犊牛初乳管理实务ppt

Colostrum management for young dairycalves初生犊牛提高免疫力的策略--初乳管理实务Dr. Jim QuigleyDiamond V Mills我们让犊牛输在起跑点上FPT in the U.S. is 41% in heifer calves, >50% in bulls.在美国在美国，，有41%41%的母犊牛和超过的母犊牛和超过的母犊牛和超过50%50%50%的的公犊牛没有建立足够的被动免疫death loss 死亡损失~11%.4050e sn = 1,61459.4%high incidence of disease and drug use.发病率高，药物使用增加。

reduced growth andefficiency 生长速度和饲料效率下降。

inability to express genetic potential.遗传潜能无法完全发挥。

26.932.524.915.7102030% o f c a l v <55-9.910-14.9>15Plasma IgG (g/L)Quigley, unpublishedColostrum feeding issues初乳喂饲的症结问题Problems still exist with colostrum •Differences in colostral IgG 初乳免疫球蛋白G含量的差异•Measuring colostral IgG 初乳免疫球蛋白G含量的测定•Increase colostral IgG如何提升初乳免疫球蛋白G含量•Contamination of colostrum 初乳的污染•Differences in calf AEA 犊牛对初乳免疫球蛋白G表面吸收率的差异Continued work in this area is needed 需要更多的研究来解决上述的问题We need to think in terms ofabsorbable grams of IgG administered to calves instead of liters of colostrum 我们需要思考的是提供多少可吸收的初乳免疫球蛋白吸收的初乳免疫球蛋白G G ，而不是喂饲几公升的初乳Long term effects of MC feeding初乳喂饲的长期影响Brown Swiss calves (n = 68)68头瑞士黄牛犊牛Fed either 2 L or 4 L of high quality colostrum within 1 hr of 2426b s2 L 4 Lbirth出生后1小时内喂饲2公升或4公升的优质初乳All subsequent feedings were identical往后所有的喂饲管理都相同Calves fed 4 L had greater BW gain, milk production in 1st & 2nd lactations (+$160)喂饲4公升初乳的牛只增重较快，往后的第一和第二产泌乳量也16182022305-d M E ,000 l 12Lactation #Faber et al., 2005What affects passive transfer?影响被动免疫移转的因素Plasma IgG 血浆免疫球蛋白G(g/L) =Colostral IgG intake (g) x AEA, % Plasma volume, LColostral IgG intake = colostrum IgG (g/L) x L fed8.3 g/L =100 g x 30% 40 x 0.09•初乳免疫球蛋白G摄食量＝初乳免疫球蛋白G浓度×初乳喂饲量•AEA = apparent efficiency of IgG absorption, %•AEA in literature range = 20-35%初乳免疫球蛋白G表面吸收率，研究显示约为20-35%•Plasma volume = 7 –9% ofBW犊牛血浆量约为体重的7-9%Definition of passive transfer 被动免疫移转的定义Passive transfer is theabsorption ofimmunoglobulins fromthe intestine into thebloodstream of the calfin the first 24 hours oflife犊牛出生后24小时内经由肠道将免疫球蛋白吸收进入血液，称为被动免疫移转Successful成功的被动免疫移转: > 10 g IgG/L plasmaFailure失败的被动免疫移转:< 10 g IgG/L plasmaPassive immunity -more than IgG 被动免疫–除了免疫球蛋白G之外... Colostral immunity alsoincludes也包括•IgA免疫球蛋白A免疫球蛋白M810.colieces)COL+COL-•IgM•viable leukocytes 活性白血球•trypsin inhibitors胰蛋白脢抑制因子•lactoferrin(?)乳铁素•growth factors(?)生长因子•cytokines(?)细胞激素•other compounds (?)其它460246810121416Age (d)HemolyticE(logCFU/gfRiedel-Caspari, 1993What affects passive transfer?影响被动免疫移转的因素—初乳免疫球蛋白G浓度Plasma IgG (g/L) =Colostral IgG (g/L) x colostrum intake (L) x AEABW x 0.09Vaccinate dry cows!干乳牛疫苗注射Dry cow nutrition?干乳牛营养Collect within 2 hr of calving分娩后两小时内榨取初乳Use only high quality colostrum (green)只使用优质初乳喂饲初生犊牛If frozen, thaw < 50 C如果冷冻，解冻温度不可高于50℃Refrigerate < 5 d at 3-4C冷藏不要超过冷藏不要超过55天Freeze < 1 yr at –20C冷冻在-20℃不要超过不要超过11年Don’tpasteurize不要杀菌Colostrum IgG is variable初乳免疫球蛋白G的变异Amount of IgG dependson影响因素•age &parity 年龄&产次56789n = 49 Holstein cattle•diseaseexposure 疾病感染的机会•prepartummilking 产前榨乳•volume ofcolostrum 初乳产量•length of dryperiod 干乳期长度•Breed 品种•milkingnumber 榨乳次数•season ofyear 季节•Mastitis 乳房炎1234n 01020304050607080IgG (g/L)Quigley et al., unpublishedVariation in colostrum IgG初乳免疫球蛋白G的变异Pritchett et al. (1991) reported wide variation in colostral IgG concentrations from Holstein cows 200250300n = 919X = 48.2SD = 21.962%≤50 g/L 荷兰牛的初乳免疫球蛋白浓度变易很大Important factor was volume of colostrum 初乳的产量是主要影响因素Variation makes it difficult to manage大幅度变易造成初乳管理的困难50100150n <2021-3536-5051-6566-8081-9596-110<111Colostrum IgG1 (g/L)Dry cow nutrition & colostral IgG 干乳牛营养与初乳免疫球蛋白GBeef cattle were fed at 75, 116 or 158% of NRC ME reqt for last 12 wk of gestation怀孕肉牛分娩前１２周分别喂饲105100 9095100105g/L)NRC可代谢能需求量75，116或158%的日粮Colostrum from 1st milking was obtained收集第一次初乳No effect of ration ME oncolostralIgG日粮的可代谢能对初乳免疫球蛋白G浓度没有影响Others have shown no effect of CP, UIP on colostralIgG其它研究也显示日粮的粗蛋白质和越胃蛋白含量也对初乳免疫球蛋白G浓度没有影响89606570758085ColostralIgG(75116158% NRC ME reqtHalliday et al., 1978Delay in colostrum collection 延迟初乳榨取的时间Moore et al. (2005) collected MCfrom 13 cows from 1 quarter at 2,6, 10 and 14 h13头分娩母牛分别在分娩后2,6,10,和14小时由一个乳区榨取113100110120(g/L))-17%-27%-33%初乳IgG measured by RID以辐射免疫扩散法测定免疫球蛋白G浓度Delayed collection reduced colostrum IgG with hourpostpartum延迟初乳榨取的时间会降低初乳免疫球蛋白G的浓度Does stimulation of 1st milking have an effect?第一次榨取初乳的刺激是否有影948276 60708090ColostralIgG261014hr postpartumMoore et al. 2005.JAVMA. 226:1375-1377.Colostrometer to measure IgG 用初乳计测定免疫球蛋白G的含量Hydrometer to measurespecific gravity (r2about0.7)液体比重计Done at room temp需在室温下操作Only use color scale –green is best (> 50 g/L)以颜色标示，绿色代表初乳质量佳Reduces risk of using lowquality colostrum降低使用劣质初乳的危险Without colostrometer如果没有初乳计You have no information on the amount of IgG the calf can consume无法得知犊牛摄食多少免疫球蛋白GPritchett et al. (1991) reported that feeding additional amounts of colostrum reduced the % of calves with FPTwhen colostrum quality was poor研究显示，当初乳质量不良时，增加初乳的喂饲量可以减少犊牛被动免疫不足的比例 If you don’t know… feed more (4 L)如果您不知道初乳的质量，建议增加初乳喂饲量(4公升)What affects passive transfer?影响被动免疫移转的因素—初乳喂饲量Plasma IgG (g/L) =Colostral IgG (g/L) x colostrum intake (L) x AEA BW x 0.09Vaccinate dry cows!干乳牛疫苗注射Dry cow nutrition?干乳牛营养Collect within 2 hr of calving 分娩后两小时内榨取初乳Use only high quality colostrum (green)只使用优质初乳喂饲初生犊牛If frozen, thaw < 50 C 如果冷冻如果冷冻，，解冻温度不可高于50℃Refrigerate < 5 d at 3-4C 冷藏不要超过5天Freeze < 1 yr at –20C 冷冻在-20℃不要超过1年Don ’tpasteurize 不要杀菌One thing that producerscan easily control管理者最能够掌握的因素--nursing 犊牛自行吸乳--bottlefeeding 用乳甁喂饲--tubefeeding 以食道喂饲管喂饲Many vets in U.S. recommend tubefeeding 4 L of colostrum within 1st hour of life to maximize serum IgG建议在产后1小时内喂饲4公升初乳154>25Calves don’t nurse well犊牛自行吸乳的效果不佳Calves left with the dam for 12-26 h犊牛出生后与母牛同处12-26小时435125275100200300400500n<66 to 1212 to 24Brignole & Stott, 1980g/L57% of calves with FPT57%的犊牛被动免疫移转不足Methods of colostrum feeding喂饲初乳的方法Besser et al. (1991) fed three groups of calves by nipple bottle, esophageal feeder or allowed to 61.4506070F P Tsuckle the dam for 24 h 三组犊牛分别用乳甁或食道喂饲管喂饲初乳、或让犊牛自行吸初乳24小时Determination of FPT by serum IgG < 10 g/L was lower in calves fed colostrum by tube用食道喂饲管喂饲初乳的犊牛被动免疫移转不足的比例较低Besser et al. 1991. JAVMA. 198:419-422.10.819.310203040% o f c a l v e s w i t h TubeBottleSuckleDon’t let the calf nurse the dam不要让犊牛自行由母牛乳房吸取初乳 Many dairy calves will failto drink enough colostrum许多犊牛无法吸取足够的初乳They will begin drinkingtoo late需等待犊牛有自行站立及吸吮的能力，因而延迟取得初乳的时间They will be contaminatedwith feces in theenvironment周遭环境粪便的污染Tubing does affect AEA以食道喂饲管喂饲初乳会影响免疫球蛋白表面吸收率Adams fed 52 calves either by bottle or esophageal feeder (tube)52头初生犊牛分别以乳甁或食121416L )Nipple Tube道喂饲管喂时相同的初乳Tube feeding had slight effect on serum IgG以食道喂饲管喂饲初乳会稍微降低血中免疫球蛋白G 含量Others have shown slightly reduced AEA and IgG at 24 h of age其它的研究也显示，以食道喂饲管喂饲初乳会稍微降低免疫球蛋白G 的表面吸收率和血中免疫球蛋白G 含量0246810048121620242832hr after birthS e r u m I g G (g /Adams, 1985Colostrum feeding practices初乳喂饲实务Most producers in the U.S. are feeding either by bottle (~65%) or allow the calf to suckle (~30%)506070在美国，大部分的酪农用乳甁喂饲初乳（~65%）或让犊牛自行吸乳（~30%）Number of operations that regularly tube calves is increasing常态性用食道喂管喂饲的牧场逐渐增加10203040SuckleBottleTubeNAHMS, 2002What affects passive transfer?影响被动免疫移转的因素—免疫球蛋白表面吸收率Plasma IgG (g/L) =Colostral IgG (g/L) x colostrum intake (L) x AEABW x 0.09One thing that producerscaneasilycontrol管理者最能够掌握的因素--nursing犊牛自行吸乳--bottlefeeding用乳甁喂饲--tubefeeding以食道喂饲管喂饲Many vets in U.S. recommend tubefeeding 4 L of colostrum within 1sthour of life to maximize serum IgG建议在产后1小时内喂饲4公升初乳Greater amts of colostrum have been shown to reduce the risk of FPT by at least partially overcoming poor AEA and colostral IgG喂饲较多的初乳至少可以克服因为表面吸收率降低和初乳质量不良造成的被动免疫移转不足的问题Apparent efficiency of IgG absorption = grams IgG in blood / grams of IgG ingested免疫球蛋白表面吸收率免疫球蛋白表面吸收率＝＝血中含量/摄食量Affected by several parameters –some difficult to manage--Age of animal at feeding喂饲初乳的时间--Metabolic state (dystocia, anoxia, etc)代谢状态代谢状态((难产难产、、缺氧缺氧)) --Sex of calf犊牛性别--Pre-feeding intake, esp. bacterial colonization肠道细菌的增殖--Colostrum quality初乳的品质--Non-Ig proteins初乳中非免疫球蛋白类蛋白质的含量Factors affecting AEA影响初乳免疫球蛋白G 表面吸收率的因素Age of animal at feeding 喂饲初乳的时间Metabolic state (dystocia, anoxia, etc)代谢状态(难产难产、、缺氧)等405060Sex of calf 犊牛性别Pre-feeding intake 喂饲前的摄食Bacterial colonization 肠道细菌的增殖Colostrum quality 初乳的品质Non-Ig proteins初乳中非免疫球蛋白类蛋白质含量010203004812162024Age (hours)A E A , %Hypoxia influences serum IgG缺氧对血清免疫球蛋白G的影响Tyler and Ramseyreported that hypoxia did not reduce absorption of 101214g /L )IgG but delayed it缺氧会延迟免疫球蛋白G 的吸收，但是不会降低吸收量。