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Chapter 6: Language and CognitionThe relationship between language, reality and cognition:nguage reflects reality2.cognition determines language(reality-cognition-language)nguage determines thoughtthree approaches to the study of language and cognition:the formal approach, the psychological approach, the conceptual approachwhat is psycholinguistics?Is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.Focus: largely unconscious application of grammatical rules that enable people to produce and comprehend intelligible sentences.Six subjects: acquisition, comprehension, production, disorders, language and thought, neurocognitionLanguage acquisition: holophrastic stage, two-word stage, stage of three-word utterance, telegraphic stage.ASL: Language Acquisition DeviceInnatenessChildish creativityWords, regular for irregular, negation, interrogative, imitation and correctionCognitive linguistics: is an approach to language that is based on human experience of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize it.Construal and construal operations: construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation, etc.1.attention/ salience: relates to language, among other things, because we use certain linguisticexpressions to provoke certain patterns of activation.2.judgment and comparison (figure-ground alignment)3.perceptive/ situatednesscategorization: the classification is a mental process, in which human beings analyze, make judgments, generalize. And in this way they understand the objective world. This mental process of classification is now commonly called categorization, and its products are the cognitive categories.1.basic level(principle of similarity, continuation)2.superordinate level3.subordinate levelimage schemas 物理，抽象metaphor: involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other.1.the foundation of Gestalt Psychology (the principle of similarity, proximity, continuation,prominence)2.metaphor as a figure of speech3.conventionalized metaphor4.metaphor as cognitive instrument(time is money)types of metaphor:1.ontological metaphor: inflation is an entity. We are out of trouble now.2.structural metaphor: time is money. Argument is war.3.orientational metaphor: happy is up; sad is down.Novel metaphor: literature metaphor, scientific metaphorMetonymy and metaphor:1.similarities: both are seen being conceptual in natureboth can be conventionalizedboth are means of extending the resources of a languageboth can be explained as mapping processes2.differences: metaphor involves a mapping process across different cognitive domain whilemetonymy is a mapping within one domain, close or relevant domain.Metonymy involves the relation of closeness and salience.General conceptual configuration:1.part for wholewhole for part (bathroom, the united states)2. attribute for entity (he is a size ten, hand)Extending the word meaning:Head:人数：metonymy智力：metonymy首要的：metonymy率领，向…前进：metonymy顶部，源头：metaphor首脑：metaphor。
Chapter 6 Syntax 句法学6.1 Syntax：definition 定义Syntax is a study of sentences:sentence structure and formation 句法学就是对句子的学习。
Syntax can be defined as the branch of linguistics that studies how the words of a language can be combined to make larger units, such as phrases, clauses and sentences.语法可以被定义为语言学的分支研究语言的词汇如何被合并成更大的单位,比如短语和句子,从句。
It studies the interrelationships between elements of the sentence structure and the rules gov erning the production of sentences. 它研究句子中各种成分之间的关系。
句法研究语言的句子结构。
Finite(有限的)number of words and small set of rules can create infinite number of sentences.有限的单词和少量规则能创造无穷尽的句子。
Syntactic knowledge: the intuition of a native speaker about how words are combined to be phrases and and how phrases are combined into sentences. 句法知识:说话者用直觉知道母语词汇如何结合成词组和短语如何组合成的句子。
6.2 Grammar，syntax and morphology 语法、句法学和形态学Grammar ：“the knowledge and study of the morphological and syntactic regularities of a natural lang uage. ”It excludes phonetics, phonology, semantics.语法是关于自然语言形态规则和句法规则的知识和研究。
语言学概论第6章重点Chapter 6 Syntax 句法学6.1 Syntax：definition 定义Syntax is a study of sentences:sentence structure and formation 句法学就是对句子的学习。
Syntax can be defined as the branch of linguistics that studies how the words of a language can be combined to make larger units, such as phrases, clauses and sentences.语法可以被定义为语言学的分支研究语言的词汇如何被合并成更大的单位,比如短语和句子,从句。
It studies the interrelationships between elements of the sentence structure and the rules gov erning the production of sentences. 它研究句子中各种成分之间的关系。
句法研究语言的句子结构。
Finite(有限的)number of words and small set of rules can create infinite number of sentences.有限的单词和少量规则能创造无穷尽的句子。
Syntactic knowledge: the intuition of a native speaker about how words are combined to be phrases and and how phrases are combined into sentences. 句法知识:说话者用直觉知道母语词汇如何结合成词组和短语如何组合成的句子。
6.2 Grammar，syntax and morphology 语法、句法学和形态学Grammar ：“the knowledge and study of the morphological and syntactic regularities of a natural lang ua ge. ”It excludes phonetics, phonology, semantics.语法是关于自然语言形态规则和句法规则的知识和研究。
