Quiz1—PubTalkandtheKing27sEnglish

Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English1.And it is an activity only of humans. (para 1）Conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings. 2.Conversation is not for making a point. （para 2)Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view。

3.In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose。

(para 2)In fact ,a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other's lives。

（para 3) People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives。

5.it could still go ignorantly on （para 6)The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6.They are cattle in the fields， but we sit down to beef （boeuf）. (para 9) These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; but when we sit down at the table to eat ，we call their meat beef.7.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. (para11）The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8.English had come royally into its own。

Unit1. Pub talk and the king’s English1．And conversation is an activity which is found only among h uman beings．(Animals and birds are not capable of conversati on．)2．Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of vie 3． In fact a person who really enjoys and is ski lled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to acce pt his point of view．4．People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub a re not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engro ssed in each other's lives．5． The conversation could go on without anybody knowing w ho was right or wrong．6. These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feedi ng in the fields；but when we sit down at the table to eat．we c all their meat beef．7． The new ruling class by using French instead of English ma de it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of th e、rulers．8．The English language received proper recognition and was u sed by the King once more．9. The phrase,the King's English,has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes． The working people v ery often make fun of the proper and formal language of the edu cated people．10. There still exists in the working people，as in the early Sax on peasants，a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of th e ruling class．11． There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are suppo sed to represent.For example,the word "dog" is a symbol represe nting a kind of animal．We mustn't regard the word "dog" as be ing the animal itself．12. Even the most educated and literate people do not use stand ard，formal English all the time in their conversation．Unit2.Marrakech1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of m ounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of la nd on which a building was going to be put up.2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the peo ple in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the c hair-legs he is making.5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a pie ce of luxury which they could not possibly afford.7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable. 8. If you take a l ook at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ. wou ld not be interesting)．10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With ha rd backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor so il． 11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community，that。

Pu b Tal k an d t he Ki ng ' s Eng l i s hLesson 3Pub Talk and the King ' EnglishHenry Fairlie1 Conversationis the most sociableof all human activities. And it is an activity only ofhuma ns. Howeveri ntricate the ways in which ani mals com muni cate with each other, they do notindulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.2 The charm of conv ersati on is that it does not really start from any where, and noone has any idea where it will go as itmea ndersor leaps an dsparkles or just glows.The en emy of good conv ersati on is the pers on who hassometh ing to say”Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argume nt is not to convin ceThere is no winning in conv ersati on.In fact, the best con versati on alists are those who are prepared to losSudde nly they seethe mome nt for one of their besta necdotes but in a flash the conv ersati on has moved on and theopportunity is lost. They are ready tolet it go.3 Perhaps it is because of my up-bri nging in En glish pubs that I thi nk barconversation has a charm of its own. Bar friends are nodeeply involved in each other's lives. They arecompa nions not in timates. The fact that their marriages may beo n the rocks, or that their love affairs have bee n broke n oieve n that they got out of bed on the wron gside is simply not a concern .They are like themusketeersof Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into each others lives or therecessesof their thoughts and feeli ngs.4 It was on such an occasiorthe other evening, as the conversation moved desultorilyhere and there, from the most com mon place to thoughts of Jupiter, without any focus and with no n eed for on e,that sudde nly thealchemy ofconv ersatio n took place, and all at once there was a focus. I do not remember what made one of our compa nions say it --she clearly had not come into the bar to say it, it was not something that wapessing on her mind --- but her remark fell quite n aturally into the talk.5 Some one told methe other daythat the phrase, the Ki ng ' En glish,' was a term ofcriticism, that it means language which one should not properly usefirm6 The glow of the conversation burst into flames. There wereaffirmations and protestsanddenials, and of course thepromise, made in all such conversation that we would look it up on the morning. That would settle it; but conversation does not n eed to be settled; it could still goig noran tly on.7 It was an Australia n who had give n her such a defi niti on of the King ' En glish fwhich produced some ratheitart remarks about what one could expect from the desce ndan tsof convi cts. We had traveled in five minu tes to Australia. Of course, there would beresista nee tothe Ki ng ' En glish in such a society. There is always resista nee in the lower classes to an attempt by an upper classto lay dow n rules for English as it should be spoken.8 Look at the Ian guagebarrier betwee n theSax on churls and their Norma n conquerors The conv ersatio n had swung from Australia n convicts of the l9 cen tury to the En glish peasa nts of the 1t2 cen tury. Who was right, who was wrong, did not matter. The con versati on waso n win gs.9 Some one took one of the best-k nown of examples, which is still always worth therec on sideri ng. When we talk of meat on our tables, we use French words; whe n we speak of the ani mals from which the meat comes we use An glo Saxon words.It is a pig in its sty; it is pork( porc ) on the table. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit dow n to beef (boeuf). Chicke ns becomepoultry (poulet ), and a calfbecomesveal (veau ). Eve n if our menus were not writte n in French out ofsnobbery the English we used in them would still be Norman English.What all this tells us is of a deep classrift in the culture of England after the Norman conq uest.10 The Saxon peasa nts whotilled the land an dreared the ani malscould not afford themeat, which went to Norman tables. The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scamperedover their fields and, since that meat was cheap, the Norman lords of course tuned up their no ses att. So rabbit is still rabbit on our tables, and not cha nged into somere nderi ng of lap in.11 As we listen today to the arguments aboubilingual education, we ought to thinkourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasa nt. The new ruli ng class had built a cultural barrier aga inst him by build ing their French aga inst his own Ian guage. They must have been a great deal ofultural humiliation felt by the English when they revolted un der Saxon leadersike Hereward the Wake. The Ki ng ' En glish”----if the term had existed then--- had become French. And here in America now, 900 years later, we are still theheirs to it.12 So the next morning, the conversation over, one looked it up. The phrascame intouse some time in the 161 century. Queen' English” is found in Nash'sStrange Newes of thentercepting Certaine Letters' in 1593, and in 1602, Dekker wrote of some one, thou clipst the King ' En glish.” Is the phrase in Shakespeare?That would be theconfirmation that it was in general use. He uses it once, when Mistress Quickly in The Merry Wives of Windsor” says of her master coming home in a rage, --- here will be an old abus ing of God's patie nee and the Kings English,”and it rings true.13 One could have expected thatt would be about then that the phrase would be coined. After five cen turies of growth, of tussli ng with the French of the Norma nsand the An gev ins and thePla ntage netsa nd at last absorb ing it,the conq uered in the end conq ueri ng the conq uerorE nglish had come royally into its own. brow n14 There was a Ki ng's (or Queens) En glish to be proud of. The Elizabetha ns)lew onit as on a dan deli on clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. The King ' En glish” was no Ion ger a form of what would now be regarded as racialdiscrim in ati on.15 Yet there had been something in the remark of the Australian. The phrase hasalways been used a littlepejoratively and evenfacetiously by the lower classes. One feels that even Mistress Quickly---a servant ---is saying that Dr. Caius ---her master ---will lose his control and speak with the vigor of ordinary folk. If theKi ng ' En glish is En glish as it should be spoken” the claim is ofte n mocked by the underlings, when they say with a jeer English as it should bespoke” Therebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.16 There is always a great dan ger, aC arlyle put it, that words will harde ninto thingsfor us.” Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the Ki ng's En glish, like the An glo-Fre nch of the Norma ns, is a class representation of reality Perhapsit is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid dow n as an edict, and madeim mune to cha nge from below.17 I have an unending love affair with dictionaries---Auden once said that all a writer needs is a pen, ple nty of paper andthe best dict ion aries he can afford---but I agree with the pers on who said that dict ion aries are in strume nts ofcmmon sen se. The Ki ng ' En glish is a mode—a rich and in structive one---but it ought not to be an ultimatum.18 So we may return to my beginning. Even with the most educated and the mostliterate, the Ki ng's En glish slips and slides in conv ersatio n. There is no worse conv ersati on alist tha n the one whqo un ctuateshis words as he speaks as if he were writing, or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print. When E.M. Froster writes of the sinistercorridor of our age,” we sit upat the vividness of the phrase, the force and even terror in thmage. But if E.M.Forster sat in our living room and said, We are all following each other down the sini ster corridor of our age,” we would be justified in ask ing him to leave.19 Great authorsare constantly being askecby foolish people to talk as they write.Other people maycelebratethe lofty conv ersati ons in which the great min dsare supposed tohave in dulged in the great sal ons of 18 century Paris, but onesuspects that the great minds wergossiping and judg ing the quality of the food and the win e.He nault, the n the great preside nt of the First Chamber of the ParisParlement complained bitterly of the terrible sauces at the salons of Mme.Deffand, and went on to observe that the only differe nee betwee n her cook and the supreme chef, Brin villiers, lay in their inten ti ons.20 The one place not to have dictionaries is in a sitting room or at a dining table. Lookthe thing up the n ext morning, but not in the middle of the conv ersati on.Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there. There would have been no conversation the other evening if we had been able to settle at once the meaning ofthe King ' English ” We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest.21 And there would have bee n no thi ng to thi nk about the n ext morning. Perhapsabove all, one would not have bee n en gaged by in terest in the musketeer who raised the subject, won deri ng more about her. Thbother aboutteachi ng chimpa nzeeshow to talk is that they will probably try to talk sen sea nd so rui n all conv ersatio n.。

Pub Talk and the King’s English中英对照翻译谁也说不准。

好的闲谈不需要有人想要表达什么。

虽然争辩有时会成为闲谈的一部分，但争辩的目的并不在于说服别人。

闲谈中没有胜负之分，事实上，最好的闲谈者是那些愿意放手的人。

他们突然想起一个最佳的趣闻轶事，但是转瞬间话题就转移了，机会就这样错失了。

他们愿意放手不去争取。

3.The English language has always been XXX。

andn has always been the best way to understand and enjoy thelanguage。

But there is a XXXbe called “pub talk.” Pub talk is not really XXX at all。

It is amonologue。

XXXpeople。

It is XXX。

not to clarifybut to confuse。

not to shed light but to obscure.英语一直以来都非常适合于闲谈，而闲谈也一直是理解和享受语言的最佳方式。

但是，闲谈和所谓的“酒吧闲聊”是有区别的。

酒吧闲聊实际上并不是真正的闲谈。

而是一种独白，与其他人的独白相互交织。

它的目的不是沟通，而是支配；不是澄清，而是混淆；不是照亮，而是掩盖。

4.XXX XXX at the same time。

It isXXX。

and playful because thepeople who take part in it are XXX。

It is like a game withrules。

but the rules are there to be broken。

and the best players are thosewho break them most XXX is also like a dance。

Pub Talk and the King’s English(酒吧闲谈与标准英语)Henry Fairlie (亨利·费尔利)1.Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. And it is an activity onlyof humans. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.人类的一切活动中，闲谈是最具交际性的，也是人类特有的。

而动物之间的信息交流，无论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交际的。

2.The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and noone has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has “something to say.”Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation.In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.闲谈的引人入胜之处就在于它没有一个事先设定好的主题。

Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King's English1.2.And it is an activity only of humans. (para 1)Conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings. 2.Conversation is not for making a point. (para 2)Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view.3.In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. (p ara 2)In fact ,a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other's lives. (para 3)People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives.5.it could still go ignorantly on (para 6)The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6.7.They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). (para 9) These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; but when we sit down at the table to eat , we call their meat beef.8.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. (para11)The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.9.English had come royally into its own. (para 13)The English language received proper recognition and became an official language.10.11.The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiou sly by the lower classes. (para 15)The phrase "the King's English" has always been used disparagingly or jokingly by the lower classes.12.13.The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. (para 15)There still exists in the working people a spirit of opposition to the cultural control of the ruling class.14.There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, that "words will harden into things for us. " (para 16)There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.。

第一课：Pub Talk and the King’s English(酒吧闲谈与标准英语)1.Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. And it is anactivity only of humans. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.人类的一切活动中，闲谈是最具交际性的，也是人类特有的。

而动物之间的信息交流，无论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交际的。

2.The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere,and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has “something to say.” Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.闲谈的引人入胜之处就在于它没有一个事先设定好的主题。

The Summary of Pub Talk and the King’s English The article describes the conversation is the most sociable of all human activities and it is an activity only of humans. The charm of conversation is that it doesn’t really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go. Conversation is not for making a point. There is no winning in conversation.Bar conversation has its special charm. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives, but they can have any kinds of conversation freely. One night in the bar, when the author and his companions have a conversation desultorily here and there, one of them says that the King’s English is laid down as English is a term of criticism, which becomes a focus between them and becomes a focal subject. There would be resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for “English as it should be spoken.” The re are language barriers between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors and there is a deep class rift in the culture of England after the Norman Conquest. By building their French against the Saxon peasants’own language, the new ruling class has built a cultural barrier against him. King’s English comes into use in the 16th century, and after five centuries of growth, of tussling with the French and absorbing it, English has come into their own and become a universal language in England. Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the King’sEnglish is a class representation of reality. The King’s English is a model, but it shouldn’t be an ultimatum. In fact, even the most educated and literate people do not use Standard English all the time in their conversation. The bother about teaching chimpanzees how to talk is that they will probably try to talk sense and so ruin conversion.。

Pub Talk and the King's English 课后练习题答案（部分）Ⅱ.1.A good conversation does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go. A good conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. When people become serious and talk as if they have something very important to say, when they argue to convince or to win their point, the conversation is spoiled.2. The writer likes bar conversation very much because he has spent a lot of time in pubs and is used to this kind of conversation. Bar friends are companions, not intimates. They are friends but not intimate enough to be curious about each other's private life and thoughts.3. No. Conversation does not need a focus. But when a focal subject appears in the natural flow of conversation, the conversation becomes vivid, lively and more interesting.4. The people talked about Australia because the speaker who introduced the subject mentioned incidentally that it was an Australian who had given her such a definition of "the King's English. " When the people talked about the resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for "English as it should be spoken", the conversation moved to Norman England because at that time a language barrier existed between the Saxon peasants and the Norman conquerors.5. The Saxon peasants and their Norman conquerors used different words for the same thing. For examples see paragraph 9.6. “The King’s English” was regarded as a form 0f racial discrimination during the Norman rule in England about 1154—1399．7．The writer thinks “the King’s English” is a class representation of reality．1t is worth trying to speak “the King’s English”，but it should not be 1aid down as an edict，and made immune to change from below．The King’s English is a model a rich and instructive one- but it ought not to be an ultimatum．8．During the Norman period，the ruling class spoke Anglo—French while the peasants spoke their native Saxon language．Language bears the stamp of the class that uses it．The King’s English today refers to the language used by the upper，educated class in England．III．1．And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings．2．Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view．3．In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view．4．People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives．5．The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong．6．These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields；but when we sit down at the table to eat．we call their meat beef．7．The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers．8．The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more．9．The phrase，the King’s English，has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people．10．There still exists in the working people，as in the early Saxon peasants，a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class．11．There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent．For example，the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal．We mustn’t regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself．IV.A.1. on the rocks：metaphor，comparing a marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks2．get out of bed on the wrong side：be in a bad temper for the day3．on wings：metaphor，comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring．It means the conversation soon became spirited and exciting．4．turn up one’s nose at: scorn；show scorn for5．into the shoes：metaphor，think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant,i.e. as if one were a Saxon peasant6. come into one’s own: receive what properly belongs to one，especially acclaim or recognition7．sit up at：(colloquial) become suddenly alert and take notice ofB.1．ignorant指缺乏知识，可以是就整体而言(如an ignorant man)，也可以是就某一具体方面或问题而言(如ignorant of the reason of their quarrel对他们争吵的起因毫无所知)；illiterate意为缺乏文化修养，尤指读写能力的缺乏；uneducated指没有受到正规的、系统的学校教育；unlearned意为学问不富(未必无知)，既可指一无所长，又可指某一方面所知有限，如unlearned in science，意为对科学懂得有限，但对其他学科，如文学、哲学等，倒可能是很精通的。

•Lesson 1Pub Talk and the King’s English •Contents➢P art One: Warm-up➢P art Two: Background Information➢P art Three: Text Appreciation➢P art Four: Language Study➢P art Five: Extension•Part One—Warm-up➢Ⅰ. Video Watching➢Ⅱ. Brainstorming➢Ⅲ. Discussion➢Ⅳ. Learning Objectives•Ⅰ. Video WatchingWatch the video clip and describe it.UK Queen's Christmas Speech.mp4•What are the characteristics of the Queen’sEnglish?•Compare the difference between Queen’s English and the pub English.•Ⅱ. BrainstormingMake some predictions about the text to be learned.•Ⅲ. Discussion•What is the criteria for judging a good conversation?•Why is conversation an activity only of human beings?•How to make a good conversation?•What is a pub friend?•What’s the function of a pub to the English people’s life?•Ⅳ. Learning Objectives1. To be acquainted with the knowledge of the development of English.2. To know what is King's English and its history.3.To learn to use words to describe spoken English.4.To appreciate the language features.5.To learn to write a story about a language.6. To know the writing of an exposition.•Part Two—Background Information➢Ⅰ. About the Author➢Ⅱ. The History of English➢Ⅲ. History of English Pub➢I V.Alexandre Dumas and The Three Musketeers➢V. Thomas Carlyle•Ⅰ. About the AuthorHenry Fairlie (1924-1990)British journalist for The Spectator, which he joined in 1955.•Before that he had been a feature writer for The Observer 1948-50, and a political editorial writer for The Times 1950-54.•He was also a regular contributor to The New Republic from the mid-1970s until his death in 1990.•He relocated to the United States in 1965 to avoid a British libel suit, for having called his onetime lover a whore on television.•Ⅰ. About the Author•He was Best known for coining the term The Establishment in his column in The Spectator on23 September, 1955.•Fairlie wrote:–By the "Establishment", I do not only mean thecentres of official power—though they are certainlypart of it—but rather the whole matrix of officialand social relations withinwhich power is exercised.The exercise of power in Britain (more specifically, inEngland) cannot be understood unless it isrecognized that it is exercised socially. •Ⅰ. About the Author•He wrote five books, most notably The Kennedy Promise, an early revisionist critique of the USpresidency of John F. Kennedy.•In 2009, Yale University Press published Bite the Hand Feeds You: Essays and Provocations,an anthology of his work edited by Newspaper correspondent Jeremy McCarter. •The native people in Britain－Celt (language)2. Roman Conquest 43 AD, ruled for 400 years－Latin (language)3. In 449 Angles, Saxon, and Jutes from Northwest of Germany , conquered the most part ofEngland－old English (language)4. 9th century Scandinavian conquest－Danish (language)5. 11th century Norman Conquest for 400 years－French (language)6. British people conquered the conquest again.－English won its recognition.•Ⅱ. The History of English•Five Events that Shaped the History of English• 1. The Anglo-Saxon Settlement• 2. The Scandinavian Settlements• 3. The Norman Conquest• 4. Standardization：the Great Vowel Shift• 5. Colonization and Globalization•Ⅱ. The History of English• A Timeline of the History of the English Language•III. History of English Pub• A pub (public house) is a drinking establishment fundamental to the culture of Britain. •In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. •The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England. •III. History of English Pub•During the Middle Ages the pub sign came into existence—the earliest versions being green bushes set upon poles to indicate the sale of beer, stemming from the earlier Roman tradition of vines being displayed to advertise wine. By 14th century, more abstract names were common. •III. History of English Pub● Alcohol has been drunk and served throughout the British Isles in one form or another since theBronze Age.● The origins of the pub began to appear during the Roman colo nization of Britain. Placeswhere travelers could obtain rest and refreshment sprang up along the new road networks.These Roman taverns remained even after the withdrawal of the Romans from Britain. •III. History of English Pub•During the 16th and 17th centuries these establishments primarily sold beer and ale until the first half of the 18th century when the so-called “Gin Graze” took hold, esp. among the poorer classes as the production of gin(杜松子酒) had increased to six times that of beer. The 1751Gin Act forced gin makers to sell gin only to licensed premises and put drinking establishments under the control of local magistrates.In the 19th century, the Wine and Beerhouse was introduced to restrict the hours Public Houses could sell alcohol. The Licensing Act 2003 repealed the previous licensing laws for England and Wales, taking responsibility away from magistrates and placing it in the hands of local councils.Alexandre Dumas (1802－1870)best known for his historical novels of high adventure which have made him one of the most widely read French authors in the world. His works include The Count ofMonte Cristo;The ThreMusketeers; Twenty Years After The Three Musketeers is set in the 17th century.The novel recounts the adventures of a young man called d'Artagnan after he leaves home to travel to Paris, and then he joins the Musketeers of the Guard. His friends are: Athos, Porthos, and Aramis.They are inseparable friends who live by t he motto: "tous pour un, un pour tous“=All for one, one for all •V. Thomas CarlyleThomas Carlyle (1795-1881)•Famous English essayist and historian.•After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he rejected the ministry, for which he had been intended, and determined to he a writer.•In 1826 he married Jane Welsh, a well-informed and ambitious woman who did much to further his career. They moved to Jane' s farm at Craigenputtoeh where they lived for 6 years.During this time he produced Sartor Resartus (1833-1834), a book in which he first developed his characteristic style and thought.•This book is a veiled sardonic attack upon the shams and pretences of society, upon hollow rank, hollow officialism, hollow custom, out of which life and usefulness have departed. •V. Thomas Carlyle•"Carlylese", a peculiar style of his own, was a compound of biblical phrases, colloquialisms, Teutonic twists, and his own coinings, arranged in unexpected sequences.•One of the most important social critics of his day, Carlyle influenced many men of the younger generation.•Part Three—Text Appreciation➢Ⅰ. Text Analysis→Introduction to Exposition→Theme of the Text→Text Organization→Further Understanding➢Ⅱ. Writing Devices→Language Style→Rhetorical Devices➢Ⅲ. Sentence Paraphrase•Ⅰ. Text AnalysisIntroduction to Exposition•" Pub Talk and the King's English " is a piece of exposition (informative writing). •Exposition is to put forth an idea or suggestion and expound on it.•The purpose or intention of the writer of the exposition is to inform or explain. •Ⅰ. Text Analysis•Exposition is the most common kind of writing, for it is applicable to anything whichchallenges the understanding, for example, the definition of a term, the structure of a lab, the meaning of a historical event, the significance of a political system, etc. •Ⅰ. Text AnalysisThe writer of an exposition generally makes a statement (thesis) of the central thought or of his purpose first.The thesis can be supported and developed in a variety of ways.The following are some of the approaches usually used in writing: definition, identification, illustration, comparison, contrast, analogy, analysis.•Ⅰ. Text Analysis1. Conversation is an activity of human beings, and a good conversation is not for making a point.Conversation in a pub has a charm of its own2. English has fought for centuries to be recognized and we should be proud of King’s English. •Ⅰ. Text AnalysisText Organization (loose structure)•Part 1 (Paras. 1-3):Introduction:The writer puts forward the theses: conversation is the most sociable of all human activities and bar conversation has a charm of its own.•Part 2 (Paras. 4-11):Development 1:The charm of conversation is that there is no fixed topic. Example: the King's English — Australia — the Saxon peasants—cultural humiliation--revolt.•Ⅰ. Text AnalysisFurther Understanding1. The major theme of this essay is _______.A. pub talk in King’s EnglishB. conversation is universalC. the charm of bar conversationD. the history of King’s English2. The style of this piece of exposition is _____.A. ironicB. informalC. formalD. sarcastic•Ⅰ. Text Analysis3. The author likes bar conversation because ______.A. it is casual and not for making a pointB. it will not use the King’s EnglishC. it is usually formal and seriousD. it is interesting and argumentative4. “The King’s or Queen’s English ” came into use in the ______.A. 15th centuryB. 16th centuryC. 17th centuryD. 18th century•Ⅰ. Text Analysis5. The best conversationalists are those ______.A. who are trying to make a pointB. who are trying to talk senseC. who are to ready loseD. who are prepared to win•Ⅱ. Writing DevicesLanguage Style1. Effective use of verbsThe effective use of verbs is a way to strengthen the impression.e.g. meander, leap, sparkle, glow, slip, slide, etc.•Ⅱ. Writing DevicesLanguage Style2. Effective use of allusion(典故)An allusion is a reference to a person, place, or event that bears an association to the topic of a discourse so as to impress the reader.e.g. “They are like the musketeers of Dumas who,…”“Is the phrase in Shakespeare?...When Mistress Quickly Iin The Merry Wives of Winsor says of her master…”•Ⅱ. Writing DevicesRhetorical Devices: SimileDefinition:A simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at leastone quality or characteristic in common. Simile is almost always introduced by the following words: like, as, as…as, as it were, as if, as though, be something of, similar to, etc. •Ⅱ. Writing Devicese.g.1. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other,did not delve into each other’s lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings. (Para. 3)•The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. (Para. 14)•Ⅱ. Writing DevicesRhetorical Devices: MetaphorDefinition:Metaphor is a figure of speech where comparison is implied. It is also a comparison between two unlike elements with a similar quality. But unlike a simile, this comparison is implied, notexpressed with the word “as” or “like”.•Ⅱ. Writing Devicese.g.The charm of conversation is that… it will go as it meanders or leaps and spark les or just glows .(Para.2)(comparing the conversation to a stream which meanders and leaps & the fire which glows and sparkles.)2. Suddenly, the alchemy of conversation took place. (Para.6)( comparing the sudden change of the topic in the conversation to the miraculous alchemy)3. The glow of the conversation burst into flames. (Para.6)(comparing the conversation to a fire.)•Ⅱ. Writing Devices4. The conversation was on wings. (Para.8)(comparing the conversation to a bird flying and soaring.)5. …think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. (Para.11)(comparing into the shoes to in another’s position.)6. I have an unending love affair with dictionaries. (Para. 17)(comparing his keen interest in dictionaries to having a love affair.)7. …the King’s English slips and slides in conversation. (Para. 18)(comparing the casual mistakes in the spoken English to careless slides in walking.)•Ⅲ. Sentence Paraphrase1. And it is an activity only of humans. (Para. l)And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings (animals and birds are not capable of conversation) .2. Conversation is not for making a point. (Para. 2)Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view. In a conversationwe should not try to establish the force of an idea or argument.3. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. (Para. 2)In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other's lives. (Para. 3)People who meet each other for a drink in a pub arenot intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other's lives.•That would settle it; but conversation does not need to be settled; it could go ignorantly on.(Para. 6)By looking up reference books one could settle the right or wrong of an argument. Thereference books would prove or refute the allegation of the speaker that “the King's English” isa term of criticism.However, there is no need to decide who is right or wrong in a conversation:It could go on without anybody knowing who is right or wrong.6. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down tobeef. (Para. 9)These animals are called "cattle" when they are aliveand feeding in the fields, but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call their meat "beef". The word "beef " comes from the Frenchword "boeuf".7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier (i)own language. (Para. 11)The new ruling class, by using French instead of English, made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.barrier: originally, a fortress, stockade, etc. for defending an entrance or a gate; a thing that prevents passage or approach; obstruction, as a fence, wall, etc; here it means anything thatholds apart, separates, or hinders.e.g. The racial barrier; barriers to progress8. ...English had come royally into its own. (Para. 13)The English language received proper recognition and was used by the king once more. •come into one's own: to receive what properlybelongs to one, especially acclaim or recognition•royally: The King of England now spoke English (notFrench), so the term "the King's English" becameappropriate. English received the recognition of theKing, too.9.The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.(Para. 15)The phrase, the King's English, has always been used disparagingly and jokingly by the lowerclasses. The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of theeducated people.10.The rebellion against a cultural domination is still there. (Para. 15)There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11. There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, that “words will harden into things for us.”(Para. 16)There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent. For example, the word "dog" is a symbol representinga kind of animal. We mustn't regard the word "dog" as being the animal itself.12.…and the Kings English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a classrepresentation of reality. (Para. 16)The term "the King's English“ or the Anglo-French used by the Norman rulers only representsthe language used by the ruling class (or the king). It represents the language used by a certain class.13. The Kings English is a model — a rich and instructive one — but it ought not to be an ultimatum.(Para. 17)The King's English sets up an excellent standard for us to imitate, for we can gain a lot of useful knowledge or information by studying it, but people shouldn't be forced to accept it.14. So we may return to my beginning. (Para. 18)The writer realizes he has been digressing from hissubject by discussing the King's English at length, sohe comes back to his central theme — conversation.15. ...but one suspects that the great minds were gossiping and judging the quality of the food andthe wine. (Para. 19)But we suspect that great minds also liked gossiping and commenting on the quality of the food and the wine. This supposition is supported by the example given in the next sentence.16. ...the only difference between her cook and the supreme chef, Brinvilliers, lay in their intentions.(Para. 19)The only difference between Mme. Deffand's cook and the supreme chef Brinvilliers lay in their intentions and attitudes, i.e. how they treated their cooking.17. The bother about teaching chimpanzees how to talk is that they will probably try to talk senseand so ruin all conversation. (Para. 21)A biting satirical sentence, deriding people who ruin good conversation by trying to talk "sense".They behave just like chimpanzees which have been taught to talk. Chimpanzees, like all other nonhuman animals,are not capable of conversation.•Part Four—Language Study➢Ⅰ. Word Study➢Ⅱ. Phrases and Expressions•Ⅰ. Word StudyList:1. sociable2. musketeer3. delve4. desultorily5. commonplace6. alchemy7. affirmation8. Saxon churl9. rift10. scamper11. tussle12. dandelion13. pejoratively14. facetiously15. edict❿ultimatum❿sinister•Ⅰ. Word Study1. sociable (Para.1)(adj.): friendly; agreeablee.g. The British students spent a sociable evening drinking in the pub.2. musketeer (Para. 3)(n.): a solider armed with a musket (a smoothbore, long-barreled firearm, used especially by infantry soldiersbefore the invention of the rifle) 火枪手e.g. They tried to act as three musketeers in the dramacontest.3. delve (Para.3)(v.): dig, research; investigatee.g. The police did a thorough research to delve deeply into this murder case.4. desultorily (Para.4)(adj.): aimless without any particular plan or purposee.g. When we met after 10 years we talked desultorily in the tea house for long time till daybreak.5. commonplace (Para.4)(adj.): ordinary, commone.g. In China, going to foreign countries for vacation has become commonplace.6. alchemy (Para.4)(n.): Alchemy is the power to change or create things in a way which seems mysterious and magical.e.g. In the third year, the alchemy occurred that Jack changed from a lazy and slothful person to ahard working top student.9. rift (Para. 9)(n.): people or groups begin distrust each other usually caused by a serious disagreemente.g. A deep rift has started in the two groups which will influence the work efficiency.10. scamper (Para. 10)(v.): to run with quick short steps, like a child or an animale.g. The little mouse scampered in the courtyard.11. tussle (Para. 13)(v.): (informal) to fight or struggle without using anyweapons (厮打)e.g. The drunkards are tussling with the security staff.12. dandelion (Para. 14)(n.): a wild plant with yellow flowers and white balls ofseeds that travel a long way in the air 蒲公英e.g. The seeds of dandelion were carried to the meadow near my home by the wind.13. pejoratively (Para. 15)(adv.): disparagingly, belittlingly or derogatorilye.g. We should not used the term pejoratively to describe the youth.14. facetiously (Para.15)(adv.): saying things that are intended to be clever andfunny but are really silly and annoyinge.g. Penny facetiously placed the cause of the failure in the math test to the terrible weather.15. edict (Para. 16)(n.): an official public order issued by authority; decree;any command or order13. e.g. The government issued an edict that none of tha t poet’s writings be destroyed. 16. ultimatum (Para. 17)(n.): a final offer or demand, especially by one of theparties engaged in negotiations, the rejection ofwhich usually leads to a break in relations, andunilateral actione.g. The landlady gave us an ultimatum: either Jack left or we both left her house for good.17. sinister (Para. 18)(adj.): suggesting or threatening evil; presaging trouble; attended by or causing disaster or inauspicious circumstancese.g. I believe their proposals are worthless with sinister motives. •Ⅱ. Phrases and ExpressionsList:1. indulge in2. make a point3. in a flash4. on the rocks5. up-bringing6. of one's own7. turn up one's nose at8. into the shoes of9. come into its own10. slips and slides11. on (the) wings12. sit up at sth•Ⅱ. Phrases and Expressions1. indulge in (Para. 1): allow oneself to have or enjoye.g. They indulged heavily in conversation and drink.2. make a point (Para. 2):prove effectively tr uth of one‘s statement by argumente.g. There are several points I want to make in this speech.3. in a flash (Para. 2): in a second, suddenlye.g. In a flash, we thought we could foresee the result of this event.4. upbringing (Para. 3): the training and education received while growing upe.g. His upbringing in the pub explains a lot about his attitude towards bar friends.5. of one‘s own (Para. 3): belong strictly to oneselfe.g. For reasons of her own, Lanlan refused to join the debating club.6. on the rocks (Para. 3):to be in a condition of being wrecked or ruinede.g. Most business men in our country were on the rocks in the economic crisis period.7. on (the) wings (Para. 8):flying, moving or travelinge.g. Hearing the good news that he was admitted by Harvard University, Steve was very excited justlike a bird on wings.8. turn up one's nose at (Para. 10): show contempt for sht/sbe.g. I hate the person who often turns up his nose at anyone who hasn't had a college education.9. into the shoes of (Para. 11): in the position of experiencing what another has to experiencee.g. Let’s think in his shoe and we will understand him better.10. come into its own (Para. 13): recognize what properly belongs to onee.g. With the success of the public speaking, the English Club of our department came into its own.11. slips and slides (Para. 18) to slide on a slippery surface, to lose one's footing, therefore to make amistakee.g. Even with the scholars, we notice that the King’s English slips and slides in conversation.12. sit up at (Para. 18): (colloquial) to become suddenly alerte.g. They all sat up at his threatening remarks.•Part Five — Extension ➢Ⅰ. Useful Expressions ➢Ⅱ. Discussion ➢Ⅲ. Quiz➢Ⅳ. Writing •Ⅰ. Useful Expressions自我醉，自吹自擂一生漂泊不定毁坏；破产心深处批评语刻薄的话罪犯的后代制定规章值得三思indulge in self-glorification meander through one’s lifeon the rocksrecesses of one’s thoughtsa term of criticismtart remarksdescendants of convictslay down rulesworth the reconsidering •Ⅰ. Useful Expressions深刻的阶级裂痕耕种土地，喂养牲畜对…嗤之以鼻怒气冲冲种族歧视有条件最后通牒英雄所见略同deep class rifttill the land and rear the animalsturn up one’s nose atin a rageracial discriminationqualified ultimatumGreat minds think alike.•Ⅱ. Discussion1. How does the writer connect "pub talk" with "the king's English" ?2. What is the quintessential part of bar conversation?3. How to explain that the the use of words can show class distinction?4. What’s the writer's political inclinat ion?5. What’s your understanding of the sentence “The conquered in the end conquering the conqueror”?•Ⅲ. Quiz•Ⅳ. WritingWrite an essay of about 400 words with the title:My Views on a good conversationYou can approach the essay from the following perspectives:•your criteria for a good conversation;•the way to make a conversation good;•the effects to be expected of a good conversation•In the introduction part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in thedevelopment part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the conclusion part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.。