下载文档原格式
﹛﹛Galaxy Macau (Macau) 每 One & Only the Palm (Dubai, UAE)Shangri-La Hotel (Paris, France) 每 Sheraton Hotel (Bangalore, India)Tugendhat Villa (Brno, Czech Republic) 每 Four Seasons Hotel (Baltimore, USA)Light and Building 2012 (Frankfurt, Germany)ISSUE 15﹛﹛﹛﹛galaxy macau, macau, 2011one & only the palm, dubai, uae, 2010 ﹛﹛sheraton hotel, bangalore, india, 2010tugendhat villa, brno, czech republic, 2012 ﹛﹛known as ※Lightness§.﹛﹛Your marketing teamWe cordially welcome you to our fifteenth edition of the PRECIOSA LIGHTING bulletin, Starting in the South-East Asian city of Macau, we continue to India＆s Bangalore, in which we would like to present our enchanting lighting projects from around the world. Arabia＊s Dubai and Europe＊s Brno and Paris, until we arrive to America＆s Baltimore. After visiting these cities, we＊ll brief you on our participation at the Frankfurt Exhibition of Light and Building 2012, where we introduced our new collection of design lighting fixtures We wish you a pleasant time spent viewing our bulletin and believe that it will inspire you with many original ideas.﹛﹛﹛﹛﹛﹛﹛﹛﹛﹛preciosa 每 proJects selection﹛﹛On the Southeast coast of China, 60 kilometers west of Hong Kong, lies Macau 每 a region famous for being a gambler＊s paradise. An essential part of this ※Asian Las Vegas§ is the newly opened luxurious casino resort of Galaxy Macau?, where the most significant areas are decorated with Preciosa＊s lighting fixtures.﹛﹛This extraordinary lighting fixture consists of almost 2,000 mouth?blown crystal components and more than 60,000 cut crystal beads. Its height ranges from 7.5 meters in its most compact state to 13.5 meters when fully stretched. 048?909?000-03? 629 CM / 248 IN∥1350 CM / 531 IN? See more technical details on page 461※This projectexceeded everythingwe have participated on in Asia up until now.bulletin no. xv / 20124每5﹛﹛﹛﹛2﹛﹛galaxy macau, macau, 2011﹛﹛Organzadecorativetextile.Light sources of this lighting fixture are covered with special textile shades made of two different colored layers of﹛﹛26每7﹛﹛﹛﹛galaxy macau, macau, 2011mouth blown,hand shapedcrystal﹛﹛instead of classic trimming basket. These fine glass flowers appear on lamp shades as well.Bottom of this lighting fixture is decorated withflowers﹛﹛3This amber lighting fixture situated in the Mass Gaming Area carries 990 mouth?blown and hand?shaped flowers of 3 different types.﹛﹛011?488?030-02﹛﹛? 550 CM / 217 IN﹛﹛∥ 270 CM / 106 IN﹛﹛? See more technical details on page 46 ﹛﹛8每9。
报刊杂志常见的英语缩略语APEC - Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经济合作组织BBS - Bulletin Board System 电子布告栏系统，现在国内统称为论坛CBD - Central Business District 中心商务区CET - College English Test （中国）大学英语等级考试CEO - Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官CIA - Central Intelligence Agency （美国）中央情报局DIY - Do It Yourself 自己动手做DJ - Disc Jockey 电台的音乐节目主持人EMS - Express Mail Service 邮政特快专递服务FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation 美国联邦调查局GDP - Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值GNP - Gross National Product 国民生产总值GPS - Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GSM - Global System For Mobile Communications 全球移动通讯系统HSK - Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi 汉语水平考试IT - Information Technology 信息技术ISO - International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织IQ - Intelligence Quotient 智商MBA - Master Of Business Administration 工商管理硕士NASDAQ - National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations 全美证券商协会自动报价系统，但目前已成为纳斯达克股票市场的代名词。
国外艺术类杂志期刊1、了解认识专业期刊高水平的专业期刊一般通过所刊登的论文反映其所涉及专业的最新进展、前沿动态，与科技的最新发展保持同步，即论文代表着其刊物的质量和地位。
例如：IEEE（Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers，美国电气电子工程师学会）是世界上最大的专业学会，每年由该学会举办或合办的会议超过150个；此外，还出版120多种同行评审的期刊。
该学会的宗旨之一是，促进电气、电子、计算机科学和工程领域的理论和实践，他们试图让学会的会员和非会员通过举办的会议和出版的刊物了解电气、电子及相关领域最新的技术发展。
由这一点可以看了，打算向IEEE的刊物投稿的作者，在论文内容上应起码做到有创新有意义，是前沿的，读者感兴趣的。
因此，投稿前十分有必要了解刊物的水平、方针、宗旨。
2、选择投稿的期刊有经验的作者都知道先选择要投稿的期刊，而后撰写论文，即先研究市场，再研制产品。
了解某一刊物的水平及刊登稿件的专业范围可以向同事询问或直接阅读刊物，另外可以检索著名的文摘索引，如EI （Engineering Index，美国工程索引）、SCI（Science Citation Index，美国科学引文索引）等。
高水平的刊物在这些文摘索引中都被收录。
SCI还根据刊物在一段时间内的被引用率的高低确定了反映刊物水平的“影响因子（Impact Factor），查阅刊物的影响因子，也可得知它在同类刊物中的水平。
3、认真阅读“投稿须知”选择好投稿的刊物后，要认真阅读“投稿须知”，它是了解某一刊物的最重要的信息，所有的编辑都一再强调这一点；而且，这一步骤一定要在撰写论文之前进行。
“投稿须知”一般在刊物的封里、封底或刊物的网址上。
需要从中了解的内容主要有：刊物的宗旨、刊物稿件的专业范围、刊物的读者、编辑方针、稿件的接收标准、文稿的格式要求、稿件的长度、稿件的语言、参考文献、注释、插图/图表、正文是否需要隔行打印（给编辑留出修改的地方）……。
常用英文缩写国家名称英文缩写对照表AUS 澳大利亚AustraliaAUT 奥地利AustriaBLR 保加利亚BelarusBEL 比利时BelgiumBIH 波黑Bosnia-HercegovinaBRA 巴西BrazilBulgaria (BUL)：保加利亚CHN(PRC) 中国People's Republic of China (China) Canada (CAN)：加拿大Chinese Taipei (TPE)：中国台北Croatia (CRO)：克罗地亚Czech Republic (CZE)：捷克Denmark (DEN)：丹麦Estonia (EST)：爱沙尼亚France (FRA)：法国Germany (GER)：德国GBR(UK) 英国：United KingdomHKG 中国香港Hong Kong-ChinaHUN 匈牙利HungaryIND 印度IndiaISR 以色列IsraelITA 意大利ItalyJPN 日本JapanKazakhstan (KAZ)：哈萨克斯坦Korea (KOR)：韩国Latvia (LAT)：拉托维亚Lithuania (LTU)：立陶宛Mongolia (MGL)：蒙古Netherlands (NED)：荷兰New Zealand (NZL)：新西兰Norway (NOR)：挪威People's Republic of Korea (PRK)：朝鲜Poland (POL)：波兰Republic of South Africa (RSA)：南非Romania (ROM)：罗马尼亚Russia (RUS)：俄罗斯Serbia and Montenegro (SCG)：塞黑Slovakia (SVK)：斯洛伐克Slovenia (SLO)：斯洛文尼亚SWE 瑞典SwedenSUI 瑞士SwitzerlandUSA 美国：United States of AmericaUKR 乌克兰UkraineAC=上升岛, AD=安道尔, AE=阿拉伯联合酋长国, AF=阿富汗, AG=安提瓜和巴布达, AI=安圭拉, AL=阿尔巴尼亚, AM=亚美尼亚, AN=荷兰安的列斯群岛, AO=安哥拉, AQ=南极洲, AR=阿根廷,AS=美属萨摩亚群岛, AT=奥地利,AZ=澳洲, AW=阿卢巴,AZ=阿塞拜疆, BA=波士尼亚共和国, BB=巴巴多斯, BD=孟加拉,BE=比利时, BF=BurkinaFaso,BG=保加利亚, BH=巴林,BI=布隆迪, BJ=贝宁湾,BM=百慕达群岛, BN=汶莱,BO=玻利维亚, BR=巴西,BS=巴哈马, BT=不丹,BV=布威岛, BW=博茨瓦纳,BY=白俄罗斯, BZ=伯利兹,CA=加拿大, CC=椰子树(装以龙骨)岛, CD=扎伊尔, CF=中非共和国,CG=刚果, CH=瑞士,CK=科克群岛, CL=智利,CM=喀麦隆, CN=中国,CO=哥伦比亚, CR=哥斯达黎加,CU=古巴, CV=维德岛,CX=圣诞岛, CY=赛普勒斯,CZ=捷克, DE=德国,DJ=吉布地', DK'=丹麦,DM=多米尼加共和国, DO=多米尼加共和国,DZ=阿尔及利亚, EC=厄瓜多尔,EE=爱沙尼亚, EG=埃及,EH=西撒哈拉, ER=厄立特里安,ES=西班牙, ET=埃塞俄比亚, EU=欧盟, FI=芬兰,FJ=斐济, FK=福克兰群岛, FM=密克罗尼西亚, FO=法罗群岛, FR=法国, GA=加彭,GB=英国, GD=格林纳达, GE=格鲁吉亚州,GF=法属圭亚那, GG=格恩西岛, GH=迦纳,GI=直布罗陀, GL=格陵兰,GM=冈比亚, GN=几内亚,GP=哥德普洛岛, GQ=赤道几内亚, GS=南乔治亚州和南方插入岛, GR=希腊,GT=危地马拉, GU=关岛,GW'=几内亚比绍共和国, GY=圭亚那, HM=听到和麦当劳岛, HK=香港,HN=洪都拉斯, HR=克罗埃西亚, HT=海地, HU=匈牙利,ID=印尼, IE=爱尔兰,IL=以色列, IM=冰岛,IO=英国的印度洋领土, IN=印度,IQ=伊拉克, IR=伊朗王国, IS=冰岛, IT=意大利,JE'=泽西, JM=牙买加,JO=约旦, JP=日本,KE=肯尼亚, KG=Kyrgystan, KH=高棉, KI=吉尔巴斯,KM=科摩洛, KN=圣吉斯和尼维斯, KP=韩国, KR=韩国,共和国,KW=科威特, KY=开曼群岛,KZ'=哈萨克, LA=Lao人民主共和国, LB=黎巴嫩, LC=圣卢西亚,LI=列支敦士登, LK=斯里兰卡,LR=利比里亚, LS=莱索托,LT=立陶宛, LU=卢森堡,LV=拉脱维亚, LY=利比亚,MA=摩洛哥, MC=摩纳哥,MD=摩尔多瓦, MG=马达加斯加,MH=马绍尔群岛, MK=马其顿,ML=马里, MM=缅甸,MN=蒙古, MO=澳门,MP=北马里亚纳群岛, MQ=马提尼克岛,MR=毛里塔尼亚, MS=蒙特色纳,MT=马尔他, MU=毛里求斯,MV=马尔代夫, MW=马拉维,MX=墨西哥, MY=马来西亚,MZ=莫桑比克, NA=那米比亚,NC=新加勒多尼亚, NE=尼日尔,NF=诺福克岛, NG=尼日利亚,NI=尼加拉瓜, NL=荷兰,NO=挪威, NP=尼泊尔,NR'=瑙鲁, NU=纽鄂岛,NZ=新西兰, OM=阿曼,PA=巴拿马, PE=秘鲁,PF=法属玻里尼西亚, PG=巴布亚新几内亚, PH=菲律宾共和国, PK=巴基斯坦,PM=圣皮埃尔和密克罗, PL=波兰,PN=皮特凯恩岛, PR=波多黎各,PS=巴勒斯坦, PT=葡萄牙,PW=帛琉, PY=巴拉圭,QA=卡塔尔, RO=罗马尼亚,RU=俄国, RW=卢旺达,SA=沙特阿拉伯, SB=索罗门群岛,SC'=塞锡尔群岛, SD=苏丹,SE=瑞典, SG=新加坡,SH=圣海伦娜, SI=斯洛文尼亚,SJ=冷岸和央麦恩群岛岛, SK=斯洛伐克,SL=塞拉利昂, SM=桑河Marino,SN=塞内加尔, SO=索马里,SR=苏利南, ST=圣多美和普林西比, SU=苏联, SV=萨尔瓦多,SY'=叙利亚, SZ=斯威士兰,TC=土耳其.凯科斯群岛, TD=乍得,TF=法国人, TG=多哥,TJ=塔吉克, TK=托克劳,TL=东帝汶, TM=土库曼斯克,TN=北非的共和国, TO=汤加,TP=东帝汶, TR=土耳其,TT=千里达托贝哥共和国, TV=图瓦卢,TW=台湾, TZ=坦桑尼亚,UA=乌克兰, UG=乌干达,UM=美国辅修在外的岛, UK=英国,US=美国, UY=乌拉圭,UZ=乌兹别克斯坦, VA=神圣的见到(罗马教庭), VC=圣文森和格林纳丁斯, VE=委内瑞拉,VG=维京群岛英国, VI=维京群岛U.S,VN=越南, VU=万那度,WF=沃利斯和富图纳群岛, WS=美属萨摩亚,YE=也门, YT=马约特,YU=南斯拉夫, ZA=南非,ZM=赞比亚, ZR=扎伊尔,ZW=津巴布韦常用英文缩写在现代生活中，已经有大量的英文缩写词汇和简写词融入到各种刊物、指标、专用语言等各个领域，如果不了解这些缩写词的意思，将严重影响我们的阅读。
2014年第2期当代世界社会主义问题Jun.2014 (总第120期)Issues of Contemporary World Socialism A Quarterly，No.2上世纪40至60年代菲律宾共产主义运动与华人社会变迁杨静林摘要：战后，菲律宾共产主义运动蓬勃发展，马尼拉当局视菲共与华人为菲律宾国家安全的重要威胁。
菲律宾政府为此采取高压政策，镇压菲律宾共产党的同时推行排华政策，台湾国民党也得以乘机控制菲律宾华人社会，致使20世纪50年代菲律宾共产主义运动再度沉寂和菲律宾华人左翼的衰落，加剧菲律宾华人社会的动摇，延缓了战后菲律宾华侨华人融入主流社会的进程。
关键词：菲律宾共产主义运动;华人社会;社会变迁;社会融合中图分类号：D1；D61文献标识码：A文章编号：1001－5574（2014）02－0081－14战后，社会主义阵营的壮大推动了菲律宾共产主义运动的发展，华人社会的左翼异常活跃。
菲律宾政府惧怕菲律宾共产党与菲律宾华人左翼（以下简称“菲华左翼”）汇成一股强大的社会力量，影响新政权的巩固。
避免“赤化”，铲除菲共及菲华左翼、打压菲律宾共产主义运动，是战后菲政府维护政权稳固的主要举措。
本文探讨了上世纪40至60年代间菲律宾共产主义运动的发展及在其影响下菲政府的反共排华政策，分析菲律宾华人社会（以下简称“菲华社会”）由此受到的冲击，认识战后菲律宾共产主义运动的发展及菲华社会的变迁。
一、战后初期菲律宾共运与菲律宾华人共产党二战时期菲共出于抗击日军侵略的需要，与菲律宾华人共产党（以下简称“菲华共”）相互合作，为菲律宾的民族解放和抗击日军侵略做出了突出贡献。
菲作者简介：杨静林，广西民族大学“中国－东盟研究中心”讲师，从事东南亚华侨华人史、东南史研究(南宁350006)。
项目基金：广西自治区“八桂学者平台建设工程专项课题”项目“广西的东南亚及亚太海洋战略”;广西民族大学引进人才科研启动项目“毛泽东思想在东南亚的传播及其对东南亚共产主义的影响”(项目编号:2013QD014)。
高考英语缩略词与缩写扩展练习题30题含答案解析1. What does “WTO” stand for?A. World Trade Organization答案解析：“WTO”是“World Trade Organization”的缩写。
世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization），简称世贸组织（WTO），是一个独立于联合国的永久性国际组织，其主要职能是负责管理世界经济和贸易秩序等，总部设在瑞士日内瓦。
2. The abbreviation “NASA” refers to _.A. National Aeronautics and Space Administration答案解析：“NASA”是“National Aeronautics and Space Administration”的缩写。
美国国家航空航天局（（National Aeronautics and Space Administration），简称NASA，是美国联邦政府的一个行政性科研机构，负责制定、实施美国的民用太空计划与开展航空科学暨太空科学的研究等。
3. “CPU” is short for _.A. Central Processing Unit答案解析：“CPU”是“Central Processing Unit”的缩写。
中央处理器（Central Processing Unit），简称CPU，是计算机的运算核心和控制核心，它的功能主要是解释计算机指令以及处理计算机软件中的数据。
4. Which is the full form of “DIY”?A. Do It Yourself答案解析：“DIY”是“Do It Yourself”的缩写。
“Do It Yourself”即自己动手做，在很多场景下使用，比如家居装修、手工制作等领域，倡导人们自己动手进行创造和改造。
5. “PDF” stands for _.A. Portable Document Format答案解析：“PDF”是“Portable Document Format”的缩写。
上海大学新增核心期刊目录法学1 北大社会学学刊2 北大网络法学评论3 北方法学4 法律科学5 法学论坛6 法制与社会发展7 甘肃政法学院学报8 国家检察官学院学报9 互联网法律通讯10 环球法律评论11 经济社会学12 民商法研究13 南京大学法律评论14 清华社会学评论15 山东警察学院学报16 时代法学17 思想理论教育18 思想理论教育导刊19 思想政治教育20 云南法学21 政法丛刊22 知识产权法研究23 中国发明与专利24 中国社会研究25 中国司法26 中国刑事法杂志27 中央政法管理干部学院学报28 专利法研究29 转型与发展30 组织与制度文学1 安徽师范大学学报2 北方美术3 北京第二外语大学学报4 产品设计5 CG6 传媒7 DV @时代8 大舞台9 当代电视10 电视字幕·特技与动画11 电影12 雕塑13 东方丛刊14 杜甫研究学刊15 福建外语16 钢琴艺术17 古籍整理研究学刊18 广东外语外贸大学学报19 国画家20 国文化研究21 国学研究22 汉字文化23 河南大学学报24 湖北美术学院学报25 幻想26 建筑师27 今传媒28 景观设计29 剧作家30 满语研究31 美术大观32 美术学报33 美与时代34 美苑35 南方电视学刊36 泮溪传播学术论坛37 齐鲁艺苑38 山东师范大学学报39 山东外语教学40 山东艺术学院学报41 上海文化42 上海音乐学院学报43 设计44 设计新潮45 沈阳音乐学院学报46 世界传媒产业评论47 世界建筑导报48 世界文学评论49 市场观察50 视听界51 室内52 收藏家53 数码艺术54 天津美术学院学报55 天津外国语学院学报56 天津音乐学院学报57 外国文学研究动态58 外语艺术教育研究59 文献60 武汉音乐学院学报61 西安外国语学院学报62 西安音乐学院学报63 西北大学学报64 现代电影技术65 现代广告66 新美术67 新视觉艺术68 新闻采编69 新闻记者70 学术前沿71 学术研究72 艺术百家73 艺术科技74 艺术市场75 艺术探索76 艺术学丛刊77 艺苑——南艺学报78 音乐爱好者79 音乐生活80 音乐探索81 音乐天地82 音乐与表演——南京艺术学院学报83 英语研究84 语言科学85 语言文字学86 园林87 云南艺术学院学报88 中国报业89 中国藏学90 中国传媒报告91 中国典籍与文化92 中国广播电视93 中国广告94 中国美术研究95 中国诗学96 中国外语97 中国音乐教育98 中国园林99 中国韵文学刊100 中外军事影视101 正式出版的10万字以上的文学名著或有重大影响的理论著作的译作(仅限外语专业)历史学1 百年潮2 传统文化与现代化3 党的文献4 党史研究与教学5 档案与史学6 贵州文史丛刊7 军事历史8 上海党史与党建9 文化中国10 中共党史研究11 中国博物馆12 中国历史博物馆馆刊理学1 东北数学（英文版）2 Advances in Pure Mathematics （ISSN：2160-0368, 美国）3 Annals of Functional Analysis（ISSN：8752-2008, 伊朗）4 Bollettino dell'Unione Matematica Italiana（ISSN：1972-6724, 意大利）5 Computational Mathematics and modeling（ISSN：1046-283X, 施普林格出版社）6 Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences （ISSN：0972-0871, 印度）7 复杂系统与复杂性科学8 化学分析计量9 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics10 International Journal of Functional Informatics and Personalised Medicine11 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences（ISSN：0161-1712, 美国）12 International Journal of Nonlinear Science13 International Journal of Differential Equations（ISSN：1402-9251, 欣达维出版社）14 Journal for Algebra and Number Theory Academia （ISSN：0976-8475, 印度）15 Journal of Integer Sequences（ISSN：1530-7638, 加拿大）16 JP Journal of Algebra, Number Theory and Applications （ISSN：0972-5555,印度）17 理论数学（Pure Mathematics）(ISSN: 2160-7583, 美国)18 Pioneer Journal of Algebra, Number Theory and its Applications （ISSN：2231-1831, 印度）19 Ricerche di Matematiche（ISSN：0035-5038, 施普林格出版社）20 Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics （ISSN 0129-2021 ）21 Studies in Mathematical Sciences （ISSN：1923-8444, 加拿大）22 Surveys in Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences（ISSN：2277-551X, Pushpa Publishing House）23 Universal Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences（ISSN：2277-1417, Pushpa Publishing House）24 Vietnam Journal of Mathematics (ISSN 0866-7179, Springer)25 微分方程年刊（英文版）26 应用数学与计算数学学报（ISSN：1006-6330）工学1 Asian Journal of Control2 Biomed Environ Sci3 北京生物医学工程4 材料科学与工程学报5 材料科学与技术（英文版）6 蚕业科学7 测绘工程8 测控技术9 Cell Res10 Chem Res Chin Univ11 Chin J Cancer Res12 Chin J Chem Eng13 Chinese Journal of Electronics14 Chromatography B15 大地测量与地球动力学16 地下空间与工程学报17 电力技术18 电镀与精饰19 电镀与涂饰20 电光与控制21 电机控制学报22 电力传动自动化23 电力技术24 电力科学与工程25 电力系统及其自动化学报26 电路与系统学报27 电声技术28 电子测量技术29 电子测量与仪器学报30 电子器件31 电子显微学报32 电子学报（英文版）33 电子与信息学报34 动力学与控制学报35 毒理学杂志36 锻压机械37 Entomologia Sinica38 飞行器测控学报39 分析科学学报40 分析仪器41 分子细胞生物学报42 粉末冶金材料科学与工程43 Food Chemistry44 福建林业科技45 感光科学与光化学46 钢结构47 钢铁钒钛48 钢铁研究学报(英文版）49 高等学校化学研究50 高分子科学51 高分子通报52 Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics53 工程地质学报54 工程设计学报55 工程图学学报56 工业工程57 工业计量58 工业控制计算机59 供用电60 光电子技术61 光电子技术与信息62 光纤与电缆及其应用技术63 光学仪器64 贵金属65 果树学报66 High Technology Letters67 海洋湖沼通报68 焊接69 焊接技术70 航空材料学报71 航空制造技术72 合成化学73 核技术（英文版）74 湖泊科学75 化工科技76 化工自动化及仪表77 混凝土78 机械工程学报（英文版）79 机械工业自动化80 激光与光电子学进展81 继电器82 计量与测试技术83 计算机测量与控制84 计算机仿真85 计算机辅助工程86 计算机工程与科学87 计算机集成制造系统—CIMS88 计算机技术与发展89 计算机与应用化学90 J COMPUT SCI & TECH91 J Environ Sci92 J Forest Res S93 Journal of Computer Science and Technology94 Journal of Information and Computational Science95 Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics96 检验医学97 建筑材料学报98 建筑科学99 交通运输工程学报100 金属热处理101 金属学报（英文版）102 科学通报（英文版）103 空间结构104 矿冶105 理化检验物理分册106 辽宁林业科技107 流体机械108 Nucl Sci Tech109 南京邮电学院学报110 Pedosphere111 Plasma Sci Technol112 Progress in Natural Science113 热处理114 上海金属115 生命的化学116 生物多样性117 生物工程进展118 生物数学学报119 生物信息学120 食品研究与开发121 食品与机械122 世界地震工程123 数据采集与处理124 数值计算与计算机应用125 水利水运工程学报126 水文地质工程地质127 四川动物128 特种橡胶制品129 微电机130 微电子学131 微计算机信息132 微计算机应用133 微型电脑应用134 无损检测135 无线通讯技术136 Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences 137 Science in China Series F-Information Sciences 138 武汉植物学研究139 物理测试140 西北植物学报141 稀有金属(英文版)142 系统仿真技术143 系统仿真学报144 系统工程与电子技术145 World J Gastroenterol146 现代隧道技术147 现代通信148 现代预防医学149 现代科学仪器150 信息安全与通信保密151 遥测遥控152 遥感技术与应用153 遥感信息154 冶金分析155 液晶与显示156 移动通信157 应用生态学报158 有色金属学报(英文版)159 宇航计测技术160 轧钢161 浙江林业科技162 真空电子技术163 振动工程学报164 中国电力165 中国辐射卫生166 中国焊接(英文版)167 中国化学168 中国化学工程学报(英文版)169 中国化学快报170 中国激光A171 中国集成电路172 中国胶粘剂173 中国空间技术174 中国实用内科杂志175 中国水产176 中国塑料177 中国物理快报178 中国稀土学报（英文版）179 中国现代应用药180 中国油料作物学报181 中国有色金属学报182 中国有色金属学会会刊(英文版) 183 中国有线电视184 中国职业医学185 中国种业186 中国铸造装备与技术187 中华医学遗传学杂志188 中华整形外科杂志189 中外公路190 铸造191 自动化仪表192 自动化与仪表193 自动化与仪器仪表管理学1 档案天地2 工业工程3 工业工程与管理4 管理工程学报5 管理科学6 管理评论7 航空档案8 湖北档案9 科研管理10 兰台内外11 南开管理评论12 山东档案13 陕西档案14 未来与发展15 预测16 云南档案17 运筹与管理18 中国管理科学下面是赠送的中秋节演讲辞，不需要的朋友可以下载后编辑删除谢谢中秋佳节演讲词推荐中秋,怀一颗感恩之心》老师们，同学们：秋浓了，月圆了，又一个中秋要到了!本周日，农历的八月十五，我国的传统节日——中秋节。
湖南省常德市一中2023-2024学年下学期期末考试高二英语注意事项：1.答题前，考生务必先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题纸上，认真核对条形码上的姓名、准考证号，并将条形码粘贴在答题纸上的指定位置上。
2.选择题答案使用2B铅笔填涂，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号；非选择题答案用0.5毫米的黑色中性（签宇）笔或碳素笔书写，字体工整，笔迹清楚。
3.请按照题号在各题的答题区域（黑色线框）内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效。
4.保持纸面清洁，不折叠，不破损。
第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
AAre you looking for destinations of your summer trips? Let’s check it out!SingaporeSingapore is an energetic multicultural city-state in Southeast Asia. It offers a unique mix of Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Western cultures. The city has an impressive skyline and is a center for business, shopping, and dining. Visitors can explore the busy markets of Chinatown, Little India, and Arab Street, as well as the Gardens by the Bay and the Marina Bay Sands.IstanbulIstanbul is a city where two continents meet, Europe and Asia. It is a cultural melting pot with influences from Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman empires. The city features amazing architecture, such as the Hagia Sophia and Blue Mosque, and a rich cooking scene with traditional Turkish delights. Visitors can also take a boat ride across the Bosphorus Strait to explore the Asian side of the city.Hong KongHong Kong is a busy international city in China that combines Eastern and Western cultures. The city is famous for its skyscrapers, street markets, and delicious snacks. Visitors can explore the city's historic streets in Central, take a cable car(缆车) up to Victoria Peak for fascinating views, or visit the giant Buddha statue on Lantau Island.TorontoToronto is Canada’s largest city and is known for its multiculturalism and diversity. The city is home to over 140 languages, and over half of its population was born outside of Canada. Toronto’s cultural scene reflects this diversity, with numerous festivals celebrating different cultures, such as Caribana, the Toronto International Film Festival, and the Taste of the Danforth Greek festivalClick here for more information about the attractive destinations in the world!1．Where can tourists experience a mix of ancient European and Asian cultures?A．Toronto.B．Hong Kong C．Istanbul.D．Singapore.2．What is special about Toronto?A．It covers the largest area of the four.B．The native people are in the majority.C．I towns a range of street markets.D．It offers chances to experience festivals.3．What do the four destinations have in common?A．Cultural diversity.B．Unique architecture.C．Convenient transport.D．Distinctive languages.BA woman in a cap wanders calmly along. Except for the lava (熔岩) erupting behind her, she could be walking in the park. The woman turns to watch the molten rock flow for a moment then walks calmly toward the camera. The footage(镜头) is from Werner Herzog’s book to volcanoes and volcano hunters, Into the Inferno, and the woman pictured is perhaps one of the most important volcanologists of all time, Katia Krafft.Born in France, in 1942, Katia developed an interest in volcanoes at an early age. Later, she met Maurice Krafft. The pair bonded over their shared love of volcanoes before marrying in 1970. The Kraffts wrote about 20 books on volcanoes across the globe.Katia and her husband made great progress in educating the general public in volcanology. Their footage had more than scientific value. For instance, when Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines began to show signs of an eruption in 1991, the Kraffts were able to present Philippine President Cory Aquino with video footage of the effects of the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia, asking him to call for an evacuation of those in the danger zone.In 1969, Katia was awarded the prize of the Vocation Foundation for her work on active volcanic sites.The couple lost their lives, along with more than 40 others during the eruption of Mount Unzen in Japan onJune 3.1991. when they were caught in a flow of rock, gas and ash moving at speeds of over 100 miles per hour, with temperatures of more than 800 degrees Fahrenheit. Katia was 49; Maurice, 45.Katia’s impact on volcanology has reached far beyond her death and has encouraged many young women to study our restless planet. “Katia Krafft is definitely the reason why I’m doing this job,” says Carla Tiraboschi, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Minster, Germany. Carla first saw Katia in a documentary when she was just six or seven years old and has been crazy about volcanoes ever since.4．What can we infer from the book Into the Inferno?A．Its author is Katia Krafft.B．It’s a biography of Katia Krafft.C．It calls on protecting the environment.D．It focuses on volcanoes and their explorers.5．What do we know about the couple?A．They prevented a natural disaster.B．They served as a warning in Japan.C．They helped spread volcano science.D．They covered Mount Pinatubo’s eruption.6．Which can replace the underlined word “evacuation” in paragraph 3?A．Substance.B．Departure.C．Occupation.D．Intervention.7．How did Katia influence Carla Tiraboschi?A．Katia’s death made her restless.B．Katia helped her with her research.C．Katia taught her to make a documentary.D．Katia’s deeds inspired her career choice.CIn ancient Maya civilization, cacao — which chocolate is made from — wasn’t just for the elites (精英). Traces of the sacred plant show up in antiques from all types of neighborhoods and in and around a former Maya city, researchers report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The finding suggests that, contrary to previous thinking, cacao was consumed at every social level of Maya society.“Now we know that the ceremonies with cacao were likely played out by everyone,” says AnabelFord, an archaeologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Cacao was sacred to the ancient Maya, consumed in ceremonies and used as a currency. The cacao tree itself was linked to Hun Hunahpu, a Mayan god. Previous research found cacao in burials (墓地), suggesting that its use was restricted to those at the top.To explore the extent to which cacao was used in broader Maya society, Ford and colleagues examined 54 antiques dating from A．D．600 to 900. The antiques come from jars, mixing bowls, serving plates and vases thought to be drinking vessels. All the pieces were found in residential and ceremonial civic areas of varying size and status from city centers, foothills, upland areas and the valley around the former Maya city of El Pilar, on the present-day border of Guatemala and Belize.To identify cacao, the researchers searched for theophylline, a compound found in trace amounts in the plant. The team found the compound on more than half of the samples, on all types of antiques and distributed throughout social contexts.Future research will move beyond who consumed cacao and explore the role of farmers in managing the critical resource. “A better question is to understand who grew it,” Ford says, because those people probably had greater access to the valuable commodity.8．What do traces of cacao found in Mayan antiques indicate?A．Cacao was once unique to Maya society.B．Cacao was only available to wealthy Mayan people.C．Cacao was accessible to Mayan ordinary people.D．Cacao left more traces in the Mayan city center.9．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?A．There is no need to do further research on cacao.B．Mayan people liked eating chocolate very much.C．Mayan festivals were the same as those of the modern times.D．There were some limitations in previous research about cacao.10．Why did Ford and his colleagues examine 54 antiques?A．To make copies of Mayan antiques.B．To learn about the Mayan eating habits.C．To find out cacao’s relationship with the religion.D．To know about Mayan social groups of cacao use.11．Which of the following will be the focus of the research about cacao?A．The varieties of cacao.B．Ways cacao was spread out.C．Cacao tree growers.D．The cacao’s value.DElectric vehicles (EVs) now are not practical for long-distance travel due to the need for repeated or lengthystops at charging stations. But what if they could — like planes being refueled in the air from another aircraft — get a charge-on-the-go?The idea sounds impossible, but there are already technologies in use that would help charge specialized vehicles. With rural electric charging stations almost non-existent, Swarup Bhunia and engineers at the University of Florida, Gainesville, are suggesting that “car-to-car charging” and “mobile charging stations” could likely solve this problem faster than the sudden increase of charging points or battery advancements.Along with mobile charging stations idea, Bhunia believes that if more and more people buy electric cars, it would be super-efficient if all cars on road could share charge with one another. What Bhunia and his team are describing is a cloud system that examines all of the EV drivers on the road, where they are going, and how much charge each vehicle has. The cloud then determines, for example, that EV-A has an 89% battery charge, but requires only 4% to reach its destination, while EV-B has a 22% battery charge, yet requires 31% to reach its destination. If the two EVs are going in the same direction, the system would instruct them to carry out the charge transfer. The system would then link the provider with the receiver, and a credit system would ensure that everyone is paying for the charge they use.Inside the given traffic network, every vehicled charge could be examined against each vehicle’s demand, and “mobile charging stations,’’ which would be large automated trucks with onboard charging equipment to fill in the demand gaps.“We imagine a safe and firm telescopic arm (伸缩臂) carrying the charging cable,’’ said Bhunia, describing how to get one charge into another car while running down the freeway, much like to aircraft during mid-air refueling. After two EVs lock speed and are in range for charge sharing, they will extend their charging arms. 12．To realize long-distance travel for EVs faster, Bhunia agrees with .A．stops at charging stations B．mobile charging stations.C．increase of charging points D．battery advancements13．According to the text, the cloud system can .A．determine where EVs are going and how EVs will be chargedB．figure out how much charge a car need to reach its destinationC．work out the problems drivers meet when a charge transfer occursD．guarantee that all the drivers are paying for the charge they get14．What are mobile charging stations?A．Power plants for the charge transfer.B．Charging equipment to fill in the charge gaps.C．Vehicles providing charge for other cars.D．Trucks getting charges from other vehicles.15．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A．Can we charge EVs with car-to-car mobile charging?B．Can charging points be a possible way to charge EVs?C．How does a cloud system make charging EVs easier?D．How do we charge EVs with mobile charging stations?第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics(2004)28:519–531Southeast AsianBulletin ofMathematicsc SEAMS.2004 Fuzzy Logic Algebras on Residuated LatticesDaowu PeiDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering,Tongji University,Shanghai200092, P.R.ChinaE-mail:dwpei@AMS Mathematics Subject Classification(2000):03B50,03B52,03G10,68TP37Abstract.We focus on some important fuzzy logic algebras on residuated lattices. These interesting algebraic structures and their main properties are reviewed,and their relationships are clarified.Corresponding formal deductive systems for fuzzy logic are summarized.Keywords:Fuzzy logic algebraic system;Residuated lattice;Normal residuated lattice; R0-algebra;BL-algebra1.IntroductionNonclassical logic is closely related to logic algebraic systems.A number of researches have motivated to develop nonclassical logics,and also to enrich the content of algebra(see[1-2,10,26]).In modern fuzzy logic theory,residuated lattices and some related algebraic systems(see[3,7,15,22])play an important role because they provide an algebraic frameworks to fuzzy logic and fuzzy reasoning.By using the theory of residuated lattices,Pavelka has built up a more generalized logic systems, and he has successfully proved the semantical completeness of the L ukasiewicz’s axiom system in1979(see[15]).In addition,the MV-algebras of Chang(see [5]),the BL-algebras of H´a jek(see[10]),the R0-algebras of Wang(see[26]),and the integral commutative l-monoids of H¨o hle(see[11])are all particular cases of residuated lattices.Therefore,it is necessary to further study their properties and relationships.In this paper,we focus on some important fuzzy logic algebras,which are re-lated to residuated lattices.These interesting algebraic structures and their main properties are reviewed,and their relationships are clarified.The corresponding formal deductive systems for fuzzy logic are summarized.520 D.W.Pei 2.Basic Concept and Main Properties of Residuated LatticesIn this Section,wefirstly review basic concept of residuated lattices,and give some main properties of this kind of algebraic structures.Definition2.1.[3,7,15,22]A residuated lattice is an algebraic structure(L,⊗,→),or simply,L,where(i)(L,≤,∧,∨,0,1)forms a bounded lattice with the smallest element0andthe greatest element1;(ii)(⊗,→)forms an adjoint couple on L,i.e.,for any a,b,c∈L, (R1)If a≤b,c≤d,then a⊗c≤b⊗d;(R2)If b≤c,then a→b≤a→c;(R3)If a≤b,then b→c≤a→c;(R4)(adjointness condition)a⊗b≤c⇐⇒a≤b→c.(iii)(L,⊗,1)forms a commutative monoid,i.e.,for any a,b,c∈L, (R5)(a⊗b)⊗c=a⊗(b⊗c);(R6)a⊗b=b⊗a;(R7)1⊗a=a.Moreover,if L is a chain,then L is called a residuated chain.We know that the algebraic systems defined by Definition2.1have other names,e.g.,integral,commutative,residuated monoids(Birkhoff[2]),residu-ated abelian semigroups(Blyth and Janowitz[3]),complete lattice ordered semi-groups(Goguen[9]).Here,we follow the terms of Pavelka(see[15]),Dilworth and Ward(see[7]),and Turunen(see[22]).For the sake of convenience,we use R to denote the class of all residuated lattices,and we always suppose that L is a bounded lattice with the smallest element0and the greatest element1,⊗and→are two binary operations on L. In addition,we often use the following derived operations:a↔b=(a→b)∧(b→a);¬a=a→0;a0=1,a n=a n−1⊗a,n∈N,a,b∈L.The following Proposition lists the fundamental properties of residuated lat-tices.Proposition2.2.[15]If(L,⊗,→)∈R,then(R8)a≤b→a⊗b;(R9)(a→b)⊗a≤b;(R10)f a:L→L,x→x⊗a preserves all joins existing in L;(R11)g a:L→L,x→a→x preserves all meets existing in L;(R12)h a:L→L,x→a⊗x preserves all joins existing in L;(R13)k a:L→L,x→x→a changes all joins existing in L to meets;Fuzzy Logic Algebras on Residuated Lattices521(R14)b→c≤(a→b)→(a→c);(R15)a=1→a;(R16)a≤b⇐⇒a→b=1;(R17)a≤b→c⇐⇒b≤a→c;(R18)a→b≤a⊗c→b⊗c;(R19)a⊗b→c=a→(b→c);(R20)a→(b→c)=b→(a→c);(R21)a⊗b≤a∧b;(R22)a n≤a m,n,m∈N,m≤n.The following Proposition shows that under suitable conditions,the opera-tions⊗and→are not independent.Proposition2.3.[15].Suppose that L is a complete lattice.(i)If⊗is a binary operation on L satisfying conditions(R1)and(R10),then there exists a binary operation→satisfying conditions(R2),(R3) and(R4).Such operation is unique which is determined by the followingformula:a→b={x∈L|x⊗a≤b},a,b∈L.(ii)If→is a binary operation on L satisfying conditions(R2),(R3)and(R11), then there exists a binary operation⊗satisfying conditions(R1)and(R4), and such operation is unique which is determined by the following formula:a⊗b={x∈L|a≤b→x},a,b∈L.Clearly,the conditions in Definition2.1are not independent.We now char-acterize the residuated lattices with the following Propositions.Proposition2.4.(L,⊗,→)∈R if and only if the following conditions hold,for all a,b,c∈L:(i)(R4)a⊗b≤c⇐⇒a≤b→c;(ii)(R7)1⊗a=a;(iii)(R20)a→(b→c)=b→(a→c).Proposition2.5.(L,⊗,→)∈R if and only if the following conditions hold for all a,b,c∈L:(i)(R8)(a→b)⊗a≤b;(ii)(R9)a≤b→a⊗b;(iii)(R7)1⊗a=a;(iv)(R20)a→(b→c)=b→(a→c);(v)(R23)(a∨b)⊗c=(a⊗c)∨(b⊗c);522 D.W.Pei (vi)(R24)a→b∧c=(a→b)∧(a→c);Obviously,the inequalities(i-ii)can be translated into equalities.Therefore, R forms an algebraic variety.About the independence of the given conditions in the previous two proposi-tions,we have the following results.Proposition2.6.The three conditions R4,R7,R20in Proposition2.4are mutu-ally independent,i.e.,every one of them can not be implied by other two condi-tions.Proposition2.7.Every one of the four conditions(iii)-(vi)in Proposition2.5 can not be implied by otherfive conditions.Many important fuzzy logic algebras(most of them are given in Section3 and Section4)are all residuated lattices.In particular,Heyting algebras are residuated lattices.A bounded lattice(L,≤,∧,∨,0,1)is a Heyting algebra if there exists a binary operation“→”on L such that for all a,b,c∈L,the adjointness conditiona∧b≤c⇐⇒a≤b→cholds.It is obvious that in a Heyting algebra L,(∧,→)is an adjoint couple.In addition,according to the related results(see[1]),the class R H formed by all Heyting algebras is also an algebraic variety.As a kind of important algebraic structures,residuated lattices are all com-mutative partially ordered semigroups,furthermore,they are all commutative implicative semigroups and commutative residuated semigroups(see[3-4,28]).3.Normal Residuated Lattices and Their Basic PropertiesIn this Section,we review the results of normal residuated lattices which form a kind of new algebraic structures for fuzzy logic.This kind of algebraic structures are proposed by the author with the purpose to extend the concept of R0-algebras and BL-algebras,and form a kind of unified algebraic structures for fuzzy logic. Definition3.1.[21]If(L,⊗,→)∈R,and satisfies the following condition, (R25)a→b∨c=(a→b)∨(a→c),for any a,b,c∈L,then(L,⊗,→)is called a normal residuated lattice.Moreover,if L is a chain,then L is called a normal residuated chain.Throughout this paper,we use the notations R N to denote the class of all normal residuated lattices.Fuzzy Logic Algebras on Residuated Lattices523 Before giving some important examples,we discuss the properties and char-acteristics of normal residuated lattices.The following Proposition shows that normal residuated lattices can be de-fined in different forms.Proposition3.2.[21]In a residuated lattice,the following conditions are equiv-alent:(R25)a→b∨c=(a→b)∨(a→c);(R26)a∧b→c=(a→c)∨(b→c);(R27)(a→b)∨(b→a)=1.The following two Propositions give the main properties of normal residuated lattices.Proposition3.3.[21]Let L∈R N.Then for any a,b,c∈L,(R28)a⊗(b∧c)=(a⊗c)∧(b⊗c);(R29)a∧(b∨c)=(a∧b)∨(a∧c);(R30)a∨(b∧c)=(a∨b)∧(a∨c).From Proposition3.3,we see that the normal residuated lattices are bounded distributive lattices.Proposition3.4.[21]Let L∈R N.Then for any a,b∈L,n∈N,(R31)(a∨b)2n−1=a2n−1∨b2n−1;(R32)(a→b)n∨(b→a)n=1.In view of the following Propositions,we can simplify the definition of normal residuated lattices.The verifications are routine and are hence omitted. Proposition3.5.Let(L,≤,∨,∧,0,1)be a bounded distributive lattice,and⊗and →be two binary operations on L.Then(L,⊗,→)forms a normal residuated lattice if and only if the conditions(R4,R7,R20,R25)hold.Proposition3.6.Let(L,≤,∨,∧,0,1)be a bounded distributive lattice,⊗and→be two binary operations on L.Then(L,⊗,→)forms a normal residuated lattice if and only if the conditions(R7,R8,R9,R20,R23,R24,R25)hold.We observe the fact that the conditions(R8)and(R9)can be easily changed into equalities.Thus R N forms an algebraic variety.Now we give some important examples of normal residuated lattices.524 D.W.Pei Example3.7.Every BL-algebra(H´a jek[10])is a normal residuated lattice.We know that an algebraic structure(L,⊗,→)forms a BL-algebra if it is a residu-ated lattice satisfying(R27)and the following condition:(R33)a∧b=a⊗(a→b),a,b∈L;Naturally,MV-algebras(see[5]),G-algebras,and product algebras are all normal residuated lattices because they are all BL-algebras(see[10]).We use R BL,R MV,R G,RΠto denote the algebraic varieties formed by all BL-algebras, all MV-algebras,all G-algebras and all product algebras,respectively.Obviously,we have R G⊆R H.Example3.8.Every R0-algebra(see[26])is a normal residuated lattice.We know that an algebraic structure(L,¬,∨,→)forms a R0-algebra if it is a bounded distributive lattice satisfying(R14,R15,R20,R24,R25)and the fol-lowing conditions:(R34)(contrapositive symmetry)¬a→¬b=b→a;(R35)a→a=1;(R36)(a→b)∨((a→b)→¬a∨b)=1,where¬:L→L is an order-reversing involution on L.In fact,if L is a R0-algebra,then we can set a⊗b=¬(a→¬b).Thus it is not difficult to prove that(L,⊗,→)forms a normal residuated lattice.The algebraic variety of all R0-algebras is denoted by R0.Example3.9.If([0,1],⊗,→)is a residuated lattice,then it is also a normal residuated chain.This is due to the fact that for any adjoint couple(⊗,→)on a residuated chain L.The conditions(R25),(R26)and(R27)are always true.According to the results given in[15],we know that for any t-norm T which is left-continuous w.r.t.thefirst variable(also w.r.t.the second variable),and the corresponding residuated-typed implication→T determined by T:a→T b={x∈[0,1]|T(x,a)≤b},the couple(T,→T)forms an adjoint couple on[0,1].Thus([0,1],T,→T)forms a normal residuated chain.Furthermore,Boolean algebras(we use B to denote the class of all Boolean algebras),De Morgan algebras and Kleene algebras are all R0-algebras with a→b=¬a∨b(see[1,16]).Thus they are all normal residuated lattices.These facts show that the class R N contains many important algebraic structures in nonclassical logic.We note that lattice implication algebras proposed by Xu are also normal residuated lattices because they and MV-algebras are the same algebraic struc-tures in essence(see[13,14,29,30]).In addition,any regular fuzzy implication algebra(L,0,→)satisfying(a→b)→b=(b→a)→a,a,b∈LFuzzy Logic Algebras on Residuated Lattices525 is also a normal residuated lattice because it is a MV-algebra(see[14,27]).4.On H¨o hle’s TheoryIn fuzzy logic algebra,H¨o hle’s theory has important influence(see[10]).In this Section,we will briefly introduce this theory,and discuss the relationship between it and the residuated lattice theory.Definition4.1.[11]Let(L,≤)be a bounded lattice with the smallest element0 and the greatest element1,0=1,⊗be a binary operation on L,and(L,⊗)be a commutative monoid.The triple couple(L,≤,⊗)is said to be a residuated, commutative,l-monoid(RCM for short),if there exists another binary operation →on L such that the condition(R4)holds for any a,b,c∈L.Definition4.2.[11]Let(L,≤,⊗)be a RCM.If1is the unit element w.r.t.the operation⊗,then(L,≤,⊗)is called an integral RCM(IRCM for short).Definition4.3.[11]Let(L,≤,⊗)be an IRCM.If for any a,b∈L,there exists c∈L such that b=a⊗c whenever a≤b,then(L,≤,⊗)is called a divisible IRCM(DIRCM for short).Definition4.4.[11]An IRCM(L,≤,⊗)is called an integral,commutative Girard-monoid(ICGM)if the negation operation¬is an involution,i.e., (R34)¬¬a=((a→0)→0)=a,a∈L.The classes of all IRCMs,all DIRCMs and all ICGMs are denoted by H, H D,H G,respectively.Clearly,these classes are all algebraic varieties. Proposition4.5.R=H.In fact,if(L,≤,⊗)is an IRCM then(L,⊗,→)is a residuated lattice where the binary operation→on L is determined by the operation⊗in the manners of Definition4.1and Definition4.2.Conversely,if(L,⊗,→)is a residuated lattice then obviously,(L,≤,⊗)is an IRCM.According to the results given in[11],we can easily see that H´a jek’s BL-algebras and H¨o hle’s DIRCMs are the same algebraic structures in essence.Thus we haveProposition4.6.R BL=H D.In addition,normal residuated lattices and IRCMs satisfying(R27)are the same algebraic structures in essence.H¨o hle called(R27)“the algebraic strong De526 D.W.Pei Morgan law”,and H´a jek called it“the prelinearity”.The following conclusions are obvious.Proposition4.7.R0⊆H G,R MV⊆H G.Figure1given in the Appendix reflects the relationships among different algebraic varieties.5.Formal Deductive Systems Based on Related Algebraic StructuresIn nonclassical logic,there are many researches to formalize the various algebraic systems.Consequently,many axiomatic systems have been built up,and the logical properties of these systems also have been studied intensively.In this Section,we will review some important formal deductive systems related to the so-called residuated-based fuzzy logics.H¨o hle proposed the following formal system,which is called the monoidal propositional calculus(SC for short)as a formalization of his IRCM’s(i.e.,resid-uated lattices).In the sequel,we let the set S={p i|i∈N}be the set of all propositional variables,and F(S)the(¬,∨,∧,⊗,→)-type free algebra generated by S.Definition 5.1.[11]The formal system SC consists of the following axiom schemes and the inference rule MP(i.e.,modus ponens):(LA1)(A→B)→((B→C)→(A→C));(LA2)A→(A∨B);(LA3)B→(A∨B);(LA4)(A→C)→((B→C)→(A∨B→C));(LA5)A∧B→A;(LA6)A∧B→B;(LA7)A⊗B→A;(LA8)A⊗B→B⊗A;(LA9)A⊗(B⊗C)→(A⊗B)⊗C;(LA10)(A→B)→((A→C)→(A→B∧C));(LA11)(A→(B→C))→(A⊗B→C);(LA12)(A⊗B→C)→(A→(B→C));(LA13)A⊗¬A→B;(LA14)(A→(A⊗¬A))→¬A.Usually,one introduces the provable equivalence relation in a formal system with the following form:A∼B if and only if A→B, B→A.Fuzzy Logic Algebras on Residuated Lattices527 i.e.,we say that two formulas A,B are provably equivalent in a formal system ifboth A→B and B→A are theorem of the system.The quotient algebra F(S)/∼of the formula set F(S)w.r.t the relation∼is called Lindenbaum algebra of the system.H¨o hle pointed out that Lindenbaum algebra of SC is an IRCM,i.e.,a resid-uated lattice(see[11]).We can obtain many important formal fuzzy logical systems by adding some axiom schemes into the system SC.Adding the idempotent law(LA15)A→A⊗Ainto SC,we obtain the famous axiom system of intuitionistic propositional cal-culus(IPC for short),and Lindenbaum algebra of IPC is a Heyting algebra(i.e., it belongs to R H)(see[11]).Adding the law of double negation(LA16)¬¬A→Ainto SC,we can obtain the famous axiom system of Girard’s linear logic(LL for short),and Lindenbaum algebra of LL is an ICGM(i.e.,it belongs to H G)(see [11]).If the law of union-preserving(LA17)(A→B∨C)→(A→B)∨(A→C)is added into SC,then we can obtain a new formal system L N which is recently proposed by the author.The axiom schemes of the system L N are as follows: (L N1)A→(B→A);(L N2)(A→B)→((B→C)→(A→C));(L N3)A→A∨B;(L N4)A∨B→B∨A;(L N5)A∧B→A;(L N6)A∧B→B∧A;(L N7)A⊗B→A;(L N8)A⊗B→B⊗A;(L N9)(A⊗B)⊗C→A⊗(B⊗C);(L N10)(A→B∨C)→(A→B)∨(A→C);(L N11)(A→B)→((A→C)→(A→B∧C);(L N12)(A→C)→((B→C)→(A∨B→C));(L N13)(A⊗B→C)→(A→(B→C));(L N14)(A→(B→C))→(A⊗B→C).We see that(LA17)indeed is the axiom scheme(L N10).In the system L N,(LA1)-(LA12)are all theorems,and if we use H´a jek’s method to add a 0-ary connective0and an axiom scheme0→A,then both(LA13)and(LA14) are theorems of L N where¬A=A→0.Moreover,it can be proved that Lindenbaum algebra of L N is a normal residuated lattice(see[21]).After introducing the suitable logical semantics,we obtain the following in-teresting results.528 D.W.Pei Proposition5.2.[21]Let A∈F(S).Then the following conditions are equiva-lent:(i) A;(ii)A is a tautology on each R0-chain L;(iii)A is a tautology on each L∈R N.Proposition5.3.LetΓ⊆F(S),A∈F(S).Then the following conditions are equivalent:(i)Γ A;(ii)Γ|=L A for each R0-chain L;(iii)Γ|=L A for each L∈R N.Adding the law of divisibility(LA18)A∧B→A⊗(A→B)into L N,or adding(LA17)and(LA18)into SC,we can obtain the H´a jek’s axiom system of basic logic(BL for short),and Lindenbaum algebra of BL is a BL-algebra(see[10]).Remark5.4.H´a jek gave a series of elegant proofs for the completeness of the system BL and its three important extensions(see[10]).We have used H´a jek’s method in the proofs of the completeness of the system L N(see Proposition5.2 and5.3above).Adding the law of contrapositive symmetry(LA19)(¬A→¬B)→(B→A)and the following axiom scheme(LA20)(A→B)∨((A→B)→¬A∨B)into L N,we can obtain Wang’s axiom system L∗,and the Lindenbaum algebra of L∗is a R0-algebra(see[26]).Recently,the authors in[20]have also proved the completeness of the system L∗w.r.t.suitable logical semantics.Adding the following axiom scheme(LA21)((A→B)→B)→((B→A)→A)into L N,or adding(LA16)into BL,we can obtain the famous L ukasiewicz’s axiom system L Lu,and Lindenbaum algebra of L Lu is a MV-algebra,or equiv-alently,a Wajsberg algebra(see[10,11]).Adding(LA15)into BL,or adding(LA18)into IPC,we can obtain G¨o del’s axiom system G,and Lindenbaum algebra of G is a G-algebra(see[10]).Adding the axiom scheme(LA22)¬¬C→((A⊗C→B⊗C)→(A→B))into BL,we can obtain H´a jek’s product logic axiom systemΠ,and the Linden-baum algebra ofΠis a product algebra(see[10]).Finally,by taking all axiom schemes listed in above((LA1)-(LA22))to form a formal system,we obtain the familiar formal system of classical propositionalFuzzy Logic Algebras on Residuated Lattices529 calculus L.Naturally,the Lindenbaum algebra of L is a Boolean algebra.Wenotice here that L has a simple axiom system:(L1)A→(B→A);(L2)(A→(B→C))→((A→B)→(A→C));(L3)(¬A→¬B)→(B→A).In fact,(L1)is(L N1)in L N,and(L3)is(LA19)in L∗.6.ConclusionsIn nonclassical logic,there are various algebraic structures and formal logical systems.In this paper,we review some of them,and discuss the relationships among these algebraic structures.We have shown the connection of their formal axiom systems.Naturally,there are still many problems in these topics.We remark the following(i)Atfirst,the algebraic properties of the varieties given in this paper is still a interesting topic for future study,by using algebraic or category theory as tools.(ii)Next,there are less conclusions about correspondingfirst-order fuzzy logic.We only know that the predicate logic is stronger than the propositional logic in many aspects.In addition,the study based on the system SC are very less.Not much results are known.(iii)Finally,for fuzzy logic,the applications to fuzzy reasoning and other appliedfields are always very important.References[1]Balbes,R.and Dwinger,P.:Distributive Lattices,Univ.of Mossouri Press,1974.[2]Birkhoff,G.:Lattice Theory,third edition,AMS Coll.Publ.,Providence,NewYork,1967.[3]Blyth,T.S.and Janowitz,M.F.:Residuated Theory,Pergamon Press,London,1972.[4]Chan,M.W.and Shum,K.P.:Homomorphisms of implicative semigroups,Semi-group Forum46,7-15(1993).[5]Chang,C.C.:Algebraic analysis of many valued logic,Trans.Amer.Soc.87,1-53(1958).[6]Cignoli,R.,Esteva,F.and Godo,L.et al:Basic logic is the logic of continuoust-norms and their residua,Soft-computing4,106-112(2000).[7]Dilworth,R.P.and Ward,M.:Residuated lattices,Trans.Amer.Math.Soc.45,335-354(1939).[8]Fodor,J.C.:Contrapositive symmetry of fuzzy implications,Fuzzy Sets and Sys-tems69,141-156(1995).[9]Goguen,J.A.:The logic of inexact concepts,Synthese19,325-373(1968/69).[10]H´a jek,P.:Metamathematics of Fuzzy Logic,Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dor-drecht,1998.530 D.W.Pei [11]H¨o hle,U.:Commutative,residuated l-monoids,in Non-classical logics and theirapplications to fuzzy subsets,U.H¨o hle and E.P.Klement(eds.),Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dordrecht,1995,53-106.[12]Klement,E.P.and Navara,M.:A suevey on different triangular norm-based fuzzylogics,Fuzzy Sets and Systems101,241-251(1999).[13]Liu,J.:The studies on lattice valued logic systems and lattice valued resolutionprinciple based on lattice implication algebras,Ph.D.Thesis,Southwest Jiaotong Univ.,Chengdu,1998,in Chinese.[14]Liu L.Z.and Wang,G.J.:Fuzzy implication algebras and MV-algebra,FuzzySystems and Mathematics12(1),20-25(1998),in Chinese.[15]Pavelka,J.:On fuzzy logic(I;II;III),Z.Math.Logik Grundl.Math.25,45-52,119-134,447-464(1979).[16]Pei,D.W.and Wang,G.J.:A kind of new algebraic systems for fuzzy logic,J.Southwest Jiaotong University(5),35,564-568(2000),in Chinese.[17]Pei,D.W.:The studies on fuzzy logic and fuzzy reasoning based on the formalsystem L∗,Ph.D.Thesis,Sichuan Univ.,Chengdu,2000,in Chinese.[18]Pei,D.W.:The operation⊗and deductive theorem of the formal system L∗,Fuzzy Systems and Mathematics15(1),21-26(2001),in Chinese.[19]Pei,D.W.and Wang,S.M.:The completeness of the formal systems L∗(n),Ap-plied Mathematics J.of Chinese Universities16,253-262(2001),in Chinese. [20]Pei,D.W.and Wang,G.J.:The completeness and applications of the formalsystem L∗,Science in China(Series F)45,40-50(2002).[21]Pei,D.W.:A unified normal residuated based logic system and its completeness,to appear in this journal.[22]Turunen,E.:Well-defined fuzzy sentential logic,Math.Logic Quart.41,236-248(1995).[23]Wang,G.J.:A formal deductive system for fuzzy propositional calculus,ChineseSci.Bull.42,1521-1526(1997).[24]Wang,G.J.:Implication lattices and generalized Stone representation theorem,Chinese Sci.Bull.43,1033-1036(1998).[25]Wang,G.J.:On the logic foundation of fuzzy reasoning,Inform.Sci.117,47-88(1999).[26]Wang,G.J.:Nonclassical Mathematical Logic and Approximate Reasoning,Sci-ence Press,Beijing,2000,in Chinese.[27]Wu,W.M.:Fuzzy implication algebras,Fuzzy Systems and Mathematics4(1),56-64(1990),in Chinese.[28]Xie,X.Y.:Introduction to Partially Ordered Semigroups,Science Press,Beijing,2000,in Chinese.[29]Xu,Y.:Lattice implication algebras,J.Southwest Jiaotong Univ.25(1),20-27(1993),in Chinese.[30]Xu,Y.:et al,L-valued propositional logic L vpl,Inform.Sci.114,205-235(1999).7.AppendixFuzzy Logic Algebras on Residuated Lattices531 Figure1:Relationshipfigure of algebraic varietiesR(H)H G R N R HR BL(H D)R0R MV RΠR GB。
