structures-there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.Much of the world's great architecture has been constructedof stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world's finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.Paragraph 1: Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.托福TPO3阅读真题Part1题目1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:○Architecture is visual art.○Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.○Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.○Architecture has an indirect effect on life.Paragraph 2: Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.2.The word "feasible" in the passage is closest in meaning to○in existence○without question○achievable○most likely3. The word "enhance" in the passage is closest in meaning to○protect○improve○organize○matchParagraph 3: In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world's architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.○Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.○When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.○Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.5. The word "devised" in the passage is closest in meaning to○combined○created○introduced○suggestedParagraph 4: Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.6. The word "integral" is closest in meaning to○essential○variable○practical○independent7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings?○Because new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.○The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that may be built.○The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.○Architects in earlier times did not have enough buildingmaterials to enclose large spaces.8. In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?○They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.○They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago.○They weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.○They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.Paragraph 5: Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture-such as igloos and adobe structures-there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.9. Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph 5?○Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.○The components in ea rly buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.○Modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is.○In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do.Paragraph 6: Much of the world's great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world's finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.10. The word "arduous" in the passage is closest in meaning to○difficult○necessary○skilled○shared11. Why does the author include a description of how the "doorways and windows" of Machu Picchu were constructed?○To indicate that the combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu were similar to igloos and adobe structures○To indicate the different kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu Picchu○To provide an illustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches were invented○To explain how ancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildings from stone12.According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is true of the arch?○The Romans were the first people to use the stone arch.○The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.○The arch worked by distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of the arch.○The Romans followed earlier practices in their use of arches.Paragraph 5: █Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. █The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. █Of course in early architecture-such as igloos and adobe structures-there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one. █13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where thefollowing sentence could be added to the passage.However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Architecture uses forms and space to express cultural values.●●●Answer choices○Architects seek to create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for human use.○Over the course of the history of building, innovations in material and methods of construction have given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.○Throughout history buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct "organ" systems in order to function.○Both clients and architects are res ponsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.○Modern buildings tend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as those of Machu Picchu.○The discovery and use of the arch typifies the way in whicharchitecture advances by developing more efficient types of structures.托福TPO3阅读真题答案：Part1参考答案：1. ○ 42. ○ 33. ○24. ○ 45. ○ 26. ○ 17. ○ 28. ○ 39. ○ 410. ○ 111. ○ 312. ○ 213. ○ 414. Architects seek to create…Over the course of the…The discovery and use of…托福TPO3阅读Part1参考翻译建筑建筑是一门出于实用和象征的双重目的，通过组织和利用空间来实现设计结构的艺术和科学。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO1口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO1口语Task3阅读文本： Letter in the Centerville College News The administration has plans to acquire a new sculpture for campus. We should all oppose this plan. The university's poor financial condition led it to increase the price for campus housing and tuition by 15% this past year. Surely then it is no financial position to purchase such an expensive sculpture. Moreover, just look at the sculpture: several 60-foot ling steel plates, jutting out of the earth at odd angles! It's so large, it'll take up all the green space in front of the campus center! This is public space that should be reserved for students to use. 托福TPO1口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the opinion expressed in the letter.(man) Did you see Paul's letter in the paper about the new sculpture?(woman) Yeah, but it was totally unconvincing. His reasons for opposing the plan are just totally off.I am glad that we'll finally have some nice art on campus. I'd like to shake the donor's hand and say “thank you.”(man) What do you mean the donor?(woman) You didn't know? An anonymous donor is paying the bill for most of the sculpture.(man) Not the university?(woman) No! His assumptions about who's paying are all wrong!(man) Still, I wonder if he has a point about the space it'll take up?(woman) Well, you know why Paul is upset. He and his friends are always out there on the lawn right where the sculpture will be, kicking around the soccer ball. Now they'll just have to use another part of the campus to play.(man) Oh! So he just doesn't want to have to move.(woman) Yeah! For him, it's sculpture versus convenience. 托福TPO1口语Task3题目： Explain why the woman disagrees with the reasons expressed in the letter. 托福TPO1口语Task3满分范文： Well, the woman disagrees with the reasons and points made in the letter for some reasons. First of all, the woman believes that the money wouldn't be a problem and the assumption in the letter is totally wrong, since an anonymous donor is paying the bill for most of the sculptures instead of the university. And she disagrees with the advice made in the letter because she thinks that the lawn taken for the sculptures will only upset Paul alone instead of other students, simply because Paul has to move to other places of the campus for his ball-playing. In a word, the woman disagrees with the letter for the reasons stated above. (116 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO1口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

阅读原文：The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.通常从山坡上的森林到没有树的苔原是一种非常戏剧化的转变。

在一个垂直距离只有几十米的地方，树木这种生命形式就消失了，取而代之的是低矮的灌木、草本植物和牧草。

这种快速过渡的区域被称为上行树带界线或林木线。

在许多干旱的地区存在着下行树带界线，在这里由于缺乏水分森林变成干草原，甚至在最下端会出现沙漠。

The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.上行树带界线，和雪线一样，在热带最高，在极地最低。

题目套数文章题目答案1-5答案6-10答案11-13答案14 OG0Aggression CCACB BCBCB B（2;16;35）OG0Artisans and Industrialization CBDAD DACBA D（26;357）OG0Swimming Machines BBDAD ADCBC B（145;27）OG1Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States BCBAC BCDDB DA（156）OG1The Expression of Emotions BCBCC CAAAD DC（246）OG1Geology and Landscape DBBCC ABBBD A（156；37）OG2Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores CBDDC CBAAD BCD245 OG2Loie Fuller CDAAC DDCCB AAD345 OG2Green Icebergs CBDBA DAAAD BCB346 TPO0Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction DCCBA CCBBB A DD246 TPO0Opportunists and Competitors DCBBC AADBD C3469 TPO0Lascaux Cave Paintings C ADBC C CCDA CA135 TPO0Electricity from Wind D CBBD B CCDD ABD123 TPO1Timberline Vegetation on Mountains DABCC BBACD BCD 246 TPO1The Origins of Theater DAADC CBDAB CDD256 TPO1Ground Water CCBDD AAACB DAD123 TPO2Desert Formation BBAAD CDDCA CB(134)TPO2The Origins of Cetaceans BACCA BDDBC DB(125)TPO2Early Cinema CBCBC DADBA AD(356)TPO3Architecture DCBDB ABCDA CBD 126 TPO3Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer DBADC CDACC BBC126 TPO3The long-Term Stability of Ecosystems CCABC BCBAC DDB235 TPO4Deer Population of the Puget Sound DCCDA CAABB BDB235TPO4Cave Art in Europe ABADD CDBCA CBC156 TPO4Petroleum Resources BDACA DABBD CAD123 TPO5Minerals and Plants BBBBC ADDAC DBA123 TPO5The Origin of the Pacific Island People DAABC DADDC BCD123 TPO5The Cambrian Explosion BCABA BCCBD CBB126 TPO6Powering the Industrial Revolution DBACB AACDC BB246 TPO6William Smith CCBCA BDADD(BC)BC236 TPO6Infantile Amnesia CBCDB DADAD ACD246 TPO7The Geologic History of the Mediterranean CBAA(BD)AABDB CC145 TPO7Ancient Rome and Greece CCBAA DCBDC BAB145 TPO7Agriculture, Iron and the Bantu Peoples CBDDA BBCAB CBB356 TPO8The Rise of Teotihuacan CBADC CDCAD(AD)CD145 TPO8Extinction of the Dinosaurs DCBAA DAABD BCC135 TPO8Running Water on Mars DBABA CCBBB AA125 TPO9Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast BCDAA CADCB BDD235 TPO9Reflection in Teaching ABCDB ACABB CC245 TPO9The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii DACBA AD(BC)DB BCB236 TPO10Chinese Pottery BDCBA DCABA BBB135 TPO10Variations in the Climate BCDBA CCBAB BBD123 TPO10Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth BCDAA BBCCC ABC124 TPO11Ancient Egyptian Sculpture BDCBC BAACD DBD235 TPO11Orientation and Navigation CCDAB CBAAC ABA126 TPO11Begging by Nestlings CABBC DABCA CDB124 TPO12Which Hand Did They Use? CBCCB BCDDA DDB234TPO12Transition to Sound in Film BADCA AABAD BBB123 TPO12Water in the Desert BDDCD ABBCC AC15;347 TPO13Types of Social Groups BDCAC DBCCD AB167;45 TPO13Biological Clocks ABDCB CACAA ABB246 TPO13Methods of Studying Infant Perception CCACB ABDDA CDB126 TPO14Children and Advertising BADAC BACDA BDA235 TPO14Maya Water Problems DDBBC BCAAC AD57;134 TPO14Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia BBDAD DBABC DA134 TPO15Glacial Formation BADCD BDBCA BAC124 TPO15A Warm-blooded Turtle BBACD BBABC CD125 TPO15Mass Extinction CADCD ABCBA DBD125 TPO16Trade and the Ancient Middle East CBDCB DCBAD ABA356 TPO16Development of the Periodic Table DCABA DCCBC DAC236 TPO16Planets in Our Solar System DDBBB CBBCA AD14;367 TPO17Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia CDBAB BADCB DBB236 TPO17Animal Signals in the Rain Forest BACAC DDBCD ABB246 TPO17Symbiotic Relationships CBBDA CCDAC BAA135 TPO18Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia BDDDA ABCBB ACC345 TPO18The Mystery of Yawning BAACD BCDCD ACC246 TPO18Lightning BCACB DDACB CAC246 TPO19The Roman Army's Impact on Britain ACBDB BADCD DCD146 TPO19Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems CADBC AADCB DDC456 TPO19Discovering the Ice Ages DBBAB BACDB ABD135 TPO20Westward Migration DCADB BADAB BCC123TPO20Early Settlements in Southwest Asia CBDBA DDCDB CAC346 TPO20Fossil Preservation CAADC DBCBC DBA126 TPO21Geothermal Energy CACBD CDACA CAB146 TPO21The Origins of Agriculture ABDAC DCBBC CBA234 TPO21Autobiographical Memory CDBAB ACCDD BAA146 TPO22Spartina ACDBD BAABC CDC136 TPO22The Birth of Photography CABCC BDBBB DAA246 TPO22The Allende Meteorite DCBDB BDAAB CAD346 TPO23Urban Climates CBBCD ADCDD ADC234 TPO23Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture CBADD B(AC)ABC ABD456 TPO23Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines BDBCD BCAAA DCA235 TPO24Lake Water DBCDA BCCAB CDD134 TPO24Breathing During Sleep BADBC CBDAD AC246;17 TPO24Moving into Pueblo BACDA BABDD CBB246 TPO25The Surface of Mars BCCDD ACBDC BCB236 TPO25The Decline of Venetian Shipping BCABD CDBDA BCD256 TPO25The Evolutionary Origin of Plants BDCAC ADBBD DBD245 TPO26Energy and the Industrial Revolution CBDAB ADCDD CBB245 TPO26Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions ABBDC ACCAA DB BF;ADG TPO26Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East CDCBB ADCBA ADA356 TPO27Crafts in the Ancient Near East DBCCD BADBC BAB156 TPO27The Formation of Volcanic Islands CDCCA ADBAC DCD134 TPO27Predator-Prey Cycles BBADC ABABB ADC345 TPO28Groundwater DCCBB BABDC DAC236TPO28Early Saharan Pastoralists ACCAB BDBBD DCA236 TPO28Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes AADCC AADDC CAB236 TPO29Characteristics of Roman Pottery BCDAC CBDCB DAB123 TPO29Competition DDABD ADCAC BAD145 TPO29The History of Waterpower DCDAB ACCCC BA156 TPO30Role of Play in Development BADBB ACACC BDD156 TPO30The Pace of Evolutionary Change ACDCC BDCAC AC247;15 TPO30The Invention of the Mechanical Clock BADCB DCDAB ADC156關注人人網公共主頁或新浪微博 胡凯Hugh凯哥每日推送最權威托福資料。

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托福阅读真题1Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the worlds finest large farming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity.Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York Citys importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadelphia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New Yorks location at the western end of one of the worlds most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses aneasy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterland. This account does not alone explain New Yorks primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The development of trade routes through United States cities(B) Contrasts in settlement patterns in United States(C) Historical differences among three large United States cities(D) The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities2. The word ingenuity in line 2. is closest in meaning to(A) wealth(B) resourcefulness(C) traditions(D) organization3. The passage suggests that a geographer would consider a citys soil type part of its(B) situation(C) site(D) function4. According to the passage , a citys situation is more important than its site in regard to thecitys(A) long-term growth and prosperity(B) ability to protect its citizenry(C) possession of favorable weather conditions(D) need to import food supplies5. The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of Chicagos location EXCEPT its(A) hinterland(B) nearness to a large lake(C) position in regard to transport routes(D) flat terrain6. The word characteristics in line 14 is closest in meaning to(B) attitudes(C) qualities(D) inhabitants7. The primary purpose of paragraph 1 is to(A) summarize past research and introduce a new study(B) describe a historical period(C) emphasize the advantages of one theory over another(D) define a term and illustrate it with an example8. According to the passage , Philadelphia and Boston are similar to New York City in(A) size of population(B) age(C) site(D) availability of rail transportation9. The word functional in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) alternate(B) unknown(C) original(D) usable10. The word it in line 21 refers to(A) account(B) primacy(C) connection(D) hinterland11. The word significant in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) threatening(B) meaningful(C) obvious(D) availablePASSAGE 71 DBCAD CDCDA B托福阅读真题2The Harlem Renaissance, a movement of the 1920s, marked the twentieth centurys first period of intense activity by African Americans in the field of literature, art, and music in the United States. The philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic consciousness, and Americanism. Encouraged by the example of certain Americans ofEuropean descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cultural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them. Thus, though the Harlem Renaissance was a short-lived movement, its impact on American art and culture continues to the present.The district in New York City known as Harlem was the capital of the movement. In 1925 an issue of Survey Graphic magazine devoted exclusively to Harlem and edited by philosopher Alain Locke became the manifesto of the African American artistic movement. Locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting their Americanism, take pride in their African ancestral arts and urged artists to look to Africa for substance and inspiration. Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of his contemporaries, Locke recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could enrich the culture of America. African Americans were urged by Locke to be collaborators and participators with other Americans in art, literature, and music; and at the same time to preserve, enhance, and promote their own cultural heritage.Artists and intellectuals from many parts of the United States and the Caribbean had been attracted to Harlem by the pulse and beat of its unique and dynamic culture. From this unity created by the convergence of artists from various social and geographical backgrounds came a new spirit, which, particularly in densely populated Harlem, was to result in greater group awareness and self-determination. African American graphic artists took their place beside the poets and writers of the Harlem Renaissance and carried on efforts to increase and promote the visual arts.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) African American paintings in the 1920s(B) An arts movement of the 1920s(C) The influence of Alain Locke on African American art(D) Some ways in which African culture inspired American literature, art and music2. According to the passage , Tomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks were important because of(A) the philosophical contributions they made to the Harlem Renaissance(B) their development of a new style of African American art(C) they way in which they depicted African Americans in their paintings(D) their independence from European artistic traditions3. The word them in line 11 refers to(A) Americans of European descent(B) paintings(C) African American artists(D) attitudes4. According to the passage , African American artists of the 1920s differed from earlier AfricanAmerican artists in terms of their feelings about(A) themselves(B) other artists(C) their impact on American art(D) stereotypes5. The word urged in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) prepared(B) defined(C) permitted(D) encouraged6. Alain Locke believed all of the following to be important to the African American artisticmovement EXCEPT(A) pride in African art(B) cultural pluralism(C) collaboration with other artists(D) withdrawal from American culture7. In mentioning the pulse and beat (line 25) of Harlem during the 1920s, the author ischaracterizing the district as one that(A) depended greatly on its interaction with other parts of the city(B) grew economically in a short period of time(C) was an exciting place to be(D) was in danger of losing population8. The word convergence in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) gathering(B) promotion(C) expression(D) influence9. According to the passage , all of the following were true of Harlem in the 1920s EXCEPT:(A) Some Caribbean artists and intellectuals lived there.(B) It attracted people from various regions of United States.(C) It was one of the most expensive neighborhoods in New York City.(D) It was a unique cultural center.10. The phrase carried on in line 30 is closest in meaning to(A) continued(B) praised(C) transformed(D) connectedPASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACA托福阅读真题3ffeterd spanning in line 18d- The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today — summed up, not altogether accurately, as research and development. Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed for the application of science wasengineering science rather than basic science.Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness — if not understanding — of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways.In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional.1. What is the authors main purpose in the passage ?(A) To show how technology influenced basic science(B) To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-century American industries(C) To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industry(D) To argue that basic science has no practical application2. The word altogether in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) completely(B) realistically(C) individually(D) understandably3. The word intensive in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) decreased(B) concentrated(C) creative(D) advanced4. The list mentioned in line 13 refers to(A) types of scientific knowledge(B) changes brought by technology(C) industries that used scientific techniques(D) applications of engineering science5. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century is based onwhich of the following?(A) Engineering science is not very important.(B) Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.(C) The relationship between research and development should be criticized.(D) Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.6. The word it in line 16 refers to(A) understanding(B) public awareness(C) scientific knowledge(D) expansion7. The word assumption in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) regulation(B) belief(C) contract(D) confusion8. Why does the author mention consultants in line 25?(A) To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professions(B) To distinguish between scientists who work in industry and those who do not(C) To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work(D) To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied science9. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(A) The development of science and of industry is now interdependent.(B) Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.(C) Industries should spend less money on research and development.(D) Science and technology are becoming more separate.PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDA托福阅读真题4Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow,the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation — a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals — finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice.1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effect of glaciers on climate(B) Damage from glaciers(C) Glacier formation(D) The location of glaciers2. Which of the following will cause density within the glacier to increase?(A) Increased water and air content(B) Pressure from the weight of new snow(C) Long periods of darkness and temperature variations(D) Movement of the glacier3. The word bound in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) covered(B) chosen(C) planned(D) held4. Which of the following will be lost is a glacier forms?(A) Air(B) Pressure(C) Weight(D) Rocks5. According to the passage , which of the following is the LEAST amount of time necessary forglacial ice to form?(A) several months(B) several years(C) at least fifty years(D) a century6. The word converted in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) changed(B) delayed(C) promoted(D) dissolved7. What is the purpose of the material in paragraph three?(A) To define two types of glaciers(B) To contrast glacier ice with non-glacier ice(C) To present theories of glacier formation(D) To discuss the similarities between glacial types8. In temperate glaciers, where is water found?(A) Only near the surface(B) In pools of various depths(C) In a thin layer below the firm(D) In tunnels9. The word it in line 21 refers to(A) formation(B) ice(C) thickness(D) weight10. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that a glacier(A) can revert to a fluffy mass(B) maintains the same shape throughout the glacial process(C) is too cold to be thoroughly studied(D) can contribute water to lakes, rivers, or oceans PASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD托福阅读原文题目及答案汇总。

托福阅读tpo答案托福阅读tpo答案第一篇托福阅读tpo答案第二篇托福阅读tpo答案第五篇托福阅读tpo答案第六篇The word “particular〞in the passage is closest in meaning to○Natural○Final○Specific○ComplexAccording to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?○They occur at the end of a○They last longer than any other type of○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not○They remain stable for at least 500 years at aParagraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose theAccording to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the ○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’s propertiesParagraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather of According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?○Pioneer communities○Climax communities○Single-crop farmlands○Successional plant communitiesParagraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated,The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability〞Stability can be defined as simply lack of In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a This kind of stability is also called In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always○Ecologists often confuse the word “stability〞with the word “〞○The exact meaning of the word “stability〞is debated by○There are many different answers to ecologicalAccording to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?○They are more resilient than pioneer○They can be considered both the most and the least stable○They are stable because they recover quickly after major○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least overParagraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack ofchange is not always associated with maximum At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s )Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?○They become less stable as they○They support many species when they reach○They are found in temperate○They have reduced diversity during mid-successionalThe word “guarantee〞in the passage is closest in meaning to○Increase○Ensure○Favor○ComplicateIn paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “(A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle)〞?○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations ○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystemsParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as itsThe word “pales〞in the passage is closest in meaning to○Increases proportionally○Differs○Loses significance○Is commonParagraph 7：Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness〞of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food webof the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety ofword “adjacent〞in the passage is closest in meaning to○Foreign○Stable○Fluid○NeighboringParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as itsat the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to theIn fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events andWhere would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to theAn introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change overAnswer choices○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability〞make it difficult to identify the most stable○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by。