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第一单元肺、肾的结构肺的血管系统肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。
它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织，支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉，接受大约1%的心输出量。
大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉，然后回到右心房。
剩余的输出流入肺静脉，并在心脏最小静脉的作用下，在正常情况下，以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。
肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸，向下连接下段气道（直径大约2毫米）的动脉，它们壁薄且富有弹性。
从这儿开始，动脉成肌肉化发展，直至其达到30微米，此时肌层消失。
因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用，所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。
肺小动脉将血液排空，送入广泛分布的毛细血管网，进入肺静脉。
肺静脉的壁很薄，它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合，出肺进入左心房。
肾结构成分人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙，与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。
每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克，长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。
肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域（组成）。
外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚，深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。
这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。
锥体的顶部伸入肾门，称为肾乳头。
每个肾乳头被一个肾小盏包裹。
肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。
经肾乳头流出的尿液汇集在肾盂，通过输尿管排入膀胱。
由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。
肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支，这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉，供应肾脏上、中、下区域的血液。
当这些血管进入肾实质，变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时，（这些血管）又进一步细分。
细分后的小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。
从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。
由于传入小动脉始于这些终叶间动脉，所以为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。
组织学上，肾脏是由一个叫做“肾单位”的基本单位组成。
每个肾脏约含有一百万个肾单位，“肾单位”有两个主要成分：过滤成分—紧包着毛细血管网（肾小球）和一个附着在上面的小管组成。
临床医学英语各单元课后重点单词及习题部分解析U1单词：结核病：tuberculosis 精神科：psychiatry麻醉：anesthesia 恢复；康复：rehabilitation选词填空：1 、AS is the case with so many organs ，t he function of the heartis rather complicated（复杂的）2、Not all details of the liver transplantation are available（可用的）3、Please report to the personnel（人事部）department of manager4 、Upper lobe bronchiectasis is usually secondary to tuberculosis（结核病）翻译：1、医学的进步在医疗界创造了一场实质性的革命：为病人提供的服务质量得到改善；医疗从业人员的职业培训要求有所提高；人们处理伤病的方法也增多了。
Advances in medical science have created a virtual revolution in the health services field。
The quality of the care available to patients has improved；the need for personnel trained in the health professions has grown ；and the variety of ways for people to work with the sick and injured has increased2、病历是永久性的资料，记录着病人在住院期间所接受的一切治疗。
病历至少应包含以下内容：病人的病情是如何得到观察和诊断的；如何治疗；以及病人对治疗的反应This medical record is a permanent document 。
Unit11.Neuron overload 神经过载2. a typical office visit 典型的诊所就诊3. DEXA scan DEXA扫描4. medical practising 行医5. Blood pressure 血压控制6. health maintenance 健康保持7. Mammogram report 乳房X线检查报告8. physical examination 体检9. Side effect of a medication 药物的副作用10. perpetual panic 永久的恐慌11. Practicing physicians 职业医生12. transplant field 移植领域13. Medical budget 医疗预算14. paracetamol tablet 扑热息痛药片15. Childproof cap 防孩子打开的盖子16. randomized clinical trial 随机临床试验17. Random allocation 随机分配18. patient prognosis 病人的预后19. Control group 对照组20. a 10-year follow-up study 10年的跟踪研究21. a medical ward 内科病房22. infectious hepatitis 传染性肝炎23. Severe malaise 身体严重不适24. bilirubin metabolism 胆红素代谢25. Permannent liver damage 永久的肝损伤26. exacerbate pathophysiology 加重病理生理状况27. Medical literature 医学文献28. clinical investigation 临床调查29. Incedence of relapse 复发率30. clinical epidemiology 临床流行病学31. Strict bed rest 严格的卧床休息32. hospital stay 住院33. Recurrent jaundice 反复发作的黄疸34. clinical course 临床病程35. Intravenous morphine 静脉注射吗啡36. diastolic blood pressure 舒张压37. Brain perfusion 大脑血灌输38. primary care初级保健39. Aorto-coronary arterial bypas主动脉冠状动脉旁路rmed treatment decision知情治疗决41.An international humanitarian group一个国际人道组织42.the Red Cross 红十字会43.The first major relief effort第一次重大援助工作44.casualty of war 战争中的人员伤亡45.Emergency relief efforts 紧急援助Unit21.re-emerying disease(再现疾病)2..new flu strain新流感变种3.antibiotics and vaccines抗生素和疫苗4..infectious disease传染病5.emergent disease新现疾病6..prevention strategy预防策略7.bubonic plague腺鼠疫8..pathogenic microbes病原微生物9 public health authorities公共卫生机构10.drug resistance抗药性11.an course of antibiotic therapy抗生素治疗疗程12.scarlet fever猩红热13.the level of virulence毒性水平14,flu pandemic流感大流行15,surface antigen 表面抗原16.genetic shift基因改变17,neurological complications 神经性并发症18.waning of immunity免疫力减弱19.public health infrastructure公共卫生基础设施20.a malaria case一个疟疾病例21.swine flu猪流感22.tuberculosis bacillus结核杆菌23.the level of morbidity发病率水平24..health professional保健专业人士tent tuberculosis潜伏结核病26..tuberculin skin test结核素皮试27.screening programmes筛查计划28.interferon gamma testsγ干扰素测试29.drug toxicity药物毒性30..an curable disease一种可治愈的病31,intractable infectious disease难治的传染病32.an unknown pathogen一种未知的病原体33.chronic gastric ulcer慢性胃溃疡34.exposure to carries of disease接触带病者35,genetic recombination基因重组36.agent of bio生物恐怖活动病原37.foodborne infections通过食物传播的传染病1.The surge of adrenaline 肾上腺素激增2.，an internal medicine residency 内科实习期3、An autoimmune disease 自体免疫4、4.loss of stamina 丧失持久力5.transient weakness 短暂的虚弱6.，becoming bedridden 卧床不起7.a building block基本构件8..an animal model 动物模型9.to slow neurodegeneration减缓神经退化10..to excrete toxins排除毒素11.to optimize nutrition 优化营养12.toxic load毒素载量13.the risk of relapse 复发危险14.physician self—experimentation医生自我实验15.a clinical trial 临床试验16..neuromuscular electrical stimulation 神经肌肉电刺激17.physical therapist 理疗师18..the impact of micronutrients 微量营养素的影响19.brain function 脑功能20..track the emotional flow 跟踪情绪波动21.coordination of emotions 情绪协调22..cardiovascular reactions 心血管反应23.feeling of rapport 亲密感觉24..rapid entrain 迅速同步25.emotional contagion 情绪传染26..to mutually regulation 互相调节27.a psychobiological unit生物心理单元28..emotional solace 情感慰藉29.functional magnetic resonance功能性磁共振30..to active brain zones激活该脑部区域31.to make it mandatory使之成为强制性32.，a dubious project 无把握的项目33.medical background 医学背景34..proof of concept 概念验证35.dose regimen 剂量方案plications or concomitant conditions并发症与合并症37.anti-tumor agents 抗肿瘤的药剂38..standard therapy标准疗法39.pharmacology properties 药理学特性40..poor solubility 溶解性差41.in vivo pharmacology 体内药理学plementary medicine 补充医学2.Alternative medicine 替代医学3.a medical paradigm 医疗模式4.Acupuncture and herbs针灸和草药5.Adjunct treatment 辅助治疗6.Nausea and vomiting恶心，呕吐7.post-operative dental pain 术后牙痛8.Clinical trials 临床试验9.Physical therapy 物理疗法，理疗10.Therapeutic modalities 治疗方法11.A therapeutic intervention治疗干预12.Research design 研究设计13.Magnetic resonance 磁共振14.Positron emission tomography正电子发射型计算机断层成像15.Analgesia effect 止痛效果16.Rehabilitation unit康复中心17.Therapeutic strategies治疗策略18.A wide array of complications 各式各样的并发症19.Acute abdominal pain 急性腹痛20.Surgical procedure 外科手术21.Prevalence statistics患病率统计22.Evidence-based models of care询证医学模式23.Peripheral nervous system 周围神经系统24.Mechanistic and reductionistic studies 机制和还原式研究25.Clinical outcomes 临床结果26.Plausible mechanisms可能的机制27.Homeopathic medicine 顺势疗法28.Meditation and yoga冥想与瑜伽29.Biomedical establishment 生物医学界30.Licensed acupuncturist 持照针灸师31.Herbal formulas草药配方32.Integrative East-west medicine 中西医结合33.To administer medicines 施药，用药34.Scientific evaluation 科学评估35.Conventional therapies 传统疗法36.Stress management 压力处理37.Physiologic mechanisms生理机制38.Cost-effectiveness research 效益研究39.Preclinical and clinical studies 临床前及临床研究40.Manipulative therapies 推拿治疗41.Naturopathic medicine 自然疗法1.A health crisis 健康危机2.Energy and vitality 能量和活力3.Virus of falseness 虚假的病毒4.Robust emotion 健全的感情5.To balance our mind ,body and spirit平衡心理、身体和精神6.The blockage to wellness 通向身心健康的“路障”7.Genuine feelings and emotion真情实感8.Fully integrated human beings 十全十美的人9.Nutrition professor 营养教授10.Bottled water 瓶装水11.To curb appetite 节制食欲12.Childhood obesity 儿童肥胖症13.Dietary habits 饮食习惯14.Diary category 乳制品类15.Sodium content 钠的含量16.Physical symptoms 身体症状17.Be completely immune from sth.对某事完全免疫18.Stressful lifestyle 有压力的生活方式19.Fragile health 脆弱的健康20.Spiritual life精神生活21.Repressed emotions 被压抑的感情22.Physiological influences 心理影响23.Decaying teeth 蛀牙24.Burgeoning waistline 迅速膨胀的腰围25.Caloric intake 热量摄入26.Grains and protein 谷物和蛋白质27.Lean protein 精益蛋白质28.Quality of life 生活质量29.Preventions of diabetes糖尿病的预防1.nursing homes养老院2..hospice care临终关怀3.Congestive heart failure充血性心衰4.available around-the-clock24小时随叫随到5.Coronary care unit冠心病监护室6.24.to respond to treatment对治疗有反应7.Skilled nursing facility专业护理机构8..end-of-life care生命终末期护理fort care舒适护理10.hospital discharge planner出院计划专员11.Symptom care症状护理12..palliative care姑息疗法13.Fatal illness绝症14chronic obstructive pulmonary disease慢性阻塞性肺病15.Experimental treatments实验性治疗16.spiritual advisor精神顾问17.To discontinue all treatment终止所有治疗18.to go through dialysis经历透析19.A PAP smear巴氏涂片检查20..patient-doctor relationship医患关系21.To provide care-as-usual提供常规医护22.preventive examinations预防性检查23.Off the beaten path离开熟路，另辟蹊径24.33.to mold into a shape塑形25.To renew a prescription照旧处方再开药26..in vitro fertilization体外受精27.Basic biology基础生物学28..embryonic stem cell research胚胎干细胞研究29.To collaborate with an outside与圈外人合作36.a test-tube baby试管婴儿30.Reproductive sciences生殖科学31.to administer hormone施用激素32.To isolate immature分离未成熟卵子33..empirical observations经验观察34.Pioneering work首创研究35.39.a fibre-optic endoscope光导纤维内窥镜36.Ethical guidelines伦理原则37.societal concern社会关注38.Infertile couples不孕不育夫妇39.41.inherited disease遗传疾病40.Cystic fibrosis囊泡性纤维症42.ethical dilemma伦理困境。
Get familiar with the words and expressions listed below, and then match the meaning description orsynonym with a proper word or expression in the list.穿透性疼痛给药，用药止痛药麻醉药，镇定剂减轻，缓解，解除痛苦使成瘾的，上瘾的抽痛的，抽动的偏头痛大气的，大气引起的偶发的，插曲般的5-羟色胺，血清素收费，费用生产率概述初级保健医生实施，执行准备就绪，保守的手术室朝……去，走向切口，切开腹部，下腹脊柱，脊椎脊柱的使虚弱的，使衰弱的许多，大量椎骨滑落，打滑，衰弱倒塌，崩溃重新排列使稳定，使固定向周围扩展，辐射踝，踝关节椎间盘压碎的，支离破碎的坐骨神经红外线的插入，嵌入螺丝钉1. the part of the body of a vertebrate containing the digestive and reproductive organs; the belly2. the line of bones down the centre of the back that provides support for the body and protects the spinal cord3. the joint between the foot and the leg, or the thin part of the leg just above the foot4. medicine used to reduce or remove physical pain5. to fall down suddenly because ofpressure or having no strength or support6. to make stable, to become stable7. making someone very weak and infirm8. causing or likely to cause someone to abdomen spine ankle painkiller collapse stabilize debilitatingbecome addicted to it9. to put something inside something else,or to add something to something else 10. one of the small bones that form thespine11. to dispense or apply a remedy or drug12. a recurrent throbbing headache thattypically affects one side of the head and is often accompanied by nausea and disturbed vision13. a cut made with a knife during a surgicaloperation14. to put a plan or system into operation15. to draw the main shape or edge ofsomething16. to make or become less severe, difficult,unpleasant, painful17. a price asked for goods or services18. disposed to preserve existingconditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones, and to limit change addictive insert vertebraadminister migraineincisionimplement outlineeasecharge conservative19. to emit rays, as of light or heat 20. a large number of quantity radiate slewPonder over the following questions and discuss briefly each ofthem with your deskmates.1. What kind of pain have you ever suffered? Toothache,headache, stomach pain or back pain?2. What is pain? What role does pain play in our lifeprocess?3. What are differences between acute pain and chronicpain?4. How does pain interfere with a person’s life quality?5. What are some approaches to pain management?Listen to a passage three times and while listening, you are to putthe missing word in each numbered blank according to what you hear.Doctors speak of three kinds of pain: acute, chronic and breakthrough. Acute and chronic pain can be(1)mild or severe. Acute pain happens fast and usually lasts a short time. It generally (2)reacts to treatment.But chronic pain can last a long time. Chronic pain may go away, but it often comes back. It can be hard to (3) treat.Breakthrough pain is a pain that (4) strikes suddenly. It may end just as suddenly. An activity can cause breakthrough pain. It also may happen as the (5) effects of a person’s last medicine are ending.Many different diseases, conditions and (6) injuries can cause chronic pain, from back problems to (7) burns. Cancer is one of those causes, whether from the disease itself or from its treatment.Research published mainly in 1973 had found (8) proteins on the surfaces of nerve cells in the brain. The findings made it possible to better study pain drugs and learn how they (9) affect the body.Today many doctors order pain medicines for dying patients to be given beforesufferingtakes hold. And more methods of (10) administering the medicines are now available. One is a pump that lets patients give themselves pain (11) medications as needed. They cannot harmthemselves because the amount of (12) painkiller in the pump is carefully measured and limited.Many doctors prescribe narcotic drugs for patients with (13) lasting, severe pain. Such drugs may ease suffering. But they can also be (14)addictive. The user may need increasing amounts to get the same effect.Listen to a passage “Chronic Headaches” twice. While listening, you are to take notes according to the cues given below.1. The number of Americans who suffer chronicheadaches:45 million people.2. Some people describe headaches as:Throbbing, causing pressure in the head.3. Three factors that start tension headaches:Emotional pressure, depression and tiredness.4. Duration of a tension headache:From a half hour to a whole week.5. What you do if your pain is too severe:You will need a doctor’s advice.Listen to each sentence, repeat it aloud, listen to it again, and then write down the whole sentence on the space provided. Youwill listen to each sentence for a third time to have acheck.1. Migraine headaches cause Americans to miss at least 150 million workdays each year.2. But many experts today are working toward cures or major help for chronic headaches.3. Events that start tension headaches may include emotional pressure and the deeper than normal sadness called depression.4. Researchers blamed muscle tension from tightening in the face, neck and the skin on top of the head.5. Some scientists now believe that tension headaches may result from changes among brain chemicals.Watch a video clip “Pain Prevention” twice and decide whether each of the statements below is TRUE (T) or FALSE(F). _F_ 1. More than 15,000,000 adult Americans experience some type of pain._T_ _F_ _T_ _F_ _T_ _F_2. The physical pain costs the U.S. from $ 560 to635 billion dollars every year.3. The cost comes from direct medical expenses in pain management.4. Federal government should play a role in theprevention and treatment of pain.5. Primary care doctors are unable to provide personalized pain management.6. Changes are needed to improve painmanagement training for health professionals.7. Some of the recommendations are impracticaland can not be implemented.Watch a video clip “A New Surgical Procedure for Back Pain”twice and choose the best answer to each of thequestions below.1. Most cases of back pain are resolved with _______.A) conservative treatmentsB) a new surgical procedureC) much slower recovery timesD) hospitalization for a few days2. Which of the following statements is NOT true of Jennifer?A) she had an incision in her abdomen for spinalsurgery.B) She has two surgical procedures in two days.C) She hopes her life can move on with spinal surgery.D) She has suffered back pain for 46 years.3. The number of spinal surgery is increasing mainly because ______.A) Americans cannot bear debilitating back painB) new surgical techniques speed up recovery timeC) more Americans suffer from severe nerve painD) back pain keeps more Americans from working4. The surgery on Jennifer involves all of the following EXCEPT _______.A) relieving pressure on the nervesB) realigning her vertebraeC) removing l-4 vertebraeD) stabilizing the spine5. Why was Tom Costello’s lower back pain turning into severe pain?A) His disk collapsed and crushed the sciatic nerve.B) His lower back pain radiated down his right leg.C) His right knee and ankle were severely injured.D) His sitting and sleeping crushed the sciatic nerve.Key to Task 71. A2. D.3. B4. C5. AListen to the five sentences twice and interpret each into Chinese.1. Doctors speak of three kinds of pain: acute, chronic and breakthrough. Acute and chronic pain can be mild or severe. Acute pain happens fast and usually lasts a short time.2. Some people describe the pain as throbbing, causing pressure in the head. Others compare it to someone driving a sharp医生谈到的疼痛有急性、慢性和穿透性三种。
《临床医学英语》，中国海洋大学出版社，——Unit1-Unit8第一单元A 篇预防保健与整体医疗预防保健预防保健指的是某种生活方式和医疗保健（例如疾病筛查）的实施，其目的在于延长健康的状态和避免某一特定常见病的发生（如心脏病，癌症，和由于谷蛋白和其他饮食敏感引起的免疫系统疾病）。
我认为更多的精力和卫生保健资金应该用于预防疾病，这样一来治疗疾病所需资金会相应减少（由于疾病减少）。
这种方法同样适用于筛查某一特定疾病。
这就是我用谷蛋白敏感性作一例子的理由。
现在我们拥有技术在儿童的生长过缓之前，在不可逆的骨质疏松症发生之前，在其它自身免疫疾病产生之前，在淋巴瘤和其他癌症发生之前，应用科学技术在早期来测试其对谷蛋白的免疫反应。
我认为对可测出的谷蛋白敏感和（或）肠功能异常不应该置之不理，我坚持对小肠的伤害情况应该饮食调节之前进行活组织检查。
多年来病理学家已知道组织损害常伴有功能损伤。
恰恰是功能损伤而不是组织损害应当引起重视。
谷蛋白敏感进行饮食调节只是在人生中为了达到最佳健康而实施的保健措施的一个方面。
其它更为重要的方面包括其它保健干预措施，比如避免吸烟、防止过量饮酒、不使用毒品，锻炼身体，健康营养摄入，以及良好口腔卫生。
详情，请见下文“健康和营养十步曲”。
整体医疗整体医疗观或整体医疗，虽然有时易混同于一种可供选择的医疗实践，但实际指的是人的全面整体健康的保持（包括生理，情感，心理和精神），而不仅仅指健康或身体系统的某个方面。
例如，作为胃肠道疾病专家，人们通常只咨询胃肠类疾病的相关问题。
仅关注肠道疾病的症状并进行药物治疗是典型的传统医疗法。
但是，我更支持整体医疗方法。
众所周知，情感因素、饮食因素、压力和体育活动（如过度运动）都会极大影响肠功能。
为了取得胃肠疾病治疗或任何其它身体系统疾病治疗的最长期效的成功，以上所有这些方面都应重视。
因此，对有症状或无症状的个人最好的医疗服务就是提供一种针对整个人（因而被称为“整体”）的评估和治疗的方法来保持其健康，而决非仅针对某一特定部位。
Unit 1 Task1.1Across4. –graphy6. mono-8. –scopy10. laparo-11. disease13. spleen14. diagnosisDown1. angio-2. endo-3. dys-5. Physio7.sym/n-9. radio-12. stetho-Task 1.41.urinalysis尿分析2.prognosis 预后3.biopsy活组织检查4.percussion叩诊5.posture体位6.mortality死亡率7.lesion病灶8.tenderness触痛9.urography尿路造影术10.auscultation听诊Task1.81. D2. C3. A4. D5. A6. B7. B8. C9. D10.BTask1.101.diagnostic3.signs4.imaging5.differential6.interview7.family8.physical9.posture10.chronic11.lesion12.palpation13.lymph14.enlargement15.morbidity16.stress17.disorder18.bipolar19.screening20.analyzer21.analysis22.tolerance23.genetic24.histological25.resonance26.contrast27.veins28.current29.fetus30.clinical31.predict32.bystanders33.monoxide34.advantage35.set36.page37.wit’s38.frame39.under-promise40.critically41.allergic42.idea43.presentation44.disposition45.achievement47.randomUnit2 Task2.1Across1.mammo-7. trans-9. osteoporosis10. immune-12. diarrheaDown1.antacid2.micro-3.litho-4.ange-5.insomnia8. non-10. -itis11. pharmaco-13. hyper-Task2.41.malnutrition营养不良2.hepatitis肝炎3.alleviate减轻4.dehydration脱水5.nausea恶心6.hypertension高血压7.sedentary久坐的8.therapeutics疗法9.analgesic止痛的10.insomnia失眠Task2.81. D2. B3. A4. D5. A6. B7. D8. D9. C10.B1.alleviate2.preventive3.primary4.infectious5.immunizations6.risk7.infarction8.lifestyle9.cholesterol10.lipoprotein11.inflamed/inflammatory12.analgesic13.moderate14.nausea15.gastrointestinal16.obstruction17.migraine18.antiemetic19.diarrhea20.hygiene21.pills22.marrow23.preparations24.diabetes25.anesthetic26.synthetic27.reconstructive28.transplantation29.survival30.identical31.radicals32.antidepressant33.behavioral34.modification35.antibiotics36.array37.pharmaceutical38.therapeutic39.opportunity40.bankrupt41.racial42.reflexively43.shelter44.cost-benefit45.necessitate46.process47.practice48.traditional49.sort50.at large51.access52.siblings53.frugal54.initiate55.indicators56.interventions57.sustainable58.universal59.optimize60.reimbursement61.diminish62.turnUnit5 Task5.1Across5.oncology8.bene-9.para-10.osteoma11.neo-12.onco-13.-osis14.meta-Down1.lipo-2.hypo-3.thrombo-4.–cyte5.–oma6.leukocyte7.benign10.-ogenesisTask5.41.metastasis转移2.carcinogenesis癌发生3.anorexia厌食4.osteoma骨瘤5.benign良性的6.indigestion消化不良7.neoplasm赘生物，肿瘤8.noninvasive非侵害的9.oncology肿瘤学10.immunotherapy免疫疗法Task5.81. C2. B3. B4. C5. A6. B7. D8. A9. D10.BTask5.101.circulatory2.benign3.biochemical4.infiltrate5.manifestations6.noninvasive7.in situ8.cancerous9.advanced10.count11.excisional12.aspiration13.inhibitor14.screening15.experimental16.metastatic17.on call18.effusions19.hold20.hypoalbuminemia21.rhythmic22.take23.onset24.durable26.ventilator27.circumstances28.futility29.rationaleUnit7 Task7.1Across2.-necrosis4.-malacia9.ad-11.dystrophy13.osteo-14.myo-Down1.-desis3.-plasty5.ab-6.abduction7.myopathy8.musculo10.-trophy12.-pathyTask7.41.hypertrophy肥大2.myotonia肌僵直3.dystrophy营养不良4.arthrodesis关节固定术5.articulation关节6.pronation旋前7.thorax胸廓8.denervation去神经9.involuntary不随意的10.myopathy肌病Task7.81. C2. D3. B4. A5. C6. D7. A9. B10.BTask7.101.muscular2.cardiac/heart3.contraction4.atrophy5.spasm6.denervation7.autoimmune8.cartilages9.connective10.spinal/vertebral11.gliding12.metabolic13.fracturepound15.impacted16.twisting17.reduce18.stabilize19.functioning20.intensive21.tolerance22.accredited23.screened24.overall25.status26.physiological27.reference28.appropriate29.referral30.adverse31.readily32.severity33.burden34.mortality35.disturbances36.outcomes37.arterial38.converging39.underlying40.detectableUnit8 Task8.1Across2.inter-6.schizo-10.meso-11.bi-12.neuroglia13.de-14.tri-Down1.cerebellum3.neuron4.glosso-5.patho-7.hemi-8. myelino-9.cerebro-12.neuro-Task8.41.synapse突触2.cerebellum小脑3.receptor受体4.neuron神经元5.brainstem脑干6.neurotransmitter神经递质7.dendrite树突8.hemisphere半球9.dementia痴呆10.ganglion神经节Task8.101.peripheral2.sensory3.cerebrospinal4.fissure5.cortex6.temporal7.cord8.matter9.dorsal10.ventral11.cranial12.olfactory13.trochlear14.parasympathetic15.deterioration16.gray17.obsolete18.impulses19.parlance20.psychiatric21.treatment-resistant22.remission23.relapse24.tolerated25.hypomanic26.sham27.antidepressant28.electroconvulsive29.par30.trial31.effect32.hemorrhage33.rope34.therapyUnit9Task9.1Across2.ante-7.thyro-9.vasopressin10.estro-13.andro-14.estrogen15.acro-16.adreno-Downcto3.gluco-4.hyperplasia5.juven-6.somato-8.vaso-11.-tropin12.gonado-Task9.41.immune免疫的2.adrenaline肾上腺素3.medulla髓质ctation泌乳5.calcitonin降钙素6.oxytocin催产素7.pancreas胰腺8.acromegaly肢端肥大症9.estrogen雌激素10.somatotropin生长激素Task9.81. B2. D3. D4. B5. C6. B7. D8. C9. B10.ATask9.101.endocrine2.immune3.ductless4.exocrine5.pituitary6.characteristics7.uterine8.concentration9.breast-feeding10.melanin11.secretion12.amino acids13.uptake14.circadian15.inhibitory16.feedback17.hypofunction18.intolerance19.supplementation20.purification21.unappreciated22.credited23.life-sustaining24.Hollywood-like25.nowhere26.incredulous27.emeritus28.award-winning29.retrospect30.collective31.ballotsndslide33.synthetically34.gestational35.detriment36.transient37.nondiabetic38.radioimmunoassay39.bind40.activateUnit12 Task12.1Across2. oro3. pneuma6. cost7. pnea8. alve9. fibrosis11. nas12. silic13. dyspneaDown1. bronchi4. extra5. ectasis7. pleurisy10. mycinTask 12.41. hemoptysis咯血2. larynx喉3. sputum痰4. pleura胸膜5. inspiration吸气6. glottis声门7. trachea气管8. dyspnea呼吸困难9. thymus胸腺10. alveolus肺泡Task12.81. B2. A3. B4. B5. C6. D7. A8. B9. D 10. A Task12.101. respiratory2. cavity3. alveolar4. intercostal5. pharynx6. gas-exchanging7. serous8. pleura9. visceral10. extracellular11. expiration12. bronchial13. abscess14. bronchitis15. emphysema16. whooping17. embolism18. edema19. outbreaks20. pave21. pathogenic22. avian23. severe24. pandemic25. public26. surveillance27. member28. vaccine29. tropical30. polymerase31. sensitivity32. identify33. on-site34. pharmaceutical35. antiviral36. immunocompromised37. administered38. resistance39. aforementioned40. shortage41. backed42. effect43. toll44. expertise45. practical46. recession47. pneumonia48. emergencyUnit 14 Task 14.1Across1. osmo5. electr8. gastritis9. coli10. noct11. fibrDown2. mucous3. erythro4. pept6. bili7. peptic8. gastr9. cystTask 14.41. appetite食欲2. esophagus食管3. jaundice黄疸4. ulcer溃疡5. chyme食糜6. pancreas胰腺7. gallbladder胆囊8. cecum盲肠9. pylorus幽门10. bilirubinTask 14.81. B2. B3. A4. C5. B6. D7. A8. C9. C 10. DTask 14.101. digestive2. intestine3. bile4. swallowing5. bud6. nasal7. carbohydrates8. fudus9. mucosa10. descending11. hepatic12. common13. reflux14. ulcer15. appetite16. fecal-oral17. sanitation18. fallacies19. tale20. misconceptions21. spicy22. aggravate23. relieve24. celiac25. vague26. abdominal27. nonspecific28. absorption29. movement30. habitual31. irritable32. functional33. characterized34. constipation35. organic36. complications37. colon38. uncommon39. ulcerative40. Crohn's41. psychological42. storage43. reaction44. steatohepatitis45. ostomy46. erectile47. sexual48. bear。
Unit 1 The Modern Hospital1. Medicare is a federally funded and administered program that provides health insurance for older Americans and those who are disabled.2. Medicaid is a health insurance program financed and run jointly by the federal and state governments for low-income people of all ages who do not have the money or insurance to pay for health care. 医疗救助项目1. 医院部门及科室名称out-patient department 门诊部In-patient department 住院部Nursing department 护理部Admission office 住院处Discharge office 出院处Registration office 挂号处Reception /waiting room 侯诊室Consultation room 诊察室Isolation room 隔离室Delivery room 分娩室Emergency room 急诊室Ward 病室内科Department of internal medicine外科Department of surgery儿科Department of pediatrics神经科Department of neurology眼科Department of ophtalmology耳鼻喉科 E.N.T.department口腔科Department of stomatology泌尿科Department of urology骨科Department of orthopedic创伤科Department of traumatology2. 各类医院综合医院general hospital, polyclinic麻风病院hospital for lepers产科医院maternity hospital,精神病院mental hospital, mental home整形外科医院plastic surgery hospital口腔医院stomatological hospital肿瘤医院tumour hospital3. 人员staff院长director of the hospital门诊部主任head of out-patient department主治医生physician in charge, surgeon in charge,化验员laboratory technician麻醉师anaesthetist药剂师pharmacist, druggist脑科专家brain specialist心外科医生cardiac surgeonUnit 2 HypertensionIdiopathic: 自发/原发的hypertrophy: n. 肥大/过度生长coarctation：n. congenital narrowing of the aorta 先天性主动脉狭窄Renin: 肾素Angiotensin: 血管紧张素Corticosteroid：皮质类固醇：肾上腺皮质内产生的用于调节盐分、碳水化合物、炎症和性生理机能的一组激素Stenosis: 狭窄myocardial: adj. 心肌的Inflate: v. distend (swell 使膨胀/扩张) with air （使气球等）充气aldosterone (醛固酮)：a corticosteroid hormone which stimulates absorption of sodium（钠）by the kidneys and so regulates water and salt balancesphygmomanometer：血压计Stethoscope: n. 听诊器Thump: v. beat strongly 怦怦跳动Tinnitus：n. a ringing in the ears 耳鸣Unit 3 TCMTreatment determination based on syndrome differentiation 辨证论治materia medica (Latin): 药物学；药物；药品Inspection（望诊）Auscultation(闻/听诊)/ and Olfaction 闻诊/嗅诊）Interrogation （问诊）Palpation（切诊；触诊）TCM Pediatrics：中医儿科The TCM Science of the Five Sense Organs(五官科)TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology（骨伤科）：TCM Acupuncture and Moxibustion(针灸学) ：Chinese Massage（推拿学）Unit 4 Diabetes1.gestational: adj. 怀孕的；妊娠的2. pasta: 意大利面制品3. confectionery: sweet food 甜食4.retina: 视网膜5.glucagon: 升糖素6.somatostatin: 生长激素7.islet：胰岛8.epinephrine: 肾上腺素9.onset：攻击；开始10.dl= decilitres 分升1分升= 0.1LUnit 5 The Respiratory System and AsthmaLarynx 喉部Pharynx 咽腔trachea (windpipe) 气管bronchi 支气管bronchioles细支气管intercostal muscles 肋间肌diaphragm 隔膜Alveoli 肺泡Hypoxia 氧不足；低氧症Spirometry test 肺活量测定spirometer 肺活量计Albuterol: rescue drugs for acute asthma attacks. Thi s drug provi des qui ck rel i ef.沙丁胺醇（Salhutamol）又名舒喘灵，对β2受体有高度选择性，具有较强的支气管扩张作用。
Unit 1 The Modern Hospital1. Medicare is a federally funded and administered program that provides health insurance for older Americans and those who are disabled.2. Medicaid is a health insurance program financed and run jointly by the federal and state governments for low-income people of all ages who do not have the money or insurance to pay for health care. 医疗救助项目1. 医院部门及科室名称out-patient department 门诊部In-patient department 住院部Nursing department 护理部Admission office 住院处Discharge office 出院处Registration office 挂号处Reception /waiting room 侯诊室Consultation room 诊察室Isolation room 隔离室Delivery room 分娩室Emergency room 急诊室Ward 病室内科Department of internal medicine外科Department of surgery儿科Department of pediatrics神经科Department of neurology眼科Department of ophthalmology [,ɔfθæl'mɔlədʒi, ,ɔp-]耳鼻喉科E.N.T.department口腔科Department of stomatology [,stəumə'tɔlədʒi; ,stɔ-]泌尿科Department of urology骨科Department of orthopedic创伤科Department of traumatology [,trɔ:mə'tɔlədʒi, ,trau-]2. 各类医院综合医院general hospital, polyclinic麻风病院hospital for lepers产科医院maternity hospital,精神病院mental hospital, mental home整形外科医院plastic surgery hospital口腔医院stomatological hospital [,stəumə'tɔlədʒi; ,stɔ-]肿瘤医院tumour hospital3. 人员staff院长director of the hospital门诊部主任head of out-patient department主治医生physician in charge, surgeon in charge,化验员laboratory technician麻醉师anaesthetist [æ'ni:sθətist, ə'nes-]药剂师pharmacist['fɑ:məsist], druggist脑科专家brain specialist心外科医生cardiac surgeonUnit 2 HypertensionIdiopathic[,idiə'pæθik]: 自发/原发的hypertrophy: n. 肥大/过度生长coarctation[,kəua:k'teiʃən]：n. congenital narrowing of the aorta 先天性主动脉狭窄Renin: 肾素Angiotensin: 血管紧张素Corticosteroid：皮质类固醇：肾上腺皮质内产生的用于调节盐分、碳水化合物、炎症和性生理机能的一组激素Stenosis[sti'nəusis]: 狭窄myocardial: adj. 心肌的Inflate: v. distend (swell 使膨胀/扩张) with air （使气球等）充气aldosterone[,ældəu'sterəun] (醛固酮)：a corticosteroid hormone which stimulates absorption of sodium（钠）by the kidneys and so regulates water and salt balancesphygmomanometer[,sfiɡməumə'nɔmitə]：血压计Stethoscope: n. 听诊器Thump: v. beat strongly 怦怦跳动Tinnitus：n. a ringing in the ears 耳鸣Unit 3 TCMTreatment determination based on syndrome differentiation 辨证论治materia medica (Latin): 药物学；药物；药品Inspection（望诊）Auscultation(闻/听诊)/ and Olfaction 闻诊/嗅诊）Interrogation （问诊）Palpation（切诊；触诊）TCM Pediatrics：中医儿科The TCM Science of the Five Sense Organs(五官科)TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology（骨伤科）：TCM Acupuncture and Moxibustion(针灸学) ：Chinese Massage（推拿学）Unit 4 Diabetes1.gestational: adj. 怀孕的；妊娠的2. pasta: 意大利面制品3. confectionery: sweet food 甜食4.retina: 视网膜5.glucagon: 升糖素6.somatostatin: 生长激素7.islet：胰岛8.epinephrine: 肾上腺素9.onset：攻击；开始10.dl= decilitres 分升1分升= 0.1LUnit 5 The Respiratory System and AsthmaLarynx 喉部Pharynx 咽腔trachea (windpipe) 气管bronchi 支气管bronchioles细支气管intercostal muscles 肋间肌diaphragm 隔膜Alveoli 肺泡Hypoxia 氧不足；低氧症Spirometry test 肺活量测定spirometer 肺活量计Albuterol: rescue drugs for acute asthma attacks. This drug provides quick relief.沙丁胺醇（Salhutamol）又名舒喘灵，对β2受体有高度选择性，具有较强的支气管扩张作用。
