第一篇工程热力学第一章基本概念一．基本概念系统：状态参数：热力学平衡态：温度：热平衡定律：温标：准平衡过程：可逆过程：循环：可逆循环：不可逆循环：二、习题1．有人说，不可逆过程是无法恢复到起始状态的过程，这种说法对吗？错2．牛顿温标,用符号°Ｎ表示其温度单位,并规定水的冰点和沸点分别为100°Ｎ和200°Ｎ，且线性分布。
（1）试求牛顿温标与国际单位制中的热力学绝对温标(开尔文温标)的换算关系式；（2）绝对零度为牛顿温标上的多少度?3．某远洋货轮的真空造水设备的真空度为0.0917ＭＰａ，而当地大气压力为0.1013MPa，当航行至另一海域，其真空度变化为0.0874MPa，而当地大气压力变化为0.097MPa。
试问该真空造水设备的绝对压力有无变化?4．如图1-1所示，一刚性绝热容器内盛有水，电流通过容器底部的电阻丝加热水。
试述按下列三种方式取系统时，系统与外界交换的能量形式是什么。
（1）取水为系统；（2）取电阻丝、容器和水为系统；（3）取虚线内空间为系统。
（1）不考虑水的蒸发，闭口系统。
（2）绝热系统。
注：不是封闭系统，有电荷的交换（3）绝热系统。
图1-15．判断下列过程中那些是不可逆的，并扼要说明不可逆原因。
（1）在大气压力为0.1013MPa时，将两块0℃的冰互相缓慢摩擦，使之化为0℃的水。
耗散效应（2）在大气压力为0.1013MPa时，用(0＋dt)℃的热源(dt→0)给0℃的冰加热使之变为0℃的水。
可逆（3）一定质量的空气在不导热的气缸中被活塞缓慢地压缩（不计摩擦）。
可逆（4）100℃的水和15℃的水混合。
有限温差热传递6．如图1-2所示的一圆筒容器，表A的读数为360kPa；表B的读数为170kPa，表示室I压力高于室II的压力。
大气压力为760mmHg。
试求:（1） 真空室以及I 室和II 室的绝对压力； （2） 表C 的读数；（3） 圆筒顶面所受的作用力。
第三章理想⽓体的性质与热⼒过程第三章理想⽓体的性质和理想⽓体的热⼒过程英⽂习题1. Mass of air in a roomDetermine the mass of the air in a room whose dimensions are 4 m×5 m×6 m at 100 kPa and 25℃2. State equation of an ideal gasA cylinder with a capacity of 2.0 m 3contained oxygen gas at a pressure of 500 kPa and 25℃ initially. Then a leak developed and was not discovered until the pressure dropped to 300 kPa while the temperature stayed the same. Assuming ideal-gas behavior, determine how much oxygen had leaked out of the cylinder by the time the leak was discovered.3. Two tanks are connected by a valve. One tank contains 2 kg of carbon monoxide gas at 77oC and0.7 bar. The other tank holds 8 kg of the same gas at 27oC and 1.2 bar. The valve is opened and the gases are allowed to mix while receiving energy by heat transfer from the surrounding. The final ideal gas equilibrium temperature is 42℃ Using the model, determine (a) the final equilibrium pressure, in bar, and (b) the heat transfer for the process,in kJ.4. Electric heating of air in a houseThe electric heating systems used in many houses c o nsist of a simple duct with resistance wires. Air is heated as it flows over resistance wires. Consider a 15-kW electric system. Air enters the heating section at 100 kPa and 17oC with a volume flow rate of 150 m 3/min. If heat is lost from the air in the duct to the surroundings at a rate of 200 W, determine the exit temperature of air.C P =1.005 kJ/(kg. K).5. Evaluation of the Δu of an ideal gasAir at 300 K and 200 kPa is heated at constant pressure to 600 K. Determine the change in internal energy of air per unit mass, using (a) data from the air table, (b) the functional form of the specific heat, and (c) the average specific heat value.6. Properties of an ideal gasA gas has a density of 1.875 kg/m 3at a pressure of 1 bar and with a temperature of 15oC. A mass of 0.9 kg of the gas requires a heat transfer of 175 kJ to raise its temperature from 15oC to 250oC while the pressure of the gas remains constant. Determine (1) the characteristic gas constant of the gas, (2) the specific heat capacity of the gas at constant pressure, (3) the specific heat capacity of the gas at constant volume, (4) the change of internal energy, (5) the work transfer.7. Freezing of chicken in a boxCarbon2kg, 77oCarbon 8kg, 27oMonoxide C 0.7bar Monoxide C 1.2bar valve Tank 1Tank 2FIGURE 3-1FIGURE 3-2FIGURE 3-3A supply of 50 kg of chicken at 6℃ contained in a box is to be frozen to -18℃ in a freezer. Determine the amount of heat that needs to be removed. The latent heat of the chicken is 247 kJ/kg, and its specific heat is 3.32 kJ/kg.℃ above freezing and 1.77 kJ/kg.℃ below freezing. The container box is 1.5 kg, and the specific heat of the box material is 1.4 kJ/kg.℃. Also, the freezing temperature of chicken is -2.8℃.8. Closed- system energy balanceA rigid tank which acts as a perfect heat insulator and which has a negligible heat capacity is divided into two unequal partsA andB by a partition. Different amounts of the same ideal gas are contained in the two parts of the tank. The initial conditions of temperature T, pressure p, and total volume V are known for both parts of the tank. Find expressions for the equilibrium temperature T and pressure P reached after removal of the partition. Calculate the entropy change for A and B and the totalentropy change of the tank. Assume that Cv,m is constant,9. Thermal processes of an ideal gasAn air receiver has a capacity of 0.85 m 3and contains air at a temperature of 15℃ and a pressure of 275 kN/m 3. An additional mass of 1.7 kg is pumped into the receiver. It is then left until the temperature becomes 15℃ once again. Determine (1) the new pressure of the air in the receiver, (2) the specific enthalpy of the air at 15℃ if it is assumed that the specific enthalpy of the air is zero at 0℃. Take cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K, cc=0.715 kJ/kg.K.10. Air is compressed steadily by a reversible compressor from an inlet state of 100KPa and 300K toan exit pressure of 900 kPa. Determine the compressor work per unit mass for isentropic compression with k=1.4, (1) isentropic compression with k=1.4, (2) polytropic compression with n=1.3, (3) isothermal compression, and (4) ideal two-stage compression with intercooling with a polytropic exponent of 1.3.11. A rigid cylinder contains a “floating” piston, free to mo ve within the cylinder without friction. Initially,it divided the cylinder in half, and on each side of the piston the cylinder holds 1 kg of the same ideal gas at 20oC, and 0.2 MPa . An electrical resistance heater is installed on side A of the cylinder, and it is energized slowly to P A2=P B2=0.4 MPa. If the tank and the piston are perfect heat insulators and are of negligible heat capacity, cv=0.72 kJ/(kg·K). Calculate （1）the final temperatures, volumes of A,B sides, （2）the amount of heat added to the system by the resistor. (3）the entropy changes of A,B sides, （4）the total entropy change of the cylinder.⼯程热⼒学与传热学第三章理想⽓体的性质和热⼒过程习题1 理想⽓体的c p 和c V 之差及c p 和c V 之⽐是否在任何温度下都等于⼀个常数？习题0.20.1MPa 300K 0.01m 3AMPa 300K 0.01m 3BFIGURE 3-42如果⽐热容是温度t 的单调增函数，当t 2 >t 1时平均⽐热容2121,,00t t t t c c c 中哪⼀个最⼤？哪⼀个最⼩？ 3如果某种⼯质的状态⽅程式遵循T R pv g ，这种物质的⽐热容⼀定是常数吗？这种物质的⽐热容仅是温度的函数吗？ 4在p-v 图上画出定⽐热容理想⽓体的可逆定容加热过程，可逆定压加热过程，可逆定温加热过程和可逆绝热膨胀过程。
