Violation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem in a protein system

小学上册英语第二单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The boy is a good ________.2. A chemical reaction can produce _____ and light.3. A hamster sleeps in a cozy ______ (窝).4.What do we call the time when the sun is highest in the sky?A. DawnB. NoonC. DuskD. MidnightB Noon5.The process of neutralization results in water and a ______.6.The man has a funny ________.7.What do you call a place where you can borrow books?A. LibraryB. BookstoreC. SchoolD. Office8.My dad is a ________.9.What is the name of the famous movie about a sinking ship?A. TitanicB. PoseidonC. The Perfect StormD. Master and CommanderA10.My cousin loves to bake ____.11. A _______ (小海星) lives in the ocean.12.The _____ (soil) needs to be rich for healthy plants.13.In a chemical reaction, the total number of atoms must remain constant according to the law of _____ of mass.14.The concept of ecological restoration aims to recover ecosystems to a ______ state.15.The _____ (teacher/student) is helpful.16.The chemical symbol for technetium is ______.17.There is a ______ (bird) in the tree.18.The main gas produced by burning fossil fuels is ______.19.My aunt is very _______ (形容词). 她总是 _______ (动词).20.What is the favorite food of a koala?A. Eucalyptus leavesB. BambooC. FruitsD. Nuts答案:A21.What is the color of an emerald?A. RedB. BlueC. GreenD. YellowC22.We built a castle with our ____. (玩具名称)23.What do we call the system of living things interacting with each other and their environment?A. EcosystemB. CommunityC. PopulationD. HabitatA24.What is the opposite of ‘cold’?A. WarmB. HotC. CoolD. Chilly25.The sun is ______ (shining) brightly today.26.I love to visit my ______.27.The chick hatches from an _______ (蛋).28.How many players are there in a soccer team?A. 5B. 7C. 11D. 13C29.The _____ (nurturing) of plants takes time.30.The sun is _______ (setting) in the evening.31.Bats are the only mammals that can ______.32. A ______ (社区活动) can involve planting trees.33. A ____ is a gentle giant that loves to eat hay.34.What is the color of a typical snowman?A. RedB. WhiteC. YellowD. Green35.The flowers bloom in different _______ (花以不同的_______开放).36.Limestone is formed from the remains of ______ and other organic materials.37.What do we call the act of providing opportunities for success?A. EmpowermentB. SupportC. PromotionD. All of the AboveD38.The stars are ________ in the sky.39.What is the color of the sun?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. RedB40. A parakeet mimics sounds to communicate with other ________________ (鸟).41.I dream of going to ________ (太空) one day.42.Chemical reactions can be influenced by temperature and _____.43.n River basin is known for its diverse ________ (亚马逊河流域以其多样的________而闻名). The Amaz44.The _____ (火烈鸟) is a beautiful bird with long legs.45.The elephant is very ________________ (大).46.I like to ___ my friends. (visit)47.I want to ________ (share) my experiences.48.The chemical formula for chromium(III) oxide is ______.49.What is the capital of Australia?A. SydneyB. MelbourneC. CanberraD. Brisbane50.I enjoy _______ (参加)不同的活动.51.What do we call a person who studies the relationship between biology and culture?A. Biocultural AnthropologistB. SociologistC. AnthropologistD. HistorianA52.The rabbit is ________ in the grass.53.Bears hibernate during the _______ (冬天).54. A ____ has a long, slender body and is very agile.55.What is the name of the famous artist known for his surrealist paintings?A. Salvador DalíB. Pablo PicassoC. Vincent van GoghD. Claude Monet56.The first person to climb Mount Everest was _______ Hillary.57.The symbol for praseodymium is _____.58.I have a plant that likes _____ sunlight.59. A solution with a pH of is considered ______.60.The ________ (生物相互作用) is complex.61.The __________ was a key moment in the fight for independence in America. (波士顿茶党事件)62.What do you call the act of watching something closely?A. ObservingB. ViewingC. GazingD. GlancingA63.The stars are _____ (shining/hiding) in the night sky.64.The __________ (历史的视角变化) can illuminate new truths.65.What is 12 divided by 4?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4C66.The capital city of Sweden is ________.67.The squirrel's bushy tail helps it maintain ______ (平衡).68.What is the name of the famous English playwright known for his tragic plays?A. Charles DickensB. William ShakespeareC. George OrwellD. J.K. RowlingB69.I can learn cooperation with my ________ (玩具).70.Which animal is known for its wisdom?A. OwlB. EagleC. ParrotD. CrowA71.Which animal can fly?A. FishB. BirdC. CatD. DogB72.The state of matter that has a definite shape and volume is ______.73.Which instrument has keys and makes music?A. DrumsB. GuitarC. PianoD. FluteC74. A garden can attract __________ (昆虫).75. A _______ solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve.76.What is the term for the process of water falling to the Earth?A. EvaporationB. PrecipitationC. CondensationD. Filtration77.What is the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. MississippiD. YangtzeB78.They enjoy _____ (watching) movies.79. A balanced chemical equation has the same number of ______ on each side.80.We play soccer _____ (in/on) the field.81.I like to _____ in the swimming pool. (swim)82. A _______ can help to visualize the concept of kinetic energy.83.The Earth's surface is covered by large bodies of ______.84.My favorite movie is __________ because it has a great __________.85.Which animal is known for its long trunk?A. GiraffeB. ElephantC. HippoD. RhinoB86.The _____ (植物整合) fosters harmony with nature.87. A __________ (色素) gives color to plants and flowers.88.Which instrument is played by blowing air into it?A. GuitarB. DrumsC. FluteD. PianoC89.His favorite book is about a ________.90.What is the opposite of friendly?A. HostileB. KindC. SociableD. AmiableA91.The concept of climate justice addresses the ethical dimensions of ______ change.92. A ________ (植物知识普及) can inspire others.93.The chemical formula for table sugar is ______.94.The coffee is ___ (hot/cold).95.Plants need ________ (水) to survive.96.I enjoy listening to the __________ during a storm. (雷声)97.I enjoy ______ stories before bedtime. (reading)98.He is very ___. (smart)99.What is the name of the famous ancient city in Peru?A. Machu PicchuB. TikalC. Chichen ItzaD. PetraA Machu Picchu 100.The __________ is a famous mountain range in Italy. (阿尔卑斯山)。

Zeroth Law of ThermodynamicsIn physics and physical chemistry, the zeroth law of thermodynamics is a generalization about the thermal equilibrium between bodies, or thermodynamic systems, in contact. It results from the definition and properties of temperature.Zeroth law as equivalence relationA system is said to be in thermal equilibrium when its temperature does not change over time. Let A, B, and C be distinct thermodynamic systems or bodies. The zeroth law of thermodynamics can then be expressed as:"If A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with C, A is also in thermalequilibrium with B."The preceding sentence asserts that thermal equilibrium is a Euclidean relation betweenthermodynamic systems. If we also grant that all thermodynamic systems are (trivially) in thermal equilibrium with themselves, then thermal equilibrium is also a reflexive relation. Relations that are both reflexive and Euclidean are equivalence relations. One consequence of this reasoning is that thermal equilibrium is a transitive relation between the temperature T of A, B, and C:if T (A) = T (B)if T (B) = T (C)then T (A) = T (C)Thermal equilibrium between many systemsMany systems are said to be in equilibrium if the small exchanges (due to Brownian motion, for example) between them do not lead to a net change in the total energy summed over all systems.A simple example illustrates why the zeroth law is necessary to complete the equilibrium description.Consider N systems in adiabatic isolation from the rest of the universe (i.e no heat exchange is possible outside of these N systems), all of which have a constant volume and composition, and which can only exchange heat with one another.The combined First and Second Laws relate the fluctuations in total energy, δU , to the temperature of the i th system, T i and the entropy fluctuation in the i th system, δS i as follows:∑=Ni i i S T U δδThe adiabatic isolation of the system from the remaining universe requires that the total sum of the entropy fluctuations vanishes, or:0δ=∑N i i SThat is, entropy can only be exchanged between the N systems. This constraint can be used to rearrange the expression for the total energy fluctuation and obtain:()∑−=Ni i j i S T T U δδwhere T j is the temperature of any system j we may choose to single out among the N systems. Finally, equilibrium requires the total fluctuation in energy to vanish, in which case:()0δ=−∑N i i j i S T Twhich can be thought of as the vanishing of the product of an antisymmetric matrix T i - T j and a vector of entropy fluctuations δS i . In order for a non-trivial solution to exist,δS i≠ 0That is, the determinant of the matrix formed by T i - T j must vanish for all choices of N. However, according to Jacobi's four-square theorem, the determinant of a NxN antisymmetric matrix is always zero if N is odd, although for N even we find that all of the entries must vanish, T i - T j = 0 , in order to obtain a vanishing determinant. Hence T i = T j at equilibrium. This non-intuitive result means that an odd number of systems are always in equilibrium regardless of their temperatures and entropy fluctuations, while equality of temperatures is only required between an even number of systems to achieve equilibrium in the presence of entropy fluctuations.The zeroth law solves this odd vs. even paradox, because it can readily be used to reduce anodd-numbered system to an even number by considering any three of the N systems and eliminating one by application of its principle, and hence reduce the problem to even N which subsequently leads to the same equilibrium condition that we expect in every case, i.e., T i = T j . The same result applies to fluctuations in any extensive quantity, such as volume (yielding the equal pressure condition), or fluctuations in mass (leading to equality of chemical potentials). Hence the zeroth law has implications for a great deal more than temperature alone. In general, we see that the zeroth law breaks a certain kind of asymmetry present in the First and Second Laws. Temperature and the zeroth lawIt is often claimed, for instance by Max Planck in his influential textbook on thermodynamics, that the Zeroth law implies that we can define a "temperature function" or more informally, that we can "construct a thermometer." Just what this means is a topic in the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics.In the space of thermodynamic parameters, zones of constant temperature will form a surface, which provides a natural order of nearby surfaces. It is then simple to construct a global temperature function that provides a continuous ordering of states. Note that the dimensionality of a surface of constant temperature is one less than the number of thermodynamic parameters (thus, for an ideal gas described with 3 thermodynamic parameters p, V and n, it is a 2 dimensional surface). The temperature so defined may indeed not look like the Celsius temperature scale, but it is a temperature function nonetheless.For example, if two systems of ideal gas are in equilibrium, then p1V1/n1 = p2V2/n2 where p i is the pressure in the i th system, V i is the volume, and n i is the "amount" (in moles, or simply the number of atoms) of gas.The surface pV/n = const defines surfaces of equal temperature, and the obvious (but not only) way to label them is to define T so that pV/n = RT, where R is some constant. These systems can now be used as a thermometer to calibrate other systems.HistoryThe term zeroth law was coined by Ralph H. Fowler in the 1920s. This law is arguably the most fundamental of the four numbered laws of thermodynamics. It was called the zeroth law because the need to state it explicitly was not understood until after the First, Second, and Third Laws had been named and become commonplace.The zeroth lawThe zeroth law is a consequence of thermal equilibrium and allows us to conclude that temperature is a well-defined physical quantity. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states:If a body A and a body B are both in equilibrium with each other; then a body C which is in thermal equilibrium with body B will also be in equilibrium with body Aand the temperature of body C is equal to the temperature of body A.It is the zeroth law, because it preceeds the first and second laws of thermodynamics and is also a tacit assumption in both laws.We use the zeroth law when we wish to compare the temperatures of two objects, A and B. We can do this by using a thermometer, C and placing it again object A it reaches thermal equilibrium with object A and measure the temperature of A. Placing the thermometer against object B until thermal equilibrium is reached we measure the temperature of object B. If they are the same temperature then they will be in thermal equilibrium with each other.Figure 1. The Zeroth law of thermodynamics.。

The Violation of Cooperative Principlein English AdvertisingAbstract:The ultimate aim of advertising especially commercial advertising is to attract the attention of the customer, raise customer interest by focusing on and demonstrating advantages and benefits, convince customers that they want and desire the product or service and that it will satisfy their needs, and lead customers towards taking action or purchasing. The advertising language is significant to advertising. In order to achieve the purpose of giving publicity to the commodity, advertisers make great efforts to make the advertising language creative and convincing, thus arouses the desire to purchase of consumer. This paper from the pragmatic perspective to explore the intentional violation of cooperation principle (maxim of quantity, maxim of quality,maxim of relation and maxim of manner) in English advertisement, which makes the advertising language unique and original, thus attracts consumers' attention, arouse their desire to purchase, and finally reach the purpose of advertising.Key word: cooperative principle, advertising language, AIDA, intentional violation1. Brief introduction:1.1 Advertising:Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience (views, readers or listeners) to take some action with respect to products, ideas, or services. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various media; including traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, outdoor or direct mail; or mew media such as websites and text messages.1.2 AIDA (marking):AIDA is an acronym used in marking that describes a common list of events that may be undergone when a person is selling a product or service. The term and approach are attributed to American advertising and sales pioneer, E.ST.Elmo.Lewis.In 1898 Lewis created his AIDA funnel model on customer studies in the salespeople followed a hierarchical, four layer process using the four cognitive phases that buyers follow when accepting a new ides or purchasing a new product.(1) A-Attention: attract the attention of the customer.(2) I-Interest: raise customer interest by focusing on and demonstrating advantagesand benefits (instead of focusing on features, as in traditional advertising). (3) D-Desire: convince customers that they want and desire the product or serviceand that it will satisfy their needs.(4) A-Action: lead customers towards taking action or purchasing.1.3 Cooperative Principle:The philosopher Paul Grice propose four conversational maxims that arise from the pragmatics of natural language, The Gricean Maxims are a way to explain the link between utterances and what is understood from them, The Maxims are based on the cooperative principle, which states. Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged, and is so called because listeners and speakers must speak cooperatively and mutually accept one another to be understood in a particular way. The principle describes how effective communication in conversation is achieved in common social situations and its further broken down into the four Maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relevance, Manner.(1) The maxim of quantity:a. Make your contribution as informative as is required(for the current p urposesof the exchange).b. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality:a. Do not say what you believe to be false.b. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relation:Be relevant.(4) The maxim of manner:a. Avoid obscurity of expression.b. Avoid ambiguity.c. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).d. Be orderly.1.4 Conversational implicature:(1) The speaker deliberately flouts a conversational maxim to convey an additionalmeaning not expressed literally.(2) The speaker’s desire to fulfill two conflicting maxims results in his or herflouting one maxim to invoke the other.(3) The speaker invoke a maxim as a basis for interpreting the utterance ,2. The intentional violation of cooperation principle in English advertisement: 2.1 The maxim of quantity:In speech communication, try you best to make your discourse achieve the requirement of communication amount, but do not exceed the need of information. The maxim of quantity requires advertising company to provide proper information. But the different consumers have different demands, the advertising company can’t introduce all aspects of their goods or services. In order to achieve the advertising purpose and leave more leeway for themselves, advertising companies usually against the maxim of quantity. In this way, the advertisement achieves the purpose of attracting the attention of the customer, raising customer interest, convincing customers and leading customers towards taking action or purchasing.(1) Like father, like son.This is a piece advertising title of Motorola cellular mobile phone company. This advertising doesn’t provide enough information, even read the full title, customers can’t understand what exactly prod uct is promoted. Only read the illustration of the Motorola phones which is on the flank of this title, consumers can understand its meaning .It refers to the Motorola mobile phone has a very long history, and remains as leader of the mobile phone industry, thus shapes a good image in theconsumers' mind. This advertising title violates the maxim of quantity of cooperative principle.(2) Take time to indulge.This is an ice cream advertisement of Nestle. The information of this advertising title is too lit tle, customers can't help thinking what’s enjoy. Only read the instructions, customers are able to know this is an advertisement of Nestle ice cream. In hot summer, accompanying with Nestle ice cream and enjoying ice felling, it’s really as the title sayin g that take time to indulge.This advertising title violates the maxim of quantity of cooperative principle.2.2 The maxim of quality:The maxim of quality requires that do not say what you believe to be false, and do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. But in order to advertise goods better, the merchants often exaggerate the goods in advertisement. The merchants use various kinds of rhetorical tactics in advertising headlines, and it always seems to receive surprise effects. Moreover, in order to avoid subsequent the advertising being voted down by consumers, the merchants often use fuzzy words to escape responsibility, and i n this way, the advertisement achieves the purpose of attracting the attention of the customer, raising customer interest, convincing customers and leading customers towards taking action or purchasing.(1) We can serve everything that is swimming in sea.This is an advertisement of the Singapore seafood restaurant. The literal meaning of this advertisement is that this seafood restaurant can provide customers all the seafood, obviously this is impossible. By using exaggerated rhetoric devices, it wants to offer information that this restaurant can provide various kinds of seafood to customers. This advertising title violates the maxim of quality of cooperative principle.(2) Make a date with 136.000 women every Wednesday.This is an advertising headline of British evening paper. It’s absolutely impossible to date with136, 000 women on Wednesday. Actually, this newspaper sets women lonely hearts' column, this advertisement uses the exaggerated rhetoric devices toinform the male readers that every Wednesday this column will provide abundant information of single women , as well as offer the chances of dating .It seems to persuade the male readers to buy this newspaper as soon as possible. This advertising title violates the maxim of quality of cooperative principle.2.3 The maxim of relation:The maxim of relation stresses correlation of the advertising language, that is to say the correlation between the advertisement and the products. Most people think that the design of advertising language is impossible to violate this rule. But actual situation is the opposite. Because advertisement is to use reason to convince consumers buying their products, making consumers realize the truth and making them determine to purchase goods is the biggest realization of advertising effect. Consumers will more believe the truth which is realized personally. If advertising discourse is too straightforward, sometimes it will cause consumers negative mentality. Do not state the predetermined meaning, but make consumers realize personally, it will strengthen advertising persuasiveness. Merchants will make a phenomenon of evading the question by changing the subject through violating the maxim of relation .but in fact is in order to guide the consumer to realize another meaning through the literal meaning and make advertisement search the heart.In this way, the advertisement achieves the purpose of attracting the attention of the customer, raising customer interest, convincing customers and leading customers towards taking action or purchasing.(1) Less bread, no jam.This is an advertisement which appeared in the London subway station in 1981 .In the advertising title, both bread and jam are food, they seem to have no any relation with traffic. So passengers will naturally associate bread and jam with another meaning but not the expression of food. When bread as slang, it means money, meanwhile, jam means traffic jam. Its expression is that the London underground not only save money but also is unimpeded. This advertising title violates the maxim of relation of cooperative principle.(2) Our big bird can be fed even at night.This is an advertising title of Air France. Airplane and large birds seem to have no relation, but through close inspection, we will find that this title hints the airplane of Air France like large bird, which can fly safely at any time and any place. For those travelers who often go by air but always worry about security, the airplane of Air France is their best choice. This advertising title violates the maxim of relation of cooperative principle.2.4 The maxim of manner:The maxim of manner emphasizes discourse should be clear, be not obscure, be not ambiguous, be brief and orderly. Advertising companies often violate the maxim of avoiding ambiguous, skillfully use the fuzzy expression to improve the charm of advertisement, increase the customers’ interest to the commodity, and s timulate consumer’s fertile imagination and the desire to purchase goods or accept services. (1) If it’s green, we reject it. If it’s too ripe, we reject it. If it’s bruised, we reject it.If if’s diseased, we reject it. If it’s dirty, we reject it. If it’s right, we squash it.This is an advertising title of McDonald's ketchup. In order to illustrate how selective the selection process of ketchup raw materials, and emphasize the selected tomatoes are first-class product. Using repetitive mean in advertising, so that causes customers favorable impression to the commodity and stimulates customers desire of taking action or purchasing. This advertising title violates the maxim of being brief which is the secondary principle of the maxim of manner.(2) Learn to drive fast.This is an advertising title of enrolling learners of British driving school. This title can be understood as "quickly learn to drive a car", also can be understood as "learn driving fast ". Apparently this advertisement’s meaning is the forme r, but its another meaning seems to show that this driving school can satisfy learners the pursuit of driving fast, thus caused the learners' interest. This advertising title violates the maxim of avoiding ambiguity, which is the secondary principle of the maxim of manner.(3) She wants to put her tongue in your tongue in your mouth.This is an advertising title of The Hong Kong Learning Language Center. It appeared on a photo of a middle-aged woman who is smiling but not grin .Some people would think this is an advertising for introduction of marriage, because the literal meaning of this title is that she wants to leave her tongue into your mouth. However, “tongue” can refer to the tongue, and can refer to the language, this advertising actually expresses that she wanted to teach her language to you. This advertising title violates the maxim of avoiding ambiguity, which is the secondary principle of the maxim of manner.(4) We know eggsactly how to sell eggs.This is an egg advertisement of farms “Eggsactly”in this title is an obscure word, but its pronunciation is similar to “exactly”. Actually, it also expresses the meaning that just as it should be just as it should bejusju. The “egg” makes customers clearly know that this advertisement is relate to eggs when they consider the meaning of “Eggsactly” thus deepens consumers the impression of this egg advertisement. This advertising title violates the maxim of avoiding obscurity of expression, which is the secondary principle of the maxim of manner.3. Conclusion:In order to use limited information to maximum attract the attention of consumers, Merchants often through violating cooperation principle to achieve the advertising purposes. During the advertising creativity, the advertising companies through using the fuzzy expression and various kinds of rhetoric to attract consumers’ attention to the advertising commodities or services. And stimulate customers’ curiosity and desire to purchase. Meanwhile, making consumers through the literal meaning of discourse to infer its inner conversational implicature, thus leaves consumers a deep expression of the advertising commodities or services. In this way, the advertisement achieves the purpose of attracting the attention of the customer, raising customer interest, convincing and leading customers towards taking action or purchasing. Bibliography:/wiki/Cooperative_principle_of_conversation /wiki/Conversational_implicature/wiki/AIDA_(marketing)/wiki/AdvertisingPragmatics: theories and application/ Jiang Wangqi。

南充2024年04版小学4年级上册英语第一单元期末试卷(含答案)考试时间：80分钟（总分:110）B卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 选择题：What is a baby goat called?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. Foal答案: B2. 选择题：What is the name of the famous painting by Vincent van Gogh?A. The Starry NightB. The ScreamC. Girl with a Pearl EarringD. The Persistence of Memory答案:A3. 选择题：What is the name of the famous ancient city in Greece?A. AthensB. CorinthC. DelphiD. All of the above4. 填空题：The flowers bloom brightly in the _______.5. 填空题：The parrot's beak is strong enough to crack ________________ (坚果).6. 听力题：A chemical property that indicates the tendency of a substance to oxidize is called its_____ potential.7. 听力填空题：I think nature is beautiful. My favorite natural scenery is __________.8. 听力题：An atom's identity is determined by the number of _____ it has.9. 填空题：When I finish my homework, I reward myself with some time to play with my_________ (玩具).10. 听力题：The symbol for argon is _______.11. 选择题：How many legs does an octopus have?A. 6B. 8C. 10D. 1212. 填空题：I keep my __________ (玩具名) in a special __________ (地方).13. 填空题：I call my dad “________” (爸爸) when I need his help with something.14. 填空题：Plants release oxygen through the process of ______. (植物通过光合作用释放氧气。

FedEx Express IATA VariationsThe following are FedEx Express exceptions to International Air Transport Association (IATA) dangerous goods regulations. This information is excerpted from the 2019 IATA DangerousGoods Manual.FX-01a)Class 1 articles and substances offered on FedEx International Priority Freight® (IPF),FedEx International Premium® (IP1) or FedEx International Express Freight® (IXF) may requirea pre-alert or pre-approval. Call FedEx Express® Freight Customer Service at (877) 398-5851for information (see Packing Instructions 101–143). Any Class 1 shipments originating in anon-U.S. location require pre-approval. Call your local FedEx customer service number and askfor FedEx Express Freight customer service.b) FedEx Express will not accept for transport any explosives assigned to Division 1.3.FX-02a) Except for UN 1230 – Methanol and Excepted Quantities (EQ), substances with a primary or subsidiary hazard of Division 6.1 in Packing Group I or II:•With an origin and destination within the USA, including Puerto Rico, will only be accepted if in approved DOT Special Permit (SP) packaging;•Will only be accepted for international transport in UN Specification packaging that meetsPacking Group I performance standards.Note: Subsidiary hazards of Division 6.1 without a Packing Group are not subject to FX-02a.b) Poison Inhalation Hazard (PIH) with a hazard zone “A” or any Class 2 substance with a toxic primary or subsidiary risk label will not be accepted for carriage.c) Polychlorinated biphenyls: The following Class 9 materials, if known or suspected to contain PCBs, must be packaged as follows — for liquids: IP3 or IP3A inner metal packaging with absorbent material utilized to fill all available space; for solids: any inner packaging as per applicable packing instruction is permitted. Outer packaging must be a 1A2 steel drum, 4H2 plastic box, USA DOT-SP 8249, 9168 or 11248 (see Packing Instruction [–] listed after each substance):UN Number — DescriptionUN 2315 —Polychlorinated biphenyls, liquid [964]UN 3077 —Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s. [956, Y956]UN 3082 —Environmentally hazardous substances, liquid, n.o.s. [964, Y964]UN 3432 —Polychlorinated biphenyls, solid [956]d) All U.S. domestic shipments of Division 4.3 must be offered either under a limited quantity “Y” prefix Packing Instruction or offered using a DOT special permit that does not require placardingfor road transport. Shipments originating in the U.S. and destined for a non-U.S. location must be offered under a limited quantity “Y” prefix Packing Instruction or dropped off at a FedEx Express staffed facility that accepts dangerous goods. Shipments originating in non-U.S. locations destined for a U.S. location must either be offered under a limited quantity “Y” prefix Packing Instruction or sent as hold for pickup at a staffed FedEx Express facility that accepts dangerous goods.e) FedEx Express will only accept Oxygen, compressed (UN 1072) in packaging with the tested specification mark of DOT31FP. This is a global requirement regardless of origin or destination (see Packing Instruction 200 and USG-15(d)). The package must conform to 49 Code of Federalmark of DOT31FP will be required in addition to the specification container utilized and marked for all UN numbers listed in USG-18 which include UN 3156, UN 3157, UN 2451, UN 1070 and UN 3356. FX-03a)Class 7 substances offered on FedEx International Priority Freight (IPF), FedEx International Premium (IP1) or FedEx International Express Freight (IXF) may require a pre-alert or pre-approval. Call (877) 398-5851 for additional information. The following UN numbers are prohibited when the contents include Plutonium 239 (PU 239) or Plutonium 241 (PU 241): UN 3324, UN 3325, UN 3326, UN 3327, UN 3328, UN 3329, UN 3330, UN 3331 and UN 3333.b) FedEx Express will not accept labeled radioactive material with a subsidiary risk of 1.4, 3, 4.1, 4.2,4.3,5.1, 5.2, 8, or 2.2 with a Cargo Aircraft Only label unless the shipper has been pre-approved. Class 7 shipments originating in a non-U.S. location require pre-approval. Call your local FedEx customer service number and ask for FedEx Express Freight customer service.c) All fissile shipments worldwide require pre-approval. 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VTUG-PT-LBrief description80318671402NH [8031869]Original:deValve terminal type VTUG-PT-L1Range of application and certificationsThe VTUG valve terminal with interlock (type VTUG-PT-L)is used exclusively for control of pneumatic actuators within the limits of the technical data and is inten-ded for installation in machines and automation systems.The VTUG-PT-L is intended for use in an industrial environment.The target group of this description consists of trained specialists in control and automation technology who have experience with the installation of valve terminals.WarningDanger of injury through uncontrolled movements of connected equipment.Make sure that electrical and pneumatic equipment are in a de-energised and pressureless status.Before working on the pneumatics:•Switch off the compressed air supply •Vent the valve terminalBefore working on the electrical components,e.g.before installation or mainten-ance work:•Switch off the power supply In this way,you can avoid:–uncontrolled movements of loose tubing–accidental and uncontrolled movements of the connected actuators –undefined switching states of the electronics –functional damage.NoteInstallation and commissioning should only be carried out by qualified personnel in accordance with this brief mission a valve terminal only if it has been completely mounted and wired!Employ the valve terminal VTUG-PT-L only in conformity with protection class IP40.NoteIO-Link®and TORX®are registered trademarks of the respective trademark owners in certain countries.NoteCertain configurations of the product have been certified by Underwriters Labor-atories Inc.(UL)for the USA and Canada ( Title).If the UL requirements are to be complied with in your application,please ob-serve the regulations of the separate UL-specific special documentation.The relevant technical data listed there also apply here.2Pilot air supply for pilot controlThe VTUG valve terminal is configured for operation with internal or external pilot air depending on your order.Internal pilot air supplyThe pilot pressure is branched from duct 1for internal pilot air supply.If your VTUG valve terminal is configured for internal pilot air supply,the ports 14in the mani-fold rail are sealed with blanking plugs.External pilot air supplyThe pilot pressure is supplied via port 14for external pilot air supply.If your VTUG valve terminal is configured for external pilot air supply,a special blanking screw is fitted in the manifold rail ( Fig.1).Conversion of the pilot air variant is described in the assembly instructions VABM-L1-...GR.3Pressure zonesUsing separators,the valve terminal VTUG-…can be divided into pressure zones.Mounting of these separators is described in the assembly instructions VABD-...B.4H-rail mountingThe VTUG-PT-L valve terminal is designed for mounting on an H-rail.NoteIf the VTUG-PT-L is subjected to vibration or shock loads,H-rail mounting is not permissible.H-rail mounting is described in the assembly instructions VAME-T-M4.5Display and connecting elements of the electronicsThe following electrical connection and display components can be found on the VTUG-PT-L:1Interlock Sub-D plug connector 2Status-LED X1,I-port communica-tion3I-port/IO-Link connection (plug,5-pin,M12,A-coded)4Thread for earthing screw for con-nection to functional earth ( chap.7)5Special blanking screw for external pilot air supplyFig.15.1LED display X1The subsequent table shows the statuses and significance for the LED X1:6Display and connecting elements of the valvesThe subsequent figure shows the assignment of the LEDs to the solenoid coils of thevalves:1LED for solenoid coil122LED for solenoid coil143Manual override(MO)non-detent-ing/detenting,solenoid coil144Manual override(MO)non-detent-ing/detenting,solenoid coil125ValveFig.37Earth terminalConnect the VTUG-PT-L to the functional earth via the earth terminal( 4in Fig.1).In this way,you will avoid malfunctions from electromagnetic interference. 8Voltage supplyNote•Use for the electrical power supply only PELV circuits in accordance with IEC/EN60204-1(Protective Extra-Low Voltage,PELV).•Observe also the general requirements for PELV circuits in accordance with IEC/EN60204-1.•Use only voltage sources that ensure a reliable electric separation of operat-ing voltage in accordance with IEC/EN60204-1•Always connect both circuits for operating and load voltage supply.Through the use of PELV circuits,protection against electric shock(protection against direct and indirect contact)is ensured in accordance with IEC/EN60204-1. 9I-port connectionThe VTUG-PT-L can be connected as follows via the I-port connection:–directly to the fieldbus by mounting a CTEU bus node on the VTUG-PT-L–decentralised to an external I-port-compatible device through a connecting cable.–to a CPX terminal through a connecting cable and a CTEL master module ( CTEL system description).9.1Pin allocation of the I-port/IO-Link cable2)The connection to the functional earth must also be ensured via the earthing screw1of the valve ter-minal(see chap.).Fig.410IO-Link modeThe VTUG-PT-L can also be operated as an IO-Link device.You can download the IODD configuration file required for this at .NoteIf an IO-Link Master is used,the load voltage must normally be made available through a T-plug.11Inscription labelsThe valves of the VTUG-...can be equipped with an inscription label holder( as-sembly instructions ASCF-H-L1)or with identification plate holders( assembly instructions ASLR-D).The I-port sub-base can be equipped with the identification plate ASLR-C-E4.12Manual override(MO)Actuation of the MO under the holders of the inscription label holder ASCF-H-L1or under the identification plate holders ASLR-D,is only possible in a non-detenting manner.The MO VAMC-L1-CD is not permissible in combination with the inscription label holder ASCF-H-L1.NoteDestruction of the MO•Observe the permissible actuating force of max.20N.13Address assignmentWith the VTUG-PT-L you can actuate up to48solenoid coils.The subsequent figure shows as an example the address allocation of the VTUG-PT-L with12valve posi-tions(VP):–1assigned addresses of the solenoid coils12–2assigned addresses of the solenoid coils14–The address assignment is independent of whether blanking plates3or valves4are used.–Address assignment is in ascending order without gaps,from left to right.–A valve position always occupies two addresses.The following assignment ap-plies in this case:low-order valve position(address)for solenoid coil14high-order valve position(address)for solenoid coil12.1assigned addresses of the solen-oid coils122assigned addresses of the solen-oid coils143Blanking plate4ValvesFig.514Assignment of the outputs and inputsThe subsequent table shows assignment of the outputs and inputs.Byte Bit01234567 Outputs:0SP11)Sp2Sp3Sp4Sp5Sp6Sp7Sp81Sp9Sp10Sp11Sp12Sp13Sp14Sp15Sp162Sp17Sp18Sp19Sp20Sp21Sp22Sp23Sp243Sp25Sp26Sp27Sp28Sp29Sp30Sp31Sp324Sp33Sp34Sp35Sp36Sp37Sp38Sp39Sp405Sp41Sp42Sp43Sp44Sp45Sp46Sp47Sp48 Inputs(V+):0Sp1Sp2Sp3Sp4Sp5Sp6Sp7Sp81Sp9Sp10Sp11Sp12Sp13Sp14Sp15Sp162Sp17…32Sp33…48not used3not used1)Sp=solenoid coilFig.615Malfunction and error handlingMalfunctions and statuses from connected I-port devices are transmitted in the form of event codes through the bus node to the Fieldbus Master and output there and stored,if necessary.In the diagnostics case,a2-byte-long event code is trans-ferred to the I-port or IO-Link master.Event code Malfunction and error handling TypeMSB LSB50h00h Device errors.Switch device off and back on.If the error is stillpresent,the device is defective and needs to be replaced.Error51h12h Error in the load voltage supply•Check the load voltage supplyWarning Fig.716Technical data VTUG-PT-L Assembly position–wall mounting –H-rail mounting any horizontalAmbient temperature Storage temperature –5…+50°C –20…+60°COperating and pilot medium Compressed air to ISO8573-1-2010[7:4:4];operation with lubricated me-dium possible(required during sub-sequent operation)Relative air humidity93%at40°C,non-condensing Number of valve positions4 (24)Operation with external pilot air(IC=ident.code):Operating pressure:–5/3-;5/2-;2x3/2-;3/2-way valves(IC:B,E,G;J,A,M,P;VH,VK,VN,VX,VW)–2x3/2-way valve(pneumatic spring)(IC:H,K,N)-0.9…10bar 1.5…10barPilot pressure1)2):–5/3-,5/2-way valves(IC:B,E,G,A)–5/2-way valve(impulse)(IC:J)–5/2-;3/2-way valve(IC:M,P,VX,VW)–2x3/2-way valve(IC:VH,VK,VN)–2x3/2-way valve with pneumatic spring(IC:H,K,N)3…8bar1.5…8bar2.5…8bar 2…8bar 1.5…8barOperation with internal pilot air: Operating and pilot pressure2):–5/3-,5/2-way valves(IC:B,E,G,A)–5/2-way valves(impulse)(IC:J)–5/2-;3/2-way valves(IC:M,P,VX,VW)–2x3/2-way valve(IC:VH,VK,VN)–2x3/2-way valve with pneumatic spring(IC:H,K,D)3…8bar1.5…8bar2.5…8bar3.5…8bar 1.5…8barTightening torque:–CTEU..on electrical interface VAEM-L1-S-...-PTK –electrical interface–valve on manifold rail–blanking screw,blanking plug for pilot air supply –earthing screw 1.0Nm(±10%) 0.3Nm(±20%)0.3Nm(+50%)1.5Nm(-20%) 1Nm(±20%)Power supply3):–load voltage(valves)–load voltage interlock(valves)–operating voltage(electronics)reverse polarity protected 24V DC(±10%)24V DC(±10%)24V DC(±25%)Power consumption(load)–per solenoid coil at nominal voltage 1.0W30ms,then0.4W Max.current consumption through I-port:–valves/electronics 2.5A/0.5AIntrinsic current consumption through I-port:–valves/electronics40mA/30mA Current consumption per solenoid coil–pull current(duration30ms)–holding current 48mA 16mAMains buffering time(only operating voltage)10msTest pulse bypass timeš1ms(valve supply V n+) I-port/IO-Link connecting cable–wire cross section(length0.1…5m)–wire cross section(length5…20m)–max.length min.0.25mm²min.1mm²20m(unshielded)IO-Link properties–operating Mode –revision–data Out–data In COM3(230.4kBit) COM2(38.4kBit) 1.06bytes4bytesProtection class through housing in accordance with IEC/EN60529,bus node mounted completely,plug con-nector inserted or equipped with protective cap IP40with corresponding connecting cable from the Festo range of ac-cessoriesProtection against electric shock(protection againstdirect and indirect contact in accordance withIEC/EN60204-1)through the use of PELV circuitsElectromagnetic compatibility4)–resistance to interference and emitted interference Declaration of conformity ()Materials AL,PA,POM,NBR,PU,PC1)If the VTUG-...is operated with external pilot air,the pressure of the pilot air must be at least50%ofthe operating pressure2)Reduce your pilot pressure to max.6bar if there are more than12simultaneously switched valves.3)The operating voltage supply is provided via the CTEU bus node or IO-Link Master.The load voltagesupply is provided via the CTEU bus node or,for IO-Link,via a separate feed.Separate fuses are re-quired for operating and load voltage.4)The VTUG...valve terminal is intended for use in an industrial environment.Outside of industrial envir-onments,e.g.in commercial and mixed-residential areas,actions to suppress interference may have to be takenFig.817InterlockThe first16solenoid coils can be supplied individually through the interlock Sub-D plug connector.This permits the external release of these valves.NoteOnly mount or remove the interlock Sub-D socket when the power is switched off.The interlock can be switched on as follows:–single-pin through external contacts–double-pin through safe output terminals.In this case,check the compatibility of the safe output terminals with the VTUG-PT-L.All valves of the VTUG-PT-L are supplied with load voltage via the interlock Sub-D plug connector,even if they are actuated via the bus node.The solenoid coils 17…32and33…48cannot be supplied individually through the interlock Sub-D plug connector( table in section17.3and17.4).17.1Sub-D socketFesto recommends one of the following connecting cables(with sub-D socket) from Festo for connecting the interlock.Type Length of the cableNEBV-S1G44-K-2.5-N-LE44-S6 2.5mNEBV-S1G44-K-5-N-LE44-S65mNEBV-S1G44-K-10-N-LE44-S610mFig.9NotePlease observe the following when using a sub-D socket from another manufac-turer:–the sub-D socket must not exceed a max.width of16.5mm–connect the cable screening to the plug housing17.2Pin allocation of the interlock plug connector(sub-D44pin)The subsequent figure shows the position of the pins in the interlock plug connect-or on the VTUG-PT-L.Pin30Fig.10For controlling the valves,each solenoid coil(referred to as coil or SP in the tables) is assigned to two specific pins of the interlock Sub-D plug connector:Pin1)Coil Signal2)1…3—24V VAL/OUT4…61…480V VAL/OUT7811V1+V1–91022V2+V2–111233V3+V3–13…36…V n+V n–37381616V16+V16–3917…32V17…32+4033…48V33…48+41…431…480V VAL/OUT44—not connectedHousing FE FE1)Pins7…38provide individual control of the solenoid coils1…16of the interlock2)Do not use V1…16–and Vn–with single-pin interlock interfaceFig.1117.3Single-pin interlock interfaceObserve the following with single-pin interlock interface:–The interlock interface is made through external plus switching contacts or single-pin switching safety terminals.–The24V supply of all solenoid coils must be on the same potential.–16solenoid coils can be actuated through the interlock(V n+).–The solenoid coils that do not require an interlock interface can be supplied directly with24V from pin1…3.–Creation of the respective input voltage is reported as an image table through the fieldbus.NoteThe interlock contacts V1–…V16–must not be used with the single-pin interlock interface.For an example of a circuit diagram for a single-pin interlock interface Fig.12.17.4Double-pin interlock interfaceObserve the following with the double-pin interlock interface:–The interlock interface is made through external plus-minus switching safety terminals.NoteInternal activation of valves1…16via the fieldbus must not be used. Inadvertent actuation of the internal drivers of the VTUG-PT-L via the fieldbus can be detected by most safe terminals.Only use terminals that detect inadvert-ent actuation via the fieldbus.–The solenoid coils of the interlock valves are controlled via the corresponding pin in the Sub-D plug connector(pins7…38).–The solenoid coils that do not require an interlock interface can be supplied directly with24V(e.g.from pin1…3).–A difference in potential between V n–and0V VAL/OUT is permissible only below 5V.–The test impulses(≤1ms)used for error detection by safe output terminals are suppressed by a special filter switch.–The current consumption for each valve is below20mA on the VTUG-PT-L.Some safe terminals detect a wire break if current consumption is below20mA.In these cases,the wire break detection must be switched off.For an example of a circuit diagram for a single-pin interlock interface Fig.131Power supply V+;solenoid coil33…48,(no interlock)2Power supply V+;solenoid coil17…32,(no interlock)3Control Vn+(via interlock)4Interlock contacts of the output terminal5I-port connection pin2,24V VAL/OUT(PL),load voltage supply 6I-port connection pin5,0V VAL/OUT(PL), 7Driver,controlled via fieldbus/I-port8Interlock Sub-D plug connector9Power supply(interlock)Fig.121Direct control V+;solenoid coil33…48,(no interlock) 2Direct control V+;solenoid coil17…32,(no interlock) 3Control Vn+(via interlock)4Interlock contacts of the output terminal5Control Vn–(via interlock)6I-port connection pin2,24V VAL/OUT(PL),load voltage supply 7I-port connection pin5,0V VAL/OUT(PL),load voltage supply 8Driver,controlled via fieldbus/I-port9Interlock Sub-D plug connectoraJ Power supply(interlock)Fig.13。

CHAPTER 14COMPETITIONArticle 14.1: ObjectivesEach Party understands that proscribing anti-competitive business practices of enterprises, implementing competition policies and cooperating on competition issues contribute to preventing the benefits of trade liberalization from being undermined and to promoting economic efficiency and consumer welfare.Article 14.2: Competition Laws and Authorities1. Each Party shall maintain or adopt competition laws that promote and protect the competitive process in its market by proscribing anticompetitive business practices. Each Party shall maintain an authority or authorities responsible for the enforcement of its national competition laws.2. Each Party shall also take appropriate actions according to each Party's relevant laws and regulations with respect to anti-competitive business practices which will prevent the benefits of trade liberalization from being undermined.Article 14.3: Principles in Law Enforcement1. Each Party shall be consistent with the principles of transparency, non-discrimination, and procedural fairness in the competition law enforcement.2. Each Party shall treat persons who are not persons of the Party no less favorably than persons of the Party in like circumstances in the competition law enforcement.3. Each Party shall ensure that:(a) a person subject to an investigation to determine whether conduct violatesits competition laws or what administrative sanctions or remedies should beordered for violation of such laws is afforded the opportunity to presentopinion or evidence in its defense in the investigation process.(b)persons subject to the imposition of a sanction or remedy for violation of itscompetition laws should be given the opportunity to seek review of thesanction or remedy through administrative reconsideration and/oradministrative lawsuit in accordance with each Party’s laws.Article 14.4: Transparency1. Each Party shall make public, including on the Internet, its laws and regulations concerning competition policy, including procedural rules for an investigation.2. Each Party shall ensure that all final administrative decisions finding a violation of its competition laws are in written form and set out any relevant findings of fact and legal basis on which the decision is based.3. Each Party shall endeavor to make public the decisions and any orders implementing them in accordance with its own laws and regulations. The version of the decisions or orders that the Party makes available to the public shall not contain business confidential information or other information that is protected by its law from public disclosure.Article 14.5: Application of Competition Laws1. This Chapter applies to all undertakings of each Party.2. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to prevent a Party from establishing or maintaining a public enterprise, entrusting enterprises with special or exclusive rights or maintaining such rights.3. With respect to public enterprises and enterprises entrusted with special rights1or exclusive rights:(a)neither Party shall adopt or maintain any measure contrary to the principlescontained in Article 14.2; and(b)the Parties shall ensure that such enterprises are subject to the competitionlaws set out in Article 14.13,in so far as the application of these principles and competition laws does not obstruct the performance, in law or in fact, of the particular tasks assigned to them.Article 14.6: Cooperation in Law Enforcement1. The Parties recognize the importance of cooperation and coordination in competition field, to promote effective competition law enforcement. Accordingly, the Parties shall cooperate through notification, consultation, exchange of information, and technical cooperation.2. The Parties recognize the importance of cooperation on matters related to their consumer protection laws. Accordingly, the Parties may exchange and communicate1Special rights are granted by a Party when it designates or limits to two or more the number of enterprises authorized to provide goods or services, other than according to objective, proportional and non-discriminatory criteria, or confers on enterprises legal or regulatory advantages which substantially affect the ability of any other enterprise to provide the same goods or services.consumer protection information for the purpose of better protecting consumer’s rights and interests.Article 14.7: Notification1. Each Party, through its competition authority or authorities, shall notify the other Party of an enforcement activity if it considers that such enforcement activity may substantially affect the other Party's important interests.2. Provided that it is not contrary to the Parties’ competition laws and does not affect any investigation being carried out, the Parties shall endeavor to notify at an early stage and in a detailed manner which is enough to permit an evaluation in the light of the interests of the other Party.3. The Parties undertake to exert their best efforts to ensure that notifications are made in the circumstances set out above, taking into account the administrative resources available to them.Article 14.8: Consultation1. To foster understanding between the Parties, or to address specific matters that arise under this Chapter, each Party shall, on request of the other Party, enter into consultations regarding representations made by the other Party. In its request, the Party shall indicate, if relevant, how the matter affects trade or investment between the Parties.2. The Party to which a request for consultations has been addressed, shall accord full and sympathetic consideration to the concerns raised by the other Party.3. To facilitate discussion of the matter that is the subject of the consultations, each Party shall endeavor to provide relevant non-confidential information to the other Party. Article 14.9: Exchange of Information1. Each Party shall endeavor to, upon request of the other Party, provide information to facilitate effective enforcement of their respective competition laws, provided that it does not affect any ongoing investigation and is compatible with the laws and regulations governing the agencies possessing the information.2. Each Party shall maintain the confidentiality of any information provided as confidential by the competition authority of the other Party and shall not disclose such information to any entity that is not authorized by the Party providing information.3. On request of a Party, each Party shall make available to the other Party publicinformation concerning its exemptions and immunities to its competition laws, provided that the request specifies the particular goods or services and markets of concern, and includes indicia that the exemption or immunity may hinder trade liberalization between the Parties. Article 14.10: Technical CooperationThe Parties may promote technical cooperation, including exchange of experiences, capacity building through training programs, workshops and research collaborations for the purpose of enhancing each Party’s capacity related to competition policy and law enforcement.Article 14.11: Independence of Competition Law EnforcementThis Chapter should not intervene with the independence of each Party in enforcing its respective competition laws.Article 14.12: Dispute Settlement1. If a Party considers that a given practice continues to affect trade in the sense of this Chapter, it may request consultation to the other Party in the Joint Commission with a view to facilitating a resolution of the matter.2. Neither Party shall have recourse to Chapter 20 (Dispute Settlement) for any matters arising under this Chapter.Article 14.13: DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Chapter:anti-competitive business practices means business conduct or transactions that adversely affect competition in the territory of a Party, such as:(a) agreements between enterprises, decisions by associations of enterprises andconcerted practices, which have as their object or effect the prevention,restriction or distortion of competition in the territory of either Party as awhole or in a substantial part thereof;(b) any abuse by one or more enterprises of a dominant position in the territoryof either Party as a whole or in a substantial part thereof; or(c) concentrations between enterprises, which significantly impede effectivecompetition, in particular as a result of the creation or strengthening of adominant position in the territory of either Party as a whole or in asubstantial part thereof;competition laws means:(a) for Korea, the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act and itsimplementing regulations and amendments; and(b) for China, Anti-monopoly Law and its implementing regulations andamendments;consumer protection laws means:(a) for Korea, Chapters III, IV.3, IX, and X of the Framework Act on Consumerand its implementing regulations and amendments; and(b) for China, Consumer Protection Law and its implementing regulations andamendments;undertakings means natural persons, legal persons and any other organizations that are in engagement of commodities production or operation or service provision.。

违背定律英语全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：违背定律（Violation of Law）是指违反国家法律规定，违背法律赋予公民和组织的权利和义务，破坏社会秩序和法治的行为。

在各个国家法律体系中，都存在不同的法律规定和标准，违背定律是指在这些法律规定和标准下所做出的行为。

违背定律是社会治理的重要问题，因为它会损害社会的和谐稳定，影响人民的生活和权益，甚至引发恶劣的后果。

各国都制定了严格的法律体系和监督机制，以确保公民和组织遵守法律，维护社会秩序和法治。

在英语中，违背定律通常被称为“violation of law”或“breach of law”。

违背定律的行为多种多样，包括但不限于：盗窃、偷税漏税、贪污腐败、故意伤害、违反交通规则、侵犯知识产权、违反劳动法等。

这些行为不仅损害了他人的利益，也触犯了法律，需要受到法律的制裁和处罚。

违背定律是一种违法行为，其后果往往不可预测和不可挽回。

我们每个人都应该自觉遵守法律，不做出违法行为，维护社会的和谐稳定和法治秩序。

只有通过共同努力，我们才能建设一个更加公正、文明和法治的社会。

【字数不足，需要重新增加内容】第二篇示例：违背定律，即违反法律或规定。

在现代社会中，法律是维护社会秩序和正常运作的重要保障，违背定律会导致不良后果和社会危机。

在英语中，违背定律通常用violate the law或break the law来表示。

本文将探讨违背定律在英语中的相关用法以及其重要性。

违背定律在英语中通常用violate the law或break the law来表达。

violate是动词，意为违背，违反；law是名词，意为法律。

violate the law可译为违反法律，违背定律。

在日常生活中，我们常听到类似的表达，例如：“He violated the law by speeding on the highway.”（他因在高速公路上超速而违法了。

）“Breaking the law will result in serious consequences.”（违法行为将带来严重后果。