《120》Tidal power generation (Lecture 22)

Unit 1 Advertising课时练1 阅读理解提速练[学生用书P278(单独成册)]Ⅰ阅读理解A(2024·太原模拟)·ShapeAccording to its website, Shape is a magazine for American women with active lifestyles.This women’s health magazine covers everything from diet and exercise to psychology.What is great about Shape is that it knows that it must cover a lot more than fitness to give women all the information they need to stay healthy.Besides all the great features included in its print magazine, it also has an easily accessible website that anyone can use.·Women’s DayWomen’s Day is not only specifically a women’s health magazine, but also includes a little information of what Shape has, along with more information on other aspects of life: family, money, travel and style. Many of the articles in Women’s Day deal with specific diseases that are common to women, such as heart disease, breast cancer and others.·Women’s HealthFrom tips to recent health news to articles about world affairs, Women’s Health has everything that you expect in a women’s health magazine. Another great feature is that Women’s Health has a great website full of information, as well as articles from past magazines that you can check out. This is a great resource, since it lets you get to see articles well at the office.·FitnessThis magazine covers important topics such as physical fitness, health & beauty, and mental health. It offers something new in each issue, and it’s always easy to understand. The workouts are clearly presented with good photos to illustrate(说明) every movement, and almost all can be done without making a trip to the gym.【解题导语】本文主要介绍了一些女性生活健康杂志。

The power of the wave Tidal energy Tidal energy, also known as tidal power, is a form of renewable energy that harnesses the power of the ocean's tides to generate electricity. This form of energy is considered to be a promising source of clean and sustainable power, with the potential to significantly reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the impacts of climate change. However, like any form of energy production, tidal energy also comes with its own set of challenges and limitations. One of the main advantages of tidal energy is its predictability. Unlike other forms of renewable energy such as wind and solar, which are dependent on weather conditions, tides are predictable and consistent. This means that tidal power plants can generate a reliable and steady stream of electricity, making it easier to integrate into the existing power grid. Additionally, tides are also more energy-dense than wind or solar, meaning that a smaller area of the ocean can produce a significant amount of power. Furthermore, tidal energy is also a clean and environmentally friendly form of energy production. Unlike fossil fuels, which release harmful greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, tidal energy does not produce any emissions or pollution. This can help to reduce our carbon footprint and combat the effects of climate change. Additionally, tidal power plants have a relatively low visual and environmental impact, as they can be located offshore and are largely hidden from view. However, despite these advantages, there are also several challenges associated with tidal energy. One of the main limitations is the high initial cost of building and installing tidal power plants. The technology required to harness tidal energy is still relatively new and expensive, making it less economically viable compared to other forms of energy production. Additionally, the harsh and corrosive marine environment can also pose technical and maintenance challenges, leading to higher operational costs. Another concern is the potential impact of tidal energy on marine ecosystems. The construction and operation of tidal power plants can disrupt and displace marine habitats, affecting the local biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics. It is crucial to carefully assess and mitigate these environmental impacts to ensure the sustainable development of tidal energy. Moreover, tidal energy is also limited by its geographical constraints. Not all coastal areas are suitable for tidal power generation, as the potential for tidalenergy largely depends on the specific characteristics of the tides, such as their amplitude and frequency. This means that not every coastline can harness tidal energy, limiting its widespread applicability. Despite these challenges, the potential of tidal energy as a clean and renewable energy source cannot be overlooked. With ongoing advancements in technology and research, there is a growing optimism for the future of tidal energy. By addressing the technical, economic, and environmental challenges, tidal energy has the potential to play a significant role in our transition towards a more sustainable and low-carbon energy future. In conclusion, tidal energy holds great promise as a reliable, clean, and sustainable source of power. While it comes with its own set of challenges and limitations, the potential benefits of tidal energy cannot be ignored. With continued research and investment, tidal energy has the potential to become an important component of our global energy mix, helping to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change. It is essential to carefully consider and address the various perspectives surrounding tidal energy to ensure its responsible and sustainable development for the benefit of future generations.。

新北师大版高中英语必修二单词表（本单词表收录大约名词176个，形容词副词60个，动词70个）Unit4Topic Talkapp n.应用程序enable vt.使可能,使发生convenience n.方便,便利effect n.效应;影响impact n.影响;作用self-focused ad.以自我为中心的;关注自我的addicted adj.对…着迷的;沉迷的be addicted to沉迷indeed adv：确实;当然download vt.下载recommendation n.建议,提议;推荐super adj.极好的,了不起的*avatar n.(网络上代表个人的)头像,虚拟替身,图标explore vt.探究;探讨;探险personality n.个性,性格admit vi.&vt.承认alarm n.闹钟Lesson 1image n.图像;形象fancy adj.花哨的;别致的trick vt.欺骗,诱骗,哄骗identity n.身份;特征2D(2-dimensional) ad.二维的variety n.多样化,变化a variety of各种各样的instant adj.即时的;立刻的,,马上的instant messenger即时通讯sex n.性别sensible adj.朴素实用的;明智的,合理的creativity n.创造力;独创性blog n.博客;网络日志;vt.发表博客obviously adv.显而易见地,明显地experiment vi&vt.做实验,进行试验;n.实验nowadays adv.现今,现时hairstyle n.发型,发式selection n.供选择的同类物品;选择type vi&vt.打;打字n.类型,种类concern n.担忧,忧虑;wt.与……有关;使担心virtual adj.虚拟的;模拟的cheat vt.欺骗;欺诈view vt.看,把……视为Lesson 2accommodation n.住处subscribe vi.订阅,订购powerful adj.效能高的;强有力的;强壮的latest adj.最新的;最近的reality n.现实;真实VR(Virtual Reality) 虚拟现实AR(Augmented Reality) 增强现实MR(Mixed Reality) 混合现实account/a'k aunt/n.账户software n.计算机软件device n.设置,装置mobile device移动设备ensure vt.确保,保证material n.材料;素材gender n.性别press/pres/vt.按button n.按钮goods n.商品favour n.恩惠;善意的行为confirm vt.确认;证实deliver vi.&vt.递送;传送error n.错误;失误Lesson 3harm v.&n.伤害,损害argument n.论点;论据replace vt.取代;接替hug n.&v.拥抱;紧抱concentrate vi.专注,专心;集中注意力concerned adj.关切的,关心的be concerned with关心……rewarding adj.有益的;有意义的addition n.增添;添加in addition除此之外content n.内容shallow adj.肤浅的,浅薄的*trivial adj.没有什么价值的;微不足道的basis n.基础;基点percent n.百分比;百分数opinion n.意见;看法;主张focus vi.给予某物关注;n.焦点focus on关注maintain vt.保持;维持smartphone n.智能手机tablet n.平板电脑;药片;碑,牌limiting adj.局限的,限制性的brief adj.简洁的,简明的*emoji n.表情符号creative adj.创造性的*thought-provoking adj.发人深省的,令人深思的authority n.权威人士;专家Writing Workshopprofile n.人物简介;传略location n.位置;地点optional adj.可选择的;非强制的imaginary adj.想象的,虚构的fantasy n.幻想作品series n.系列author n.作者,作家amazing adj.了不起的;惊人的privacy n.隐私policy n.政策,方针Reading Club 1digitize vt.把…转变成数字形式,使……数字化sailor n.水手,海员accessible adj.易懂的;易得到的Reading Club 2wristband n.腕带Unit5单词Topic Talkdisaster n.灾难;灾祸flood n.洪水,水灾drought n.旱灾,干旱hurricane n.飓风*landslide n.滑坡;;塌方volcanic adj.火山的;由火山作用引起的eruption n.爆发wildlife n.野生动植物，野生生物comment n.评论; 意见crowded adj.拥挤的; 挤满人的landscape n.风景,景色living adj.活的,活着的weed n.野草;海藻deer n.鹿insect n.昆虫whale n.鲸dolphin n.海豚shark n.鲨(鱼)kangaroo n.袋鼠eagle n.鹰fox n.狐狸soil n.土壤climate n.气候ecology n.生态; 生态学jungle n.(热带)丛林shock vt.使震惊; 使使震惊;使难以置信lecture n.讲座，.讲座，讲课;演讲overuse vt.过度使用;滥用million n.百万greenhouse n.温室,暖房turn one's back(on sb/sth) 对……置之......置之不理,对……撒手不管title n.题目,标题Lesson 1*whirlpool n.漩涡wave n.海浪; 波涛escape v.&vt.逃离; 逃避survive vi.&vt.活下来; 幸存*float vi.浮; 漂file n.档案,卷宗*descent n.下降,下落*tidal adj.潮汐的,潮水的poetry n.诗歌; 作诗的艺术*mystery n.神秘事物，难以理解的事物soul n.灵魂frightened adj.受惊的,害怕的horrible adj.可怕的,吓人的,令人恐惧的edge n.边缘on the edge of在……边缘;某事快要发生(尤指不好的事)*barrel n.桶curious adj.好奇的observation n.观察;观察结果equal adj.相等的; 相同的extent n.面积; 长度; 范围; 程度tube n.圆管,管子;(伦敦)地铁Lesson 2rescue n.&v.营救;救援vehicle n.交通工具,车辆trap vt.困住; 使陷于危险中attempt n.&vt.努力,尝试,企图interrupt vt.打断讲话death n.死,死亡loss n.丧失; 死亡damage n.伤害,损伤,损害measure vt.估量，衡量;测量operation n.行动，活动;手术;操作overseas adv.在海外，在外国site n.场所,地点process n.过程,进程battle n.较量,竞争;斗争;战斗duty n.职责,义务; 责任suffering n.(肉体或精神上的))痛苦;折磨conduct vt.实施;进行;执行;vi.&vt.t 指挥protection n.保护; 防护lamp n.灯nearby adv.附近breathe vi.&vt.呼吸breathe in吸气dust n.灰尘;尘埃run out用完;耗尽Lesson 3explorer n.探险者;勘察者preparation n.预备,准备*sledge n.雪橇ski n.滑雪板;vi.滑雪*tent n.帐篷boot n.靴子captain n.队长; 组长polar adj.极地的，，地极的base n.基地,大本营; 基础vt.以……为基地anxiously adv.焦虑地; 不安地break down停止运转，出故障ambition n.抱负，雄心;追求，夙愿exploration n.探险;探索cheerful adj.高兴的，兴高采烈的prove vt.证明;证实distant adj.久远的; 遥远的continent n.洲,大洲;大陆honesty n.坦诚; 诚实,正直sincerity n.真诚，真挚，诚实bravery n.勇气; 勇敢的行为Writing Workshopbrochure n.小册子shelter n.避难所aftershock n.(地震的))余震observe vt.观察;注意metal n.金属Reading Club 1varied adj.各种各样的,形形色色的scary adj.可怕的,恐怖的harmless adj.无害的skiing n.滑雪运动Reading Club 2originality n.独创性;创造力disappearance n.消亡;消失Unit6单词Topic Talkadmirable adj.令人钦佩的;极其出色的admire vt.钦佩; 欣赏remarkable adj.不寻常的;显著的;非凡的career n.职业,事业put out fires灭火cure vt..治好(疾病);治愈n.疗法fight for...努力争取,为……斗争justice n.公平, 公正generation n.一代(人)reform n.改革;改进mankind n.人类intelligent adj.聪敏的;有智慧的generous adj.无私的;慷慨的;大方的have...in mind心里已有…*evil n.邪恶之事;祸害adj.邪恶的creatively adv.创造性地;有创造力地Lesson1mosquito n.蚊子apart adj.&adv.分开;散开apart from...除……之外drug/drag/n.药物,药材;毒品effective adj.有效的,产生预期效果的female adj.女(性)的stage n.舞台; 阶段award vt.授予;给予committee n.委员会honour n.荣誉; vt感到荣幸recognition n.表彰;赞扬academy n.研究院; 学会gain v.获得,赢得,取得;受益n.好处;利益establish vt.建立,设立chemical n.化学品; adj.化学的herb n.药草literature n.文献资料;著述;文学recipe n.处方;秘诀limited adj.有限的resource n.物力;资源staff n.全体职员,员工eventually adv.最终;终于come across偶遇promising adj.大有希望的*fame n.名声,名誉*renowned adj.著名的,有名望的dc spite prep.尽管;虽然wisdom n.知识,学问;智慧potential n.潜力;可能性advance n.发展;进步integrate vi.&vt.t.(使)结合;(使)成为一体Lesson 2*Mahatma n.圣雄(印度对圣贤的称呼)pick out挑选independence n.独立peaceful adj.和平的,没有暴力的protest n.&vi.&vt.t.抗议;反对racial adj.种族的;人种的discrimination n.歧视inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的bar n.铁栅; (门、窗等的闩) behind bars在牢里skin n.皮肤What a shame! 真遗憾!further adj.更多的,进一步march n.示威游行,抗议游行self-evident adj.不证自明的; 显显而易见的judge vt.评价;判断impressive adj.令人钦佩的,给人印象深刻的respect v.&n.尊敬; 敬佩independent adj.独立的,自主的the other day不久前某一天Lesson 3*horror n.令人惊恐的事regard vt.认为, 看作be regarded as被认为,被看作novelist n.小说家journalist n.新闻工作者passion n.强烈的爱好,热爱;激情opportunity n.机会;时机reputation n.名誉;名望awareness n.认识;意识organization n.组织;团体;机构strike vi.&vt.突然发生(某种不幸);突然有坏的影响;打,击severe adj.很严重的movement n.运动,动作,活动*nightmare n.噩梦,梦魇depression n.忧郁,沮丧,消沉;抑郁症due to由于,因为ongoing adj.继续进行的,不断发展的commitment n.投入,忠诚,奉献;承诺*undertake v.着手做,承担intense adj.强烈的,剧烈的engage vi.参加, 参与design vt.计划, 设计*biography n.传记passionate adj.具有强烈信念的; 热爱的, 酷爱的energetic adj.精力充沛的, 充满活力的advocate n.提倡者;拥护者;鼓吹者disability n.伤残,残障,障碍attitude n.看法,态度Writing Workshopsummary n.概要;摘要;总结Reading Club 1daring adj.勇敢的Reading Club 2originally adv.原先,最初in spite of尽管… (仍…);虽然;不顾。

清洁能源与新能源潮流发电)))一种开发潮汐能的新方法张勇,崔蓓蓓,邱宇晨(上海市电力公司,上海200023)摘要:介绍了潮流发电技术的基本知识和世界潮流发电的发展情况,指出潮流发电是一种非常有发展前景的潮汐能利用技术。

由于经济性、环境保护等因素影响,传统潮汐电站的建设受到很大制约。

潮流发电技术可以克服水库式潮汐能发电拦海筑坝带来的缺点,近年来技术发展迅速;而我国的潮流发电技术研究尽管起步较早但发展不快;为了充分利用我国丰富的潮汐能,建议政府大力支持和扶植潮流发电技术的发展。

关键词:潮汐;潮流;发电中图分类号:T K79文献标志码:B文章编号:1005-7439(2009)04-0223-05Tidal Stream Power Generation)))A New Approach to Tidal EnergyZHANG Yong,C UI Be-i bei,QIU Yu-chen(Shanghai M unicipal Electric P ow er Company Shang ha i200023,China)潮汐能是一种清洁的可再生能源,与风能和太阳能相比,潮汐能的能量密度大且易预测,因此更便于利用。

全球的潮汐能发电的资源量在10亿kW 以上,潮汐能的开发利用早就受到关注,在各类当代的可再生能源开发中,潮汐能发电也是最早应用的技术之一。

我国潮汐能资源非常丰富,开发利用潮汐能对于我国能源结构的改善和能源可持续发展具有重要意义,并早就受到关注,1958年前后广东省顺德县已经开始兴建小型潮汐电站。

然而传统的水库式潮汐电站一般建在河口,必须拦海筑坝,建设成本巨大[1]而且对水文和生态环境带来不利影响,因此它的发展受到制约。

事实上不管是20世纪70年代投运的标志着潮汐电站进入实用阶段的法国朗斯240M W潮汐电站,还是近期即将建成韩国希洼湖254M W潮汐电站或者英国正在酝酿的塞文河8.6GW潮汐发电项目[2],在经济和环保方面一直都有争论,例如http://w w /cymru/eng-lish/new s/severn_barrage_repor t.html和http:// ww /r efts/sev er n.html以及ht-tps://secure.w w /core/about/cymru_ 0000002513.asp等网站就有许多对英国塞文河潮汐发电项目争论的文献。

基金项目：湖南省研究生科研创新项目（编号：CX20200931）收稿日期：2021－01－05基于逆变器的虚拟同步发电机控制建模与仿真*梁亦峰（南华大学电气工程学院，湖南衡阳421000）摘要：微网系统作为今后智能电网的主要发展方向之一，被广泛关注。

逆变器对微网的稳定运行起到关键性的作用，却对电力系统运行产生了不可忽视的影响。

当逆变器电源采用下垂控制策略时，很难在扰动情况下为系统提供惯性与阻尼支撑，导致微电网易失去稳定。

针对此问题，采用了一种虚拟同步发电机（VSG ）技术，以普通光伏发电系统为基础，参照同步发电机的运行特性构建出有功-频率控制器和无功-电压控制器的基础结构，建立逆变器模拟虚拟同步机的数学模型，利用Matlab/Simulink 仿真软件建模仿真。

仿真结果验证了VSG 控制策略对于逆变器控制维持并网稳定具有可行性。

关键词：逆变器；虚拟同步发电机；建模；稳定控制；光伏中图分类号：TM464文献标志码：A文章编号：1009－9492(2021)03－0093－04Modeling and Simulation of Virtual Synchronous Generator Based onInverter ControlLiang Yifeng（School of Electrical Engineering,University of South China,Hengyang,Huanan 421000,China ）Abstract:As one of the main development directions of smart grids in the future,microgrid systems have received widespread attention.The inverter plays a keyrole in the stable operation of the microgrid,but it has a non-negligible impact on the operation of the power system.When the inverter power supply adopts thedroop control strategy,it is difficult to provide inertia and damping support for the system under disturbance conditions,which makes the microgrid easy to lose stability.In response to the problem,a virtual synchronous generator (VSG)technology was adopted.Based on the ordinary photovoltaic power generation system,the basic structure of active-frequency controller and reactive-voltage controller was constructed by referring to the operating characteristics of synchronous generators.The mathematical model of the inverter to simulate the virtual synchronous machine was established,and the Matlab/Simulink simulation software was used to simulate the modeling.The simulation verifies that the VSG control strategy is feasible for the inverter control to maintain the stability of grid connection.Key words:inverter;virtual synchronous generator;modeling;stability control;photovoltaic power generation第50卷第03期Vol.50No.03机电工程技术MECHANICAL &ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGYDOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-9492.2021.03.021梁亦峰.基于逆变器的虚拟同步发电机控制建模与仿真［J ］.机电工程技术，2021，50（03）：93-96.0引言随着分布式电源渗透率增加，电网将逐步发展为电力电子变换器为主导的低惯量、欠阻尼网络，稳定性问题愈发严重。

华中师范大学物理学院物理学专业英语仅供内部学习参考！2014一、课程的任务和教学目的通过学习《物理学专业英语》，学生将掌握物理学领域使用频率较高的专业词汇和表达方法，进而具备基本的阅读理解物理学专业文献的能力。

通过分析《物理学专业英语》课程教材中的范文，学生还将从英语角度理解物理学中个学科的研究内容和主要思想，提高学生的专业英语能力和了解物理学研究前沿的能力。

培养专业英语阅读能力，了解科技英语的特点，提高专业外语的阅读质量和阅读速度；掌握一定量的本专业英文词汇，基本达到能够独立完成一般性本专业外文资料的阅读；达到一定的笔译水平。

要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。

要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。

二、课程内容课程内容包括以下章节：物理学、经典力学、热力学、电磁学、光学、原子物理、统计力学、量子力学和狭义相对论三、基本要求1.充分利用课内时间保证充足的阅读量（约1200~1500词/学时），要求正确理解原文。

2.泛读适量课外相关英文读物，要求基本理解原文主要内容。

3.掌握基本专业词汇（不少于200词）。

4.应具有流利阅读、翻译及赏析专业英语文献，并能简单地进行写作的能力。

四、参考书目录1 Physics 物理学 (1)Introduction to physics (1)Classical and modern physics (2)Research fields (4)V ocabulary (7)2 Classical mechanics 经典力学 (10)Introduction (10)Description of classical mechanics (10)Momentum and collisions (14)Angular momentum (15)V ocabulary (16)3 Thermodynamics 热力学 (18)Introduction (18)Laws of thermodynamics (21)System models (22)Thermodynamic processes (27)Scope of thermodynamics (29)V ocabulary (30)4 Electromagnetism 电磁学 (33)Introduction (33)Electrostatics (33)Magnetostatics (35)Electromagnetic induction (40)V ocabulary (43)5 Optics 光学 (45)Introduction (45)Geometrical optics (45)Physical optics (47)Polarization (50)V ocabulary (51)6 Atomic physics 原子物理 (52)Introduction (52)Electronic configuration (52)Excitation and ionization (56)V ocabulary (59)7 Statistical mechanics 统计力学 (60)Overview (60)Fundamentals (60)Statistical ensembles (63)V ocabulary (65)8 Quantum mechanics 量子力学 (67)Introduction (67)Mathematical formulations (68)Quantization (71)Wave-particle duality (72)Quantum entanglement (75)V ocabulary (77)9 Special relativity 狭义相对论 (79)Introduction (79)Relativity of simultaneity (80)Lorentz transformations (80)Time dilation and length contraction (81)Mass-energy equivalence (82)Relativistic energy-momentum relation (86)V ocabulary (89)正文标记说明：蓝色Arial字体（例如energy）：已知的专业词汇蓝色Arial字体加下划线（例如electromagnetism）：新学的专业词汇黑色Times New Roman字体加下划线（例如postulate）：新学的普通词汇1 Physics 物理学1 Physics 物理学Introduction to physicsPhysics is a part of natural philosophy and a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry,and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.Core theoriesThough physics deals with a wide variety of systems, certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories were experimentally tested numerous times and found correct as an approximation of nature (within a certain domain of validity).For instance, the theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research, and a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton (1642–1727) 【艾萨克·牛顿】.University PhysicsThese central theories are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of his or her specialization, is expected to be literate in them. These include classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, and special relativity.Classical and modern physicsClassical mechanicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); mechanics may also be divided into solid mechanics and fluid mechanics (known together as continuum mechanics), the latter including such branches as hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, and pneumatics.Acoustics is the study of how sound is produced, controlled, transmitted and received. Important modern branches of acoustics include ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing; bioacoustics the physics of animal calls and hearing, and electroacoustics, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics.Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light.Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at rest.Modern PhysicsClassical physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale of1 Physics 物理学observation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on the very large or very small scale.For example, atomic and nuclear physics studies matter on the smallest scale at which chemical elements can be identified.The physics of elementary particles is on an even smaller scale, as it is concerned with the most basic units of matter; this branch of physics is also known as high-energy physics because of the extremely high energies necessary to produce many types of particles in large particle accelerators. On this scale, ordinary, commonsense notions of space, time, matter, and energy are no longer valid.The two chief theories of modern physics present a different picture of the concepts of space, time, and matter from that presented by classical physics.Quantum theory is concerned with the discrete, rather than continuous, nature of many phenomena at the atomic and subatomic level, and with the complementary aspects of particles and waves in the description of such phenomena.The theory of relativity is concerned with the description of phenomena that take place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer; the special theory of relativity is concerned with relative uniform motion in a straight line and the general theory of relativity with accelerated motion and its connection with gravitation.Both quantum theory and the theory of relativity find applications in all areas of modern physics.Difference between classical and modern physicsWhile physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability. Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light. Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions.Albert Einstein【阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦】contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with space-time and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light.Max Planck【普朗克】, Erwin Schrödinger【薛定谔】, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales.Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity.General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved space-time, with which highly massiveUniversity Physicssystems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described. General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidate theories of quantum gravity are being developed.Research fieldsContemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; particle physics; astrophysics; geophysics and biophysics. Some physics departments also support research in Physics education.Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialized, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. "Universalists" such as Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and Lev Landau (1908–1968)【列夫·朗道】, who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.Condensed matter physicsCondensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of particles in a system is extremely large and the interactions between them are strong.The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the bonding by way of the electromagnetic force between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the super-fluid and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in certain atomic systems at very low temperature, the superconducting phase exhibited by conduction electrons in certain materials,and the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices.Condensed matter physics is by far the largest field of contemporary physics.Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The term condensed matter physics was apparently coined by Philip Anderson when he renamed his research group—previously solid-state theory—in 1967. In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics of the American Physical Society was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics.Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology and engineering.Atomic, molecular and optical physicsAtomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions on the scale of single atoms and molecules.1 Physics 物理学The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of the energy scales that are relevant. All three areas include both classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).Atomic physics studies the electron shells of atoms. Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the nucleus (see, e.g., hyperfine splitting), but intra-nuclear phenomena such as fission and fusion are considered part of high-energy physics.Molecular physics focuses on multi-atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light.Optical physics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects, but on the fundamental properties of optical fields and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm.High-energy physics (particle physics) and nuclear physicsParticle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy, and the interactions between them.In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high energy accelerators,detectors, and computer programs necessary for this research. The field is also called "high-energy physics" because many elementary particles do not occur naturally, but are created only during high-energy collisions of other particles.Currently, the interactions of elementary particles and fields are described by the Standard Model.●The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter (quarks and leptons) thatinteract via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces.●Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging gauge bosons (gluons,W and Z bosons, and photons, respectively).●The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson. In July 2012CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, announced the detection of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson.Nuclear Physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.University PhysicsAstrophysics and Physical CosmologyAstrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories. In the early 20th century, Hubble's discovery that the universe was expanding, as shown by the Hubble diagram, prompted rival explanations known as the steady state universe and the Big Bang.The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleo-synthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964. The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the cosmological principle (On a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the Universe are the same for all observers). Cosmologists have recently established the ΛCDM model (the standard model of Big Bang cosmology) of the evolution of the universe, which includes cosmic inflation, dark energy and dark matter.Current research frontiersIn condensed matter physics, an important unsolved theoretical problem is that of high-temperature superconductivity. Many condensed matter experiments are aiming to fabricate workable spintronics and quantum computers.In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost among these are indications that neutrinos have non-zero mass. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing solar neutrino problem, and the physics of massive neutrinos remains an area of active theoretical and experimental research. Particle accelerators have begun probing energy scales in the TeV range, in which experimentalists are hoping to find evidence for the super-symmetric particles, after discovery of the Higgs boson.Theoretical attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory1 Physics 物理学of quantum gravity, a program ongoing for over half a century, have not yet been decisively resolved. The current leading candidates are M-theory, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity.Many astronomical and cosmological phenomena have yet to be satisfactorily explained, including the existence of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, the baryon asymmetry, the acceleration of the universe and the anomalous rotation rates of galaxies.Although much progress has been made in high-energy, quantum, and astronomical physics, many everyday phenomena involving complexity, chaos, or turbulence are still poorly understood. Complex problems that seem like they could be solved by a clever application of dynamics and mechanics remain unsolved; examples include the formation of sand-piles, nodes in trickling water, the shape of water droplets, mechanisms of surface tension catastrophes, and self-sorting in shaken heterogeneous collections.These complex phenomena have received growing attention since the 1970s for several reasons, including the availability of modern mathematical methods and computers, which enabled complex systems to be modeled in new ways. Complex physics has become part of increasingly interdisciplinary research, as exemplified by the study of turbulence in aerodynamics and the observation of pattern formation in biological systems.Vocabulary★natural science 自然科学academic disciplines 学科astronomy 天文学in their own right 凭他们本身的实力intersects相交，交叉interdisciplinary交叉学科的，跨学科的★quantum 量子的theoretical breakthroughs 理论突破★electromagnetism 电磁学dramatically显著地★thermodynamics热力学★calculus微积分validity★classical mechanics 经典力学chaos 混沌literate 学者★quantum mechanics量子力学★thermodynamics and statistical mechanics热力学与统计物理★special relativity狭义相对论is concerned with 关注，讨论，考虑acoustics 声学★optics 光学statics静力学at rest 静息kinematics运动学★dynamics动力学ultrasonics超声学manipulation 操作，处理，使用University Physicsinfrared红外ultraviolet紫外radiation辐射reflection 反射refraction 折射★interference 干涉★diffraction 衍射dispersion散射★polarization 极化，偏振internal energy 内能Electricity电性Magnetism 磁性intimate 亲密的induces 诱导，感应scale尺度★elementary particles基本粒子★high-energy physics 高能物理particle accelerators 粒子加速器valid 有效的，正当的★discrete离散的continuous 连续的complementary 互补的★frame of reference 参照系★the special theory of relativity 狭义相对论★general theory of relativity 广义相对论gravitation 重力，万有引力explicit 详细的，清楚的★quantum field theory 量子场论★condensed matter physics凝聚态物理astrophysics天体物理geophysics地球物理Universalist博学多才者★Macroscopic宏观Exotic奇异的★Superconducting 超导Ferromagnetic铁磁质Antiferromagnetic 反铁磁质★Spin自旋Lattice 晶格，点阵，网格★Society社会，学会★microscopic微观的hyperfine splitting超精细分裂fission分裂，裂变fusion熔合，聚变constituents成分，组分accelerators加速器detectors 检测器★quarks夸克lepton 轻子gauge bosons规范玻色子gluons胶子★Higgs boson希格斯玻色子CERN欧洲核子研究中心★Magnetic Resonance Imaging磁共振成像，核磁共振ion implantation 离子注入radiocarbon dating放射性碳年代测定法geology地质学archaeology考古学stellar 恒星cosmology宇宙论celestial bodies 天体Hubble diagram 哈勃图Rival竞争的★Big Bang大爆炸nucleo-synthesis核聚合，核合成pillar支柱cosmological principle宇宙学原理ΛCDM modelΛ-冷暗物质模型cosmic inflation宇宙膨胀1 Physics 物理学fabricate制造，建造spintronics自旋电子元件，自旋电子学★neutrinos 中微子superstring 超弦baryon重子turbulence湍流，扰动，骚动catastrophes突变，灾变，灾难heterogeneous collections异质性集合pattern formation模式形成University Physics2 Classical mechanics 经典力学IntroductionIn physics, classical mechanics is one of the two major sub-fields of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces. The study of the motion of bodies is an ancient one, making classical mechanics one of the oldest and largest subjects in science, engineering and technology.Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. Besides this, many specializations within the subject deal with gases, liquids, solids, and other specific sub-topics.Classical mechanics provides extremely accurate results as long as the domain of study is restricted to large objects and the speeds involved do not approach the speed of light. When the objects being dealt with become sufficiently small, it becomes necessary to introduce the other major sub-field of mechanics, quantum mechanics, which reconciles the macroscopic laws of physics with the atomic nature of matter and handles the wave–particle duality of atoms and molecules. In the case of high velocity objects approaching the speed of light, classical mechanics is enhanced by special relativity. General relativity unifies special relativity with Newton's law of universal gravitation, allowing physicists to handle gravitation at a deeper level.The initial stage in the development of classical mechanics is often referred to as Newtonian mechanics, and is associated with the physical concepts employed by and the mathematical methods invented by Newton himself, in parallel with Leibniz【莱布尼兹】, and others.Later, more abstract and general methods were developed, leading to reformulations of classical mechanics known as Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. These advances were largely made in the 18th and 19th centuries, and they extend substantially beyond Newton's work, particularly through their use of analytical mechanics. Ultimately, the mathematics developed for these were central to the creation of quantum mechanics.Description of classical mechanicsThe following introduces the basic concepts of classical mechanics. For simplicity, it often2 Classical mechanics 经典力学models real-world objects as point particles, objects with negligible size. The motion of a point particle is characterized by a small number of parameters: its position, mass, and the forces applied to it.In reality, the kind of objects that classical mechanics can describe always have a non-zero size. (The physics of very small particles, such as the electron, is more accurately described by quantum mechanics). Objects with non-zero size have more complicated behavior than hypothetical point particles, because of the additional degrees of freedom—for example, a baseball can spin while it is moving. However, the results for point particles can be used to study such objects by treating them as composite objects, made up of a large number of interacting point particles. The center of mass of a composite object behaves like a point particle.Classical mechanics uses common-sense notions of how matter and forces exist and interact. It assumes that matter and energy have definite, knowable attributes such as where an object is in space and its speed. It also assumes that objects may be directly influenced only by their immediate surroundings, known as the principle of locality.In quantum mechanics objects may have unknowable position or velocity, or instantaneously interact with other objects at a distance.Position and its derivativesThe position of a point particle is defined with respect to an arbitrary fixed reference point, O, in space, usually accompanied by a coordinate system, with the reference point located at the origin of the coordinate system. It is defined as the vector r from O to the particle.In general, the point particle need not be stationary relative to O, so r is a function of t, the time elapsed since an arbitrary initial time.In pre-Einstein relativity (known as Galilean relativity), time is considered an absolute, i.e., the time interval between any given pair of events is the same for all observers. In addition to relying on absolute time, classical mechanics assumes Euclidean geometry for the structure of space.Velocity and speedThe velocity, or the rate of change of position with time, is defined as the derivative of the position with respect to time. In classical mechanics, velocities are directly additive and subtractive as vector quantities; they must be dealt with using vector analysis.When both objects are moving in the same direction, the difference can be given in terms of speed only by ignoring direction.University PhysicsAccelerationThe acceleration , or rate of change of velocity, is the derivative of the velocity with respect to time (the second derivative of the position with respect to time).Acceleration can arise from a change with time of the magnitude of the velocity or of the direction of the velocity or both . If only the magnitude v of the velocity decreases, this is sometimes referred to as deceleration , but generally any change in the velocity with time, including deceleration, is simply referred to as acceleration.Inertial frames of referenceWhile the position and velocity and acceleration of a particle can be referred to any observer in any state of motion, classical mechanics assumes the existence of a special family of reference frames in terms of which the mechanical laws of nature take a comparatively simple form. These special reference frames are called inertial frames .An inertial frame is such that when an object without any force interactions (an idealized situation) is viewed from it, it appears either to be at rest or in a state of uniform motion in a straight line. This is the fundamental definition of an inertial frame. They are characterized by the requirement that all forces entering the observer's physical laws originate in identifiable sources (charges, gravitational bodies, and so forth).A non-inertial reference frame is one accelerating with respect to an inertial one, and in such a non-inertial frame a particle is subject to acceleration by fictitious forces that enter the equations of motion solely as a result of its accelerated motion, and do not originate in identifiable sources. These fictitious forces are in addition to the real forces recognized in an inertial frame.A key concept of inertial frames is the method for identifying them. For practical purposes, reference frames that are un-accelerated with respect to the distant stars are regarded as good approximations to inertial frames.Forces; Newton's second lawNewton was the first to mathematically express the relationship between force and momentum . Some physicists interpret Newton's second law of motion as a definition of force and mass, while others consider it a fundamental postulate, a law of nature. Either interpretation has the same mathematical consequences, historically known as "Newton's Second Law":a m t v m t p F ===d )(d d dThe quantity m v is called the (canonical ) momentum . The net force on a particle is thus equal to rate of change of momentum of the particle with time.So long as the force acting on a particle is known, Newton's second law is sufficient to。

Unit 3 The InternetⅠ. 词块记单词1. chat online 网上闲聊2. stream movies and music 流媒体电影和音乐3. carry cash around 随身携带现金4. the most updated information 最新信息5. large databases 大数据库6. download software 下载软件7. social networks 社交网络8. be stuck at home 被困在家9. surf the Internet 上网10. start a charity website 开办一家慈善网站11. go through tough times 渡过难关12. the World Internet Conference 世界互联网大会13. confirm the Wi­Fi password 确认无线密码14. press the button 按下按钮15. get discounts 打折16. become a target 成为一个目标17. use several false names 用一些假名字18. provide guidelines 供应指导Ⅱ. 语境记单词1. The main advantage of the bag is convenient to carry, freeing both hands, and provides convenience for going out. (convenient)2. The beach is within walking distance of my house, from where we can see the distant mountains. (distant)3. He often inspires us to find inspiration in nature where there is something inspiring. (inspire)4. Such a blood pressure is normal for a person of your age, so it's not necessary to press yourself to take medicine. (press)5. In the past, many women had no access to college education. College education wasn't accessible to women until the 1920s. (access)6. She has a job as an accountant at a garment factory and she has her own emailaccount. (account)7. To protect your privacy, you mustn't let out your private information at any time. (private)8. To his embarrassment, the journalist raised some embarrassing questions about his private affairs; as a result, he was too embarrassed to answer them. (embarrass)9. Your suggestion is very beneficial and I have benefited a lot from it. (benefit)Ⅲ. 语境记短语1. Alice promised me to come round to keep you company (陪伴) today.2. Now that (既然)there are still some problems remaining to be solved, we have to work extra hours tonight.3. We went through (穿过) the forest without difficulty with the guide leading us.4. We should keep in mind (牢记) that getting up early is good for health.5. Running is a great way to be in shape (状况良好) and everyone can do it.6. Memory is the ability to keep track of (了解……动态) things that have happened in the past.7. All the goods on this counter are sold at a discount (打折扣) of 25%.8. We should not make fun of (取笑) the classmates when they cannot answer the questions correctly.9. I am familiar with (熟识) the local conditions, which makes it possible for me to show directions clearly.10. In contrast to children in the mountainous areas, we are lucky to have access to (运用) computers.Ⅳ. 公式练句型1. 天气如此好以至于我们确定去户外郊游。

2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（重庆卷）英语高考预测调研卷（二）一、听力（共三节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案划在试题卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试题卷上的答案转涂或转填到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）请听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试题卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A．£19.15. B．£9.15. C．£9.18.答案选B.1．What are the two speakers talking about?A．The freeway. B．A traffic accident. C．A film. 2．Where does the conversation most probably take place?A．At a bus stop. B．In a street. C．In a hotel. 3．What was the man reading?A．English newspapers. B．English short stories. C．English textbooks.4．What did the man mean?A．He quite agreed with the woman.B．He enjoyed the lecture the whole time.C．The lecture was more than one hour long.5．When is Michael planning to leave?A．At about 5:15. B．At about 5:25. C．At about 5:30.第二节（共12小题；每小题1.5分，满分18分）请听下面4段对话。

Attention!1. This is an extremely powerful brushless motor system. We strongly recommend removing your propellers for your own safety and the safety of those around you before performingcalibration and programming functions with this system.2. Available throttle calibration range is from 1000us to 2000us, and the difference between minimum and maximum throttle must be more than 140us (70us in bidirectional mode). If acalibration is done where the difference is less than 140us (70us), the maximum will be shifted so that the difference is 140us (70us).3. Oneshot125 mode works just the same as regular 1-2ms mode, the only difference is that all timing is divided by 8. And the same for Oneshot42, where all timing is further dividedby 3. Multshot also works similarly, except the input signal range is 5-25us.4. Dshot is supported at any rate, up to at least Dshot1200. When the input signal is Dshot, throttle calibration is disabled, and the throttle calibration values are ignored.5. Input signal rates up to at least 32kHz are supported. But please note that higher input signal rates put a heavier load on the MCU, and will reduce the maximum ERPM that the ESCcan handle.Although there are some protections, improper use may still cause permanent damage to the product.• Always disconnect and remove batteries after use, as the ESC may drive the motor to rotate and cause unpredictable danger if it`s still connected to the battery. Long-time contact willcause the battery to completely discharge and result in damage to the battery or/and the ESC. This will not be covered under warranty.• The open source ESC can only be flashed with the corresponding firmware (not any other firmware) when flashing or upgrading firmware, otherwise it may cause the ESC to stopworking or even damage the chip inside.• This user manual is based on the operation manual for BLHeli_32 ARM rev32.x and only for reference. For more detailed information, please refer to the original BLHeli manual. Due tofirmware update or other reasons, the descriptions for functions may differ, so please always take the official BLHeli manual as standard.• Please note that this product is only applicable to the multi-rotors with the diagonal wheelbase doesn’t exceed 300mm, because using it beyond the specification may cause damage tothe ESC or other issues. In that case, users need to take full responsibility for the consequences.XRotor FPV G2 ESC (4in1) - 45A45A60A No3-6S12g40x33x5mm20x20mm M31. Rampup Power:Rampup power can be set to relative values from 3% to 150%. This is the maximum power that is allowed when ramping up at low RPMs and during start-up. For low RPMs, the maximum power to themotor is limited, in order to facilitate detection of low BEMF voltages. Rampup power also affects bidirectional operation, as the parameter is used to limit the power applied during direction reversal.During startup, the actual applied power depends on throttle input, and can be lower than the maximum level set by the rampup power parameter, but the minimum level is a quarter of the maximum level.2. Temperature Protection:Temperature protection can be enabled or disabled. And the temperature threshold can be programmed. The programmable threshold is primarily meant as a support for hardware manufacturers to use,as different hardware can have different tolerances on the max temperatures of the various components used.3. Low RPM Power Protection:Power limiting for low RPMs can be enabled or disabled. Disabling it can be necessary in order to achieve full power on some low KV motors running on a low supply voltage. However, disabling itincreases the risk of sync loss, with the possibility of toasting motor or ESC.4. Low Voltage Protection:Low voltage protection can be set between 2.5V and 4.0V per LiPo cell. Or it can be disabled. When enabled, it will limit power applied to the motor if the battery voltage drops below the programmedthreshold. This feature is primarily intended for fixed wing crafts.5. Current Protection:Current protection can be enabled to limit current. If enabled, then current will be limited to maximum the programmed value. The reaction time of the current limiting is quite fast, so current will alsobe limited during accelerations.The value given for current protection, is per ESC. So if setting limit to e.g. 40A for each of the ESCs in a quad (using BLHeliSuite32), then the total current limit for the four ESCs will be 160A.6. Motor Direction:Motor direction can be set to fwd / rev / bidirectional / bidirectional rev.In bidirectional mode, center throttle is zero and above is fwd rotation and below is reverse rotation. When bidirectional operation is selected, throttle calibration is disabled.7. Demag Compensation:Demag compensation is a feature to protect from motor stalls caused by long winding demagnetization time after commutation. The typical symptom is motor stop or stutter upon quick throttleincrease, particularly when running at a low RPM. As mentioned above, setting high commutation timing normally helps, but at the cost of efficiency.Demag compensation is an alternative way of combating the issue. First of all, it detects when a demag situation occurs.-In this situation, there is no info on motor timing, and commutation proceeds blindly with a predicted timing.-In addition to this, motor power is cut off some time before the next commutation.A metric is calculated that indicates how severe the demag situation is. The more severe the situation, the more power is cut off.When demag compensation is set to off, power is never cut.When setting it to low or high, power is cut. For a high setting, power is cut more aggressively.Generally, a higher value of the compensation parameter gives better protection.If demag compensation is set too high, maximum power can be somewhat reduced for some motors.8. Motor Timing:Motor timing can be set between approximately 10 and approximately 310 in approximately 10 increments (actual accurate values here are 15/16ths of a degree).Typically a medium setting will work fine, but if the motor stutters it can be beneficial to increase timing. Some motors with high inductance can have a very long commutation demagnetization time.This can result in motor stop or stutter upon quick throttle increase, particularly when running at a low RPM. Setting timing higher will allow more time for demagnetization, and often helps.This parameter can also be set to auto. In this case the code monitors demagnetization time, and keeps timing as low as possible without having issues with demag. On well behaved motors, timing canbe low in the entire power range, and thereby max power can be reduced. On not so well behaved motors, timing is increased as needed, and thereby improves margins against sync loss.9. Maximum Acceleration:Maximum acceleration can be set between 0.1%/ms and 25.5%/ms. It can also be set to maximum, in which case acceleration is not limited. Limiting acceleration is primarily intended as a backupparameter that can be used in cases where too hard acceleration gives desyncs.When setting to e.g. 10%/ms, it means that the power applied to the motor is not allowed to increase by more than 10% per millisecond.10. Throttle Cal Enable:If disabled, throttle calibration is disabled.11. Minimum Throttle, Maximum Throttle and Center Throttle:These settings set the throttle range of the ESC. Center throttle is only used for bidirectional operation. The values given for these settings are for a normal 1000us to 2000us input signal, and for theother input signals, the values must be scaled.For Dshot input signal, these settings have no effect.12. Brake On Stop:Brake on stop can be set between 1% and 100%, or disabled. When not disabled, the given brake force will be applied when throttle is zero. For nonzero throttle, this setting has no effect. This featureis primarily intended for fixed wing crafts with folding props.On some ESCs this setting is not linearly programmable, it will just be enabled (at 100% force for any setting 1%-100%) or disabled (this applies to ESCs that have “EN/PWM” style fet drivers).13. LED Control:LEDs can be controlled on ESCs that support it. Up to 4 LEDs can be turned on or off.14. Beep Strength:Sets the strength of beeps under normal operation.15. Beacon Strength:Sets the strength of beeps when beeping beacon beeps. The ESC will start beeping beacon beeps if the throttle signal has been zero for a given time. Note that setting a high beacon strength cancause hot motors or ESCs!16. Beacon Delay:Beacon delay sets the delay before beacon beeping starts.17. PWM frequency:Motor PWM frequency can be programmed between 16kHz and 48kHz. Higher PWM frequency can run motors smoother. Programmable frequency also allows for moving of small but potentiallydisturbing bumps in the throttle response. All ESCs have these bumps, with BLHeli_32 they can be moved in the RPM range, to a place where the system has low sensitivity to them.USER MANUALMulti-RotorXRotor FPV G2 ESC (4in1)- 65A & 45ABrushless Electronic Speed Controller03Features04Specifications05User GuideAt this point throttle calibration values are stored. You may remove power from the ESC, or just continue running your ESC.Once7. Throttle up detected(arming sequence start):Once8. Zero throttle detected(arming sequence end):Whilemeasuring5. When throttle is below midstick (measuring min throttle):Once4. If throttle is above midstick for 3 seconds:This beep sequence indicates that max throttle has been storedOnce6. If throttle is below midstick for 3 seconds：This beep sequence indicates that min throttle has been stored06Programming parameters07Others• High performance 32-bit microprocessor with the running frequency of up to 120MHz for excellent performance.• The third generation BLHeli_32 code can support up to 128KHz PWM output frequency, which can be compatible with more motors.• All codes use damped light mode. Damped light does regenerative braking, causing very fast motor retardation, and inherently also does active freewheeling.• The code supports features to prevent sync loss. There are tunable parameters that can make the code run well even in the most demanding situations, although default settings will workexcellently in normal operating environments.• The code supports regular 1-2ms pulse width input, as well as Oneshot125 (125-250us), Oneshot42 (41.7-83.3us) and Multishot (5-25us).• Dshot signaling is supported at any rate up to at least Dshot1200. The input signal is automatically detected by the ESC upon power up.• The code also supports a beacon functionality, where the ESC will start beeping after a given time of zero throttle. This can be very useful for finding lost crafts.1. Thermal ProtectionThe ESC measures temperature within the MCU and limits motor power if the temperature is too high. Motor power is limited over a range:-If the temperature is above the threshold, motor power begins to be limited.-If the temperature is above the threshold plus approximately 150℃, motor power is limited to 25%.Motor power is not limited below 25%.2. Stall ProtectionIf the motor has attempted to start but not succeeded for a few seconds, it will stop attempting and wait for throttle to be zeroed before attempting again.3. Beacon---BeepsIf the ESC is armed and sees zero throttle for a given time, it beeps beacon beeps, which are approximately one beep per three seconds.4. Not activated ESC---BeepsAll ESCs shall be activated during manufacturing. If for some reason this is not done, the ESC will beep like this upon power up, before the normal operation beep sequence starts: “B, B, B… (the timeinterval shortens gradually)”. If for some reason activation has failed and the ESC is not regarded as a valid BLHeli_32 unit, the ESC will beep like this upon power up, before the normal operation beepsequence starts: “BBB, BBB, BBB…(the tone of the “BBB” changes from high to low)”. In this case the ESC will only accept 1-2ms pwm input signal.5. Other Relevant InformationBLHeli official website: https:///bitdump/BLHeliBLHeli32 official documentation download website: https:///bitdump/BLHeli/tree/master/BLHeli_32%20ARMFirmware: Hobbywing_BL32_AT421_...Definitions for Different Ports1Note: Users only need to connect the throttle control wire, 5V power wire and ground wire of theESC to the corresponding ports (on peripheral devices like receiver) when a single ESC needs tobe programmed.• NC: none output.• BAT：Battery Volt monitoring port with the battery voltage is to connect to the Battery Volt monitoring porton flight controller.• CRT：Amp monitoring port with the amperage of 11.75mv/A is to connect to the Amp monitoring port onflight controller.• GND：Ground wire.• 5V：5V Power output port . (For FC , Camera , 5V LED light and etc .)• S1-4：Throttle Signal Input Ports. Port S1 is for ESC M1, S2 is for M2, S3 is for M3, and S4 is for M4.• POWER INPUT：Power input soldering point , “-” for connecting the power wire - , “+” for connecting thepower wire +.Note: Users only need to connect the throttle control wire and ground wire of the ESC to thecorresponding ports (on peripheral devices like receiver) when a single ESC needs to be programmed.• TELEMETRY: 4ini Telemetry data port.• VCC：Battery Volt monitoring port with the battery voltage is to connect to the Battery Volt monitoring porton flight controller.• CRT：Amp monitoring port with the amperage of 11.75mv/A is to connect to the Amp monitoring port onflight controller.• GND：Ground wire.• S1-4：Throttle Signal Input Ports. Port S1 is for ESC M1, S2 is for M2, S3 is for M3, and S4 is for M4.• POWER INPUT：power input soldering point , “-” for connecting the power wire - , “+” for connecting thepower wire + .。