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（完整版）Unit4CulturalEncounters课文翻译综合教程二Unit 4 Cultural EncountersSusan BassnettWe live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world. Cheap flights mean that millions of people are able to visit places their parents could only dream about, while the Internet enables us to communicate with the remotest places and the traditional postal services are now referred to almost mockingly as "snail mail." When students go off back-packing, they can email their parents from Internet cafes in the Himalayas or from a desert oasis. And as for mobile phones — the clicking of text messaging at any hour of the day or night has become familiar to us all. Everyone, it seems, provided, of course, they can afford to do so, need never be out of touch.Significantly also, this great global communications revolution is also linked to the expansion of English, which has now become the leading international language. Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, regardless of whether anyone present is a native English speaker. English has simply become the language that facilitates communication, and for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success.So why, you may wonder, would anyone have misgivings about all these wonderful developments, and why does the rise of English as a global language cause feelings of uneasiness for some of us? For there are indeed problems with the communications revolution, problems that are not only economic. Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of societyand one that we overlook at our peril.Different cultures are not simply groups of people who label the world differently; languages give us the means to shape our views of the world and languages are different from one another. We express what we see and feel through language, and because languages are so clearly culture-related, often we find that what we can say in one language cannot be expressed at all in another. The English word "homesickness" translates into Italian as "nostalgia," but English has had to borrow that same word to describe a different state of mind, something that is not quite homesickness and involves a kind of longing. Homesickness and nostalgia put together are almost, but not quite, the Portuguese "saudade," an untranslatable word that describes a state of mind that is not despair, angst (English borrowed that from German), sadness or regret, but hovers somewhere in and around all those words.The early Bible translators hit the problem of untranslatability head-on. How do you translate the image of the Lamb of God for a culture in which sheep do not exist? What exactly was the fruit that Eve picked in the Garden of Eden? What was the creature that swallowed Jonah, given that whales are not given to swimming in warm, southern seas? Faced with unsurmountable linguistic problems, translators negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise.Compromising is something that speakers of more than one language understand. When there are no words in another language for what you want to say, you make adjustments and try to approximate. English and Welsh speakers make adjustments regarding the colour spectrum in the grey / green / blue / brown range, since English has four words and Welsh hasthree. And even where words do exist, compromises still need to be made. The word "democracy" means completely different things in different contexts, and even a word like "bread" which refers to a staple food item made of flour means totally different things to different people. The flat breads of Central Asia are a long way away from Mother's Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word "bread" has to serve for both.Inevitably, the spread of English means that millions of people are adding another language to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguistic differences. This is an essential skill in today's hybrid world, particularly now when the need for international understanding has rarely been so important. But even as more people become multilingual, so native English speakers are losing out, for they are becoming ever more monolingual, and hence increasingly unaware of the differences between cultures that languages reveal. Communicating in another language involves not only linguistic skills, but the ability to think differently, to enter into another culture's mentality and shape language accordingly. Millions of people are discovering how to bridge cultures, while the English-speaking world becomes ever more complacent and cuts down on foreign language learning programmes in the mistaken belief that it is enough to know English.World peace in the future depends on intercultural understanding. Those best placed to help that process may not be the ones with the latest technology and state of the art mobile phones, but those with the skills to understand what lies in, under and beyond the words spoken in many different languages.文化冲突我们生活在一个交流非常便捷的时代。
大学英语精读二册4课（中英对照）UNIT 4. My First JobTrying to make some money before entering university, the author applies for a teaching job. But the interview面试goes from bad to worse...为了想在进大学前赚些钱，作者申请了一份教职。
但面试情况却越来越糟……My First Job我的第一份工作While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper地方报纸a teaching post教学职位at a school in a suburb郊区of London about ten miles from where I lived. Being very short money and wanting to do something useful, I applied 申请, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim 微薄.在我等着进大学期间，我在一份地方报纸上看到一则广告，说是在离我住处大约十英里的伦敦某郊区，有所学校要招聘一名教师。
我因为手头很拮据，同时也想做点有用的事，于是便提出了申请，但在提出申请的同时我也担心，自己一无学位，二无教学经验，得到这份工作的可能性是微乎其微的。
However, three days later a letter arrived, asking me to go to Croydon for an interview. It proved an awkward 尴尬的journey: a train to Croydon station; a ten-minute bus ride and then a walk of at least a quarter .As a result I arrived on a hot June morning too depressed沮丧的to feel nervous. too...to...表示太……而不能……然而，三天之后，却来了一封信，叫我到克罗伊登去面试。
信用卡陷阱有一件事我得坦白。
几年前，我排队为家人取戏票时，我的朋友也在为她的家人取票。
我拿到了票，用信用卡付了账，对这种非现金交易的便利感到很满意。
然后就轮到她付款了，整个交易也进行得同样顺利，但我的高兴劲儿很快就变成了莫大的羞耻：我的信用卡太寒酸了，是不显示身份地位的深蓝色卡，而她的信用卡则是高级的金卡。
她是怎样弄到金卡的？怎么会这样呢？我知道我挣得比她多，我的车比她的车新，我的家比她的家漂亮，她怎么看起来显得比我光鲜呢？我有一份跟那时候任何工作相比还算安定的工作——虽然不是非常安定，不过我也没什么可抱怨的。
我是通过按揭贷款买的房子，可那会儿谁买房不贷款呢？我每个月底都付清信用卡欠款。
所以，虽然从技术上讲，我欠过信用卡公司的钱，但只是欠几个星期而已。
所以我认为我的信用等级应该很高。
你可以说我肤浅，而我也并不感到自豪。
但就在当时当地，我突然非常嫉妒那位朋友，我决定不要蓝色信用卡了，我要一张金卡。
金卡突然变得不可或缺，它会让我自我感觉良好，会让别人觉得我更有魅力。
于是，我去信用卡公司申请最特别、最耀眼的金卡。
可是，我的申请被拒绝了。
过了几秒钟，我才从这个打击中回过神来，我问自己为什么被拒绝。
显然，因为我每次都按时全额付清信用卡欠款，所以我不是他们想要的那种金卡客户。
他们的目标客户是那些随时有购物刷卡的冲动、有潜在信用风险、经不住诱惑超支消费、并且经常延期还款的人。
这样他们才有机会收取更多的利息，挣更多的钱，这就是他们的经营之道。
这能够解释为什么信用卡公司会用超低利率诱惑像我们家孩子那样的穷大学生吗？三个星期前，我的二女儿回家过周末。
她在读大一第二学期。
和她的大多数朋友一样，她借了3,000英镑的学生贷款，并从她可怜的妈妈（哈！）那里得到一笔小小的生活费，用于支付交通费、书费及其他生活费用。
她穿的衣服是从当地的慈善商店买来的，并且她平时也很少出门。
她拥抱了我（她以前从不拥抱我），然后说：“妈妈，我有事要跟您商量。
英汉翻译第4章(英汉对比)英语翻译教程English-Chinese Translation (英汉翻译)Linda英语翻译教程第四章词语的翻译英汉两种语言分属语系和语系，两者之间存在着很大的差异。
这种差异首先反映在词汇上。
与翻译关系比较密切的因素主要包括词义、词形，和词的音律和节奏等。
英语翻译教程As you know, our native language Chinese is quite different from English. There is really a big gap between the characteristics of the two languages. In order to learn the translation course better, we have to study the comparison between the source language and the target language. Just because all the theories, methods, techniques concerning EnglishChinese translation are based on the comparison, it is very important to master the languages’ peculiarities.英语翻译教程第一节英汉词义英汉词汇之间本身有着很大的差别，这种差别首先表现在词义上。
英国语言学家杰弗里 . 利奇在他的Semantics ( 语义学) 中把最广义的意义划分为7 种不同的类型：外延意义(概念意义)( denotative meaning )、内涵意义( connotative meaning )、风格意义( stylistic meaning )、情感意义( affective meaning )、联想意义( reflective meaning ) 搭配意义( collocative meaning )、主题意义( thematic meaning )。
现代大学英语精读4第二版课后翻译答案(unit4-unit6,中英双语)Unit41.我看见一叶扁舟顺河漂流。
我不想像这小舟一样没有目标，随波逐流地了此一生。
I saw a boat drifting along the river. I do not intend to be like this boat, drifting through life aimlessly.2.山谷里的桃花全都盛开了，让她留恋忘返。
在前面不远处，她看见一家农舍，从窗户内传来了美妙的乡村音乐。
The peach trees in the valley were in full blossom, making it difficult to tear herself away from them. Some distance apart from her, she saw a little hut with sweet country music drifting out of its window.3.结婚以后，我和朋友的来往慢慢变少了。
而我夹在那些一起共事的商界人士当中十分不自在。
他们说的生意经我厌烦透了。
After my marriage, my friends and I drifted apart a little, and I was completely out of my element among those business people I had to work with. Their business discussions bored me stiff .4.他们之间已经具有发生内战的所有要素。
国际社会已向双方呼吁，希望他们和平解决争端。
They already had all the necessary elements for a civil war. The international community has appealed to both sides for a peaceful settlement of their disputes.5.很多人认为教会正在失去他的吸引力。
UNIT 4 The Professor and the Yo-yo Seen through the eyes of a young friend Einstein was a simple, modest and ordinary man.My father was a close friend of Albert Einstein. As a shy young visitor to Einstein's home, I was made to feel at ease when Einstein said, "I have something to show you." He went to his desk and returned with a Yo-Yo. He tried to show me how it worked but he couldn't make it roll back up the string. When my turn came, I displayed my few tricks and pointed out to him that the incorrectly looped string had thrown the toy off balance. Einstein nodded, properly impressed by my skill and knowledge. Later, I bought a new Yo-Yo and mailed it to the Professor as a Christmas present, and received a poem of thanks.As boy and then as an adult, I never lost my wonder at the personality that was Einstein. He was the only person I knew who had come to terms with himself and the world around him. He knew what he wanted and he wanted only this: to understand within his limits as a human being the nature of the universe and the logic and simplicity in its functioning. He knew there were answers beyond his intellectual reach. But this did not frustrate him. He was content to go as far as he could.In the 23 years of our friendship, I never saw him show jealousy, vanity, bitterness, anger, resentment, or personal ambition. He seemed immune to these emotions. He was beyond any pretension. Although he corresponded with many of the world's most important people, his stationery carried only a watermark - W - for Woolworth's.To do his work he needed only a pencil only a pencil and a pad of paper. Material things meant nothing to him. I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use for it. He believed in simplicity, so much so that he used only a safety razor and water to shave. When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, "The razor and water do the job.""But Professor, why don't you try the cream just once?" I argued. "It makes shaving smoother and less painful."He shrugged. Finally, I presented him with a tube of shaving cream. The next morning when he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery. "You know, that cream really works," he announced. "It doesn't pull the beard. It feels wonderful." Thereafter, he used the shaving cream every morning until the tube was empty. Then he reverted to using plain water.Einstein was purely and exclusively a theorist. He didn't have the slightest interest in the practical application of his ideas and theories. His E=mc2 is probably the most famous equation in history - yet Einstein wouldn't walk down the street to see a reactor create atomic energy. He won the Nobel Prize for his Photoelectric Theory, a series of equations that he considered relatively minor in importance, but he didn't have any curiosity in observing how his theory made TV possible.My brother once gave the Professor a toy, a bird that balanced on the edge of a bowl of water and repeatedly dunked its head in the water. Einstein watched it in delight, trying to deduce the operating principle. But be couldn't.The next morning he announced, "I had thought about that bird for a long time before I went to bed and it must work this way…" H e began a ling explanation. Then he stopped, realizing a flaw in his reasoning. "No, I guess that's not it," he said. He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. His quick expression of disapproval told me he did not agree with this practical approach. He never did work out the solution.Another puzzle that Einstein could never understand was his own fame. He had developed theories that were profound and capable of exciting relatively few scientists. Yet his name was a household word across the civilized world. "I've had good ideas, and so have other men," he once said. "But it's been my good fortune that my ideas have been accepted." He was bewildered by his fame: people wanted to meet him; strangers stared at him on the street; scientists, statesmen, students, and housewives wrote him letters. He never could understand why he received this attention, why he was singled out as something special.在一个年轻的朋友的眼里，爱因斯坦是一个朴素、谦虚而普通的人。
Chapter 4 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese (Part II) Teaching aims: to learn about the linguistic differences of Chinese and English so as to translate them accurately.Main Language points:Comparative studies of syntactic structure in Chinese and EnglishDifficult teaching points: hypotactic & paratactic; subject-prominent & topic prominent; static & dynamic.Teaching references:1. 方梦之. 翻译新论与实践[M]. 青岛出版社，20022. 孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程[M]. 上外教出版社；彭长江. 英汉－汉英翻译教程[M]. 湖南师大出版社；3. 陈宏薇，新编汉英翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社，2004Teaching methods: Analysis and Practice1. Hypotactic vs. Paratactic (形合与意合)As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, …so fa r as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses arranged with connectives;Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them;Examples:1. That is our policy and that is our declaration.—— W. Churchill这就是我们的国策。
这就是我们的宣言。
2. First, we make clear what is doing the travelling —— a car, a bus, a plane or whatever it may be.首先，我们要搞清旅行工具，例如小汽车、公共汽车、飞机或别的可用工具。
3.发展体育运动，增强人民体质。
Promote physical culture and build up people’s health.4.东海缺少白玉床，龙王请来金陵王。
If the Dra gon King wants a white jade bed, he applies to the Wangs of Jinling, it’s said.2. Complex vs. Simplex (简约与繁复)The English complex sentences are often like chains with clauses linking clauses. On the other hand, the Chinese sentences or clauses tend to be short and simple in structure. They are flowing and simplex, with one clause following the other rather in a line.Illustrative examples:1. The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have yet been invented.月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在移动，我们用当今发明的最高倍率的望远镜，也不能看见它们。
2. As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.我们就住在路边，过路人或外乡人常到我们这里，尝尝我们家酿的醋栗酒。
这种酒很有名气。
我敢说，尝过的人，从没有挑剔过。
我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住。
3. 文章做到极处，无有他奇，只有恰好；人品做到极处，无有他异，只有本然。
——洪应明：菜根谭When a piece of writing reaches the acme of perfection it is not because it contains some miraculous ingredient, but because it is written in exactly the right way. When a man refines his moral character to the point of perfection he does so not with the aid of any magic formula but by letting his pure inborn mature shine forth.3. End-weight vs. Top-heavy (正三角与倒三角)In an English sentence, the shorter elements usually go before longer ones in arrangement order, thus the weight of the sentence is put at the end, and the whole sentence looks like a pyramid. The arrangement of a Chinese sentence seems quite the opposite, where the important elements are often said at the beginning of a sentence. So it looks like an inverted pyramid or triangle. Illustrative examples:1. Gone are the days when we Chinese people depended on foreign steel.中国人民靠洋钢的日子已一去不复返了。
2. Before them lay miles of miles of beautiful plain with lots of wild animals among the grass.美丽的草原，茵茵的绿草，野生动物成群结队，绵延数英里，展现在眼前。
3. 普通人在办公处和家庭中使用电子计算机的时代已经到来。
The time has come when ordinary people can use electronic computers both in the office and at home.4. 学科技、学英语，对社会主义现代化建设很重要。
It is important to study English as well as science and technology for our socialistmodernization drive.4. Subject-prominent vs. Topic-prominent（主语突出与主题突出）In an English sentence, prominence is usually given to the subject. There are five basic sentence patterns in English: SV, SVC, SVO, SVO1O2, SVOC, all with SV as its essentials. On the other hand, a Chinese sentence often lays emphasis on the thought or notion, so it is based on the thought pivot.Illustrative examples:1. A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.有一种方言这间屋子里的每个语言学家都懂得。
比较：在这房间里的每位语言学家都懂一种方言。
2. You don’t grow the grain you eat and you don’t make the clothes you wear.你吃的粮食不是你自己种的，你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的。
比较：你不种……3. 1978年改革开放开始了。
The year 1978 saw the beginnings of the reform and opening to the outside world.4. 我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。
We have won one victory after another for our cause.Or: A series of victories have been won for our cause.5. Static vs. Dynamic(静态与动态)In a simple English sentence or in an English clause, only one verb is used as the predict of the sentence or clause. In a Chinese sentence, a number of verbs can be used as its predict at the same time, so we may say that the Chinese is rather “dynamic” while the English is “static”. Illustrative examples:1. A mastery of Chinese and English is essential for E-C or C-E translation.做英汉/汉英翻译必须掌握好汉语与英语。
