剖析霍桑《红字》中红字A所暗含的象征意义_英文_

浅析《红字》中的字母A象征《红字》是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑创作的一部小说，讲述了一个关于婚外恋和道德罪的故事。

在小说中，字母A被用来象征着不同的含义和主题，这使得它成为整个故事的核心符号之一。

字母A代表“奥德修斯”（Adultery）这个词。

哈萨维尔，小说的女主角，因为在婚姻中背叛了丈夫而被判犯奸罪，她被迫戴上代表这个罪名的红字A。

这个字母成为她生活中的焦点，成为她所住的小镇上居民们所嘲笑和憎恨的对象。

通过这个字母，霍桑揭示了当时社会对婚外恋的严重道德谴责以及人们对犯奸罪的轻视和歧视。

除了代表犯奸罪外，字母A还象征着“担负着罪恶的人”。

哈萨维尔被判犯奸罪之后，她不仅被罚戴上红字A，还失去了自由和尊严，被社会排斥和歧视。

她被迫在被自认为是虔诚的基督徒的居民们所取笑和嘲弄的环境中生活。

通过字母A，霍桑揭示了道德标准和社会规范如何将有罪之人拘禁在堕落和负面的位置上，这反映了当时乡村道德体系的强大力量。

字母A还可以被视为“救赎”的象征。

尽管哈萨维尔受到了严厉的惩罚，但她在整个叙事中也变得更加强大、坚韧和勇敢。

她通过辛勤劳动来赚取生计，并为自己和女儿营造了新的生活。

她也成为一个仁慈和关爱他人的人，被当地居民尊敬和爱戴。

通过这个角色的转变，霍桑表达了对个人权力和内心救赎的探索。

字母A还可以被视为象征着“罪恶的复发”。

尽管哈萨维尔试图逃避和隐藏她的过去，但字母A无法从她的心灵中去除。

当她试图开始新生活时，她在社会中很难被接受，让她变得孤独和绝望。

哈萨维尔的内心痛苦和复发罪恶的主题使得字母A成为一个地方符号，提醒读者人性的复杂性和罪孽的无法摆脱。

字母A在《红字》中扮演着多重象征和主题的角色，它代表了犯奸罪、担负着罪恶的人、救赎以及罪恶的复发。

通过这个符号，霍桑传达了对婚外恋和道德罪的道德观察和对内心救赎的探索。

这使得《红字》成为一部充满象征主义和道德讨论的经典文学作品。

浅析《红字》中的字母A象征
《红字》是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑所写的一部长篇小说，被誉为美国文学史上的经典之作。

小说讲述了一位女性因婚外情而被判戴一个红色的字母“A”的故事，这个字母A 在小说中成为了一个非常重要的象征，代表着不同的意义和象征。

首先，字母A代表着“罪恶”。

在小说中，主人公海丝特因为婚外情而被判戴上红字“A”，这个浅白无辜的字母变成了海丝特内心深处的污点和罪恶的象征。

海丝特不仅承受着外界的压力，同时也面对着自我内心上的折磨。

这个字母成为了一种羞辱和污点，让海丝特变成了整个社会的焦点，无法摆脱这个无情的罪名。

这种罪恶的象征，不仅是对女性婚外情这种社会不被接受的行为的警示，也是对我们每个人内心深处的神秘和不为人知的一面的警示。

其次，字母A代表着“缺陷”。

海丝特在小说中被认为是一个缺陷的存在，她的红字A让她从被尊敬的教师降到了整个社会中的一个被排斥的人。

这个字母在海丝特的身上变成了她人生道路中的黑点，让她丧失了社会地位和人格尊严的象征。

虽然海丝特一直不屈不挠，但她的缺陷在现实中却成了她无法逃脱的囚笼。

这种缺陷的象征，是对我们每个人内心的缺陷和不足的提醒，同时也引发了人们对完美和不完美的思考。

在《红字》中，字母A以其多重的象征意义，成为了整个小说异彩纷呈的存在。

它通过女性的形象，向读者展示了一个社会中的弊端和限制，同时也为我们提供了一种勇气和自我坚定的方式。

红字中的道德与社会的标记《红字》是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑于1850年出版的一部小说，该小说通过讲述一个受到道德标记的女性来探讨道德和社会的关系。

本文将从多个角度分析小说中揭示出来的道德和社会标记的含义及其对人物和故事发展的影响。

I. 道德标记在小说《红字》中，主要角色海瑟尔·普林（Hester Prynne）被判处戴着一枚大大地红字“A”代表通奸（adultery），这个标记成为她身份和行为上不可磨灭的印记。

1. 标记的象征意义该红字“A”既表示“Adultury”的首字母，也有“Ashamed”（羞耻）、“Alienation”（隔离）等寓意。

它在文中象征着罪过、羞耻、孤立和自由意志等多重含义。

2. 社会对待道德标记小说中描绘了当时严苛社会对婚姻、道德准则以及人性弱点违背时进行严厉惩罚的场景。

人们对普林的道德标记产生了强烈的反应，包括嘲讽、排斥和歧视等。

II. 社会标记除了海瑟尔被判戴有“红字”外，小说中还揭示了其他类型的社会标记，这些标记也对故事和人物产生重要影响。

1. 地理环境小说背景设定在清教徒时代的美国殖民地。

这个环境本身就是一种社会标记，象征着严格限制、道德约束和宗教压迫。

2. 社会阶级和地位小说中通过不同角色所处的社会阶级和地位差异来展示社会标记的存在。

海瑟尔作为一个通奸者被贴上“红字”的标签，与其他高贵与权势有关角色相比存在鲜明对比。

III. 道德与社会标记的影响1. 对个体心理状态影响海瑟尔·普林因为戴着“红字”而感到内心自责和羞耻，并断言自己以后永远不再像从前那样活着。

这个道德标记对她的内心状态和意识形态有深远影响。

2. 对人际关系的影响社会标记使海瑟尔被其他人视为异类，遭受嘲讽和排斥。

这导致了她与社会大部分成员的隔离，同时也对她与女儿珍妮（Pearl）之间的亲子关系产生了影响。

3. 对故事发展的推动道德与社会标记成为小说中重要的故事驱动因素。

从不同角度观察和解释标记及其影响，帮助读者更好地理解和体验小说中的主题与情节。

浅谈《红字》中A字的象征意义摘要：象征是文学创作的一种艺术方法，它借助具体的形象来表现抽象的意义。

霍桑在其小说《红字》中对象征手法发挥的淋漓尽致，使得该作品在今天仍具有强烈的感染力，并使他在文学史上处于永久不衰的地位。

该小说中红字“A”是贯穿全书的主线，也是最典型的象征。

本文就《红字》中字母“A”的象征意义进行深入探讨。

关键词：红字 A 象征意义通奸孤独爱情能干天使女斗士纳撒尼尔·霍桑（N athaniel Hawthorn，1804-1864)是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义作家。

他在思想上充满了矛盾，他既反抗着清教主义传统却又牢牢地被这个传统束缚着。

其代表作《红字》(The Scarlet Letter)以17世纪北美清教(加尔文教)殖民统治下的新英格兰为背景，描写两个触犯清教戒律的教徒悔罪的心理历程，以细致入微的心理分析和寓意深刻的象征手法剖析人类的罪恶根源，揭示“人性恶”这一古老而永恒的主题。

象征主义作为一种文学流派，出现于19 世纪末至20 世纪30 年代，是欧美现代派文学的一个重要分支。

对于“象征”一词，不同的评论家、诗人有不尽相同的解释。

法国诗人马拉美说:“象征就是这种神秘性构成的: 一点一点地把对象暗示出来，用以表现一种心灵状态”。

评论家南帆认为“象征是以特定的具体形象表现或暗示某种观念、哲理或情感”。

霍桑的小说多采用象征手法，要归因于他思想中神秘主义的影响，正如英美文学评论家朱虹所说:“在霍桑的作品中，最常见的一个现象就是:由于作家的主观精神的照射，客观事物既是它自己，同时又是别的什么。

在他看来，客观物质世界仅仅是假象，而它的‘灵性’才是本质。

他说，‘一切都是灵性，就好比灵魂与躯体的关系一样。

’”这种观点决定了霍桑在创作中不对客观事物作真实的描写，而是借象征去揭示客观事物背后的隐秘含义。

充满象征意义与神秘色彩的红色A字几乎贯穿小说的每一个场景，连结着小说中的所有人物。

它粘附在海丝特的衣着上，刻在她死后的墓碑上，刺在丁梅斯代尔的肉体上，甚至神秘地出现在天空中。

Analysis the symbolic meaning of letter A on Hester inThe Scarlet Letter简析《红字》中红字A在海斯特身上的象征意义摘要《红字》是十九世纪美国浪漫主义小说家霍桑的代表作，红字中字母A在不同人物上有不同的象征意义，本文主要分析了字母A在女主人公海斯特身上的象征意义。

关键字：红字纳撒尼尔霍桑象征意义Analysis the symbolic meaning of letter A on Hester in TheScarlet LetterAbstractNathaniel Hawthorne is an American romantic novelist in the 19th century; his masterpiece is The Scarlet Letter.The letter A has different meanings in different people, this article mainly analysis the symbolic meaning of letter a on the heroine of Hester.Key words: The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne symbolic meaning Analysis the symbolic meaning of letter A on Hester in TheScarlet LetterNathaniel Hawthorne is a romantic novelist in the 19th century in America. In the scarlet letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, with meticulous of psychological analysis and profound analysis of the symbolism of the human sin root .the heroine Hester was sent for adultery and she has to wear A scarlet letter in her whole life. Even so she still refuses to name the man responsibly and carries the burden of their sin on herself. However, thro ugh seven years’ punishment, Hester eventually given a new life and finally made the scarlet letter into the symbol of virtue.There are full of symbolic meaning and mysterious through the red word A which almost throughout each of scene in this novel. The Scarlet Letter first appeared in the second chapter of the novel when Hester was pushed to the scaffold by the prison guard on public "on the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter A”. At that time, Hester was required to wear a red letter A which means “Adultery”. The Scarlet Letter has become synonymous with "evil". Under the evil, the scarlet letter brings a hot heavy burden on her. However, once time, when Hester talked with the priest in the forest, she took the letter A from her bosom, throw it into a distance among the withered leaves, it suggests that her resistance to the social moral and ethical. “As long as there is a chance she immediately recognized the feeling of hersisters and human”. At that moment, the letter A has become the meaning of “Amazon”. It shows that her resistance against the unfair of the society.For atoning her sin, in the next seven years, she makes a living by make handiwork and brings up Pearl by herself and she usually does social welfare, she came to the people who suffered disaster and enveloped by gloom, not as a guest, but as a relatives to bring them sunlight. In other places that letter is a sign of evil, but in here it has become candlelight for those who needed help. At that time, some people begun to look upon the scarlet letter as the token ,not of that one sin, for which she had borne so long and dreary a penance, but of her many good deeds. Then the symbolic meaning of the scarlet letter is not "evil", but "competent," or even "Angel"(A ngel).Moreover, as the years passed, Hester devoted herself to help others in every possible way so that the scarlet letter is no longer the mark of contempt and irony of shame, but as the symbol of “Awe” (A dm irab le: the sign of admirable).All in all, the author used the symbolic meaning of the letter A on Hester to illustrate good and evil, also, it can shape the theme better, all of these left us a deep expression of this novel.Bibliography[1] Hawthorne,Nathaniel.1994.红字.Oversea Publishing House出版社.[2] Yu Shihua[于世华]，2000，《红字》。

《红字》中的“A”《红字》是纳撒尼尔·霍桑所写的一部小说，讲述了一个个体主义者与社会传统的斗争。

在小说中，一个女人因为外遇而被判处羞辱性惩罚，她的羞辱标志是一枚绣有“A”字母的红花。

这个“A”字母是小说中的一个重要象征，它代表着不同的含义和意义。

本文将通过分析小说中的“A”，探讨它在作品中的意义及象征作用。

首先，这个“A”字母是“Adultery（通奸）”的首字母，在作品中代表女主角海蒂·皮姆的罪行。

她在丈夫身后与另一个男人私通，属于古代所谓的“通奸”罪，是非常严重的罪行。

在当时的社会中，通奸是不被容忍的，这个标记告诉公众，这个女人是一个通奸者，是一个不道德的人。

其次，这个“A”字母还代表着婚姻忠诚的重要性。

在小说中，海蒂·皮姆违反了她作为妻子的职责，与另一个男人偷情。

这种行为被当时的社会视为道德堕落的表现，因为婚姻是神圣的，婚姻应该是双方忠诚的承诺。

通过把“A”字母绣在海蒂·皮姆的衣服上，告诉了大众婚姻忠诚的重要性。

反过来，这个“A”字母提醒了海蒂·皮姆及其他人，他们需要对自己的行为负责任。

此外，这个“A”字母还代表着公共仪式的意义。

在小说中，海蒂·皮姆被迫参加了一次对她的惩罚公共仪式。

这个公共仪式可以看作是一种警告，给大家看到如果犯了同样的错误会面临什么样的惩罚。

通过让这个“A”字母成为公众和她所处的社交圈中的一部分，告诉了大家哪些人做了类似的事情，让他们不能在社交场合过上隐蔽的生活。

最后，这个“A”字母可以被视作权力在小说中的象征。

在作品中，布林苏比尔是那个决定将海蒂·皮姆置于“A”字母标记下的人。

他是一个权威的人物，是当时社会中的一位重要人物。

通过他的行为，人们可以看到他在这个社会中占有很高的地位，可以决定一个人的命运。

总的来说，“A”字母在《红字》中代表着不同的含义和意义。

它告诉了大众海蒂·皮姆是一个通奸者，也提醒了其他人婚姻忠诚和责任的重要。

Symbolism Of The Letter “A” Throughout The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中字母“A”的象征意义方蒂蒂江西农业大学2004届毕业生Fang didiClass 2004Jiangxi Agriculture UniversityThere have been a lot of arguments over the diversity of symbol over the past years. However, Nathaniel Hawthorne is successful in employing symbolic techniques and lays great emphasis on the diversity of symbol. The Scarlet letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is undoubtedly been considered as his masterpiece, is praised as one of the greatest novels and regarded as the first symbolic novel in American literature. This novel includes many profound and important symbols, and the author’s symbolic style has the rich flavors of emotion and conforms to no conventional pattern.Hawthorn's symbolism, especially the symbolic letter “ A” helps make the keynote of the story clearer and the characters to the life. The changing symbolic meanings throughout the novel are the best expressed by the letter “A”. This paper attempts to discuss the diversity of symbolism in this novel, i.e. the changing symbolic meanings of the scarlet letter “A”, and their manifestations.Key words: Nathaniel Hawthorne; The Scarlet Letter; symbols; symbolism; the diversity象征的多义性曾引起过不少争议,然而纳撒尼尔·霍桑却出色地运用了象征主义手法和成功地突出强调了象征的多义性.<<红字>>无庸质疑地被认为是霍桑最杰出的作品,也被赞誉为美国文学上最出色小说,同时也是美国第一部象征小说.这部小说包含了很多意味深远而且重要的象征, 作者的象征手法具有浓郁的感情色彩,不拘于传统形式.作者通过象征手法,尤其是具有象征意义字母“A”使得文章主线清晰,并且给人物注入了生命力.字母“A”作为最具代表的例子是其在小说中含义的变化.本文试从红字“A”象征意义的多义性，讨论《红字》中的字母“A”的象征手法.关键词: 纳撒尼尔·霍桑; 《红字》; 象征; 象征主义; 多义性ⅠThe introduction to Nathaniel Hawthorne and his intention of writing The Scarlet Letter.Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in an impoverished noble New England’s family, the descendent of a long line of puritan ancestors. Among his ancestors, 2 generations were big wheels in organs of power of unite of religion and politics in colony areas. They persecuted heterodoxy by zealot of Puritan. Lonely childhood branded his personality with melancholy and taciturn. After his father was lost at sea when he was only four, his mother became overly protective and pushed him toward more isolated pursuits. His childhood left him overly shy and bookish, and molded his life as a writer. Hawthorne turned to writing after his graduation from Bowdon College. Though Hawthorne attacked the harmful religious zealots and stifling religious doctrines of Garvin, he viewed on the world with religious sense of good and devil in his deep heart. He summed up the social contradiction, which he didn’t understand and was caused by the d evelopment of capitalism as abstract “evil”. As he said, the source of social evils contradictions among individuals phenomenon of crime were not in the material social life, but were caused by intrinsic “evil” in inner world of man. So Hawthorne wrote tha t the resolution to social problems started with the omnipresent “evil”. He said that once the internal world was purified, many sin loafing about external world would disappear. H is focusing on the abstract “evil” decided his writing trend mostly. He preferred describing trans-natural, weird, horrible scenes or dark, unusual psychological activities in order to explore the roots of all kinds of social hidden “evil”. He said himself “only loyal to the truth of heart, comprising the heart to a winding and ex tending cave and the writing to “driving actively in our common human nature”. So he usually analyzed a person’s psychology cutting off social conditions peeled off the “evil” existing in everyone’s heart layer off layer. Hawthorne focused on the problem of guilt cared for the deeper psychology and his major novels generally dealt with sensational material, like poisoning, murder, adultery, and crime, because he was ambitious to explore the result of sin, the effect on human conscience of guilt, pride, egotism, and isolation. His exploration of the soul resulted from his skeptical attitude toward the limited social reality that was characterized by a rapid change in almost all aspects of social life, and from his “seclusion” of thinking.The central subject of Hawthorne’s major works was the human soul. According to him, “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity.” So in almost every book he writes, Hawthorne discusses sin and evil. For example, in another his novel Endicott And The Red Cross, he describes a pretty woman also wears a scarlet letter on her cloth. Human’s characters are complex and elusive and difficult to see through. So it’s no right to define the hu man’s character good or evil simply and cleanly. Just because of the complexity of the human character and the difference of the standards of good and evil, these literatures are so readable and fascinating magnetically. Just because he lived in an age when the dynamic influence of Puritanism was gone and the impact of romanticism and Transcendentalism was large felt among the intellectuals, and thus his view of man and human history originates, to a great extent, is Puritanism. The sensibility led to his understanding of evil being at the very core of human life, which is typical of the Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins. Just as I mention above, in many of his stories and novels, the Puritan concept of life is condemned, or the Puritan past is shown in an almost totally negative light, especially in his The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne is attracted in every way to the Puritan world, even though he condemns its less humane manifestations. In this particularnovel, Hawthorne does not intend to tell a love story nor a story of sin, but focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. As a man of literary craftsmanship, Hawthorne is extraordinary. The structure and the form writings are always carefully worked out to cater for the thematic concern. With his special interest in the psychological aspect of human beings, there isn’t much action or physical movement going on in his works and he is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology. So his drama is full of mental activities. Thought propels action and grows organically out of the interaction of the characters, as we can find in this novel.ⅡThe general introduction of symbolismJust as characterization and dialogue and plot work on the surface to move the story along, symbolism works under the surface to tie the story's external action to the theme. Early in the development of the fictional narrative, symbolism was often produced through allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one correspondence. Symbolism operates on the level of the unconscious. This does not mean that the author himself is unconscious of the process of creating symbolism -- merely that we, as readers, accept its input without really understanding how it works. Symbolism, therefore, is an integral component of fiction, because it enriches the narrative by pulling its message down to the level of our unconsciousness and anchoring it there. Developed in the late 19th century, symbolism is an art movement characterized by the representation of the inner life of people through spiritual symbols and ideas. It began as a rejection of the purely visual realism of the Impressionists, and the rationality of the Industrial Age, in order to depict the symbols of ideas. Traditionally modeled pictorial depictions are replaced or contrasted by flat mosaic-like surfaces decoratively embellished with figures and design elements. Symbolism in literature is the deepness and hidden meaning in a piece of work. It is often used to represent a moral or religious belief or value. Without symbolism literature is just a bunch of meaningless words on paper. N. Hawthorne successfully uses the symbolism device in his novel and makes his novel The Scarlet Letter become an immortal famous work. In The Scarlet Letter he uses the concept of nature such as the jail, burdock, pig-weed, apple-peru, wild rose, scaffold, forest etc. and four major Characters' Names: Hester Prynne, Asher Dingmeistale, Roger Chillingworth, Pearl to show symbolism. But the most significant symbol that is shown throughout the novel is the scarlet letter “A”. The letter “A” represents different things to each of the characters and the town’s people. This paper will focus on the important role the letter “A”plays and how It changes its meanings throughout the story.ⅢThe diversity of symbolⅰSymbol and symbolismIn dictionary, a symbol is a one-term comparison. For example, if we compare a hat to a cloud, the cloud is the symbol replacing the hat as its perfect substitute. As a result, symbols can be interpreted – both those in dreams and those brought about by free associations or coming from cultural and spiritual representations. Symbolism is the systematic or creative use of arbitrary symbols as abstracted representations of concepts or objects and the distinct relationships in between, as they define both context and the narrower definition of terms. In a narrow context, “s ymbolism” is the applied use of any iconic representations.ⅱOn the diversity of symbol⑴From the content of The Scarlet LetterThe letter “ A” totally appears about 150 times in this novel. In chapter 2: “On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter A.” is the first time the letter appears. Then it comes out more. Especially in Chapters 5 and 8, the scarlet letter frequently appears. The letter is throughout the novel besides the Chapters 1,9 and 20. From this pinot, we can see why the novel is called The Scarlet Letter. In this novel, we can see the scarlet letter “A” is just like a magnet which connects with all the people and each setting, details. According to Puritanism, the scarlet letter symbolizes a shame, sin of Adultery. In addition, the description of the Characters makes the symbolic meanings of the letter “A” reflected to the full.Hester PrynneShe is a heroine in The Scarlet Letter. The writer gives her much symbolic meaning by giving her this name. Hester sounds like Hestier, a beautiful goddess in Greek mythology. This gives people a sense that Hester is a passionate beautiful woman. In the novel, she is the symbol of the truth and the beauty. She is the one who dares to love, to pursue her love. Her own strong will helps her to come through all the difficulties.Arthur DimmesdaleHe is one major character in this novel. He is a revered minister. From the name of Arthur Dimmesdale, people can get AD as the first letters. In this way, we can see clearly that AD is stands for Adultery .The writer tells us he is the partner of Hester obviously. The word Dimmesdale also has symbolic meanings. Dim means dark and weak, and dale means valley, so the dimdale here is actually a symbol of the "dim-interior" of the poor clergyman. He is the partner but her dares not admit the fact. He was hypocritical and coward.ChillingworthHe is another major character in this novel. He is an ugly man who gives his best years to knowledge caring nothing for Hester. Not having any common ideology with her. His name-chillingworth, is compound with chilling and worth. Chilling means cold, and indeed, he is cold in his mind. He shows no love to his wife, not to mention others. What is worth to him? Have finding out the Arthur Dimmesdale is the father of Pearl, he begins to avenge on the former. To him, avenge is the only thing which is to doing in the world.PearlShe is an illegitimate child of Hester and Arthur, The writer describes Pearl as an effective and dynamic character; she is the living symbol of the scarlet letter, acting as a constant reminder of Hester’s sin. From her name “Pearl”, people can see that a pearl is a beautiful object foundinside an ugly oyster. She is her mother’s treasure, the source of her survival. She is just like the sunshine to her mother. Without her, Hester would have died.⑵From the pattern of the structure of narrativeThe pattern of the structure of narrative novel itself is a symbol. In this novel, there are two main chains.AbleThe 1st: A (Adultery) AngelAdmirableThe 2 nd: Concealment UncoverAt the beginning of the story, the Letter is a symbol of adultery. As the story goes, because of Hester’s kindheartedness and her virtue, the letter A is becoming the symbol of “able”, “angel”, and “admirable”. Meanwhile, There is a scarlet letter inside of Arthur, when tortures him much. He is self-condemned from time to time. In the misery of 7 years, he decides not to conceal the secret anymore.ⅣThe diversity of the letter “ A”ⅰThe historical settingIn 1920, a boat filled with more than one hundred people sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to settle in the New world, This religious group had began to question the belief of the Church of England and they wanted to separate from it. Those people are so called pilgrims. The pilgrims settled in what is the state of Massachusetts. There, they developed puritanical religion. Before the 18th century, Puritans had set up the Theocratic Politics in MA. In The Scarlet Letter, life was centered with a rigid, puritanistic-structured society in which one is unable to divulge his or her innermost thoughts and secrets. Every human being needed the opportunity to express how he truly felt, or the emotion is bottled up until it becomes volatile. Unfortunately, Puritan society did not permit this expression, so people had to seek alternate means in order to relieve themselves. Luckily, at least for the four main characters, Hawthorne provides such a sanctuary in the form of the mysterious forest.ⅱThe gist of The Scarlet LetterIn the early 1600s, in Boston, a young woman named Hester Prynne was found to be guilty of adultery. Because of this crime, she was forced to wear a scarlet letter A on the breast of her gown. She also had to stand on the stocks for three hours with her baby in her arms so all the people could see her shame. Some people said she would have been condemned to death if the kind Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale hadn't spoken on her behalf. As she stood on the platform, a strange-looking man came out of the nearby forest. Hester appeared upset, and the man put his finger to his lips as a sign of silence. Hester was known in the community to be from a good family in Antwerp, Belgium. She had married an old scholar and had been sent by him to the New World. Her husband was to follow shortly, but his ship was lost at sea. She had lived quietly in Boston until the time of this disgrace. Now, standing on the stocks, the local dignitaries called on her to name the man who shared her guilt. Reverend Dimmesdale spoke to her the most about this. Nevertheless, she refused. She was taken back to prison. In prison, Hester became very disturbed.A call sent out for a doctor, and a man who called himself Roger Chillingworth came forth. He told the jailer he'd just arrived in town after living with Indians for a year. He was the one Hester had seen while she stood on the scaffold, and she found out the man was her missing husband. He wanted Hester to speak out the name of the child's father, but she refused. He swore he'd found out something for himself, and he asked her not to reveal that he was her husband. She agreed. Hester finally settled down with her daughter in a small cottage near the town. She called the little girl Pearl, and she dressed her colorfully. She earned her living doing needlework, and always she wore the A on her breast. Pearl was a spry and lively child, and some church members wanted to take her away from Hester, whom they saw as an unfit mother. When Hester went to the governor to ask him to help her keep Pearl, Reverend Dimmesdale spoke on her behalf. The governor agreed to let them stay together.Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth and Arthur Dimmesdale were living in the same boarding house, and they became very close. As Chillingworth got to know the Reverend better, he discovered that the Reverend suffered greatly from guilt. Most people thought the Reverend was only being righteous, but Chillingworth suspected that Dimmesdale himself might be Pearl's father.One night Dimmesdale couldn't sleep, so he went for a walk. When he got to the stocks, he climbed up to find out what it felt like. Just then Hester and Pearl walked by, and the Reverend called them to join him. When all three stood there, Dimmesdale cried out in shame that he was indeed Pearl's father. Chillingworth, in the shadows, watched the entire scene. Hesterrecognized that Dimmesdale was very sick, and she believed that Chillingworth was driving him ever deeper into ill health. When she encountered her former husband in the forest, she begged him to leave the Reverend alone. He refused, so she told him she'd tell Dimmesdale of her relationship with Chillingworth. When she did this, Dimmesdale made plans with her to leave the colony together, with Pearl, in secret. They would leave in four days and would return to Europe. The day they were to sail, Hester learned that Chillingworth had also made plans to leave and would, in fact, be on the same ship. Hester was filled with despair. After the Reverend gave what would be his final sermon, he weakly left the church with others of his congregation. They proceeded down the street until they approached Hester and Pearl, who were standing near the stocks. Dimmesdale then took them by the hands and climbed upon the scaffold. There he confessed all in front of the entire town, and he tore off his minister's band. He sank to the platform, dying. Some said they noticed a scarlet A on his exposed breast. Chillingworth also died shortly afterward, and he left much money to Pearl. Hester left the colony for a while, but years later she returned. She moved back into her cottage and continued to wear the scarlet letter. Now, however, the letter was a symbol of her goodness rather than her shame. In old age, she asked that the only mark on her tombstone be the letter A.ⅲThe letter “A” and its obvious manifestationsThe symbolism of the letter “A” changes a lot in this novel. Those changes are significant. The following is an analysis of the changes.AdulteryAdultery is an original meaning of the letter "A". According to a puritan way of punishing a criminal of adultery, the criminal should put a letter “A” on his/her clothes as a sign of adultery. The puritan treatment continues, because as Hester walks through the streets, she will be looked down upon as if she is some sort of demon from hell that commits a terrible crime. This letter is meant to be worn in shame, and to make Hester feel unwanted. Hester is ashamed of her sin, but she decides not to show it. She is a very strong woman to be able to hold up so well against what she must face. Others may have left this place and found some other place where no one knows their past. She chooses to stay though, which shows a lot of strength and integrity. She dares to accept the fact that she made a blunder.Alone and AlienationThe letter "A" also stands for Hester's lonely life in New England. After she is released, She lives in an abandoned and remote house with her child. Every one there takes her as a pestilence, and the story about her can be heard everywhere, every time when people stared at the letter “A”on her bosom, it hurts Hester. Hester's social life is virtually eliminated as a result of her shameful history. Hester comes to have a part to perform in the world with her native energy of character and ra re capacity. “However, there was nothing that made her feel as if she belonged to it. Every gesture, every word, and even the silence of those with whom she came to contact, implied, and often expressed, that she was banished, and as much alone as if she inhabited another sphere, or communicated with the common nature by other organs and senses than the rest of human kind. She stood apart from moral interests… seemed to be the sole portion that she retained in the universal heart.” Hester has no friends in the world and no one understands her, in other words, no body wants to make friends with her or to be close to her as she is a woman with sin. Only little Pearl is the only companion of her lonely life, so the letter “A” is also a symbol of the words “alone” and “alienate”.AgonyAgony is another symbol of the letter “A”. For Hester and Dimmesdale, the scarlet letter stands for agony which Hester shows in her secluded life and which Dimmesdale shows in his diminishing health. The two poor lovers can’t be together even though they love each other so much. When Dimmesdale, the reverend MR.Dimmesdale is on behalf of the Reverend MR.Wilson and the Governor to persuade Hester to tell the name of the father of the child. He is looking down steadfastly into Hester’s eyes and asks her to say the name. “If you feelest it to be for thy soul’s peace, and that thy earthly punishment will thereby be made more effectual to salvation, I charge thee to speak out the name of thy fellow-sinner and the fellow-suffer! …Heaven hath granted thee an pen ignominy, that thereby thou mayest work out an open triumph over the evil within thee, and the sorrow without….”Who knows how agonal he is when he makes such a dialogue to Hester? Only Hester knows that he is in deep self-condemnation. Hester shows her loyalty to love: “ It is too deeply branded. Ye cannot take it off. And would that I might endure his agony, as well as mine.”Able, Angel, AdmirableThe main and the most important symbol of the letter “A” is “able”, “angel”, “admirable”. How does it change the meaning into being able, angel and admirable? As we know Hester makes her living by handwork. “By degrees, nor very slowly, her handiwork became what would now be termed the fashion…Her needle-work was seen on the ruff of the Governor; military men wore it on their scarf, and the minister on his hand; it decked the baby’s little cap; it was shut up, to be mildewed and moulder away, in the coffins of the dead.” Have you ever seen a woman like her? How much was she undertaken? Even a man can hardly start a new life in such a condition. But she does a living well. She comes through all the difficulties. Hester is like a wild rose, and it braves the storm no matter how terrible it is, rose shows us her indomitable mind and strong life. After the storm, it blossoms a beautiful flower. Yes, she is a wild rose, she survives in the storm, and the letter “ A” on her bosom tells us it means “Able”. What’s more, Hester’s life is a thrift one but she often helps others willingly. None is so self-devoted as Hester is. She is like an angel whom the God send to the World. “There red the embroidered letter, which comfort in its unearthly ray…The letter was the symbol of her calling. Such helpfulness was found in her- so much power to do, and the power to sympathize-that many people refused to interpret the scarlet letter A by its original signification. They said that it meant Able; so story was Hester Prynne, with a woman’s strength.”The rulers, and the wise and learned men of the community slowly recognize her virtue day by day, even for some individuals in private life had forgiven Hester Prynne for her frailty. They have begun to look upon the scarlet as the token, not the sin. Those people often say to strangers: “Do you see that woman with the embroidered badge? It is our Hester- the town’s own Hester- who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comfortable to the afflicted!” The townspeople who condemned her now believe the scarlet letter to stand for her ability to her beautiful needlework and for her unselfish assistance to the poor and sick. The townspeople soon begin to believe that the badge serves to ward off evil, and Hester grows quite admirable amongst the people of the town. Hester overcomes the shame of her sin through the purity and goodness of her soul, and unselfishly offering her time and love to those who need her most proves that she is not worthy of the fate which has been dealt to her.AwardThe letter “A”is an award for Hester’s tender mercy and kindness. The poor like her andrespect her due to her love to them. Many years after Arthur’s death, Hester comes back to live the rest of her life alone, nobody can remember what had happened to her when she was young. People like her, and young people like turning to her for advice. She becomes a respectable person finally. That people admire and respect Hester is a reward to her.Arthur and AmourA is the first letter of the name of Arthur Dimmesdale, and is also the first letter of Amour. In Hester’s eyes, the le tter A represents her lover Arthur and her amour. The letter “A” can be seen as the badge of their true love between Hester and Arthur. This point can be showed by Hester’s appearance at the scaffold with proud smiling at the beginning. Hester does not feel shameful but she thinks of the letter as their great love. That she refuses to speak out the name of Pearl's father is a way to protect him and love him; She prefers to stay in New England because she imagines one day she would hold a weeding with her lover; She rises up Pearl and lives a hard life but she still looks forward to the bright future. “There dwelt, there trod the feet of one with whom she deemed herself connected in a union, before the bar of final judgment, and make that their marriage-alter, for a joint futurity of endless retribution.” She wears the scarlet letter for seven years, and misses her lover in this way. Only when she meets Arthur again in the forest in seven years, deciding to go to somewhere else with her lover and Pearl, does she throw the scarlet letter away. After Dimmesdale's death, Hester and Pearl disappear for several years. Despite living with her daughter, Hester comes back to live the rest of her life in her cottage again, and picks up the scarlet letter for the third time. To Hester, there is a more real life in New England than in that unknown region where Pearl has founded a home. “Here had been her sin, here, her sorrow, and here was yet to be her penitence.” Hester eventually dies and is buried in the King's Chapel Cemetery. “It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both.” Finally, the two lovers --Hester and Arthur, will be together forever after their death.AdamAdam is the one character in Bible, He is considered as the original sin of human being with Eve in the Garden of Eden. It can be said that the letter “A” is the symbol of Adam. The writer shows his sympathy by describing the scarlet letter "A" on Hester's clothing as an ornament and a decoration. Hester's making the scarlet letter "A" into a thing of beauty offends many bystanders, who comment that, " it were well if we stripped Madame Hester's rich gown off her dainty shoulders." However, as a young woman observes, "not a stitch in that embroidered letter, but she has felt it in her heart." The feeling of sympathy, only expressed by one of the characters throughout this scene, is used by Hawthorne to criticize the puritans for their strictness. The society is too strict in its ways, and Hawthorne shows his contempt for the treatment of Hester by constantly reinforcing how cruelly the people talk about her. Hester didn’t deserve such a cruel punishment. Her deed is not a grievously sinful one. N. Hawthorne mentions it at the end of Chapter One," Finding it so directly on the threshold of our narrative, which is now about to issue from that inauspicious portal, we could hardly do otherwise than pluck one of its flowers, and present it to the reader. It may serve, let us hope, to symbolize some sweat moral blossom, that may be found alone the track, or relieve the darkening close of a tale of human frailty and sorrow." This kind of sympathy can be seen everywhere in the novel.As Aspiration of the new lifeIn the novel, Hester’s daughter Pearl shows great interest and fondness in the letter, which。

《红字》中的“A”《红字》是美国文学家威廉•霍桑创作的一部长篇小说，讲述了17世纪新英格兰某小镇上发生的一段扭曲悲剧。

小说中的“A”代表着“罪恶”和“耻辱”，是主要的象征之一。

在这部小说中，“A”一直贯穿着整个故事，承载着各种意义和象征。

下面我们就来详细解读《红字》中“A”的象征意义。

从字面意义上来看，“A”代表“Adultery（通奸）”，这是这部小说的主题之一。

故事的女主角海丽•普林斯（Hester Prynne）因为私通的罪行，被判穿着一件红色的“A”的标志性服装示众，让她处处受辱。

这个字母的存在直接暴露了海丽的罪行，也成为了她内心深处的惩罚。

“A”在小说中代表着对海丽的罪恶和耻辱，是她内心永远无法洗刷的污点。

“A”还象征着“Alteration（改变）”。

海丽在经历了一系列的苦难之后，她的内心和外表都发生了巨大的改变。

她从一个美丽的女子变成了一个被世人唾弃的“罪人”，内心也充满了悔恨和痛苦。

在这个过程中，“A”成为了她生命中不可磨灭的标记，也是她内心变化的象征。

海丽通过这番经历，逐渐明白了生命的意义和人性的复杂，她的内心也因此发生了巨大的变化。

“A”还代表了“Alienation（疏离）”。

在小说中，海丽因为罪行而受到严厉的社会排斥，她成为了一个“废人”，在小镇上备受冷落和孤立。

她和其他人之间存在着一道难以逾越的鸿沟，她的内心也因此充满了痛苦和孤独。

这些疏离和孤立使得她的生活变得异常艰难，也使得她对社会和人性产生了深深的怀疑和反思。

“A”还意味着“Arthur（亚瑟）”。

故事中的男主角亚瑟•丹佛（Arthur Dimmesdale）是当地的教士，他也是海丽的私通对象。

他内心的矛盾和挣扎让他变得苍白而虚弱，最终导致了他的死亡。

而他与海丽之间的不伦之恋也像是一场注定要失败的悲剧。

在小说中，“A”成为了他内心的折磨和煎熬，也象征着他内心深处的悔恨和痛苦。

“A”还代表了“Affection（感情）”。

浅析《红字》中的字母A象征《红字》是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑创作的一部小说，于1850年出版。

小说以17世纪的新英格兰为背景，讲述了女主角海丽特·普林的婚外恋和其所生的私生子，以及她为此所承受的社会道德谴责。

在小说中，字母A被用作一个重要的象征，代表着“罪恶”和“耻辱”。

字母A代表着“罪恶”。

主人公海丽特·普林之所以被刺上一个大大的红字A，是因为她犯下了婚外恋的罪行。

她与当地牧师亚瑟·邓斯代尔的婚外恋关系是社会禁忌的行为，被当作不道德的罪恶行为来看待。

字母A作为“Adultery（通奸）”一词的首字母，象征着海丽特的罪恶行为和她背负的道德罪责。

在整个故事中，这个红色的A成为了海丽特的标记，让她无法摆脱过去的罪恶阴影。

字母A也代表着“耻辱”。

在小说中，海丽特被迫戴着这个红字A示众，走在大庭广众之中，成为众人议论和嘲笑的对象。

这个红字成为了海丽特的标志，它时刻提醒着她的罪过和耻辱。

人们对海丽特的指指点点和道德谴责，进一步加重了她内心的耻辱感。

而海丽特的丈夫罗杰·奇利因此对她愈发冷漠，拒绝了和她的重建婚姻的可能性，使她在社会和婚姻中承受更多的耻辱和孤立。

字母A还可以理解为“Able（有能力的）”一词的首字母。

虽然海丽特承受了社会的指责和道德的谴责，但她展示了极大的坚强和勇气。

她经受住了当地居民的冷眼和轻蔑，靠自己的力量抚养着私生子班思汀，并努力在社会中生存下去。

字母A成为了海丽特内心中的勇气和坚强的象征，尽管她背负了巨大的耻辱和罪恶，但她仍然用自己的能力和毅力为自己和班思汀创造了一个可以生存的环境。

《红字》中的字母A象征着“罪恶”和“耻辱”，同时也代表着海丽特的坚韧和勇气。

通过这个象征，霍桑对于道德、罪恶以及社会的刻画变得深刻和生动。

这个红字A成为了小说中的一个重要符号，代表着社会对女性的束缚和对异端行为的谴责，同时也展示了海丽特作为女性在这种道德体制下的对抗和坚持。

试析《红字》中字母“A”及人名地象征意义摘要：霍桑在其代表作《红字》中大量使用象征手法来揭示和深化主题.笔者在此文解读了红色字母“a”地深层涵义,它是耻辱和淫荡地象征,又表示罪孽深重,它既代表清教制度地血腥惩罚,它还表示这是个危险信号.随着时间推移,红字地涵义变成了能干、敬爱和天使.笔者同时还解读了小说主要人物姓名地象征意义.关键词：象征意义；红字；红色一、引言小说《红字》<the scarlet letter）是美国文学史上杰出地浪漫主义作家纳撒尼尔 . 霍桑<nathaniel hawthorne）地代表作.其思想深邃,想象丰富,表现手法独特,引起一个多世纪地关注与评论,是美国文学发展史上地第一部象征主义小说.该小说以十七世纪北美清教殖民统治下地新英格兰为背景,以马萨诸塞州地波士顿镇上地移民生活为题材,讲述了一个违反清教规所严禁地通奸罪地一对恋人地悲惨命运.主人公海丝特 . 普琳是个纯真美丽地英国姑娘,不幸嫁给畸形、伪善地老学者罗杰 . 奇林沃思.婚后,海丝特先于丈夫移居新英格后两年多,丈夫音讯杳无,传说他已葬身大海.从未感受到爱情地海丝特在这片新土地上呼吸着自由地空气,与本教区年轻俊美受人尊敬地牧师阿瑟 . 丁梅斯代尔真心相爱并偷食禁果.海丝特因怀孕被关进监狱,在狱中生下女儿三个月后,她被迫在邢台上示众三小时,并被罚终身在胸前佩带红色字母“a”.她独自一人抚养女儿,尝尽了世人地白眼、侮辱和折磨.丁梅斯代尔由于对上帝地迷信以及怯弱地性格,在信仰和良心地折磨中身心衰竭离开人世.才华横溢地浪漫主义作家霍桑具有深邃、敏锐地洞察力和超人地想象力,他不仅擅长细致入微地剖析人物心理,展现人物丰富多彩、矛盾重重地内心世界,还在小说中大量运用象征主义手法,以物寓意,使得小说取得巨大成功.笔者将在此文把红字与颜色地象征意义结合起来进行解读.二．象征地涵义象征是艺术创作地基本手法之一.指借助于某一具体事物地外在特征,寄寓艺术家某种深邃地思想,或表达某种富有特殊意义地事理地艺术手法. [1]311 对文学作品中地象征手法地正确理解往往可以透视作品地主题和作者地真正所指.象征地本体意义和象征意义之间本没有必然地联系,但通过作家对本体事物特征地突出描绘,会使读者产生由此及彼地联想,从而领悟到作家所要表达地含义.另外,根据传统习惯和一定地社会习俗,选择人民群众熟知地事物作为本体,也可表达一种特定地寓意.运用象征这种艺术手法,可使抽象地概念具体化、形象化,还可以延伸描写地内蕴,创造一种艺术境界,以引起人们地联想,增强作品地表现力和艺术效果.霍桑在小说《红字》中多处运用象征手法,使一些表面看似平常地事物具有深刻地思想内涵,宽泛地抽象意义,大大丰富读者地联想,耐人寻味,使人获得意境无穷地感觉.通过象征体和本体地内在联系,透过表面地物质世界,读者更能发掘小说人物形象地真实性格和社会地真实面貌.三、红色字母a地多重象征意义1. 象征耻辱和淫荡故事地开始是女主人公海丝特因怀孕败露了与人通奸地事实,因而入狱,当她胸前佩戴红色字母“a”,抱着刚出生三个月地女儿从狱中来到众目睽睽地绞邢台上示众时,她感到邢台下人们地冷嘲热讽如同死刑一样令人望而生畏.字母“a”是英文单词“adultery”地首字母,意思是“通奸”,也可以指通奸地女人<adulteress）.可是字母a为何是红色而不是白色、黑色或别地颜色呢？原来,在各个不同文化背景下,不同地颜色具有不同地象征意义.首先从小说《红字》地英文名字the scarlet letter来解读,《英汉双解剑桥国际英语词典》对单词scarlet地翻译是“猩红地,鲜红地”.词典上提到“scarlet woman”地意思是淫妇,荡妇.[2]1201所以,红色在此是有特定含义地.另外,《圣经 . 启示录》也提到,巴比伦式地卖淫女身穿紫红色地衣服.[2]37还有,小说地第八章提到,身居显位地清教权威人士认为海丝特没有资格把女儿培养成基督徒,因而打算把珠儿从她身边带走.贝灵汉总督说到：“我们可以断言,这样地母亲,必定是鲜红地女人,而且是巴比伦女人地好样本！”[4] 101可见在当时红色暗指水性杨花地女人.“red”是scarlet地同义词,如今人们仍用“red light district”表示红灯区、花街柳巷.可见,红色字母“a”意味着淫荡,是耻辱地代名词.这一点小说里多处有暗示.如：当海丝特拒绝交出珠儿,她把手指放在胸前地红字上说：“我能叫我地小珠儿从我这里学到东西！”严厉地贝灵汉总督接着说：“女人哪,那可是你地耻辱牌啊！正因为那个字母表示地污点,我们才要把你地孩子交给别人.”[4]102在严酷地清规戒律地压迫下,通奸地女人被认为是十恶不赦地”堕落”地“坏女人”.波士顿上地居民多次用“耻辱”、“堕落”“坏女人”这些字眼来议论年轻地妇人海丝特.海丝特因佩带红字也感到羞辱无比.当她被迫佩带红字从牢狱走向邢台示众时,小说是这样描述地：“这个年轻女人—这个孩子地母亲—当她露出全身,伫立在人群面前地时候,她地第一个冲动,似乎就是抱紧那个婴儿,贴紧在胸怀；这动作与其说是母爱地冲动,还不如说她借此以遮掩那缝在她衣服上地标记.不过,她马上明白,用她地耻辱地一个标记<出生地婴儿）来掩盖另一个标记<胸前地红字）是无济于事地……”[4]9 新生地婴儿是她通奸罪地活生生地标记.她无论走到哪里,她都逃离不了人们对她地指指点点.“一群好奇地小学生……不断地回头凝视她地面孔、她怀中抱着地婴儿、还有她胸前那个丢人现眼地红字.”[4] 132. 象征罪孽深重另外,通过互联网上地译典通得知,scarlet除了具有“猩红地,鲜红地”地意思外,还有另一层意思—“罪孽深重地”.[5]《圣经》里规定地“十戒”中第七戒“不可奸淫”.这无情地法律扼杀了年轻地海丝特对爱情地期盼,虽然她那么渴望幸福.对海丝特来说,胸前地红字a不仅是她耻辱地标志,也是她地痛苦<agony）,是孤独<alone）,是心灵地折磨,更是犯罪地标志.小说第六章提到,“作为她因之受惩地罪孽地直接后果,上帝赐予她一个可爱地孩子……”,但“她知道她地行为是罪恶地,因此她无法相信结果会是好地.”[4]68海丝特甚至觉得连心里想到心上人都被认为是犯了罪.小说有文字佐证,在海丝特离群索居地日子里,“有时候,那是好多天,甚至好几个月才有那么一次,她感到有一双眼睛—一个人地眼睛—注视着她那个耻辱地烙印.它像给她片刻地慰藉,仿佛分担了她一半地痛苦.然而,下一个瞬间,痛楚又涌回心头,带来更深刻地刺痛,因为,在那简短地会面中,她重新犯了罪.”[4]63海丝孤独而惨痛地生活在岛屿上,心上人似近在咫尺却远在天涯,永远都无法靠近对方,她地真情被压抑,心理承受着巨大地痛苦.虔诚地牧师丁梅斯戴尔也如是说：“孩子是他父亲地罪孽和她母亲地耻辱地产物”.[4]1083. 象征血腥惩罚scarlet 地含义“猩红地,鲜红地”,这分明是血地颜色.scarlet地同义词有red<红色地）, 以及blood-red<血红地）.在西方文化中,red(红色>是个贬义词,表示残酷、狂热、灾祸、血腥等意,多意味着“流血、危险或暴力”. 如red hands<指血腥地手,杀人地手）,red-battle<血战）,be caught red-handed<当场被捕）.海丝特地通奸行为被清教统治阶级判定为罪不可赦,海丝特注定要受到血腥惩罚.且看清规戒律是如何残忍地糟蹋人性地.小说这样描写：“阴险地清教徒法庭所发明地永无休止而又层出不穷地审判不断地变尽花样来折磨她,使她内心无时不处在痛苦地悸动之中.牧师停在街上向她发布一通训诫词,准会招来一群一面嬉笑、一面蹙额地人将这个可怜地负罪妇人团团围住.”[4]61-62周围人们地冷眼和唾弃已经把普琳这个无依无靠地弱女子逼到半疯狂地状态.当人们注视她胸前地红色标记时,海丝特至始至终都感到一种可怕地痛楚.她感到这一部位从不会结疤,相反,由于日日不断地折磨,这部位反而变得更加敏感了.连陌生人对那个字母地好奇注视就好象是“把那个字母又重新烫进海丝特地灵魂”. 她“每迈出一步都感到巨痛,似乎她地心给抛在街上,任凭他人吐唾沫和践踏.”[4]13再没有比践踏人地尊严更卑鄙更血腥地手段了.人们眼里虔诚、神圣地年轻牧师丁梅斯代尔与海丝特相爱,犯下“不可饶恕”地罪孽之后,一直处于矛盾地煎熬中.他暗地里不断地谴责、惩罚自己,但胆怯和懦弱使他没有勇气和海丝特一起站在邢台上接受世人地审判.他隐藏真相,但又惧怕上帝,他变得虚伪而自私.红字是戴在海丝特胸前,却根植于他地内心,使他心灵倍受煎熬,每天都在负罪感和自责中痛苦挣扎.海丝特地丈夫罗杰出 . 奇林沃斯从印地安人手中逃回来后对他进行血腥复仇<red revenge）.他不择手段,假装成医生和朋友,与牧师日夜相伴,不断拨弄牧师敏感地神经,折磨他地精神,拷问他地灵魂,使他心力憔悴而过早衰亡.心理扭曲、邪恶地奇林沃就是牧师年轻生命地redhand<沾满鲜血地手）.丁梅斯代尔地死亡就是无情地清教制度血淋淋地祭品.红色是也血与火地颜色.这一对苦命恋人地生活不正像在水深火热中炼狱吗？4. 象征危险信号红色同时又是一个危险地信号,如”red alert”<红色警报,紧急警报）,a red flag指用作危险信号地红旗.红色字母“a”还告戒人们,对待严酷地清规戒律千万要小心翼翼,决不能越雷池一步,否则就会像这个戴红字地女人一样受到严厉地制裁.海丝特和女儿生活在镇郊半岛地边缘上,完全被整个社会遗弃<abandon）了,她们母女俩就是活动地危险信号.5. 象征能干和天使在海丝特被隔离负罪受辱地岁月里,她形只影单地生活在远离城镇地半岛边缘被废弃地茅屋里,凭借自己精湛地针线活,她用自己双手地诚实劳作,为小珠儿和自己赚取每天地食粮.随着岁月地流逝,心地善良、胸怀宽广地海丝特除了打扮她地婴孩稍有花费之外,她把全部多余地收入用于救济穷人.“对于穷人地每一种需要,没有人像她那样乐意奉献自己微薄地援助,尽管那些硬心肠地穷人竟会对她送到门地食物和她以刺绣皇袍地手指织成地衣服报以辱骂.” [4]185 在城里瘟疫流行地时候,谁也没有像海丝特那样辛勤工作.每逢灾难……这个遭社会摈弃地人总会立刻挺身而出,甘愿劳心费力.随着岁月地流逝,海丝特地善良和援助犹如一缕阳光,温暖着人们地心,悄悄融化着世俗地观念,慢慢地改变了周围人对她地看法,赢得了人们地尊重和敬爱.以致许多人不肯照原来地意义解释鲜红地a字了.人们说,那字地意义是“能干”<able）.人们从对她地指责<accuse）转变成对她地接受<accept）和敬爱<admire）.经过七年漫长而痛苦地自我改造,生活在那个小镇上地人们,早已经宽恕海丝特地错误,而且,他们开始不把那红色标记看成一种罪孽地标志—她为着这罪孽已经承担了长久残酷地处罚—而是将它看成他犯罪之后那么多善行地标志了.[4]188人们说“这是我们地海丝特—我们城里才拥有地海丝特--她对穷人那么好,对病人多么肯帮忙,对遭难地人那么关心！” [4]189海丝特以她宽广地胸襟,忍辱负重,通过无私地帮助他人,包括那些曾经伤害过她地人,从而赋予了红字神圣地含义,它象征着信徒们地善行,象征着修女胸前地十字架,象征着上帝派往人间帮助他人地“天使”(angel>.一个红字可谓意义深刻,其象征意义地多重性使作品地思想更深邃丰富,耐人寻味,它能使读者体会到清教制度统治地黑暗和残酷,领略其深刻地思想内涵和不朽地艺术魅力.四、有关人名地象征意义作品中地主要人物地姓名也具有象征意义.比如主人公海丝特<hester）地读音听起来好象“hestia”—希腊神话中地灶神赫斯提亚,她是至高无上地天神宙斯“zeus”地姐姐.她是灶神、家宅地保护者.传说,不仅希腊地各个家庭,甚至很多城邦地议事厅都有供奉她地地方.在希腊神话中,她是家庭永续、稳定和睦与繁荣地保证.她保护每个有炉灶地家庭.当时,每个家庭都有自己地炉灶,每个城镇都有自己地祭坛.祭坛上地火象征着这城镇地生命,每当一个城镇地人到新地地方建立殖民地,圣火也就伴随着这些勇敢地移民到别地地方去.赫斯提亚是贞洁地处女神,她心地善良.在奥林匹斯山上地聚会中,她曾经把自己所做地黄金椅子让给宙斯地儿子,而自己坐在火炉边上从此守护能给人类带来光明地圣火.在小说《红字》中,海丝特同样象征着诚实、善良和美丽,她给穷人地关心和帮助与女灶神对人类地守护,两者地意义不正殊途同归吗？“海丝特来到受难而不知所措地人家,不是作为客人,而是作为本该到来地亲人,似乎她把那个家庭晦暗愁苦地气氛当成了她同命相怜地纽带.她胸前所绣地字母正在那里闪着非凡地光辉,将温暖舒适带给他人.”[4]186 海丝特不正是灶神赫斯提亚地化身,是人间家庭温暖和平地守护神吗？牧师丁梅斯代尔地名字<arthur dimmesdale）,阿瑟“arthur”与亚当“adam”地首字母都是“a”,霍桑是在借用《圣经》中亚当地原形.他地名字地缩写“ad”与“通奸”<adultery）前两个字母一样,这隐含他犯下了“十诫”中地第七诫—不可奸淫之罪.作者似乎在暗示读者牧师就是“通奸”罪地另一同谋者.海丝特地丈夫齐灵沃斯地姓<chillingworth）从读音上就给人一股寒意<chilly意为“寒冷地”）,果然他地所作所为让人不寒而栗,听到他地名字就让人不由自主地联想起他那残酷、阴险地复仇手段.为了找出海丝特地情夫,他假扮医生和朋友,与牧师同居一室.“他在挖掘这个可怜地牧师地心,如同一个矿工在探寻黄金；或者,不如说是,一个掘墓人在挖掘坟墓,企盼那埋在死人胸内地珠宝……”[4]133可见其手段之残忍令人毛骨悚然.海丝特与丁梅斯代尔所生之女珠儿<pearl）,意思就是“珍珠”,让人与珠宝地美丽、珍贵联系起来.小女孩果然长得美丽动人,聪慧精灵.但在海丝特本人看来,她给孩子取名珠儿,是因为这孩子极其昂贵,是花费了她全部所有才得到地—是她做母亲地唯一财富.在小说第八章,总督要求剥夺海丝特抚养珠儿地权利时,她是用自己地生命去捍卫抚养和保护珠儿地权利地.小说这样表述珠儿对于海丝特来说弥足珍贵：“她已经被这个世界所抛弃,孑然一身,唯有这一件珍宝使她地心灵保持活力,藉以为命,她感到她拥有不可剥夺地权利与这个世界抗争,并准备誓死保卫她地这些权利.”[4]105珠儿长大后远嫁欧洲,过上幸福生活.一朵罪恶之花,变成了一朵幸福之花.她地名字与她地生活确也相得益彰.可见作者霍桑在给小说地主要人物起名字时可谓匠心独运,用心良苦.五、结语作者霍桑在《红字》中,巧妙地运用象征手法,淋漓尽致地给读者描述了一个让人叹息地恋爱悲剧,充分揭示地教会统治地黑暗、虚伪和狰狞面目,揭露了清教伦理对人性地压抑与和心灵地摧残摧残,暗示这场人间悲剧不仅仅是个别普通人物之间地恩怨情仇,更具有深刻地社会根源.这不得不让人反思.小说地结尾写到,在海丝特和丁梅斯戴尔地坟墓上,写着模糊地几个字：“一片墨黑地土地,一个血红地a字”.对于了解故事真相地人们来说,这个a字让人感慨良多,思绪满怀,从而不得不对社会地进步做出更深刻地思索. 参考文献[1] abrams m h, geoffrey h. a glossary of literary terms [m]. boston, ma: heinle, 2004.[2] 《英汉双解剑桥国际英语词典》[m]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2004: 1201.[3] 陈琬柠. 浅析《红字》中地原罪与救赎意识 [j]. 作家作品新论[4] 纳撒尼尔 . 霍桑,《红字》[m] .伊犁人民出版社,2001[5]。

浅析《红字》中的字母A象征《红字》是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑于1850年出版的一部小说，它被认为是美国文学的经典之一，也是纳撒尼尔·霍桑最著名的作品之一。

小说以17世纪的新英格兰为背景，描述了一个因通奸而被社会排斥和处罚的女性的故事。

在小说中，字母A扮演着重要的象征意义，代表着不同的含义和象征。

字母A在《红字》中象征着“罪恶”和“耻辱”。

在小说中，女主角海丝尔·普林被处以佩戴印有字母A的绣花衣服的惩罚，A代表了“奸淫”（Adultery）这个罪行。

这个罪行给海丝尔带来了沉重的罪恶感和耻辱，让她成为了社会的受众和被排斥者。

在当时的新英格兰社会里，通奸是一个极为严重的罪行，被视为是对上帝的亵渎和对家庭的破坏，佩戴A字母的绣花衣服成为了海丝尔一生中无法逃离的耻辱之印。

A字母的罪恶象征让海丝尔成为了永远无法摆脱的罪恶之人，这也是《红字》中A字母象征的重要意义之一。

字母A还象征着“宽恕”和“勇气”。

在小说的结尾，海丝尔的丈夫罗杰·普林携着佩戴A字母的绣花衣服回到了社会，这种行为被理解为是对海丝尔的宽恕和对过去的宽容。

罗杰·普林的这种行为体现了宽恕的胸怀和勇气，他不再将海丝尔视作是一个永远无法挽回的罪犯，而是愿意接纳她，给她一个新的机会。

A字母还象征着宽容、宽恕和勇气，它提醒着人们，在面对罪行和错误时，应该学会宽容、宽恕和勇气，而不是永远地将他人排斥和指责。

A字母还象征着“真实”和“自由”。

在小说中，海丝尔选择佩戴A字母的绣花衣服，并且在她的改变和成长过程中，A字母成为了她的骄傲和标志。

她通过佩戴A字母的绣花衣服，展示了对自己罪行的认识和接受，这种真实的表现使得她在社会中逐渐被接纳和尊重。

A字母也象征着自由，海丝尔在经历了种种苦难和挣扎之后，最终找到了内心的平静和自由，她不再为社会的非议而受困，而是选择展现真实的自我，实现了内心的解脱和自由。

A字母在《红字》中还象征着对真实的接受和对自由的追求。

《红字》中红字“A”的不同象征意义一、私通（Adultery）的象征红字“A”挂在海丝特的胸前，象征了她违背她丈夫齐灵渥斯的意愿与别人的私通。

这是因为她犯了私通罪而作为罪犯被清教徒惩罚的方式。

这种惩罚方式继续，因为，当海丝特走过大街的时候，人们瞧不起她，仿佛她是犯了可怕罪行的从地狱里出来的魔鬼。

这个字母的意义必定使佩戴者感到耻辱，使她感到想要摘下来。

“她对自己说，这里曾是她犯下罪孽的地方，这里也应是她接受人间惩罚的地方”。

海丝特因为她得罪孽而感到耻辱，但是，她选择深藏不露。

她在爱情的怀抱犯下了罪孽，而且完全承认这个罪孽，因为，尽管她感到耻辱，但是她也由此获得了最伟大的珍宝———女儿珠儿。

她是一个坚强的妇女，尽管她面对非常恶劣的条件，但是，她却能越过越好。

像她那样的许多人也许会逃离波士顿，寻找一个没人知道她罪孽的地方。

海丝特选择停留，就这一点，就显示了她的坚强和伟大。

面对一个鄙视她的这样一个城镇，而且住在一个人们把她女儿叫做“魔鬼的孩子”的地方，她有足够的勇气坚持下去，就表明她是一个坚强不屈的妇女。

（1）孤独(Alone)和异化（Alienation）的象征红字“A”也代表了海丝特在新英格兰孤独的生活。

在海丝特释放出来以后，她就住在城市郊区的茅屋里。

“这是原先的一位移民建起后又放弃了的，因为那一带土地过于贫瘠，不宜耕种，况且离群索居，而社会活动当时已成为移民的一个显著的习惯。

”因为海丝特耻辱的历史，她几乎没有什么社会活动。

由于她生性倔强而且才能出众，她在人世上有了自己的一席之地。

可是，没有什么东西可以使她感到她好像属于这个世界。

“然而，他在同社会的一切交往中，却只能有格格不入之感。

同她有所接触的那些人的一举一动、一言一行，甚至他们的沉默不语，都在暗示，往往还表明：她是被排除在外的；而她的孤凄的处境似乎证明：她是生活在另一个世界中的，只有靠与众不同的感官来同其余的人类交流。

对于人们感兴趣的道德问题，她避之犹恐不及…‥似乎成了她在世人心目中所保留的惟一份额了。

优秀毕业论文（设计）剖析霍桑《红字》中红字A所暗含的象征意义 Hawthorne’s employment of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter摘要《红字》一书使美国作家霍桑誉满全球。

该书采用的主要艺术写作手法是象征主义，象征主义不仅贯穿了小说的始终，同时也为其增添了经久不衰的魅力。

本文拟从红字“A” 、人物及场景这三个方面来重点剖析霍桑《红字》所暗含的象征意义。

本文先阐述红色的象征意义及红字“A”的多重含义。

然后着重分析场景的象征意义，例如绞刑台、监狱、野蔷薇丛、阳光、小溪、森林等场景的象征意义。

最后探讨小说中人物的象征意义，并深入研究霍桑象征意义创作的技巧。

霍桑对文学的影响远远地超越了他所处的时代。

《红字》这部意义深远的巨作，是十九世纪浪漫主义文学的优秀代表。

对人类挣扎的灵魂的刻画使霍桑成为世界文学史上的杰出人物。

关键词：霍桑；《红字》；象征；象征主义AbstractThe Scarlet Letter makes American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne known all over the world. The main artistic writing skill in this novel is symbolism, which not only runs through the whole novel, but also adds long-lasting charms to the book. This thesis attempts to expound Hawthorne’s employment of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter through the analysis of the scarlet letter “A”, the characters and the settings. It first explores the symbolism of the color red and the multi-layered meanings of the capital letter “A”. Then it concentrates on symbolic meanings of the settings, such as the scaffold, the prison, the wild rosebushes, the sunshine, the brook and the forest. Finally, it analyzes the symbolic meanings of the characters and further explores Hawthorne’s techniques—symbolism. Hawthorne’s influence on literature is far beyond his time, The Scarlet Letter is an excellent representative work of romantic literature of the 19th century, a masterpiece of profound and long-lasting significance. His portrayals of the struggle of human soul have made him an outstanding figure in the history of world literature.Key words: Hawthorne; The Scarlet Letter; symbol; symbolismTable of ContentsAcknowledgements (I)摘要……………………………………………………………………………………………….错误！未找到引用源。

浅析《红字》中的字母A象征《红字》是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑的代表作之一，它以十七世纪新英格兰清教徒社会为背景，讲述了一位外遇女子的悲惨命运。

在小说中，字母A被用作象征，代表着不同的含义和象征。

本文将从不同的角度浅析《红字》中的字母A象征。

字母A在《红字》中象征着“奖赏”。

在小说中，主人公海斯特·普林首次出现时，他身穿一袭绣有一只红色A字母的长袍，这是因为他承认自己有罪，并被法庭指定为一位牧师。

换句话说，他被授予了一个“A”的标记，使他有机会通过与其他人分享自己的罪恶和挽救他们的灵魂来赎回自己的罪过。

这种赋予的A字母代表了他被赋予的使命和责任，也是一种对他的奖赏。

字母A在小说中还象征着“羞耻”。

在《红字》中，主人公海斯特·普林给外遇的女子赫斯特要求她一生戴上一顶绣有A的红色帽子，以示她对她所犯的罪恶的忏悔和为她的行为承担责任。

这个红色的A不仅仅是一个标记，更是一种羞耻的象征，让赫斯特永远被人们看成一个有罪的女人。

她被迫戴上这个红色的A，无论她走到哪里，都被人们嘲笑和排斥，这成为了她一生的羞耻。

字母A在小说中还象征着“爱情”。

在小说中，主人公赫斯特的女儿小珍在年幼时问母亲为什么她要戴着那个红色的A，赫斯特回答说这是代表她的名字，代表着“爱”之意。

通过这样的解释，赫斯特试图让小珍不再认为这个红色的A是一种羞耻的标记，而是一种与爱相关的象征。

这种转变的解释使小珍对这个红色的A有了不同的理解，也表现了赫斯特对爱的渴望和对爱的向往。

字母A也象征着“坚强”。

赫斯特身穿一袭绣有红色A字母的长袍，给人们的印象是一个顽强的女性形象。

尽管她遭受了严重的羞辱和痛苦，但她依然坚强地生活下去，照顾着自己的女儿小珍，默默地承担着自己的罪过。

这个红色的A成为了她坚强的象征，也表现了她坚定的内心和顽强的意志。

字母A还象征着“警示”。

在小说中，红色的A不仅仅是对赫斯特个人的标记，更是对整个社会的一种警示。

《红字》中的“A”《红字》是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑创作的一部小说，被誉为美国文学史上的经典之作。

小说以17世纪普利茅斯殖民地为背景，描写了一位被判私通罪的女性夏娃·皮里，她的罪行被刺绣“红字”标记在胸前，一直以来为人所唾弃与嘲讽的经历。

A代表了Adultery，即通奸的罪行，也代表了作者在小说中探讨的一系列主题。

“A”字母在《红字》中是一个重要的象征，代表了许多不同的含义和主题，同时也象征着主人公夏娃·皮里。

“A”代表了女性的禁忌和罪行。

夏娃·皮里的罪行是与牧师阿瑟·丹达尔的婚外情，她因此而受到社会的唾弃和惩罚。

红字"A"成为了她生活中无法摆脱和隐藏的标志，她被迫穿戴着这个“罪孽的印记”以示警戒和惩戒。

“A”也同时代表了审判与成长。

夏娃·皮里在经历了身败名裂的过程中，逐渐找到了自己的力量和尊严。

她积极面对社会的冷嘲热讽，不放弃自己的思考和对自由的追求。

通过时间的推移和她自身的成长，夏娃·皮里对这个红字有了不同的理解和诠释，也让自己变得更加坚强和独立。

“A”还象征了罪恶和真相。

夏娃·皮里的“红字”成为了她与其他人的交流障碍，让她与世隔绝，无法过上正常的生活。

正是因为她的罪孽被公众所知，社会的伪善与虚伪也暴露了出来。

夏娃·皮里的“红字”不仅象征着她的过错，也揭示了社会道德和伦理的虚伪与偏见。

从字母“A”也可以找到悔过与宽恕。

小说中的牧师阿瑟·丹达尔，同样也身负罪过。

尽管他没有公开承认，但他对夏娃·皮里的情感一直在内心的战斗。

通过这个经历，他对自己的罪恶有了深刻的认识，最终选择自我悔过和接受夏娃·皮里的宽恕。

由此可见，在《红字》中，“A”不仅仅是一个字母的符号，更是一个象征丰富和含义多样的符号。

它代表了女性的禁忌和罪行，象征了审判与成长，同时也揭示了社会的伪善与偏见。

试析《红字》中字母“A”及人名的象征意义摘要：霍桑在其代表作《红字》中大量使用象征手法来揭示和深化主题。

笔者在此文解读了红色字母“a”的深层涵义，它是耻辱和淫荡的象征，又表示罪孽深重，它既代表清教制度的血腥惩罚，它还表示这是个危险信号。

随着时间推移，红字的涵义变成了能干、敬爱和天使。

笔者同时还解读了小说主要人物姓名的象征意义。

关键词：象征意义；红字；红色一、引言小说《红字》（the scarlet letter）是美国文学史上杰出的浪漫主义作家纳撒尼尔 . 霍桑（nathaniel hawthorne）的代表作。

其思想深邃，想象丰富，表现手法独特，引起一个多世纪的关注与评论，是美国文学发展史上的第一部象征主义小说。

该小说以十七世纪北美清教殖民统治下的新英格兰为背景，以马萨诸塞州的波士顿镇上的移民生活为题材，讲述了一个违反清教规所严禁的通奸罪的一对恋人的悲惨命运。

主人公海丝特 . 普琳是个纯真美丽的英国姑娘，不幸嫁给畸形、伪善的老学者罗杰 . 奇林沃思。

婚后，海丝特先于丈夫移居新英格后两年多，丈夫音讯杳无，传说他已葬身大海。

从未感受到爱情的海丝特在这片新土地上呼吸着自由的空气，与本教区年轻俊美受人尊敬的牧师阿瑟 . 丁梅斯代尔真心相爱并偷食禁果。

海丝特因怀孕被关进监狱，在狱中生下女儿三个月后，她被迫在邢台上示众三小时，并被罚终身在胸前佩带红色字母“a”。

她独自一人抚养女儿，尝尽了世人的白眼、侮辱和折磨。

丁梅斯代尔由于对上帝的迷信以及怯弱的性格，在信仰和良心的折磨中身心衰竭离开人世。

才华横溢的浪漫主义作家霍桑具有深邃、敏锐的洞察力和超人的想象力，他不仅擅长细致入微地剖析人物心理，展现人物丰富多彩、矛盾重重的内心世界，还在小说中大量运用象征主义手法，以物寓意，使得小说取得巨大成功。

笔者将在此文把红字与颜色的象征意义结合起来进行解读。

二．象征的涵义象征是艺术创作的基本手法之一。

指借助于某一具体事物的外在特征，寄寓艺术家某种深邃的思想，或表达某种富有特殊意义的事理的艺术手法。

浅析《红字》中的字母A象征尼古拉斯·霍桑的《红字》是一部关于道德罪的小说。

在这本小说中，字母A成为主要角色的标志。

A既代表了“Adultress”（通奸者）的首字母，也代表了“Adultery”（通奸）这个罪名，还在全书中扮演了更为复杂深奥的象征作用。

首先，A象征着被社会排斥的通奸者。

在小说中，海丝特·普林被指控通奸，她的丈夫决定让她在公共场合一年之久穿着红色字母A，作为惩罚。

这个惩罚让她感受到了来自社会的冷漠和排斥，特别是当她带着孩子一起行走时，让她更加难受。

她在一次戏仿婚礼上表现出来的哀楚和孤独感，让她成为读者心中一个弱势的角色。

A成为了海丝特被社会排斥的局面的象征。

其次，A也象征着罪犯的自我惩罚。

海丝特选择住在这个羞辱她的城市，并且决定不接受任何人的救助，包括她的丈夫。

这种惩罚和自我惩罚帮助她不断挑战自己以及社会本身。

然而，在这种惩罚的背后，她深深地意识到了罪的严重性和洗心革面的重要性。

她接受了她的惩罚，也体验到了重新开始的艰难。

这样，A成了海丝特与自己罪孽的斗争、挑战和洗心革面的象征。

此外，在小说中，白色与红色结合形成了强烈的视觉对比，是小说的另一个象征。

在普林家族的手工艺人工作室中，白色的刺绣极力想弥补红字条造成的损失和影响。

这件刺绣是令人想象不到、极其华丽的，成为小说主要的视觉艺术元素。

白色代表了天真和清纯，而红色代表成熟和诱惑；白色和红色的对比，强调了十七世纪普通人的观念，即女性必须天真无邪，只有在婚姻中才能有性经验。

同时也强调了海丝特的不合规范性，突出了她在社会认同的对立面存在着的品德。

最后，A是对道德规范的抗议象征。

小说在十七世纪因为宗教原因而宣扬道德标准，并强调它们的在现实生活中的应用。

但是，在海丝特的惩罚中，小说却展现了这种道德应用的可怕性和假警示性。

海丝特做出了改变，但这种改变是由她自己的决定、道德自律和个人意志推动的，与公共惩罚无关。

A在小说中象征了对道德标准的抗议，是一种自由的、自我决定的生活方式。