高中英语阅读理解之词义猜测题
文水中学赵爱丽词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。
同学们应加强训练通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及语境等确定词义的技能。
由于猜测词义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等，因此联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。
命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，同学们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。
我们必须熟练掌握的猜测词义的方法有：（一）根据构词法判断词义
三种构词法，即合成、转化、派生，是我们猜测词义需掌握的基本方法。
合成法：通过构成合成词的每个单词的含义猜测和领会其含义；转化法：通过一个词的本意猜测出它转化后的意思，常见的是名词和动词、形容词和动词以及形容词和名词之间的相互转化；派生法：由一个词根加前缀（prefix）或后缀（suffix）构成词的方法称为派生法。
一般来说，前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性。
所以掌握了一些基本的词汇和词缀，我们就可以猜测出很多词的意义。
（二）根据语境判断词义
这是提高阅读速度和理解率必备的判断断词义的能力。
语境可能是一个句子、几个句子、甚至一个段落或通篇文章。
我们可分别将其称为小语境、中语境和大语境。
1. 小语境
(1) 定义式
常用的词有：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to
等。
例1：Mark Twain was not the author‘s real name; it was a
pseudonym.
例2：Mechanized farming means the use of modern machinery on farms.
(2) 例举式
常用词有：for example, for instance, such as, like等。
例1：Newly-married young people often spend some of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machines, refrigerators and televisions.
例2：
Doctors suggest that everyone should exercise every day, especially those who do sedentary
work ，like reading, typing and sewing.
(3)
重述式
常用词有：and, or, similarly, that is (to say), in other words, namely, say, i.e. 等
例1：Red had the longest wavelength; that is, the distance between each wave is longest in red
light than in any other color.
例2：
The football player was penalized for his rudeness and the punishment was a good lesson for him. (4)
同位语
构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。
例1：Dr. Baker is a member of an agricultural mission, a group of experts on better farming methods.
例2：（05浙江卷B篇）
In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.
（5）修饰限定式
从定语从句或状语从句提供的限定或修饰信息来猜测词义。
例1：The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
例2：The man is a tramp, who goes from place to place and does no regular work.
例3：The floor was so cluttered with many toys that Mom had difficulty walking to the door.
2. 中语境
(1) 对比关系：有些表示转折关系的连词、介词短语和副词等使前后的意思构成对比。
我们可以利用这种对比关系，判断生词的含义。
常用的词有：although; even though/if; while; but; yet; however; instead; rather than; unlike; far from; on the other hand; unfortunately等。
(2) 同义关系和平行关系：作者在写文章时，为避免重复，同一概念常用不同的同义词。
这种同义关系为我们猜词带来了方便。
常用词：and; or; not only…but also…; besides; similarly; likewise; in the same way, like, just as, also, as well as, in other words 或用分号引出相同或类似的词。
另外在特定的情况下，作者经常通过一连串同一类型或同一范畴的词语来表达其思想。
如果有一生词在这一系列的同一范畴的词语中，
可以通过这些词语的特征和语义范围推断出生词的词义范围。
(3) 因果关系：在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。
常见的提示词有：because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，therefore 等。
(4) 根据替代、说明、描述等关系猜测词义:在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。
3. 大语境
在阅读中，如果通过小语境或中语境还不能猜出该词的词义，可扩大语境来理解该词的
词义。
例1：Annie‘s mother died when she was eight years old. Two years later, her father disappeared, never to be heard from again. Annie and her brother were sent to an orphanage.
例2：A very snobbish woman met George Bernard Shaw, the famous English play writer, at a garden party one afternoon. She was the sort of woman who was only interested in people who were rich and fam ous, and she was very eager to have Shaw as a guest in her own home so she could show him off to h er friends.
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