英语修辞手法（English rhetoric）
1) Simile：(明喻）
It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we
associate with one to the other 明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though 等For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.
2) Metaphor：(暗喻）
It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之
间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.
3) Analogy: (类比）
It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.
4) Personification: (拟人）
It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象).拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物
拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“Watching Ants”) 一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。For example, the wind whistled through the trees.
5) Hyperbole: (夸张）
It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. 夸张（hyperbole）
这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。1、My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。For instance, he almost died laughing.
6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）
It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.
For instance, It is no laughing matter.
7) Euphemism: (委婉）
It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as”pass away".
8) Metonymy (转喻）
It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
1、Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them...
几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“word”在这里代替了“news, information”（消息、信息）
2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”.
艾尔用眼睛说，“是的”。
“说”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。
9) Synecdoche (提喻）
It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. 提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。
1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。句中的“the flesh
and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in
silks.
10) Antonomasia (换喻）
It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.
11) Pun: (双关语）
It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. 双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)/ Napoleon was astonished.”Either
you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一词一语双
关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役
12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙）
It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of
a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing lim
b and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)
13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）
It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the
moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)
14) Irony: (反语）
It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.反语（irony）是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.
啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beggar”而已。
For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.
15) Innuendo: (暗讽）
It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.
16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）
It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps
break through.
17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）
It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.
18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）
It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).
19) Antithesis: (对照）
It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.
20) Epigram: (警句）
It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.
21) Climax: (渐进）
It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.
22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）
It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die,
and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.
23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）
In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!
24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）
It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an
adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰)
to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless
nights on my project.
25) Alliteration: (头韵）
It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For
instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. 头韵法
（alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增
强语言的节奏感。How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.
26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）
It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement. 拟声（onomatcpocia）是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使
语言显得生动，富有表现力。
1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.
在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。
2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one.
她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西，如阳光呀，丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀，昆虫的叫声呀，开
门的吱嗄声呀，亲人的说话声呀。
Eg: On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing./ She
brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight, the rustling
of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one.
27）叠言（rhetorical repetition）
这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。
1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who
believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.
它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。
2、... Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients,
less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.
因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人，更少痛苦，更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，和
更少残废。
28）通感（synesthesia）
是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.
有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。
书是“尝”不出味道的，也是不能“吃”下去将其“消化”掉的。这里把读书中的精读和泛读，阅读欣赏
与吸收知识的感受，用味觉功能和消化功能来表示，心理感受是如此逼真和奇特
《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲 一、教师或教学团队信息 教师姓名职称办公室电话电子信箱徐桦副教授 本教师教授过的本科课程有：综合英语、英语泛读、英语视听说、英语写作、商务英语写作、英语语言风格、英语修辞学、英语词汇学等。所教授的英语写作获得2014年度学院“精彩课堂”奖；所教授的英语写作、英语词汇学、英语修辞学等课程获得学生评教高分。 本教师主要研究方向为英语课程论和英语写作教学。参加编写过多种英语词典、英语专业课本、和英语教辅书籍，其中参与编写的《英语语言学与教学丛书·写作教程系列》获2008年度上海师范大学教学成果三等奖。撰写和发表重要专业论文十余篇。担任2006-2008年度上海师范大学精品课程建设项目“中级英语写作”项目以及2009-2011年度上海市教委重点课程“英语写作基础”系列课程项目负责人。 二、课程基本信息 课程名称（中文）：英语修辞学 课程名称（英文）：English Rhetoric 课程类别：□通识必修课□通识选修课□专业必修课专业方向课 □专业拓展课□实践性环节 课程性质*：学术知识性方法技能性□研究探索性□实践体验性 课程代码： 周学时：2总学时：32 *2 学分: 4 先修课程：英语写作，英语语法 授课对象：英语（师范）专业本科三年级（5+6学期） 三、课程简介 本课程作为一门选修课程，向具备英语写作基础的学生介绍现代英语修辞学的研究内容、方法和主要修辞手段的运用；教学内容涉及词法、句法和段篇的修
辞特色、组织安排及表达手段。教学目的是让学生了解英语语言较深层次的表达特点和规律，辨别英汉修辞技巧的异同，能够利用修辞知识分析英语读物，提高欣赏水平和语言修养，并恰当地使用修辞手段，提高语言交际效果。 本课程对于高年级的英语语言文学专业的学生是不可或缺的学习领域及环节，它集理论性和实践性为一身，具备较高的实用价值，对于提升学生的专业水平具有重要帮助。 四、课程目标 英语修辞学的教学内容涉及词法、句法和段篇的修辞特色、组织安排及表达手段；通过修辞中的美学和非美学两套标准，系统传授英语修辞学的相关理论及实践技巧。教学目的是让学生了解英语语言较深层次的表达特点和规律，辨别英汉文化及修辞技巧的异同，能够利用修辞知识分析英语读物，提高欣赏水平和语言修养，并恰当地使用修辞手段，提高笔头及口头的语言表达效果。总之，本课程旨在培养学生针对不同目的、场景、对象，使用相应风格的英语交际能力，以及一定的研究英语语言有效表达的学术素养。 五、教学内容与进度安排*（满足对应课程标准的第2条） 本课程内容分三个大方面，第一方面为现代修辞学的研究对象、内容和方法，英语修辞活动的层次；第二方面为不同句法的修辞特色，短篇组织安排，文章写作和修改；第三方面为一些专题研究内容以及常用修辞格。
English Rhetoric 英语修辞学 I. Connotation of Rhetoric：rhetoric的含义 1. Rhetoric may be used as an ordinary（普通用词）word and a technical term（专业术语）. 1) As an ordinary word, rhetoric in a derogatory sense means “skilful argumentation”（巧辩）and “empty or exaggerated eloquence”（虚夸的话）. e.g. the exaggerated rhetoric of presidential campaigns（总统竞选期间唱 的高调）；the empty rhetoric of the politicians（政客们的花言巧语）; flowery rhetoric（华丽的辞藻） Rhetoric also means (1) “language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience”（言语，辞令）, e.g. employ stirring rhetoric; soothing rhetoric; glowing rhetoric (2) “a rtistic language”（艺术语言）, e.g. the rhetoric of fiction（小说的艺术语言）; the rhetoric of film(电影语言); body rhetoric(肢体语言) 2) As a technical term, rhetoric has several senses. In America, the writing course or the writing textbook is entitled “rhetoric”. Apart from the above senses, rhetoric also has the following important senses: (1) Speaking rhetoric（演讲修辞）: the art of speaking (2) Compositional rhetoric（写作修辞）: the art of writing (3) Stylistic rhetoric（风格修辞，文体修辞）: the style of writing 2. Rhetoric may also be subdivided into the following:
英语修辞学-亚里士多德的三种说服方式
亚里士多德的三种说服方式 亚里士多德认为修辞演讲就是对听众的一种说服，让听众形成某种判断，认同、赞成并采纳自己所持的观点或采取某种行动，因而修辞学的目标就是研究如何能够达到最大的劝说效果。亚里士多德在《修辞学》第一卷第2章和第二卷18至26章中就如何取得说服的成功作了较为全面系统的阐述。他认为演说取得成功有两种手段，一类是不属于技术范围的或“非人工的”手段(inarti ficial proofs) ，如证据、证人、法律条文等这些已经存在无须演说者提供只需要恰当地加以利用即可的条件，另一类是属于技术范围的或“人工的”手段( artificial proofs) ，即需要演讲者凭借修辞方法达成的说服论证。亚里士 多德提出了属于技术范围的三种基本说服方式——人品诉求（et hos）、情感诉求(pathos)和理性诉求(logos)。 人品诉求是指修辞者的道德品质、人格威信，亚里士多德称人品诉求是“最有效的说服手段”，所以演讲者必须具备聪慧、美德、善意等能够使听众觉得可信的品质，因为“人格对于说服几乎可以说是起支配作用的因素”(Kenn edy 1991: 38) 。“当演说者的话令人相信的时候，他是凭他的性格来说服人，因为我们在任何事情上一般都更相信好人”（亚里士多德 1991：29）。一位成功的演说家在演讲中“除了设法使受众成员进入最有利于说服工作获得成功的感情状态以及向他们‘摆事实，讲道理’之外，还必须展示出一种能赢得他们尊重和信赖，对他们具有感召力的人格，并利用这一人格所具有的威信来影响他们的决定”(刘亚猛 2004：165) 。人品诉求不仅仅是演讲者与听众建立可信性的桥梁，同时也是对雅典人所认为的可信人群品质的研究。 情感诉求是指通过对听众心理的了解来诉诸他们的感情，用言辞去打动听众，即我们通常所说的“动之以情”。它是通过调动听众情感以产生说服的效力，或者说是一种“情绪论证”(pathetic proofs) ，主要依靠使听众处于某种心情而产生。演讲者通过带有倾向性或暗示性的语句向听众施加某种信仰和情感来激起感情并最终促使他们产生行动，可以说，“对情感诉求的研究是一
1.1 Alliteration safe and sound 1.2 Consonance rou gh and tou gh 1.3Assonance f ai r and sq ua re 1.4 Rhyme fit or fat 1.5 Onomatopoeia The stream is murmuring through the woods. 2.1 Simile The gossip is like a net that strangled her. The news is like a dagger to his heart. He has no more idea of money than a cow. His voice sounded like a thunder in the hall. The machine-gun was shooting down the enemy like a mower cutting down grass. Habit is likened to a cable; Every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it. 2.2 Metaphor The night was pitch-black. At last he felt a ray of hope. The hallway was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight. Not all slim girls are paper tigers. He was a walking encyclopedia. Applications for jobs flooded the Employment Agency. 2.3 Metonymy
《英语修辞学》教学大纲 （学分 2 ，总学时36 ）一、课程的性质与任务 本课程是英语专业本科学生的知识深化课程之一，系统介绍英语修辞学的基本原理和实践。本课程的任务是通过介绍修辞的基本概念、语言各个层面的修辞规律及修辞手法，帮助学生从语言角度对使用英语过程中所接触的修辞现象进行归纳整理，拓展学生的视野，提高进一步使用英语的能力。 二、课程讲授内容、基本要求与学时分配 （一）导论2学时 1. 了解英语中“rhetoric”的意义 2. 掌握现代修辞学的定义，了解其研究对象 （二）影响修辞活动的要素2学时 1. 掌握信息与使用场合、与受话者之间的关系 2. 理解语气如何反映其间的关系 （三）词汇的修辞4学时 1. 了解英语选字遣词的修辞规律，包括词汇的恰当性、精确性和选用简洁的表达方式 2. 掌握其应用 （四）句子的修辞4学时 1. 了解英语连词组句的修辞规律，包括句子的清晰性、统一性、连贯性、强调性和多样性 2. 掌握其应用 （五）段落的修辞4学时 1. 了解英语段落构成的修辞规律，包括段落的统一性、连贯性和段落的展开 2. 掌握其应用 （六）语篇的修辞4学时 1. 了解英语语篇构成的修辞规律，包括语篇的目的、内容、统一性、连贯性和强调性 2. 掌握其应用 （七）语体2学时 1. 了解各种语体的特点，包括日常交际语体、新闻语体、广告语体、科技语体、文学语体 2. 掌握其应用 （八）修辞手段4学时 1. 了解修辞布局和辞格的规律，包括词的修辞布局和结构的修辞布局以及辞格 2. 掌握其应用 三、课程实践内容、基本要求与学时 课程实践形式：课程论文课程实践学时：10学时（第11 周到第15 周） （一）课程论文的目的与任务 1．目的 （1）培养学生综合运用所学知识的能力。 （2）提高学生的理论分析、论文写作、查阅文献资料等方面的能力。 2．任务 根据任课教师每一讲所给思考题拟定课程论文题目并撰写成文。 （二）课程论文的基本要求 本课程论文的撰写主要是检验学生所学语言学知识水平，重视和培养学生学术素养和专业思维能力，是开展研究性学习的重要举措。 1．选题要求：符合教学大纲要求，使学生理论联系实际得到全面的综合训练，题目难度应适合
1.Alliteration 头韵heart,home 2.Assonance 元韵late,make 3.Consonance 辅韵sing,rang 4.Onomatopoeia 拟声The stream murmurs through the woods. Aposiopesis 跳脱“You’d better do this or else…” Apostrophe 呼语Captain!my captain!rise up and hear the bells: Pun 双关ball:(1)any round or spherical object (2)a formal social dance Repetition 重复The rain pours and pours. Anaphora 首语重复法Light come,light go. Epiphora 句末重复法Waste not,want not. Simploce首结语重复法This is the world’s fight,This is civilization’s fight. anadiplosis 顶针With Bewick on my knee,I was then happy:happy at least in my way. Parallelism 平行结构The young actor was tall,dark,and handsome. Antithesis 对偶Marriage is easy,housekeepin g is hard. Climax 层进法We want peace,we want freedom,we want a better life. Anticlimax 突降法Where shall I find hope,happiness,friends,cigarettes Syllepsis 一语双叙He lost his coat and his temper. Zeugma 轭式修辞法We ate a bun and a glass of milk. Chiasmus 回文One should eat to live,not live to eat. Asyndeton 连词省略法Nothing is insider them,they were sealed up before the creation of pestilence. Polysyndeton 连词叠用法I am a a body, a mind. Rhetorical question 反问Isn’t it the best choice Simile 明喻Time flies like an arrow. Metaphor 暗喻You are my sunshine. Metonymy 借喻He has a good ear for music. Synecdoche 提喻He paid the workers $5 per head. Antonomasia 换称Hitler---a tyrant Personification 拟人The bird is singing joyfully. Parody 仿拟I had no outlook,but an uplook rather. Synesthesia 通感The music breathing from her face. Transferred epithet 移情a sleepless bed
Comparison B etween “S imile”and “明喻” 西方语言学院 英教一班 2012061037 朱晶
Compariso n Between “Simile”and “明喻” Abstract : I write this paper to describe the comparison between “simile”and “明喻”. Firstly , I describe the use of simile . And then tell you the use of 明喻. At last , I compare “simile” with “明喻” and tell the differences between them . Key words : simile ,明喻，difference , compare The words “simile”derives from a Latin word “similis”, meaning “like” . In rhetoric , simile is a figure of speech by which two concepts or two dissimilar things are imaginatively and descriptively compared because they have at least one quality or characteristic in common or in resemblance . As one of the commonest figures of speech in English , its main function is to draw sharp pictures in the mind through comparisons , to give deeper insight into things , persons and ideas through suggestive association , or to explain abstract , complicated ideas in simple , concrete imagery . Firstly , a simile should have the comparative words such as “like” , “as” , or “as if” and so on . Secondly , there should be two things involved in comparison --- the primary term ( tenor ) and the secondary term (vehicle ) . Then , the two things must be substantially different . Last but not the least , the two things should be similar in at least one quality . Eg : (1)He is as cunning as a fox. (2)The tiger is as brave as the lion. A simile can be divided into three kinds : descriptive , illuminative and illustrative . Descriptive means that pure description of persons, things, natural scenery, and action has always been the chief use to which similes have been put. A good descriptive simile can draw sharper pictures in the mind than could possibly be done by any other means, and with much more brevity. Eg : The moon was like a slender shaving thrown up from a bar of gold . While the descriptive simile attempts to draw images of people, things, etc., through figurative comparison, the illuminative simile tries to give deeper insight into persons, things, ideas, even problems, through suggestive association; to throw light, as it were, onto what would otherwise be inconceivable to ordinary people. Eg: He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. Illustrative similes are relatively easy to understand as compared with the illuminative ones . They are often used in scientific , and technological writing .
英汉语言系统对比与翻译 一、被动与主动 （一）英语多用被动式原因 1、施事的原因。 2、句法的要求。 （1）为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接。 （2）为了使句子平衡。 （3）修辞的考虑。 （4）文体的需要。 （二）汉英多主动式原因 1、汉语被动式的使用受到限制。 2、使用受事主语(Receptor subject)导致大量的“当然被动句”。 3、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。 4、当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以采用通称(generic person)或泛称作主语。 5、当不便使用被动式时，汉语可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义。 （1）处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”) （2）“为……所”式。 （3）“是……的”式。 （4）“……的是” （5）“……加以／予以”式。 二、物称与人称（Impersonal vs Personal ） （一）、英语常用非人称，主语汉语常用人称主语 1、用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语。 2用非人称代词“it”作主语。代词“it”除了用来代替除人以外的生物或事物之外还广泛用作填补词expletive。 （二）英语常用被动式，采用物称表达法：汉语常用主动式，采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。 三、静态与动态（Static vs. Dynamic) 1、名词化倾向是英语的特征之一 2、名词作为施事者对动词的替代 3、名词构成标题式短语对形容词的替代 4、名词优势引起的介词优势 5、动词的弱化 6、形容词副词对动词的替代 7、动词连用是汉语的常态 8、动词可以充当汉语的任何句子成份 9、汉语句子中的动词可重复重叠
修辞手法(figure of speech)修辞手法是通过修饰、调整语句，运用特定的表达形式以提高语言表达作用的方式和方法。修辞不仅仅在中文里很常见，在英文里也是多种多样。这篇文章里，我们就来谈一谈英文中常见的修辞手法。 1.simile1明喻 A simile is a figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly3 compared, usually in a phrase introduced by like or as. 明喻是常用as或like等词将两种不同事物通过比较而连接起来的一种修辞手法。 让我们看几个例子： Good coffee is like friendship: rich and warm and strong. 好的咖啡如同友谊，丰厚，温暖，热烈。 Life is rather like opening a tin of sardines4. We're all of us looking for the key. 人生就像一罐沙丁鱼，我们大家都在找开启的起子。 He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen from him to crow. 他这人就像一只骄傲的公鸡，以为太阳升起是为了它的啼叫。 2.metaphor5暗喻 A metaphor is a trope or figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common. 暗喻是将两种有共同点的不同事物进行隐晦比较的修辞手法。 明喻与暗喻的不同点就在于是否有出现like或者as(像)这一类比喻词，下面这几个句子都是暗喻： Humor is the shock absorber of life; it helps us take action. 幽默是生活的减震器,它可以鼓舞人们付诸于行动。 Time, you thief. 时间，你这个小偷。 But my heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill. 可是我的心是孤独的猎手，在孤独的小山上狩猎。 3.personification拟人 Personifiation is a figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities. 拟人是一种为无生命或抽象物体赋予人类特质与能力的修辞手法。 Oreo: Milk’s fav orite cookie. 奥利奥：牛奶最喜爱的曲奇。 The wind stood up and gave a shout. 大风凛冽,发出怒吼。 The only monster here is the gambling6 monster that has enslaved your mother! I call him Gamblor, and it's time to snatch your mother from his neon claws! 这里唯一的怪物就是赌博怪物，它将你母亲沦为奴隶!我叫它赌棍，该把你母亲从他的霓虹灯魔爪下救出来的时候了! 4.euphemism7委婉语 Euphemism is the substitution of an inoffensive expression for one considered offensively explicit2 委婉语是使用较委婉含蓄的语言替换强烈冒犯的话语。
《英语修辞学》教学大纲 修订单位: 韩山师范学院外语系 执笔人: 张若兰 一. 课程基本信息 1. 课程中文名称：英语修辞学 2. 课程英文名称：English Rhetoric 3. 课程类别：任选 4. 适应专业：英语（师范类）本科 5. 总学时：36 6. 总学分：2 二．本课程在教学计划中的地位、作用和任务 《英语修辞学》是为英语专业高年级学生开设的一门专业任意选修课。该课程通过系统的讲授，使学生掌握英语修辞的基本原理及其应用，从而达到写作时语言更加贴切，意义更加清晰，表达更加生动；阅读时更加准确地理解作者的写作意图、文体风格和写作技巧，从本质上了解英语，掌握英语，提高阅读能力、写作能力和文学欣赏水平和语言修养。 三．教学内容与教学基本要求 教学内容: Chapter One：Syntactic Devices (句法辞格) (6课时) 本章内容包括： 1．长句和短句(Long and short sentences)； 2．简单句(The simple sentence)； 3．复合句(The compound sentence)； 4．分枝句(Branching sentences)； 5．主动和被动句(The active and the passive voiced sentences)； 6．平衡句(Syntactic schemes of balance)----排比句(parallelism)；对偶句(antithesis)；逆转反复句(chiasmus)； 7．倒装句(Syntactic scheme of inversion)----省略句(ellipsis)；局部省略句(fragmentary elliptical sentence)；连词省略/散珠(asyndeton)；跳脱(aposiopesis)； 8．添加句（Syntactic scheme of addition or insertion）----连词叠用(polysyndeton)；修正法/换语(epanorthosis)；注释法(exegesis)；扩充法(exergasia) ；并列法(apposition) ；插入法(parenthesis)； 9．反复句(Syntactic scheme of repetition)---二项式(binomials)；三项式(trinomials)；多项式(catalogues)；首语重复(syntactic anaphora)；尾语重复(syntactic epiphorea)；首尾语重复(syntactic framing)； 10．层进与突降(Syntactic scheme of climax and anticlimax)----(climax)；(anticlimax or bathos) 11．修辞问句(Rhetoric question)； 12．顿呼(Apostrophe)。 重点：掌握各种句法辞格的概念和应用。 难点：平衡句、倒装句、添加句三类句子的理解。 Chapter Two：Lexical Devices (词法辞格)（8课时） 本章包括两部分：词汇选择和词的反复。 1．词汇选择(Lexical options)：长词或短词(short words or long words)；普通词或学究词(common words or learned words)；正规、非正规或口语词(formal, informal or colloquial
英语修辞学考试试题 i、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每题2分，共40分) choose the best answer from the choices given: 1. in the end ， he __________. [ ] a. got invited b. gets invited c. was invited d. was to be invited 2. he wore dark glasses to avoid __________. [ ] a. having been spotted b. to be spotted c. spotted d. being spotted 3. a new theory __________ before it can be put into practice. [ ] a. must be tested b. be tested c. can be tested d. to be tested 4. sooner than __________ for others， she started her own business. [ ] a. working b. worked c. to work d. work 5. i can‘t afford as __________ car as this one. [ ] a. expensive a b. an expensive c. a more expensive d. a most expensive, 6. do what i tell you -__________～ [ ] a. or else b. or so c. and that d. and do 7. this is the house __________ windows were broken. [ ] a. whose b. which c. its d. of which 8. a hot shower， a cup of milk， a bag of potato chips， and then a good sleep __________ the luxury that he needed after the examination. [ ] a. are b. was c. were d. is,
外国语言文学类本科生培养方案 一、培养目标 总体培养目标： 培养具有扎实的外语语言基础和较广泛的相关学科知识，能在外事、经贸、文化、新闻、教育、科研、旅游等部门从事翻译、研究、教学、管理等工作的复合型拔尖外语人才。 英语专业培养目标： 本专业培养具有扎实的英语语言基础和较广泛的相关学科知识，能在外事、经贸、文化、新闻、教育、科研、旅游等部门从事翻译、研究、教学、管理等工作的复合型拔尖英语人才。 法语专业培养目标： 本专业培养具有扎实的法语语言基础和较广泛的相关学科知识，能在外事、经贸、文化、新闻、教育、科研、旅游等部门从事翻译、研究、教学和管理工作的高级法语专门人才。 日语专业培养目标： 本专业培养具有扎实的日语语言基础和较广泛的相关学科知识，能在外事、经贸、文化、新闻、教育、科研、旅游等部门从事翻译、研究、教学、管理等工作的复合型拔尖日语人才。 二、培养要求 英语专业培养要求： 本专业按照“以人为本、自主发展、夯实基础、拓展方向”的原则，培养学生具有英语语言、文学、历史、政治、经济、外交、科技、文化等方面的基本理论和基本知识，接受英语听、说、读、写、译等方面的良好训练，掌握一定的科研方法，具有从事翻译、研究、教学、管理等工作的业务水平。 毕业生应主要获得以下几个方面的知识和能力： 1、具有扎实的英语语言基础和熟练的听、说、读、写、译能力。 2、掌握语言学、文学、经贸、翻译等方面的专业知识。 3、了解我国国情和英语国家的社会和文化。 4、具有一定的第二外国语的实际应用能力。 5、具有计算机基本操作技能和熟练的文字处理能力及上网进行文献检索、资料查询的 能力。 6、具有初步的科学研究能力。 7、具备良好的道德素质、业务素质和身体素质。 法语专业培养要求： 本专业按照“以人为本、自主发展、夯实基础、拓展方向”的原则，培养学生具有法语语言、文学、历史、政治、经济、外交、科技、文化等方面的基本理论和基本知识，接受法语听、说、读、写、译等方面的良好训练，掌握一定的科研方法，具有从事翻译、研究、教学、管理等工作的业务水平。 毕业生应主要获得以下几个方面的知识和能力： 1、具有扎实的法语语言基础和熟练的听、说、读、写、译能力。 2、掌握语言学、文学、经贸、翻译等方面的专业知识。
1. 比喻(metaphor)比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻： 明喻(simile)： A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared. 明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较. 用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如：“How like the winter hath my absence been”or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare). 如“我的离开好象是冬天来临” 或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要” （莎士比亚） O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 暗喻(metaphor)：缩写met.，metaph. A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison. 用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如： He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 “a sea of troubles” “忧愁之海” “All the world's a stage”(Shakespeare) “整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚) 2. 换喻(metonymy) 用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol，用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用crown代替king等。例如： His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。 The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。 3. 举隅，提喻(synecdoche) 以局部代表整体（如用手代表水手），以整体代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特殊代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表杀人者），以一般代表特殊（如用贼代表扒手），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用钢代表剑）例如： He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。 He is the Newton of this century. 他是这个世纪的牛顿。 4. 拟人(personification) 拟人，人格化：给无生命的东西或者抽象的东西赋予人的个性或绘以人的形象，把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法。例如：Hunger sat shivering on the road 饥饿站在路上颤抖 Flowers danced about the lawn 花儿在草地上翩翩起舞 My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。
1明喻(simile)明喻是用来表达两种不同事物之间的相似关系,一般用like或as连接。 如: (1) O my luve is like a red,red rose That’s newly sprung in June, O my luve is like a melody That’s sweetly played in tune. (Robert Burns) (2) The young hunter was as strong as a lion and as keen-eycd as an eagle. 类似as…as的用法很普遍,有的成了习惯用语,如: as timid as a mouse as white as snow as black as pitch as busy as a bee Eg.The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2暗喻(metaphor)又称隐喻,暗喻的结构不同于明喻,没有as或like之类的比较关系词,它 是隐含的比较。英语词义通过暗喻方式可以产生转义: When the curtain fell,there was a storm of applause. He was so angry that he stormed about the house. 暗喻多用to be结构来联系相比较的两个不同事物的: The society was his college. The guest is God of us. He is one of the dogs of the rich. Children are flowers of the motherland. Eg.He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 3拟人(personification)比喻可以使无生命的事物具有生命,或者赋予动物以人性,从而造 成某种意象或抒发某种情感。如:an angry sky;the grave yawned;killing half-an-hour;the shoulder of the hill;the foot of the mountain;the dancing daffodils; the thirsty crops. Money talked as sweetly in Athens as it had in Chicago in the old days.(John Dos Passos) My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。 The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。 The wind whistled through the trees. 风穿过树丛，树叶哗哗作响。 1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化） 2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鸟拟人化） 转喻(metonymy) 转喻反映两个密切相关的事物的现实关系,转喻与明喻、暗喻不同,不需要两个事物相比,而是借用一个相关的事物代表本体。因此,转喻是一种用另外一种事物的名