高压输电网络规划设计设计外文翻译本科毕业论文

附录外文资料翻译1000千伏交流电源输电线路的雷电保护摘要：首先，结合日本和前苏联在闪电特高压输电线路的性能和分析的特点，以及1000kV输电线路的闪电跳闸率过高经验和教训的基础上，本文作者提出在中国1000千伏输电线关键技术研究中应该减少雷击损坏率的一个关键点，明确提出在防雷保护中保护失效的预防闪络为研究的主要方向。

本文提出，降低接地屏蔽线的角度和距离的差距与一个合适的长度是1000千伏输电线路跳闸率减少屏蔽失效一个重要的措施。

因此，尤其必须注意防护屏蔽失效的地面延长线更大倾斜的山区线路。

在本文中，作者介绍了在中国平原和山区用于特高压输电线路接地屏蔽线的角度以及中国特高压输电线路在最近的两年半的时间里运行情况。

目前在中国的特高压输电线路雷击跳闸的故障不会发生了，因此初步呈现出良好的防雷性能。

作者还介绍了在中国特高压变电站计算闪电侵入过电压的使用方法和原则和提出并行采取的两个措施降低最高雷电流的屏蔽故障输入线电流截面和优化布置闪电避雷器来限制过电压侵入变电站，因此，会限制需求过电压和避雷器的数量减少。

关键词：超高压，输电线路，变电站，雷电侵入波，过电压，1000V对特高压输电线路的防雷性能的研究A.特征特高压输电线路有两种功能的防雷性能：1）特高压输电线路绝缘水平是非常高的，因此具有引人注目的很低架空地线的可能性和塔顶导致导致发生雷电反击失败。

2）塔的高度对特高压输电线是非常高的，因此容易导致屏蔽失败。

前苏联特高压输电线路的运行经验[ 1 ] [ 2 ]表明，闪电剔除是输电线路的主要原因剔除。

从1985到1994这十年期间，在特高压雷击跳闸次数输电线路是16，占总数的84%数量的剔除。

然而，导致闪电剔除的主要原因是导体受到直接雷击屏蔽故障。

在前苏联特高压输电线路的地线保护角过大（超过20°），从而导致过高的剥离率使闪电防护失败。

在日本1000kV输电线路在同塔双回路线路，已用于500kV电压。

高压电力网络规划设计毕业论文目录摘要.......................................... 错误!未定义书签。

1.引言 (1)1.1课题的目的及意义 (1)1.2论文原始数据及其相关要求 (1)2 电力电量平衡 (3)2.1电力平衡 (3)2.1.1系统综合最大用电负荷 (3)2.1.2系统供电负荷 (3)2.1.3系统最大发电负荷 (3)2.1.4备用电容的确定 (3)2.1.5装机容量 (3)2.1.6电量平衡 (3)2.2无功电力平衡 (4)2.2.1系统最大综合无功用电负荷 (4)2.2.2系统无功供电负荷 (4)2.2.3系统最大无功发电负荷 (4)2.2.4无功电源 (4)2.2.5无功备用负荷 (4)2.3运算条件的确定 (5)2.3.1最大运行方式下 (5)2.3.2最小运行方式下 (5)2.3.3停机台数 (6)3.电压等级的确定 (7)4.接线方案初步确定 (8)4.1接线方案 (8)4.1.1接线方案一 (8)4.1.2接线方案二 (9)4.1.3接线方案三 (9)4.1.4接线方案四 (10)4.1.5接线方案五 (10)4.1.6接线方案六 (11)4.1.7接线方案七 (12)5.方案详细比较 (16)5.1方案四相关技术指标计算 (16)5.1.1方案四的导线选择 (16)5.1.2近似潮流计算 (17)5.1.3电压损耗计算 (18)5.1.4功率损耗及电能损耗计算 (21)5.1.5有色金属消耗量 (21)5.2方案五的相关技术指标计算 (21)5.2.1方案五的导线选择 (21)5.2.2近似潮流计算 (23)5.2.3电压损耗计算 (24)5.2.4功率损耗及电能损耗计算 (26)5.2.5有色金属消耗量（采用铁塔） (27)5.3方案的经济比较 (27)5.3.1方案四的经济计算 (27)5.3.2方案五的经济计算 (28)6.主接线方案的确定 (30)6.1电气主接线的基本要求和设计程序 (30)6.1.1电气主接线设计的基本要求 (30)6.1.2电气主接线的设计程序 (30)6.1.3常用接线方案比较 (31)6.2发电厂和变电所接线方案 (31)5.2.1发电厂A的接线方案 (31)6.2.2发电厂B的接线方案 (32)6.2.3变电所一的接线方案 (33)6.2.4变电所二的接线方案 (34)6.2.5变电所三的接线方案 (35)6.2.6 全线主接线总接线方案 (37)7.变压器的选择 (38)7.1发电厂B的变压器选择 (38)7.2发电厂A的变压器选择 (38)7.3变电所1的变压器选择 (38)7.4变电所2的变压器选择 (39)7.5变电所3的变压器选择 (39)8.精确潮流计算 (40)8.1 发电厂和变电所各变压器损耗的计算 (40)8.1.1变电所一的变压器损耗计算 (40)8.1.2变电所二的变压器参数计算 (40)8.1.3变电所三的变压器参数计算 (41)8.1.4发电厂B的变压器参数计算 (41)8.2最大运行方式下发电厂和各变电所运算负荷的计算 (42)8.2.1最大运行方式下变电所一运算负荷的计算 (42)8.2.2最大运行方式下变电所二运算负荷的计算 (42)8.2.3最大运行方式下变电所三运算负荷的计算 (43)8.2.4最大运行方式下发电厂B运算功率的计算 (44)8.3最大运行方式下网络的功率分布和电压分布 (45)8.3.1最大运行方式下网络的功率分布 (45)8.3.2最大运行方式下网络的电压分布 (47)8.4最小运行方式下发电厂和各变电所运算负荷的计算 (47)8.4.1最小运行方式下变电所一运算负荷的计算 (47)8.4.2最小运行方式下变电所二运算负荷的计算 (48)8.4.3最小运行方式下变电所三运算负荷的计算 (49)8.4.4最小运行方式下发电厂B运算功率的计算 (50)8.5最大运行方式下网络的功率分布和电压分布 (50)8.5.1最大运行方式下网络的功率分布 (50)8.5.2最小运行方式下网络的电压分布 (52)9.调压计算 (54)9.1调压计算原则 (54)9.2变电所低压母线实际电压的计算 (54)9.2.1变电所一低压母线实际电压的计算 (54)9.2.2变电所二低压母线实际电压的计算 (55)9.2.3变电所三低压母线实际电压的计算 (55)9.3各变电所的调压计算 (56)8.3.1变电所一的调压计算 (56)9.3.2变电所二的调压计算 (58)9.3.3变电所三的调压计算 (59)结语 (61)参考文献 (62)附录Ⅰ：潮流计算分布图 (63)1.引言1.1课题的目的及意义电能是现代社会生活的基础，随着电力负荷的日益快速增长和远距离、大容量输电需求的增加,大规模容量电厂的建设,以及高压、超高压输电线路和变电站的数目日益增多,环境问题变得日益突出。

毕业论文外文翻译-高层建筑供配电系统设计Design of Power Supply and Distribution System for High-rise BuildingsAbstractPower supply and distribution system is the lifeline of high-rise buildings. The design of power supply and distribution system is based on the characteristics of high-rise buildings, which requires not only reliable supply of power, but also the safety of electricity utilization and efficient energy consumption. In this paper, the design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings is discussed, focusing on the selection of power supply mode, the design of power distribution system, the design of grounding system, the selection of electrical equipment and the design of lightning protection system. The application of advanced technologies such as distributed power supply, energy management and control system, and intelligent electrical equipment can improve the energy efficiency and utilization of high-rise buildings, reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, and promote the development of green buildings.Keywords: high-rise buildings; power supply and distribution system; energy efficiency; green buildingsIntroductionHigh-rise buildings are an important symbol of urban development and represent the trend of modern architecture. With the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, the demand for high-rise buildings is increasing. Power supply and distribution system is an essential part of high-rise buildings, which plays a crucial role in the operation and maintenance of buildings. The design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings needs to consider many factors, such as technical performance, safety and reliability, energy efficiency, economic benefits and environmental protection, etc. In recent years, with the rapid development of new energy and advanced technology, the design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings has undergone significant changes, which focus on improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions. This paper analyzes the design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings, summarizes the selection principles and design methods of various systems, and explores the application of new technologies to improve energy efficiency and promote the development of green buildings.1. Selection of Power Supply ModeThe power supply mode is the basic foundation of power supply and distribution system of high-rise buildings. In the selection of power supply mode, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of the building and the surrounding environment, and ensure the reliability and safety of power supply. Currently, the main power supply modes for high-rise buildings are grid-connected power supply and distributed power supply.1.1 Grid-connected Power SupplyGrid-connected power supply is a traditional power supply mode, which is widely used in high-rise buildings. It has the advantages of reliable power supply, convenient operation and maintenance, and stable voltage and frequency. However, grid-connected power supply is vulnerable to natural disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes, and may cause power outages, which will affect the normal life and work of residents. Moreover, the development of distribution network is limited by the capacity of the grid, which may cause overloaded operation and reduce the energy efficiency of high-rise buildings.1.2 Distributed Power SupplyDistributed power supply is a new power supply mode, which can improve the energy efficiency of high-rise buildings and reduce the dependence on the grid. Distributed power supply includes combined heat and power (CHP), solar power, wind power and other renewable energy sources. CHP is a highly efficient power generation technology, which can generate electricity and heat at the same time, and utilize the waste heat for air conditioning and domestic hot water. Solar power and wind power are clean energy sources, which have the advantages of zero emissions and long service life. Distributed power supply can reduce the transmission and distribution losses of power supply, and improve the energy efficiency of high-rise buildings. However, the initial investment of distributed power supply is relatively high, and the technical level of electrical equipment and maintenance management is demanding.2. Design of Power Distribution SystemThe power distribution system is responsible for the power transmission and distribution of high-rise buildings, which should ensure the safety and reliability of the power supply. The design of power distribution system includes the selection of power distribution equipment, the layout of power distribution room, and the calculation of power load.2.1 Selection of Power Distribution EquipmentThe selection of power distribution equipment should meet the requirements of technical performance, safety and reliability, and energy efficiency. The main power distribution equipment includes switchgear, transformer, busbar, distribution panel, etc. The switchgear should have the function of over-current protection, short-circuit protection and earth leakage protection, and should have the advantages of small volume, low noise and high reliability. The transformer should be selected according to the capacity and voltage level, and should have the advantages of low loss, high efficiency and small size. The busbar should have the advantages of high strength, good conductivity and low resistance. The distribution panel should have the functions of metering, control, protection and communication, and should be easy to operate and maintain.2.2 Layout of Power Distribution RoomThe layout of power distribution room should be reasonable and convenient for operation and maintenance. The power distribution room should be located near the power supply entrance, and should have the advantages of good ventilation, dry, clean and spacious. The power distribution room should be equipped with the necessary security measures, such as fire prevention, explosion-proof, and lightning protection.2.3 Calculation of Power LoadThe calculation of power load is the key to the design of power distribution system. The power load includes lighting load, air conditioning load, power load and special load, etc. The calculation of power load should take into account the diversity of load, the possibility of peak load, and the capacity of power supply equipment. The primary consideration is to ensure the safety and reliability of power supply, and then to improve the energy efficiency of power utilization.3. Design of Grounding SystemThe grounding system is an important safety measure for high-rise buildings. The design of grounding system should meet the requirements of electrical safety and electrostatic discharge protection.3.1 Electrical SafetyThe grounding system should have the functions of lightning protection, over-voltage protection, over-current protection and earth leakage protection, etc. The grounding resistance should be less than the specified value, and the grounding wire should have good conductivity and corrosion resistance. The grounding system should be comprehensively tested and maintained regularly.3.2 Electrostatic Discharge ProtectionThe electrostatic discharge protection is to prevent the accumulation of static electricity and the damage of electrical equipment. The design of electrostatic discharge protection includes the selection of anti-static grounding material, the setting of anti-static floor, and the installation of anti-static equipment. The electrostatic discharge protection is especially important for data centers and sensitive electrical equipment.4. Selection of Electrical EquipmentThe selection of electrical equipment is an important part of the design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings. The selection of electrical equipment should meet the requirements of technical performance, safety and reliability, environmental protection and energy efficiency.4.1 Technical PerformanceThe electrical equipment should meet the relevant national and international standards, and have the characteristics of high efficiency, low noise, long service life and easy maintenance. The electrical equipment should have the functions of protection, control, measurement and communication, and should be compatible with the automation system.4.2 Safety and ReliabilityThe electrical equipment should have the functions of over-current protection, short-circuit protection, ground connection protection and lightning protection, etc. The electrical equipment should be installed and maintained by qualified personnel, and should be tested and checked regularly to ensure the safety and reliability of power supply and distribution system.4.3 Environmental Protection and Energy EfficiencyThe electrical equipment should have the advantages of environmental protection and energy efficiency, and should meet the requirements of green building standards. The electrical equipment should have the functions of power monitoring, energy management and control, and should be able to optimize the energy utilization and reduce the energy consumption.5. Design of Lightning Protection SystemThe lightning protection system is an important safety measure for high-rise buildings, which can prevent the damage of lightning to electrical equipment and human life. The design of lightning protection system includes the selection of lightning protection device, the installation of lightning rod, the connection of grounding wire, and the calculation of lightning protection zone.5.1 Selection of Lightning Protection DeviceThe lightning protection device should have the functions of lightning protection, over-voltage protection, surge protection and electromagnetic pulse protection, etc. The lightning protection device should be reliable and durable, and should meet the relevant national and international standards.5.2 Installation of Lightning RodThe lightning rod should be installed on the roof of high-rise buildings, and should be connected with the grounding system. The lightning rod should be placed in a high position, and should be made of light and strong materials, such as aluminum alloy or stainless steel. The lightning rod should be inspected regularly to ensure its effectiveness.5.3 Connection of Grounding WireThe grounding wire should be connected with the lightning rod, the grounding system, and the electrical equipment. The grounding wire should have the advantages of low resistance, good conductivity and corrosion resistance. The grounding wire should be tested and checked regularly to ensure its effectiveness.5.4 Calculation of Lightning Protection ZoneThe calculation of lightning protection zone is the basis for the design of lightning protection system. The lightning protection zone includes the direct lightning strike zone and the induced lightning zone. The direct lightning strike zone is the area covered by the lightning rod, and the induced lightning zone is the area beyond the direct lightning strike zone. The calculation of lightning protection zone should consider the characteristics of lightning, such as the stroke current, the distance from the lightning source, and the soil resistivity.ConclusionThe design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings is a complex and important work. The selection of power supply mode, the design of power distribution system, the design of grounding system, the selection of electrical equipment, and the design of lightning protection system are the main aspects of the design of power supply and distribution system. The application of advanced technologies such as distributed power supply, energy management and control system, and intelligent electrical equipment can improve the energy efficiency and utilization of high-rise buildings, reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, and promote the development of green buildings. The design of power supply and distribution system for high-rise buildings should adhere to the principles of safety, reliability, energy efficiency, economic benefits and environmental protection, and strive to create a better living and working space for residents.。

毕 业 设 计(论文)系 别 电力工程系专业班级 学生姓名 指导教师二○一二年六月高压电网规划设计题 目高压电网规划设计摘要随着电力在国民经济发展中的作用的日益突出，电网的建设与发展正扮演着越来越重要的角色。

电网作为联系电能生产企业与用户的桥梁，对供电的可靠性与稳定性有很大的作用，而电网的设计作为电网建设中的重要一环，必须给予高度的重视。

本文简述了高压输电网设计的过程与方法。

高压输电网的设计应根据用户负荷的相关资料，各配电变电所的地理位置和已有电厂的供电情况做出相应的功率平衡，确定各变电所变压器的主变容量与台数。

根据已有的知识与经验设计出几种备选的方案，通过技术经济比较，主要从以下几个方面：1、按经济截面选择导线，按机械强度、是否发生电晕、载流量等情况校验导线，确定各段的导线型号。

2、对各种备选方案进行正常和故障情况下的电压和电能损耗的计算，本过程的计算主要采用手工算潮流的方法，得出各种正常及故障时的电压损耗情况，评定各种接线方案。

3、从各种方案线路的电能损耗，线路投资，变电所的投资以及年运行费用等方面进行经济比较。

综合以上三个方面确定最佳的方案，即为本设计的选定方案。

最后根据潮流计算结果对确定的方案评定调压要求，选定调压方案。

本设计给出所选方案的完整接线图。

关键词：高压输电网络；电力系统潮流计算；调压方式HIGH-VOLTAGE POWER NETWORKPLANNING AND DESIGNAbstractAlong with power in the role in the development of national economy stick out increasingly, the construction of electrical network is acting more and more important role with development. Electrical network takes a role of the bridge of producing -electrical energy enterprises and users; it is well known that electrical network is unsaid for the stability and reliability of power supply. The design of power system acts as important one aspect in the construction of electrical network, witch must give an extra attention.This paper concisely has introduced method and the process of the distribution net design of high voltage. It should be according to the related information of user loads, each distribution station site and the condition of power supply of existed power plants. Making corresponding power balance, and then determine every distribution transformer capacity and number. According existed some knowledge and experience, imagine two kinds choused scheme, compare through technical economy from some following aspects, require best design: 1 , select wire according to economic section, according to machinery strength , corona, the current-carrying capacity etc. ,checking the wire model .2 , Various choose schemes must be carried out calculation for normal and fault condition by manual power flow calculation .Calculation result are normal and fault voltage wastage conditions, remarking various wiring schemes. 3 .From loss, line investment, the electrical energy of various scheme lines, distribution system annual operation cost t as well as investment of electrical place, carrying out economic comparison and synthesize. Finally decide th e best’s scheme, that is choused scheme. Draw system winding diagram in the design.Keywords: voltage distribution network; power flow calculation; regulating voltage目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT (II)1 原始资料 (1)2 原始资料分析 (2)2.1 有功平衡校验 (2)2.2无功平衡校验 (2)2.3 可选方案 (2)2.4 确定电压等级 (4)3 选择发电厂、变电所主接线形式，变压器台数容量 (5)3.1主接线形式 (5)3.1.1 发电厂主接线形式 (5)3.1.2 变电站主接线形式 (5)3.2 变压器的台数和容量 (5)3.2.1 发电厂的变压器台数和容量 (5)3.2.2 变电站的变压器台数和容量 (5)3.2.3 变压器的型号及相关参数表 (6)4 选择导线型号 (7)4.1 方案1的导线型号选择 (7)4.1.1 最大运行方式初步潮流分布 (7)4.1.2计算导线截面积 (8)4.1.3 选择导线型号及其校验 (9)4.1.4 允许载流量校验 (9)4.2 方案4的导线型号选择 (10)4.2.1 最大运行方式初步潮流分布 (10)4.2.2 计算导线截面积 (11)4.2.3 选择导线型号及其校验 (12)4.2.4 允许载流量校验 (13)4.3 方案5的导线型号选择 (14)4.3.1 最大运行方式初步潮流分布 (14)4.3.2 计算导线截面积 (15)4.3.3 选择导线型号及其校验 (16)4.3.4 允许载流量校验 (16)5 初步比较 (18)5.1 导线长度 (18)5.2断路器数目 (18)5.3金属耗量 (18)5.3.1 方案1 (18)5.3.2 方案4，5 (18)5.3.3 初步方案比较结果 (18)6 详细比较 (20)6.1 电压损耗计算 (20)6.1.1 电压损耗计算原则 (20)6.1.2 正常运行电压损耗 (20)6.1.3 故障运行电压损耗 (23)6.2 一次投资 (27)6.3 年行运费 (28)6.4 比较分析 (29)7 最优方案潮流计算 (30)7.1 正常运行最大负荷情况 (30)7.2 正常运行最小负荷情况 (33)7.3 故障情况潮流计算 (36)8 变压器分接头选择 (39)8.1 变电站1 (39)8.2 变电站2 (40)8.3 变电站3 (40)8.4 变电站4 (41)8.5 变电站5 (42)9 最优网络计算数字 (43)9.1 一次投资 (43)9.2 年行运费 (43)9.3 输电效率 (43)结论 (44)参考文献 (45)致谢 (46)1原始资料1.发电厂装机情况：Ａ厂：火电厂，装机总容量600 MW，其中：容量为100 MW者3 台，电压10.5 kV，cosφ=0.85容量为200 MW者1 台，电压10.5 kV，cosφ=0.85容量为50 MW者2 台，电压10.5 kV，cosφ=0.85B厂：火电厂，装机总容量300 MW，其中：容量为25 MW者4 台，电压10.5 kV，cosφ=0.85容量为100 MW者2 台，电压10.5 kV，cosφ=0.852.负荷情况：3.发电厂与各变电所地理位置图：图中1厘米代表20公里。

网络设计与规划中英文对照外文翻译文献现代企业面临的挑战尽管企业进行了大量的IT资本投资，但许多公司发现，大部分关键网络资源和信息资产仍处于自由状态。

实际上，许多"孤立"的应用程序和数据库无法相互通信，这是一种常见的商业现象。

2.The n: Service-Oriented ork Architecture (SONA)___'___(SONA) ___ is based on a service-oriented architecture (SOA) approach。

___.解决方案：面向服务的网络架构（SONA）___的面向服务的网络架构（SONA）是一个全面的框架，帮助企业克服网络设计和规划的挑战。

SONA基于面向服务的架构（SOA）方法，使企业能够将不同的应用程序和数据库集成到一个统一的网络中。

3.___ SONABy implementing SONA。

businesses ___ of benefits。

___。

increased security。

___。

___ security features。

such as identity and access management。

to protect critical n assets。

Finally。

___.SONA的好处通过实施SONA，企业可以获得许多好处，包括提高网络敏捷性、增加安全性和降低成本。

SONA通过提供灵活和可扩展的网络架构，使企业能够快速适应不断变化的业务需求。

此外，SONA提供了增强的安全功能，如身份和访问管理，以保护关键信息资产。

最后，SONA通过简化网络管理和减少对额外硬件和软件的需求，帮助企业降低成本。

4.nIn today's fast-paced business environment。

it is essential for ___。

secure。

and cost-effective ork architecture.结论在今天快节奏的商业环境中，企业必须拥有一个可以快速适应不断变化的业务需求的网络基础设施。

本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译院（系部）电气工程与自动化学院专业名称电气工程及其自动化年级班级03级2班学生姓名指导老师电力系统1 电力的技术特点电力具有独特的技术特点，这使得电力工业具有独特的行业特点。

1.无形性。

用户不能用人体感官直接察觉千瓦时的用电量。

2.质量。

供电质量可由供电连续性或供电可靠性、在标准电压等级下的电压均等性、交流电压频率的正确不变性来度量。

3.电力的贮存。

与大多数行业不同，电力部门必须随时根据用电的需求生产出电力来，因为电能无法贮存。

4.对供电负责。

电由电力部门输送到用户，因此必须对安全、可靠供电负责。

5.对公众的安全。

电力部门须对公众及其技术人员提供稳妥的保护。

2 电力系统的规划预期到电力部门的供电负荷将持续增长，电力系统的容量也持续增大。

远期规划主要是保证这种扩建在技术上是适宜的，在造价上是合理的，与增长模式是相符的。

远期规划者碰到的困难包括：不同地域和不同时间负荷增长的不确定性、新发明新技术发展的可能性。

优异的系统规划要努力做到全系统设计的最优化，而不能为了系统某部分造价的最小化而不顾其它部分的影响。

近年来，已经强调了规划和运行的经济性。

现在则越来越强调可靠性和环境方面的因素。

在作出规划前，须要仔细考虑许多因素：（1）设备的决策具有远期效应，这需要15—25年的预期和研究。

（2）有许多发电途径可选择：核电、基荷火电、中等规模燃气轮机发电或水电，以及大型、中型、小型电厂和各种形式的蓄能。

（3）有多种送电途径可选择，例如由交流或直流，架空线或地下电缆送电并有各种电压等级。

（4）规划决策受负荷管理技术和负荷模式的影响。

（5）有关因素存在不确定性。

如将来燃料价格货币的利率资金的来源设备的强迫停运率新技术环境的要求。

3 电力分配3.1 最初的分配系统发电厂和最后的各支路之间的分配线路叫做最初的分配系统。

在这两个电力系统之间传输有多种方法. 其中最常见的两种方法是辐射式和环绕式。

输配电工程设计论文论文题目：直流输电工程中关键技术分析指导老师:学生姓名：学号：专业名称：[电气工程及其自动化]班级：2022年4月27日目录目录 (2)摘要 (3)一、引言 (4)二、特高压直流换流阀技术 (4)2.1、特高压直流输电的需求 (4)2.2、特高压直流输电的作用 (5)2.3、自主特高压换流阀开发的重大意义 (5)2.4、高压直流换流阀研发方式 (5)2.5、自主研发换流阀关键技术研究 (5)三、柔性直流输电技术 (6)3.1、柔性直流输电的系统结构和基本原理 (6)3.2、柔性直流输电的技术特点及其应用领域 (8)四、直流工程系统调试中的关键技术分析 (10)4.1、系统调试方案的编写 (10)4.2、最后断路器跳闸保护原理 (11)参考文献 (11)【题目】：直流输电工程中关键技术分析【英文题目】：“HVDC project in key technical analysis”【摘要】：高压直流输电技术通常包括常规高压/特高压直流输电技术、柔性直流输电技术和其它新型直流输电技术等。

本文主要介绍了柔性直流输电的系统结构、基本工作原理和技术特点和特高压直流换流阀技术以及直流工程系统调试过程中几个关键技术问题的分析和解决过程等。

【ABSTRACT】：HVDC technology typically include an analysis of conventional high pressure / UHV DC transmission technology, flexible HVDC HVDC technology and other new technologies. This paper describes the system architecture analysis and resolution process, the basic working principle and technical characteristics and flexible HVDC HVDC converter valve technology and engineering systems commissioning process DC several key technical issues and so on.【关键词】：柔性直流输电技术，高压直流换流阀技术，直流工程系统调试技术【key words】：Flexible HVDC technology, HVDC valve technology, HVDC system debugging techniques一、引言随着能源紧缺和环境污染等问题的日益严峻，国家将大力开发和利用可再生清洁能源，优化能源结构。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译专业名称：电力系统自动化英文资料：INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING METHODSAbstract -Many methods can be used to start large AC induction motors. Choices such as full voltage, reduced voltage either by autotransformer or Wyes - Delta, a soft starter, or usage of an adjustable speed drive can all have potential advantages and trade offs. Reduced voltage starting can lower the starting torque and help prevent damage to the load. Additionally, power factor correction capacitors can be used to reduce the current, but care must be taken to size them properly. Usage of the wrong capacitors can lead to significant damage. Choosing the proper starting method for a motor will include an analysis of the power system as well as the starting load to ensure that the motor is designed to deliver the needed performance while minimizing its cost. This paper will examine the most common starting methods and their recommended applications.I. INTRODUCTIONThere are several general methods of starting induction motors: full voltage, reduced voltage, wyes-delta, and part winding types. The reduced voltage type can include solid state starters, adjustable frequency drives, and autotransformers. These, along with the full voltage, or across the line starting, give the purchaser a large variety of automotives when it comes to specifying the motor to be used in a given application. Each method has its own benefits, as well as performance trade offs. Proper selection will involve a thorough investigation of any power system constraints, the load to be accelerated and the overall cost of the equipment.In order for the load to be accelerated, the motor must generate greater torque than the load requirement. In general there are three points of interest on the motor's speed-torque curve. The first is locked-rotor torque (LRT) which is the minimum torque which the motor will develop at rest for all angular positions of the rotor. The second is pull-up torque (PUT) which is defined as the minimum torque developed by the motor during the period of acceleration from rest to the speed at which breakdown torque occurs. The last is the breakdown torque (BDT) which is defined as the maximum torque which the motor will develop. If any of these points are below the required load curve, then the motor will not start.The time it takes for the motor to accelerate the load is dependent on the inertia of the load and the margin between the torque of the motor and the load curve, sometimes called accelerating torque. In general, the longer the time it takes for the motor to accelerate the load, the more heat that will be generated in the rotor bars, shorting ring and the stator winding. This heat leads to additional stresses in these parts and can have an impaction motor life.II. FULL VOLTAGEThe full voltage starting method, also known as across the line starting, is the easiest method to employ, has the lowest equipment costs, and is the most reliable. This method utilizes a control to close a contactor and apply full line voltage to the motor terminals. This method will allow the motor to generate its highest starting torque and provide the shortest acceleration times.This method also puts the highest strain on the power system due to the high starting currents that can be typically six to seven times the normal full load current of the motor. If the motor is on a weak power system, the sudden high power draw can cause a temporary voltage drop, not only at the motor terminals, but the entire power bus feeding the starting motor. This voltage drop will cause a drop in the starting torque of the motor, and a drop in the torque of any other motor running on the power bus. The torque developed by an induction motor varies roughly as the square of the applied voltage. Therefore, depending on the amount of voltage drop, motors running on this weak power bus could stall. In addition, many control systems monitor under voltage conditions, a second potential problem that could take a running motor offline during a full voltage start. Besides electrical variation of the power bus, a potential physical disadvantage of an across the line starting is the sudden loading seen by the driven equipment. This shock loading due to transient torques which can exceed 600% of the locked rotor torque can increase the wear on the equipment, or even cause a catastrophic failure if the load can not handle the torques generated by the motor during staring.A. Capacitors and StartingInduction motors typically have very low power factor during starting and as a result have very large reactive power draw. See Fig. 2. This effect on the system can be reduced by adding capacitors to the motor during starting.The large reactive currents required by the motor lag the applied voltage by 90 electrical degrees. This reactive power doesn't create any measurable output, but is rather the energy required for the motor to function. The product of the applied system voltage and this reactive power component can be measured in V ARS (volt-ampere reactive). The capacitors act to supply a current that leads the applied voltage by 90 electrical degrees. The leading currents supplied by the capacitors cancel the laggingcurrent demanded by the motor, reducing the amount of reactive power required to be drawn from the power system.To avoid over voltage and motor damage, great care should be used to make sure that the capacitors are removed as the motor reaches rated speed, or in the event of a loss of power so that the motor will not go into a generator mode with the magnetizing currents provided from the capacitors. This will be expanded on in the next section and in the appendix.B. Power Factor CorrectionCapacitors can also be left permanently connected to raise the full load power factor. When used in this manner they are called power factor correction capacitors. The capacitors should never be sized larger than the magnetizing current of the motor unless they can be disconnected from the motor in the event of a power loss.The addition of capacitors will change the effective open circuit time constant of the motor. The time constant indicates the time required for remaining voltage in the motor to decay to 36.8% of rated voltage after the loss of power. This is typically one to three seconds without capacitors.With capacitors connected to the leads of the motor, the capacitors can continue to supply magnetizing current after the power to the motor has been disconnected. This is indicated by a longer time constant for the system. If the motor is driving a high inertia load, the motor can change over to generator action with the magnetizingCurrent from the capacitors and the shaft driven by the load. This can result in the voltage at the motor terminals actually rising to nearly 50% of rated voltage in some cases. If the power is reconnected before this voltage decays severe transients can be created which can cause significant switching currents and torques that can severely damage the motor and the driven equipment. An example of this phenomenon is outlined in the appendix.Ⅲ. REDUCED VOLTAGEEach of the reduced voltage methods are intended to reduce the impact of motor starting current on the power system by controlling the voltage that the motor sees atthe terminals. It is very important to know the characteristics of the load to be started when considering any form of reduced voltage starting. The motor manufacturer will need to have the speed torque curve and the inertia of the driven equipment when they validate their design. The curve can be built from an initial, or break away torque, as few as four other data points through the speed range, and the full speed torque for the starting condition. A centrifugal or square curve can be assumed in many cases, but there are some applications where this would be problematic. An example would be screw compressors which have a much higher torque requirement at lower speeds than the more common centrifugal or fan load. See Fig. 3. By understanding the details of the load to be started the manufacturer can make sure that the motor will be able to generate sufficient torque to start the load, with the starting method that is chosen.A. AutotransformerThe motor leads are connected to the lower voltage side of the transformer. The most common taps that are used are 80%, 65%, and 50%. At 50% voltage the current on the primary is 25% of the full voltage locked rotor amps. The motor is started with this reduced voltage, and then after a pre-set condition is reached the connection is switched to line voltage. This condition could be a preset time, current level, bus volts, or motor speed. The change over can be done in either a closed circuit transition, or an open circuit transition method. In the open circuit method the connection to the voltage is severed as it is changed from the reduced voltage to the line level. Care should be used to make sure that there will not be problems from transients due to the switching. This potential problem can be eliminated by using the closed circuit transition. With the closed circuit method there is a continuousVoltage applied to the motor. Another benefit with the autotransformer starting is in possible lower vibration and noise levels during starting.Since the torque generated by the motor will vary as the square of the applied voltage, great care should be taken to make sure that there will be sufficient accelerating torque available from the motor. A speed torque curve for the driven equipment along with the inertia should be used to verify the design of the motor. A good rule of thumb is to have a minimum of 10% of the rated full load torque of the motor as a margin at all points of the curve.Additionally, the acceleration time should be evaluated to make sure that the motor has sufficient thermal capacity to handle the heat generated due to the longeracceleration time.B. Solid State or Soft StartingThese devices utilize silicon controlled rectifiers or Scars. By controlling the firing angle of the SCR the voltage that the device produces can be controlled during the starting of the motor by limiting the flow of power for only part of the duration of the sine wave.The most widely used type of soft starter is the current limiting type. A current limit of 175% to 500% of full load current is programmed in to the device. It then will ramp up the voltage applied to the motor until it reaches the limit value, and will then hold that current as the motor accelerates.Tachometers can be used with solid state starters to control acceleration time. Voltage output is adjusted as required by the starter controller to provide a constant rate of acceleration.The same precautions in regards to starting torque should be followed for the soft starters as with the other reduced voltage starting methods. Another problem due to the firing angle of the SCR is that the motor could experience harmonic oscillating torques. Depending on the driven equipment, this could lead to exciting the natural frequency of the system.C. Adjustable Frequency DrivesThis type of device gives the greatest overall control and flexibility in starting induction motors giving the most torque for an amount of current. It is also the most costly.The drive varies not only the voltage level, but also the frequency, to allow the motor to operate on a constant volt per hertz level. This allows the motor to generate full load torque throughout a large speed range, up to 10:1. During starting, 150% of rated current is typical.This allows a significant reduction in the power required to start a load and reduces the heat generated in the motor, all of which add up to greater efficiency. Usage of the AFD also can allow a smaller motor to be applied due to the significant increase of torque available lower in the speed range. The motor should still be sizedlarger than the required horsepower of the load to be driven. The AFD allows a great degree of control in the acceleration of the load that is not as readily available with the other types of reduced voltage starting methods.The greatest drawback of the AFD is in the cost relative to the other methods. Drives are the most costly to employ and may also require specific motor designs to be used. Based on the output signal of the drive, filtered or unfiltered, the motor could require additional construction features. These construction features include insulated bearings, shaft grounding brushes, and insulated couplings due to potential shaft current from common mode voltage. Without these features, shaft currents, which circulate through the shaft to the bearing, through the motor frame and back, create arcing in the bearings that lead to premature bearing failure, this potential for arcing needs to be considered when applying a motor/drive package in a hazardous environment, Division2/Zone2.An additional construction feature of a motor used on an AFD may require is an upgraded insulation system on the motor windings. An unfiltered output signal from a drive can create harmonic voltage spikes in the motor, stressing the insulation of the motor windings.It is important to note that the features described pertain to motors which will be started and run on an AFD. If the drive is only used for starting the motor, these features may not be necessary. Consult with the motor manufacturer for application specific requirements.D. Primary Resistor or Reactor StartingThis method uses either a series resistor or reactor bank to be placed in the circuit with the motor. Resistor starting is more frequently used for smaller motors.When the motor is started, the resistor bank limits the flow of inrush current and provides for a voltage drop at the motor terminals. The resistors can be selected to provide voltage reductions up to 50%. As the motor comes up to speed, it develops a counter EMF (electro-magnetic field) that opposes the voltage applied to the motor. This further limits the inrush currents. As the inrush current diminishes, so does t>e voltage drop across the resistor bank allowing the torque generated by the motor to increase. At a predetermined time a device will short across the resistors and open the starting contactor effectively removing the resistor bank from the circuit. This provides for a closed transition and eliminates the concerns due to switchingtransients.Reactors will tend to oppose any sudden changes in current and therefore act to limit the current during starting. They will remain shorted after starting and provide a closed transition to line voltage.E .Star delta StartingThis approach started with the induction motor, the structure of each phase of the terminal are placed in the motor terminal box. This allows the motor star connection in the initial startup, and then re-connected into a triangle run. The initial start time when the voltage is reduced to the original star connection, the starting current and starting torque by 2 / 3. Depending on the application, the motor switch to the triangle in the rotational speed of between 50% and the maximum speed. Must be noted that the same problems, including the previously mentioned switch method, if the open circuit method, the transition may be a transient problem. This method is often used in less than 600V motor, the rated voltage 2.3kV and higher are not suitable for star delta motor start method.Ⅴ. INCREMENT TYPEThe first starting types that we have discussed have deal with the way the energy is applied to the motor. The next type deals with different ways the motor can be physically changed to deal with starting issues.Part WindingWith this method the stator of the motor is designed in such a way that it is made up of two separate windings. The most common method is known as the half winding method. As the name suggests, the stator is made up of two identical balanced windings. A special starter is configured so that full voltage can be applied to one half of the winding, and then after a short delay, to the second half. This method can reduce the starting current by 50 to 60%, but also the starting torque. One drawback to this method is that the motor heating on the first step of the operation is greater than that normally encountered on across-the-line start. Therefore the elapsed time on the first step of the part winding start should be minimized. This method also increases the magnetic noise of the motor during the first step.IV .ConclusionThere are many ways asynchronous motor starting, according to the constraints of power systems, equipment costs, load the boot device to select the best method. From the device point of view, was the first full-pressure launch the cheapest way, but it may increase the cost efficiency in the use of, or the power supply system in the region can not meet their needs. Effective way to alleviate the buck starts the power supply system, but at the expense of the cost of starting torque.These methods may also lead to increased motor sizes have led to produce the required load torque. Inverter can be eliminated by the above two shortcomings, but requires an additional increase in equipment costs. Understand the limitations of the application, and drives the starting torque and speed, allowing you for your application to determine the best overall configuration.英文资料翻译：异步电动机起动的方法摘要：大容量的交流异步电动机有多种启动方法。

某钢铁企业变电所保护系统及防护系统设计1 绪论1．1 变电站继电保护的发展变电站是电力系统的重要组成部分，它直接影响整个电力系统的安全与经济运行，失恋系发电厂和用户的中间环节，起着变换和分配电能的作用，电气主接线是发电厂变电所的主要环节，电气主接线的拟定直接关系着全厂电气设备的选择、配电装置的布置、继电保护和自动装置的确定，是变电站电气部分投资大小的决定性因素。

继电保护的发展现状，电力系统的飞速发展对继电保护不断提出新的要求，电子技术、计算机技术与通信技术的飞速发展又为继电保护技术的发展不断地注入了新的活力，因此，继电保护技术得天独厚，在40余年的时间里完成了发展的4个历史阶段。

随着电力系统的高速发展和计算机技术、通信技术的进步，继电保护技术面临着进一步发展的趋势。

国内外继电保护技术发展的趋势为：计算机化，网络化，保护、控制、测量、数据通信一体化和人工智能化。

继电保护的未来发展，继电保护技术未来趋势是向计算机化，网络化，智能化，保护、控制、测量、数据通信一体化发展。

微机保护技术的发展趋势：①高速数据处理芯片的应用②微机保护的网络化③保护、控制、测量、信号、数据通信一体化④继电保护的智能化1.2本文的主要工作在本次毕业设计中，我主要做了关于某钢铁企业变电所保护系统及防护系统设计，充分利用自己所学的知识，严格按照任务书的要求，围绕所要设计的主接线图的可靠性，灵活性进行研究，包括：负荷计算、主接线的选择、短路电流计算，主变压器继电保护的配置以及线路继电保护的计算与校验的研究等等。

1.3 设计概述1.3.1 设计依据1）继电保护设计任务书。

2）国标GB50062-92《电力装置的继电保护和自动装置设计规范》3）《工业企业供电》1.3.2 设计原始资料本企业共有12个车间，承担各附属厂的设备、变压器修理和制造任务。

1、各车间用电设备情况用电设备明细见表1.1所示。

2、负荷性质本厂大部分车间为一班制，少数车间为两班或者三班制，年最大有功负荷利用小时数为h2300。

中文1665字Electricity transmission tariffs for large-scale wind power consumption in western Gansu province, ChinaAbstractLarge-scale wind power transmission presents the power system with several challenges. The determination of the transmission tariff and the cost-sharing issue are potential obstacles which may influence the development of wind power. This paper analyses the incremental cost to the power system for long-distance transmission of wind power, considers the fixed and variable properties of the incremental cost and the risk of fluctuations in the cost, and establishes a comprehensive risk-based pricing model for long-distance transmission of large-scale wind power electricity. Gansu Province in China has abundant wind resources, so we use the Jiuquan wind power integration and the ±800 kV Gansu-Zhuzhou direct current (DC) power transmission as examples to test the validity of the model. The conclusions are as follows: the allowances for access grid connection cost should be separately estimated for the large-scale wind power base and long-distance transmission; and the long-distance transmission pricing of large-scale wind power should apply a two-part electricity transmission pricing system, in order to eliminate the volatility risk inherent in each simple allocation method, and the fixed and variable characteristics of the transmission cost. The transmission price must include compensation for depreciation, operation and maintenance costs, and also a reasonable return on investment, in order to offer an effective incentive and guidance mechanism for enterprises’ business development.Keywords●Large-scale wind power;●Long-distance transmission;●Transmission tariff;●Incremental cost;●Risk中国甘肃省西部的大型风力发电关于电力传输的收费问题摘要电力系统中的大型风力发电传动提出了一些挑战。