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词类转换多: 在翻译时将英文的某种词类翻译成汉语的另一词类The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。
被动语态1. Mathematics is used in many different fields.2. People use mathematics in many different fields.后置定语多In additional aliphatic compounds, there are a number of hydrocarbons derived from benzene and seemed to have distinctively different chemical properties.复杂长句多科技文章要求叙述准确，推理严谨。
为了表达请楚，科技英语句子往往较长，需认真分析方能明确句子中各成分之间的关系。
译成汉语时，必须按照汉语习惯翻译成若干简句，才能条理清楚，避免欧化句。
科技英语翻译标准所谓构词法即词的构成方法．即词在结构上规律．科技英语构词特点1）外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；2）构词方法多．除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法．符号法和宇母象形法．3）有大量半科技英语词汇（semi-scientific words）annual output 年产量produce…every year2.1 转化法（conversion）2.2 派生法（derivation）2.3 合成法（composition）由两个或更多词合成一个词，叫合成法。
有时需加连字符。
2.4 压缩法（shortening）只取词头字母ppm：parts per million 百万分之一SEM：scanning electron microscope （扫描电镜）TEM：Transmission electron microscopy（透射电镜）XRD：X-ray diffraction （X-射线衍射）将单词删去一些字母：lab：laboratory 实验室kilo：kilogram 千克、公斤flu: influenza 流行性感冒2.5 混成法（blending）把两个词一头一尾连在一起，构成1个新词．positron=positive＋electron正的＋电子=正电子medicare=medical十care医学的＋照管=医疗保障aldehyde=alcohol十dehydrogenation醇＋脱氢=醛2.6 常用后缀、词根第三章科技英语翻译一、词类转化的译法1.1 名词的转译Total determination of molecular structure is possible by means of X-ray diffraction.The maiden voyage of the newly-built steamship was a success.1.2 动词的转译An acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction.The methyl group on the benzene ring greatly facilitates the nitration of toluene.1.3 形容词的转译英语中有些形容词（短语）表示“愿望、心理、情感”等一类概念，相当于汉语的动词。
如何才能学好科技英语1. 建立良好的英语基础学习科技英语首先要有扎实的英语基础。
因此，在学习科技英语之前，必须先建立起良好的英语基础，包括掌握基本的语法、词汇和语言表达能力。
只有基础扎实了，才能更轻松地理解和运用科技英语。
2. 注重听说读写四个方面学习任何一门语言都要注重听说读写四个方面的训练。
在学习科技英语时，可以通过听英语广播、看英语电视节目、阅读英语科技文献和写英语科技报告等方式进行综合训练，从而提高听说读写的能力。
3. 多听多看多模仿模仿是学习语言的有效方法之一。
在学习科技英语时，可以通过多听多看多模仿的方式，模仿英语母语者的发音和语调，从而提高自己的口语表达能力和语音准确度。
4. 学习英语术语和短语科技英语中有许多专业术语和短语，掌握这些术语和短语对于学习科技英语非常重要。
可以通过查阅专业科技词典或在线资源，积累科技英语术语和短语，并多做练习，提高自己的词汇量和专业知识。
5. 练习科技英语写作科技英语写作是学习科技英语的重要组成部分。
可以通过写科技英语论文、翻译科技英语资料和编辑科技英语报告等方式练习科技英语写作，提高自己的写作水平和表达能力。
6. 参加科技英语培训班在学习科技英语的过程中，可以参加一些科技英语培训班，通过专业的师资团队和系统的课程安排，加快学习科技英语的进度，提高科技英语的水平。
7. 经常使用科技英语学习科技英语的最好方法就是经常使用科技英语。
可以参加英文科技论坛、阅读英文科技网站、与外国专家交流等方式，提高自己与国际同行的沟通能力和交流技巧。
总的来说，学习科技英语是一个长期的过程，需要坚持不懈地学习和实践。
希望大家通过以上方法和技巧，能够更好地学习科技英语，拓展自己的国际视野，提高自己在科技领域的竞争力。
祝大家学习顺利，取得更好的成绩！。
[改错：语法书第271页倒数第四行“它通常省略谓语”应该改为“它通常省略主语”。
]Grammar is important for you to understand scientific literature with accuracy. In writing scientific English, grammar appears more important. Some professors and Ph.D. candidates sent their papers to the well-known international technical journals, such as the American IEEE and the British IET. The reviewers’comment might often be like this: “What is described in your paper is acceptable. But your English is pretty poor. Please improve it (or: Please rewrite your paper entirely). ”As has been mentioned above, grammar is important. But it is not everything. “Overkilling”[过分] in sentence analysis is objectionable. My idea is: Emphasis should be laid on what you find most difficult and on what is different from our mother tongue—the Chinese language, which, it seems to me, is true for the study of any foreign language.T oday we’ll begin with the parts of speech[词类]. They are just like components in electronic devices[电子设备]. Before you start to learn a TV receiver, for instance, you should have a good understanding of the functions of various components. Then you will be able to learn the machine well. Otherwise, you won’t be able to do so, I’m afraid.However, this point is often ignored by the Chinese students while they are learning a foreign language. As a matter of fact, many problems arise from the misunderstanding of the part of speech of a word and its function in a sentence.Chapter 1 Parts of Speech (词类)I. Articles（冠词）We restrict our discussion to the following points.1.Their translation into ChineseThere are three possibilities: (Which one will be adopted isdetermined by the trial-and-error method“试探法”.) (1)They must be translated into Chinese.(2)They mustn’t be translated into Chinese.(3)They may or may not be translated into Chinese. Examples:A table is often made of wood.Here is an analysis. [ Here is an experiment. Here is an example. = An example follows.]θ is a parameter.The proof of the theorem is not difficult.The unit of current（电流）is the ampere（安培）.2. The basic usage of articles(1)Before a countable noun in singular form, an articlebe used.(2)Before a noun (countable or uncountable) which is“如果把电压(voltage)加到电路(circuit)的两端，在电路中就会有电流(current)流动(flow)。
科技英语的语法特点科技英语作为一种揭示客观外部世界的本质和规律的信息传递工具，具有准确、简明扼要和客观正式等特点。
科技文章文体的特点是：语言简练、结构严谨，逻辑性强，原理概念清楚，重点突出，段落章节分明。
具体而言，科技英语在用词、语法结构及表达方式上有其自身的特点，下面分别予以介绍。
1.词汇1）大量使用专业词汇和半专业词汇，例如calculus（微积分学）, vector（矢量）, matrix （矩阵）等是专业词汇，而power, work等是半专业词汇，在不同的学科领域含义有所不同；2）大量使用词缀和词根，例如，上海科学技术出版社出版的《英汉现代科学技术词汇》中以tele-构成的词有177个；3）较多使用缩略词，如PCM(pulse-coded modulation，脉冲编码调制), VLSI(very large scale integration，超大规模集成), DSP(digital signal processing，数字信号处理)等；4）词性变换多，例如function一词常用作名词，作“函数、功能、作用”等解，但在例句Robots can withstand radiation, heat, cold, and can function without an atmosphere中则用作动词，表示“起作用，行使职责”之意。
2．词法1) 常用一般现在时态表示真理或客观规律的普遍陈述。
[例句]Vector and matrix techniques provide the framework for much of the developments in modern engineering.[译文]矢量和矩阵方法为现代工程学的发展提供了框架。
2) 广泛使用被动语态科技英语句子有三分之一用被动语态，为的是强调所论述的客观事物。
[例句] A characteristics feature of semiconductor is that their low electric conductivity can be substantially modified by the addition of minute quantities of impurities.[译文] 半导体的特征是：加入微量杂质可明显改变其低导电率。
Unit 1Basic parts of a sentence (1)【GRAMMAR】1. Subject and predicateA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Every sentence has two basic parts, a subject and a predicate. The subject is the naming part of the sentence, representing the person, place, or thing that performs the action of the verb or expressing the condition or state of the verb.Subjects are nouns and other forms that can function as nouns, such as pronouns, clauses, infinitives and gerunds. A subject usually comes first in a sentence. It is the topic about which the speaker or writer is speaking or writing. For example,1)My grandfather bought the car many years ago.2)The car was bought many years ago by my grandfather.The two sentences above are almost similar in meaning, but they have different topics. In sentence 1, the focus of the meaning is “my grandfather”; whereas, sentence 2 is mainly about “the car”. In different contexts, we have a different choice of the two sentences. See if you can put a suitable one of the two sentences above into each space below.In my garage, there is an old car. _______________. It is a Cadillac, a veryclassical luxury car, manufactured in 1966. The car has 65.000 original miles on it,but sitting in a damp garage for most of its life didn’t do many favors for it.In my garage, there is an old car. It is my grandfather’s gift for my grandmother._____________. In order to buy this car, my grandfather had been saving his moneyfor quite a few years. He worked as a truck driver for a local grocery chain, andsupported a big family on his salary. Needless to say, money was pretty hard to comeby that time. According to my grandmother, at the end of the day he would comehome and empty his space change into a jar beside the bed. When the jar was full, hewould take it to the band.Predicates are verbs. A predicate is the doing or being part of the sentence, expressing the action or state of being of the subject. The predicate, often coming after the subject, is the semantic and grammatical center of a sentence.I bought a house for my parents.Some of the buried workers are still alive.The babies grew nervous from the loud noise.A verb is often made up of more than one word. The verb that expresses the action or state of being of the subject is called main verb. The word that accompany the main verb is called anauxiliary/ helping verb, which helps the main verb express mood or time by forming various tenses.George must be playing basketball with them now.The thief has been caught in a deserted building.Auxiliary /helping verbs can not be used alone in a sentence. It must go together with main verbs. Correct the following sentences：✍Tomorrow will surely better.✍Our campus will more and more beautiful.✍ When you opened the window, the room would immediately bright.Verb can be classified into two: action verbs and linking verbs. An action verb expresses an action, such as do, act, make, walk, take, break, react, write, see, say, buy, build and so on. A linking verb links/joins the subject of a sentence (often a noun or a pronoun) with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that identifies or describes the subject. It does not show action, but express the existence or state of being of the subject.A noun, a pronoun or an adjective that follows a linking verb is called a predictive, which points back to the subject to rename it, to identify it or to describe it further.There are eleven linking verbs which are most frequently used. We can briefly put them into three groups.1)expressing judgment or change: be, get, turn, prove2)indicating five senses of humans: look, feel, smell, taste, sound3)some others, “GRABS”: g row, r emain, a ppear, b ecome, s eemExamples：For years her grandfather was one of the town leaders.My coat seemed too large.Pineapple sometimes tastes better with salt.Most students feel disappointed with the result.The time of his birth remains a mystery to us.有缘学习更多＋谓ｙｇｄ３０７６考证资料。
科技英语中的动词科技英语作为一种特殊用语，是由科学技术所产生和使用的一种专业术语语言，它在科研、教育、工程等领域具有重要的作用。
在科技英语中，动词是非常重要的一部分，它们用于表达行为、过程和变化。
本文将介绍科技英语中常用的动词，以及这些动词在句子中的常见用法。
动词的基本概念动词是指表示行为或状态的词，是英语中最为重要的语法成分之一。
在句子中，动词通常作为谓语，用来表达主语的动作、状态或性质。
动词的时态、语态、语气、人称和数等形态变化，可以反映出句子的时间、情态、主谓关系和复数等信息。
在科技英语中，动词的应用也是非常广泛的。
以计算机科技行业为例，常见的动词有apply、access、save、delete、install、run、debug、optimize、compile、program等，它们都是用来表达计算机操作、程序编写和调试、网络通信等过程的动作。
同时，在其他领域的专业语言中也会使用到相应的动词。
动词的时态和语态在科技英语中，动词的时态和语态是非常常见和重要的问题。
时态表示动作发生的时间，有现在时、过去时和将来时三种；语态表示主语和谓语的关系，有主动语态和被动语态两种。
时态现在时态现在时态用来表示现在正在进行的动作，或现在的状态。
例如：•The computer is running a program.（电脑正在运行一个程序。
）•This software supports multiple languages.（这个软件支持多种语言。
）过去时态过去时态用来表示过去已经完成的动作。
例如：•The file was deleted by mistake.（文件被误删了。
）•The bug was fixed in the latest version.（这个漏洞已在最新版中修复。
）将来时态将来时态用来表示将来要完成的动作或状态。
例如：•The new feature will be released next month.（新功能将在下个月发布。
动词非谓语形式动词不定式（二）（1）复合不定式for + 名词（或代词）+ 不定式注：由“for”引出不定式的逻辑主语。
句法功能：主、宾、表、定、状①主语It is possible for us to solve this problem by a computer.②宾语（用形式宾语“it”的句型）This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.句法功能：主、宾、表、定、状③表语The main job now is for scientists to continue studying the buildup（聚集）of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.④定语The job for a computer to do is to measure or count.This is a necessary condition for the electric field to be zero.Attention: 在“ability, tendency, desire等”词后通常要用“of”来代替“for”：Energy is defined as the ability of a body to do work.Gravity（万有引力）is the tendency of all objects to attract, and be attracted by,each other.句法功能：主、宾、表、定、状⑤状语For the arithmetic unit（运算单元）to be able to do its required tasks, it must be told what to do. This signal is too large for the transistor to handle.有缘学习更多＋谓ｙｇｄ３０７６考证资料（2）名词性不定式howwhatwhen疑问词where + 不定式whichwhetherwhomwhose（2）名词性不定式How to determine the weight and size of an atom is a question interesting to many of us.It is necessary to find how large to make r so as for the series（级数）to converge（收敛）.The reader may have no idea which of these operations（运算）to do first.（3）反射式不定式Fill in the blanks.These metals are generally difficult ________ (machine).We find this equation easy _________ (solve).（3）反射式不定式若句子的主语（或宾语）是句尾不定式（或者不定式短语末尾介词）的宾语的话，这样的句子结构就称为“反射式不定式”（最常见的情况是形式主语或形式宾语“it”被句尾不定式的宾语替代了的情况）。
Unit 7【WRITING】Correcting:Unnecessary shiftsKeep sentences smooth, clear, and consistent. Avoid sudden, aimless shifts of the following. 1.Shifts in subjectThe subject of a sentence is the person, thing, place, or idea that is doing or being something. It is what/whom a sentence is about. That is, subject is the focus of a sentence and the real interest of the writer. Be consistent in your choice of subject.✗ First the dirty water must be drained out, and then you should clean the pipe.The shift from "the dirty water" to "you" (and with it the shift from a passive to an active verb) is as awkward as it is needless.✓First you must drain the dirty water out, and then clean the pipe.2. Shift in personPerson determines if someone is speaking (first person --- I or we), being spoken to (second person --- you), or being spoken about (third person --- he/she, it or they)in a sentence. Shift in person is improperly mixing first, second, or third person within a sentence.✗ When we looked down, you could see the little farms growing smaller and smaller.In both clauses, the writer is talking about the same group of people: it is inappropriate to shift without reason from the first person (we) to the second person (you).✓ When we looked down, we could see the little farms growing smaller and smaller.✓ When you looked down, you could see the little farms growing smaller and smaller.3. Shift in tense"Tense" refers to the form of a verb that indicates time. Be consistent in your choice of tense.✗ After I left a small village in the south of France, I will drive on to the next town.Here, the sentence unnecessarily shifts from the simple past tense ("I left") to simple future tense ("I will drive").✓ After I left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town.4. Shift in moodMood is a set of verb forms or inflections that conveys the writer's attitude toward a subject. There are three major moods in English:(1) the indicative mood, used to make factual statements;(2) the imperative mood, used to express a command;(3) the subjunctive mood, used to indicate doubt or unlikelihood.✗ First discuss the problem; then you should take action.Here, the writer combines an imperative mood with a subjunctive mood in the same sentence. It is a needless shift in mood.✓ First discuss the problem; then take action.✓You must discuss the problem first and then take action.有缘学习更多＋谓ｙｇｄ３０７６考证资料。
2015/12/1 Tuesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§4 .3 动名词1、普通动名词：可作主、宾、表、介宾。
（1）与不定式的主要区别 不定式：具体的某一动作或将来的动作 动名词：不涉及时间含义的一般性动作； 作主语时一般不使用“it”句型。
§4 .3 动名词 ～ 1、普通动名词（3）科技文中动名词大量地用作为介词宾语The watt（ 瓦 特 ） is the unit for measuring the power expended（消耗）in the circuit. Potential energy is capable of being readily（ 容 易 地 ） changed into kinetic energy.西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§4 .3 动名词 ～ 1、普通动名词（2）在某些动词后只能用动名词作宾语§4 .3 动名词 ～ 1、普通动名词（4）注意以下形式的汉译法 ① “ by + 动 名 词 ” ：译 成 “ 通 过……”常 见 的 动 词 有 ： consider, avoid,involve, facilitate, finish, suggest, require, practice; mind, enjoy, deny, postpone, escape, delay, put off, can’t help等等。
When a cell（细胞）has reached its limit of growth, it reproduces（繁殖）by dividing in two.西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§4 .3 动名词 ～ 1、普通动名词（2）在某些动词后只能用动名词作宾语§4 .3 动名词 ～ 1、普通动名词（4）注意以下形式的汉译法 ② “on [upon] + 动名词”：译成“一 当……就”，“在……以后”（有时 “在……时”）Let us consider designing a voting machine. The final step involves obtaining the inverse（反的） Laplace transform（ 拉氏变换）.In this case, it is possible to avoid using shift registers（移位寄存器）.Upon substituting these values in Eq. (1 – 5), we have the following result.12015/12/1 Tuesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§4 .3 动名词 ～ 1、普通动名词（4）注意以下形式的汉译法 ③ “in + 动名词”：译成“在……时候 [期间 ]”，“在 ……过程中”，“在 ……方 面”§4 .3 动名词 ～ 1、普通动名词There is no use [in] grounding this point.In using this equation, we must pay attention to the sign（符号）.西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§4 .3 动名词 ～ 1、普通动名词（5）动名词可作“call”要求的补足语§4 .3 动名词 ～ 1、普通动名词（6）几个句型 ② 人 + spend + 宾语 + on sth. [或：（in） doing sth.]We call this method completing the square（凑平方法）. Finding the possible values of these symbols is called solving the equation（解方程）.They spent a lot of time on this problem. (in) solving this problem.西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§4 .3 动名词 ～ 1、普通动名词（6）几个句型 ① There is no use [in] doing sth.§4 .3 动名词 ～ 1、普通动名词（6）几个句型 ③ 人 + is [are] + busy + with sth. [或：(in) doing sth.]It is [of] no use doing sth. He is busy with his work . (in) doing his work.把这一点接地是没有用的。
科技英语_秦荻辉_科技英语语法习题以及答案科技英语_秦荻辉_科技英语语法习题以及答案练习 1I、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中有些冠词的特殊位置:1. In this case the current(电流)exists for only half the cycle(周期).2. In such a case there is no current flowing in the circuit(电路).3. Sensitivity(灵敏度)is a measure of how small a signal(信号)a receiver(接收机)canpick up and amplify(放大)to a level useful for communications.4. ε may be as small a positive constant as you please.5. Even so fundamental a dimension,量纲，as time was measured extremely crudely with sandand water clocks hundreds of years ago.6. Nonlinear distortion,非线性失真，can be caused by too large an input signal.7. The method used is quite an effective one.8. A series,级数，solution of this kind of problem allows as close a calculation of the error as needed.II、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中“and”和“or”的确切含义:1. Air has weight and occupies space.2. In this way less collector dissipation(集电极功耗)results, and the efficiency increases.3. We can go one step farther and take into account the nonzeroslope of the actual curves.4. Try hard, and you will work the nut(螺母)loose.5. The first step in analyzing a physical situation is to selectthose aspects of it which are essential and disregard the others.6. This satellite was used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.7. Some physical quantities require only a magnitude and a unit tobe completely specified. Thus it is sufficient to say that the mass of a man is 85 kg, that the area of a farm is 160 acres, that the frequencyof a sound wave is 660 cycles/sec, and that a light bulb consumes electric energy at the rate of 100 watts.8. Geothermal energy, or energy from within the earth, can be usedto generate electricity.o9.The current in a capacitor(电容器)leads(导前)the voltage by 90, or, the voltage lagsothe current by 90.10. The message is a logical unit of user data, control data, or both.III、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中分数和倍数的正确译法:1. By varying V only a few hundredths of a volt, the base current(基极电流)can be BEchanged significantly.2. The standard meter is accurate to about two parts in one billion.3. Cromatographic(层析的)techniques have been developed to detectair pollutants atconcentrations(浓度)of one part per million or less.4. The volume coefficient(体膨胀系数)of a solid is almost exactlythree times its linearcoefficient.5. The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be20 times what it is.6. The wavelength of this musical note(音符)is7.8 ft, over threetimes longer than thewavelength of the same note in air (2.5 ft).7. This causes the collector current(集电极电流)to change by afactor of approximately β.8. This factor(因子)is now equal to 9, a reduction by a factor of 11.IV、将下列句子译成英语:1、火箭是由金属制成的。
’s do some translation work:E/C Translation:1. All the satellite needs in order to move in its orbit is the initial speed given it by the carrier rocket.2. I told you it was how he did it that mattered.C/E Translation:1.。
（重量很轻；质量很好；结构很复杂）2.（performance比那台好得多。
3.。
4.。
Chapter 1 Parts of Speech (词类)Today we’ll begin with the parts of speech[词类]. They are just like components in electronic devices. Before you start to learn a TV receiver, for instance, you should have a good understanding of the functions of various components. Then you will be able to learn the machine well. Otherwise, you won’t be able to do so, I’m afraid.However, this point is often ignored by the Chinese students while they are learning a foreign language. As a matter of fact, many problems arise from the misunderstanding of the part of speech of a word and its function in a sentence.I.Articles冠词）We restrict our discussion to the following points.1.Their translation into ChineseThere are three possibilities: (Which one will be adopted is determined by the trial-and-error method试探法”.)(1)They must be translated into Chinese.(2)They mustn’t be translated into Chinese.(3)They may or may not be translated into Chinese.Examples:A table is often made of wood.Here is an analysis.[ Here is an experiment. Here is an example. =An example follows.]θ is a parameter.The proof of the theorem is not difficult.The unit of current is the ampere.2. The basic usage of articles(1)Before a countable noun in singular form, an article must be used.(2)Before a noun (countable or uncountable) which is specifically referred to, a definite article must be used.如果把电压(voltage)加到电路(circuit)，在电路中就会有电流(current)流动(flow)”工程师能创造以前从来没有过的东西。
”钨（tungsten就是用在电灯里的那种金属。
”3. Their special position s★这里的飞机[aircraft]。
”(with “all” as an adjective)这是一台如此(so)灵敏的(sensitive)安培表(ammeter)以致于它能测出电流的微弱变化(slight change)”(with “this”as the subject of the sentence)Summary:allboth +the + nounhalfsuch+a (an) + nounwhat (多么)—used in an exclamatory sentencehow多么）as … (as)so如此）+ adjective +a (an) + nountoo太）1.。
（Use the pattern“as + adj. + noun + as” with“China” as the subject.）2.。
II. Article Filling1. ______ magnet has ______ S pole and ______ N pole.2. That is ______ 18-volt battery.3. This is ______ UNIX system header标题）.III. E/C Translation1. We find that we are dealing with too large a class of circuits. So we have to choose some of them for discussion here.2. So instinctive本能的）an act行为）as choosing a gradual平缓的）slope坡度）of a hill to walk up instead of a steep陡峭的）slope is based on the principle of the inclined plane斜面）.3.This is about as small a mass[质量] as you can find anywhere.4. This is too complicated a problem for us to go into.5. A friend function友人函数）is as much a part of that interface接口）as is a member function成员函数）.6. What an important instrument is one that adequately displays the Fourier transform傅氏变换）of a function of time, even when the interval of integration积分区间）is not infinity无穷大）.****************************************************4. Special habitual uses of the indefinite articles before uncountable nouns (especially to express the idea of“…；作一…”)An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.It is the force of friction摩擦）that brings the car to a stop.There is a growing awareness that it is urgent to reduce global warming.We shall start with a study of forces.The importance of the higher frequencies can readily be seen by an examination of the bandwidth带宽）of the audio-frequency spectrum音频频谱）.a sound knowledge of…a good understanding of…a clear description of…a study of…a comparison of [between]…a brief qualitative discussion of…a thorough treatment of…a mention of…a theoretical analysis of…an examination of…a direct application of…a calculation of…“[本文]（performance作了初步的（initial分析。
”为此，对计算机科学必须有很好的了解。
”II．Prepositions(介词)1. Pay attention to functions of a prepositional phrase(1)Adverbial状）：Pay attention to their positions in the Chinese versions.(It's generally put before the predicate or thesubject.)There are many components in this device.●Predicative adverbial表语性状语）(or: a special appositive同位语”)Their channel resistances沟道电阻）will be relatively low,of the order of 500 Ω.（the order of = about大约”）The receiver noise figure噪声值）is low,in the order of 5 to 10 dB.(2)Attribute定）—as a postmodifier后置定语）onlyThe switch on the wall near the door of the room is for the ceiling light.(3)Complement补）：mostly the“as-phrase” required by many verbsas Bregard A as Brefer to A as Bspeak of A as BThis parameter参数）is defined as the ratio of signal to noise.The mass质量）of a body can be thought of as the force per unit of acceleration加速度）.We refer to the opposition to the flow of electrons as electrical resistance.***An increasing number of engineering designers find it of value to have a working knowledge of electronic computers.*** a few set verbal phrases: ( keep … at work; set … in motion )Pressure is required for forcing the water through a pipe.★Everywhere we can see gravity重力）in action.Electricity keeps machines at work.Now set the charges电）in motion and measure the magnetic force磁力）.(4)PredicativeAnother common approach is through the use of a s ymmetrical square wave. (对称方波)The operating path is along the segment线段）a’b’ of the diode characteristic二极管特性曲线）.(5)Parenthesis插）—many set phrases (in fact; of course; for example, ……)(6)Prepositional object介宾）—only after a few prepositions, such as “from★, except★, to, …)The energy from within the earth can be exploited.Noise is present in every electrical circuit电路）except at a temperature of absolute zero.The highest order度）of accuracy obtainable in using this technique is to within 0.01 percent.(7) Expressing a range of values as a premodifierA package集成块）containing one or more op amps运算放大器）typically has between 8 and 14 terminals端点）.This greatly simplifies the measurement of phase相位）in the frequency range of from 1 to 1,000 MHz.2. The useful ideas of several commonly used prepositions in scientific English(1) ofinterestuse①“of +some abstract nouns value”=corresponding adjectivesimportancehelpsignificanceThis point is of great importance ( = very important).最高级的范围②Expressing the idea of在……”一般的范围Of all the computers here, this one works best.Of these three new chapters, the first deals with receivers.③Expressing the relation of apposition同位）The science of chemistry is very useful in the modern world.The concept of potential difference电位差）will be introduced in the next section.This battery can supply a current of 4 mA.④Introducing the logical subject of the noun before it which comes from an intransitive verbAttention should be paid to the variation of the transistor current with temperature.⑤Introducing the logical object of the noun before it which comes from a transitive verbThe separation of aluminum from its ore矿石）was very difficult at that time.⑥Introducing the logical subject of a special type of complex infinitive phraseThe ability of a body to do work is called energy.(2) withcaredifficultyaccuracy①“with +some abstract nouns precision”= corresponding adverbsskillefficiencyrapidityIt is now possible to change ac into dc with great ease.②Expressing the idea of随着”when it is used together with “vary, change, increase, decrease, rise, fall”This parameter参数）varies with temperature.③Forming the“with-structure”With the switch on position 1, the output impedance阻抗）will be maximum.This parameter shall be measured with E p grounded接地）.④Expressing the idea of用”（mostly followed by a physical thing）We can see distant stars with this telescope望远镜）.⑤Expressing the ideas of对于；在……；有了”or sometimes an additional explanation of the subject when it is at the very beginning of a sentenceWith the alternating current, things are different.With large files, the index file索引文件）itself may become too large to be kept in memory.⑥Expressing the idea of与”A comparison of the experimental result with the computed one has been made.(3) by①Expressing all the quantities except time and distanceIn this case v and i differ in phase相位）by 50o.②Expressing the idea of根据；按照”in the mathematical derivationBy Ohm’s law, we can write out the following equation.③“by + gerund（or a noun from a verb”means通过……”By studying this model, one can understand the structure of the atom.By increasing the number of processors, we hope to get more work done in less time.④“by + method”expresses the idea of用…”The equation can be solved by this method.（4）for①Expressing the length of time or distanceThis output may stay high for a long time.②Expressing the ideas of对于；如果；当……”(a condition)For x＜1, this equation holds.③Expressing the unknown you wish to find when it is used together with“solve”In this case we need to solve this equation for x.④Introducing the logical subject of an infinitive so as to form the complex infinitive structureIt is necessary for us to determine what this angle is.⑤Expressing the object“对象”（Especially it is put after“method, technique,algorithm, condition, requirement, language,prerequisite,etc.”）This problem is too difficult for students.The necessary condition for this inequality不等式）is x≤1.Knowing C is not a prerequisite for learning C++.Object-oriented programming is a technique for programming.(5) in①Expressing the unit for measurement, meaning用”（The noun after it must be in plurual except the word“hertz”）Capacitance电容）is measured in farads and frequency in hertz.Meaning朝”before the noun “direction”The current in a diode二极管）flows only in one direction.③Meaning以，用”before the nouns “way; manner”We should try to solve the problem in every possible way.④Meaning在……”These devices differ greatly in size.⑤Expressing the ideas of“在……期间[时候]在……；在……”when it is followed by a gerund or a noun from a verbIn using the above equation, it does not matter which surface is considered as 1 and which as 2.In choosing which algorithm to use in a particular situation, we must consider the different properties of the various algorithms.⑥It is often used after the nouns “reduction, decrease, increase, change, rise, fall, drop”This ammeter can measure the slight change in current.The inclusion接入）of R e causes a decrease in amplification放大量）.⑦It means在……”when it is used with the terminative verb (or a predicate expressing a state) in future tense. [Otherwise, it means“within.”]They will leave for Beijing in a few days to attend an international conference on communications.The wave will be back in a fraction of a second.(6) on/uponIt means一当……就）”,在……”★, or在……”when used before a gerund or a noun from the verb.Upon substituting the actual magnitudes, it turned out that v is the velocity of light.(7) over①Expressing the idea of通过”（In this case,before it there is a verb or a noun expressing movement and after it thereis a noun expressing distance.）It is necessary to protect data that are transferred over the network.This new type of aircraft can fly over 5,000 kilometers.Its transmission over a long distance causes some loss of energy.②Expressing the idea of在……”（In this case, after it there is a noun expressing place.）Its flight over this city was a great success.③Expressing the idea of与……”（after some nouns，especially“advantage, disadvantage”）This new design has many advantages over the original one.④Expressing the idea of在……”We must perform the integration积分）over the whole area.The determination of its average velocity over this distance is not difficult.⑤Introducing the logical object of the noun before it (only after few words)This voltage gives the control over the brightness of the light spot.In the past, the programmers had complete control over the system.⑥Expressing the idea of“more than”This wire is over five times as long as that one.⑦“over the years”means在这[那]”The reliability of modern electronic equipment has improved greatly over the years.III.Coordinators等立连词）1. and(1)These basic circuits电路）consist of independent sources, diodes and resistors.(2)Water is a liquid and ice is a solid.(3)This current is extremely small and can be neglected.(4)Air has weight and occupies space.The solution presented here is the simplest of those we consider,and often the best.(5)We can go one step farther and take into account the nonzero slope非零斜率）of the actual curves.Now let us go one step further and differentiate微分）the unit step function单位阶跃函数）.and read the books they ought to read.In this section, we set down and illustrate some of the rules of Boolean algebra布尔代数）.go and …= go to (do)come and …= come to (do)stop and …= st op to (do)try and …= try to (do)go one step further and…set down and…(6)Try hard,and you will work the nut loose.“an imperative sentence+and”=if-clauseSummary:meanings:和；以及；而；从而；并且；同时；于是；那么；来；如果”patterns:general: A(,) and BA, B(,) and CA, B, C(,) and Demphatic: A and B and C and DIts commonest form is one for which n=2and m=1andω=2ωx.Another well-known method is due to Korringa and Kohn and Rostoker.2. or(1) Accuracy is expressed as absolute error or relative error.Much ado费尽力气）has been made about whether the design of computer hardware and software is art, science or engineering.A part of the variation results from the fact that the earth is not spherical球形的）,that the observation points are at different elevations高度）,or that there are local variations in earth density泥土密度）.Once G has been measured, the equation for Newton's law of universal gravitation万有引力）can be used to find the force of gravitation between any two objects物体）of known mass质量）with a known distance between their centers of mass.Or if the force of gravitation, the distance, and one of the masses are known, the equation can be used to find the value of the other mass.(2)There are three main laws of mechanics or three laws of Newton.This variable变量）should be compared with the ideal,or desired, value.In this case Q3 is a very high impedance阻抗）,or open.(3) We should learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately,or they will make our speech silly and dull愚）.Computers are particularly useful in such systems as telemetry遥测）, where signals must be quickly recorded or be lost.“otherwise[要不然]”—when “or” is used together with “must,” “important,” “essential,” "imperative,” "should,” or “necessary” which appears in the first part of the sentence.）(4) The greater the resistivity电阻率）, the greater the field电场）needed to establish a given current density电流密）,or the smaller the current density caused by a given field.“或者说”）Summary:meanings:或”；“即”；“要不然”；“或者说”patterns:general: A or BA, B(,)or CA, B, C(,)or Demphatic: A or B or C or DWhen A or B or C or D is high, the collector集电极）of T1 is LOW.Unlike voltage or current or power, the measurement of phase shift相位移）inherently固有地）involves a comparison of two signals.he term "force" is to be interpreted literally字面上）as the force,or torque力矩）,or pressure,or whatever may be producing the distortion.These interrupts中断）signify that output has completed,or that input data are available,or that a failure has been detected.IV.Numerals数词）1. The ways to express a fraction分数）(1) a general formulaNumerator (a cardinal number)/Denominator (an ordinal number in plural form except when the numerator is≤1, inwhich case a singular form is used)5/6 five sixths1/2 one [a] half** Can we say “one second”?地球[的]十分之七。
