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mpa怎么读mpa是Master of Public Administration的简称，翻译成中文就是公共管理硕士。
它是在职研究生学位的一种，是以公共管理学科及其相关学科为基础的，兼具理论与应用性质的学位类型。
mpa英文全称为“公共管理硕士”。
公共管理硕士(MPA)属于专业学位，是培养具有良好职业道德，系统掌握现代公共管理理论、方法和技能，熟悉中国政府和公共事务，能够适应公共事务管理现代化、科学化、专业化要求的高层次、应用型、复合型公共管理人才。
mpa 是公共管理硕士的简称，公共管理硕士是专业学位中的一种。
中国人民大学公共管理学院成立于2006年12月26日，前身是中国人民大学劳动人事学院的公共管理教研室， 2004年7月正式组建公共管理系， 2010年11月改为现名。
我校公共管理学院的公共管理专业创办于1993年。
2000年6月，经国务院学位委员会批准，我校首开MPA试点班， 2001年5月，我校又被批准为国务院学位办第二批MPA学位授权单位，并成为全国MPA教育指导委员会的主任单位。
经过十余年的努力，公共管理学院在MPA教育领域形成了自己鲜明的特色，同时也拥有了一支优秀的MPA教师队伍。
这支队伍的总体结构是由海归学者、资深教授、外籍教师、在职优秀教师和青年骨干教师组成，在年龄上形成了梯次配置，并不断更新，充满着生机与活力。
该院目前有在读MPA学生144人，来自全国23个省市。
学生来源广泛，既有国家公务员，也有参加工作不久的企事业管理人员，还有在读的研究生。
学生的年龄结构比较合理，平均年龄为32岁，年龄最大的为36岁。
mpa是培养公共管理类高级人才的专业学位。
mpa指公共管理，其研究方向涉及到政府管理、企业管理、社会管理、公共服务等诸多公共管理领域。
mpa教育模式的开放性和综合性吸引了大批企业界和政府机关的高级管理人员报考，使得mpa教育越来越呈现出职业化、专门化、实践性强的特征。
mpa是专业硕士学位，分为：公共管理硕士（ MPA）、工商管理硕士（ MBA）、公共卫生硕士（ MPH）、农业推广硕士（ MSop）、社会工作硕士（ MSW）、公共政策硕士（ MPp）、中医硕士（ Pharm）等。
JB-ZQ 4763-2006 膨胀螺栓性能和规范1. 概述JB-ZQ 4763-2006 膨胀螺栓标准规定了膨胀螺栓的性能要求和测试方法。
本标准适用于各类膨胀螺栓的设计、生产和检验。
膨胀螺栓作为一种重要的连接元件，在各种结构中起着至关重要的作用。
2. 膨胀螺栓的性能要求2.1 材料膨胀螺栓应使用高强度钢材料制成，其化学成分和机械性能应符合GB/T 342-1997的规定。
2.2 尺寸和形状膨胀螺栓的尺寸和形状应符合GB/T 5753-1995的规定。
2.3 性能膨胀螺栓的性能应满足以下要求：- 抗拉强度：不小于800MPa；- 抗剪强度：不小于600MPa；- 抗扭强度：不小于800MPa；- 抗震性能：应能承受相当于其预紧力的震动荷载，且不出现松动。
3. 测试方法膨胀螺栓的性能测试应按照GB/T 342-1997、GB/T 5753-1995等标准进行。
4. 检验和验收膨胀螺栓的检验和验收应按照JB/T 5996-1999进行。
检验项目包括：外观检查、尺寸检查、力学性能检查和抗震性能检查。
5. 包装、标志和质量证明书膨胀螺栓的包装、标志和质量证明书应符合GB/T 1216-2006的规定。
6. 运输和储存膨胀螺栓的运输和储存应符合GB/T 1216-2006的规定，防止受潮、生锈和污染。
7. 安全及其他膨胀螺栓的使用、安装和维护应符合国家相关法律法规和安全技术规范。
8. 修订历史- 1996年首次发布；- 2006年进行第一次修订；- 本次修订为第二次修订。
9. 引用标准- GB/T 342-1997 高强度低合金结构钢；- GB/T 5753-1995 螺纹钢；- JB/T 5996-1999 钢结构连接件抗震性能检验规程；- GB/T 1216-2006 机械产品包装、标志和质量证明书。
10. 制定单位和日期本标准由XX单位制定，制定日期为2006年。
以上为JB-ZQ 4763-2006 膨胀螺栓性能和规范的主要内容，供参考。
MPA教材清单第1学期：1、英语：《公共管理专业英语》，上海人民出版社，顾建光主编，2008年１０月出版。
32.002、行政法学《行政法学概论（修订版）》，胡锦光编，中国人民大学出版社2010年版, 35.003、政治学《政治学概论》，孙关宏、胡雨春主编，复旦大学出版社2008年版, 32.004、公共政策分析《大都市公共政策》，叶海平等著，北京大学出版社，2007年版, 34.00 5、公共管理学《公共管理导论》（第二版），欧文.休斯著，中国人民大学出版社,39.00 《公共管理学》（第三版），张良著，华东理工大学出版社2006年版。
20.00《政府管理与边界冲突》李琼著，新华出版社2007年版，22.006、社会主义理论与实践《科学社会主义的理论与实践》高放主编，中国人民大学出版社200８年出版,35.00第2学期：1、城市公共财政学：《城市财政学》，复旦大学出版社，杜莉编著，2006年第1版，29.00元。
2、城市公共事业管理：《公共事业管理概论》，中国人民大学出版社，娄成武、李坚编著，2006年2月出版，29.00元。
3、社会保障管理：暂无教材4、城市规划理论：暂无教材5、公共经济学：《公共经济学》，樊勇明、杜莉编著，复旦大学出版社，35.00第3学期：1.城市社会学：《城市社会学》张钟汝章友德编著上海大学出版社，2004年版。
《城市社会学》向德平编著武汉大学出版社 2002年版。
2.电子政务：无教材3.城市公共伦理学：张康之《公共管理伦理学》，中国人民大学出版社2003年版。
4.城市社区管理：《社区发展论》徐永祥著，华东理工大学出版社2000年版。
5.社会调查研究方法：《现代社会研究方法》，范伟达主编，复旦大学出版社2001年。
6.公共部门人力资源管理：《公共部门人力资源概论》，刘沂主编，北京大学出版社2009年版。
7.城市公共安全管理：无教材8.第三部门的国际比较：无教材。
吕建刚老师解析2006年1月MBA/MPACC/MPA管理类联考逻辑真题2006-1-26.小张承诺：如果天不下雨，我一定去听音乐会。
以下哪项如果为真，说明小张没有兑现承诺？Ⅰ.天没下雨，小张没去听音乐会。
Ⅱ.天下雨，小张去听了音乐会。
Ⅲ.天下雨，小张没去听音乐会。
A.仅ⅠB.仅ⅡC.仅ⅢD.仅Ⅰ和ⅡE.Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ【解析】形式逻辑题题干：天不下雨→听音乐会。
没有兑现承诺，即：并非（天不下雨→听音乐会），等价于：天不下雨∧﹁听音乐会。
【答案】A2006-1-27.我想说的都是真话，但真话我未必都说。
如果上述断定为真，则以下各项都可能为真，除了A.我有时也说假话。
B.我不是想啥说啥。
C.有时说某些善意的假话并不违背我的意愿。
D.我说的都是我想说的话。
E.我说的都是真话。
【解析】形式逻辑题题干：想说的→真话，等价于：﹁真话→﹁想说的，即假话都是不想说的。
C 项：有时说某些善意的假话并不违背我意愿，即：有的假话是我想说的。
与题干矛盾。
【答案】C2006-1-28.有些人若有一次厌食，会对这次膳食中有特殊味道的食物持续产生强烈厌恶，不管这种食物是否会对身体有利。
这种现象可以解释为什么小孩更易于对某些食物产生强烈的厌食。
以下哪项如果为真，最能加强上述解释？A.小孩的膳食配搭中含有特殊味道的食物比成年人多。
B.对未尝过的食物，成年人比小孩子更容易产生抗拒心理。
C.小孩的嗅觉和味觉比成年人敏锐。
D.和成年人相比，小孩子较为缺乏食物与健康的相关知识。
E.如果讨厌某种食物，小孩厌食的持续时间比成年人更长。
【解析】支持题题干：对有特殊味道的食物持续产生强烈厌恶，导致厌食，因此小孩更易于产生强烈厌食。
本题有争议，选项A 和C 都可以对题干的结论给予支持。
参考答案为C 。
吕建刚老师讲逻辑D 项不能支持，因为题干中表示：“不管这种食物是否会对身体有利”都会产生厌食。
所以即使成年人具有与健康相关的知识，也不能因此不厌食。
【答案】C2006-1-29.在桂林漓江一些有地下河流的岩洞中，有许多露出河流水面的石笋。
2006 MBA.MPA.MPAcc联考英语试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.Wholesale prices in July rose more sharply than expected and at a faster rate than consumer prices, (1) that businesses were still protecting consumers (2) the full brunt (冲击) of higher energy costs. The Producer Price Index, (3) measures what producers receive for goods and services, (4) 1 percent in July, the Labor Department reported yesterday, double (5) economists had been expecting and a sharp turnaround from fiat prices in June. Excluding (6) and energy, the core index of producer prices rose 0.4 percent, (7) than the 0.1 percent that economists had (8) Much of that increase was a result of an (9) increase in car and truck prices.On Tuesday, the Labor Department said the (10) that consumers paidfor goods and services in July were (11) 0.5 percent over all, and up 0.1 percent, excluding food and energy.(12) the overall rise in both consumer and producer prices (13) caused by energy costs, which increased 4.4 percent in the month. (Wholesale food prices (14) 0.3 percent in July. ) (15) July 2004, wholesale prices were up 4.6 percent; the core rate (16) 2.8 percent, its fastest pace since 1995．Typically, increases in the Producer Price Index indicate similar changes in the consumer index (17) businesses recoup (补偿) higher costs from customers. (18) for muchof this expansion, which started (19) the end of 2001, that has not been the (20) . In fact, many businesses like automakers have been aggressively discounting their products.( )1．A．indicate B．to indicate C．indicating D．indicated( )2．A．of B．to C．by D．from( )3．A．that B．which C．it D．this( )4．A．rise B．rises C．rose D．raised( )5．A．that B．what C．which D．this( )6． A．food B．grain C．crop D．diet( )7．A．less B．lower C．higher D．more( )8．A．said B．reported C．calculated D．forecast( )9．A．expectable B．unexpected C．expectation D．expecting( )10．A．prices B．costs C．charges D．values( )11．A．down B．from C．to D．up( )12．A．Much B．Most C．Most of D．Much of( )13．A．was B．were C．is D．are( )14．A．fall B．fell C．falls D．has fallen( )15．A．Comparing with B．In comparison C．Compared withD． Compare to( )16．A．dropped B．declined C．lifted D．climbed( )17．A．as B．so C．while D．when( )18．A．And B．But C．Yet D．Still( )19．A．at B．by C．in D．to( )20．A．condition B．situation C．matter D．caseSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections : Read the following four passages. Answer the questions blow each passage by choosing A, B, C and D．Text 1Office jobs are among the positions hardest hit by computation(计算机自动化). Word processors and typists will lose about 93,000 jobs over the next few years, while 57,000 secretarial jobs will vanish. Blame the PC: Today, many executives type their own memos and carry their "secretaries" in the palms of their hands. Time is also hard forstock clerks, whose ranks are expected to decrease by 68, 000． And employees in manufacturing firms and wholesalers are being replaced with computerized systems.But not everyone who loses a job will end up in the unemployment line. Many will shift to growing positions within their own companies. When new technologies shook up the telecomm business, telephone operator Judy Dougherty pursued retraining. She is now a communications technician, earning about $64, 000 per year. Of course, if you'vebeen a tollbooth collector for the past 30 years, and you findyourself replaced by an E-ZPass machine, it may be of little consolation(安慰) to know that the telecomm field is booming.And that's just it : The service economy is fading ; welcome to the expertise (专门知识) economy. To succeed in the new job market, you must be able to handle complex problems. Indeed, all but one of the50 highest-paying occupations-air-traffic controller-demand at leasta bachelor's degree.For those with just a high school diploma(毕业证书), it's going toget tougher to find a well-paying job. Since fewer factory andclerical jobs will be available, what's left will be the jobs that computation can't kill: Computers can't clean offices, or care for Alzheimer's patients (老年痴呆病人). But, since most people have the skills to fill those positions, the wages stay painfully low, meaning computation could drive an even deeper wedge(楔子) between the richand poor. The best advice now: Never stop learning, and keep up with new technology.For busy adults, of course, that can be tough. The good news is that the very technology that's reducing so many jobs is also making it easier to go back to school-without having to sit in a classroom. So-called Internet distance learning is hot, with more than three million students currently enrolled, and it's gaining credibility with employers.Are you at risk of losing your job to a computer? Check the Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics' Occupational Outlook Handbook, which is available online at bls. gov.( )21． From the first paragraph we can infer that all of the following persons are easily thrown into unemployment EXCEPT A．secretaries B．stock clerksC．managers D．wholesalers( )22．In the second paragraph the author mentions the tollbooth collector toA．mean he will get benefits from the telecomm fieldB．show he is too old to shift to a new positionC．console him on having been replaced by a machineD．blame the PC for his unemployment( )23．By saying "putation could drive an even deeper wedge between the rich and poor" (Line 5, Para. 4) the author means A．people are getting richer and richerB．there will be a small gap between rich and poorC．the gap between rich and poor is getting larger and largerD．it's time to close up the gap between the rich and poor( )24．What is the author's attitude towards computers? A．positive. B．negative.C．neutral. D．prejudiced.( )25．Which of the following might serve as the best title of the passage?A．Blaming the PC.B．The booming telecomm fieldC．Internet distance learning.D．Keeping up with computation.Text 2Tens of thousands of 18-year-olds will graduate this year and be handed meaningless diplomas. These diplomas won't look any different from those awarded their luckier classmates. Their validity will be questioned only when their employers discover that these graduates are semiliterate (半文盲).Eventually a fortunate few will find their way into educational-repair shops-adult-literacy programs, such as the one where I teach basic grammar and writing. There, high-school graduates and high-school dropouts pursuing graduate-equivalency certificates will learn the skills they should have learned in school. They will also discover they have been cheated by our educational system.I will never forget a teacher who got the attention of one of my children by revealing the trump card of failure. Our youngest, a world-class charmer, did little to develop his intellectual talents but always got by. Until Mrs. Stifter.Our son was a high-school senior when he had her for English. "Hesits in the back of the room talking to his friends," she told me. "Why don't you move him to the front row?" I urged, believing the embarrassment would get him to settle down. Mrs. Stifter said, "Idon't move seniors. I flunk(使……不及格) them. " Our son's academic life flashed before my eyes. No teacher had ever threatened him. By the time I got home I was feeling pretty good about this. It was a radical approach for these times, but, well, why not? "She's going to flunk you," I told my son. I did not discuss it any further. Suddenly English became a priority(头等要事) in his life. He finished out the semester with an A.I know one example doesn't make a case, but at night I see a parade of students who are angry for having been passed along until they could no longer even pretend to keep up. Of average intelligence or better, they eventually quit school, concluding they were too dumb to finish. "I should have been held back," is a comment I hear frequently: Even sadder are those students who are high-school graduates who say to me after a few weeks of class, "I don't know how I ever got a high-school diploma. "Passing students who have not mastered the work cheats them and the employers who expect graduates to have basic skills. We excuse this dishonest behavior by saying kids can't learn if they come from terrible environments. No one seems to stop to think that most kids don't put school first on their list unless they perceive somethingis at risk. They'd rather be sailing.Many students I see at night have decided to make education a priority. They are motivated by the desire for a better job or the need to hang on to the one they've got. They have a healthy fear of failure.People of all ages can rise above their problems, but they need to have a reason to do so. Young people generally don't have the maturity to value education in the same way my adult students value it. But fear of failure can motivate both.( )26． What is the subject of this essay?A．view point on learning.B．a qualified teacher.C．the importance of examination.D．the generation gap.( )27．How did Mrs. Sifter get the attention of one of the author's children?A．flunking him. B．moving his seat.C．blaming him. D．playing card with him.( )28．The author believes that the most effective way for a teacher is toA．purify the teaching environmentsB．set up cooperation between teachers and parentsC．hold back studentD．motivate student( )29．From the passage we can draw the conclusion that the authors' attitude toward flunking isA．negative B．positiveC．biased D．indifferent( )30．Judging from the content, this passage is probably written for A．administrators B．studentsC．teachers D．parentsText 3Names have gained increasing importance in the competitive world of higher education. As colleges strive for market share, they are looking for names that project the image they want or reflect the changes they hope to make. Trenton State College, for example, became the College of New Jersey nine years ago when it began raising admissions standards and appealing to students from throughout the state."All I hear in higher education is, ' Brand, brand, brand, ' " said Tim Westerbeck, who specializes in branding and is managing director of Lipman Hearne, a marketing firm based in Chicago that works with universities and other nonprofit organizations. "There has been a sea change over the last 10 years. Marketing used to be almost a dirty word in higher education. "Not all efforts at name changes are successful, of course. In 1997, the New School for Social Research became New School University to reflect its growth into a collection of eight colleges, offering alist of majors that includes psychology, music, urban studies and management. But New Yorkers continued to call it the New School. Now, after spending an undisclosed sum on an online survey and a marketing consultant's creation of "naming structures," "brand architecture" and "identity systems," the university has come up witha new name. the New School. Beginning Monday, it will adopt newlogos(标识) , banners, business cards and even new names for the individual colleges, all to include the words "the New School. " Changes in names generally reveal significant shifts in how a college wants to be perceived. In altering its name from Cal State, Hayward, to Cal State, East Bay, the university hoped to project its expanding role in two mostly suburban counties east of San Francisco.The University of Southern Colorado, a state institution, became Colorado State University at Pueblo two years ago, hoping tohighlight many internal changes, including offering more graduate programs and setting higher admissions standards.Beaver College turned itself into Arcadia University in 2001 for several reasons : to break the connection with its past as a women's college, to promote its growth into a full-fledged(完全成熟的) university and, officials acknowledged, to eliminate some jokes about the college's old name on late-night television and "morning zoo" radio shows.Many college officials said changing a name and image could produce substantial results. At Arcadia, in addition to the rise in applications, the average student's test score has increased by 60 points, Juli Roebeck, an Arcadia spokeswoman, said.( )31．Which of the following is NOT the reason for colleges to change their names?A．They prefer higher education competition.B．They try to gain advantage in market share.C．They want to project their image.D．They hope to make some changes.( )32．It is implied that one of the most significant changes in higher education in the past decade isA．the brandB．the college namesC．the concept of marketingD．list of majors( )33．The phrase "come up with" (Line 3, Para. 4) probably means A．catch up withB．deal withC．put forwardD．come to the realization( )34．The case of name changing from Cad State, Hayward, to Cal State indicates that the universityA．is perceived by the societyB．hopes to expand its influenceC．prefers to reform its teaching programsD．expects to enlarge its campus( )35．According to the spokeswoman, the name change of Beaver CollegeA．turns out very successfulB．fails to attain its goalC．has eliminated some jokesD．has transformed its statusText 4It looked just like another aircraft from the outside. The pilot told his young passengers that it was built in 1964．But appearances were deceptive, and the 13 students from Europe and the USA who boarded the aircraft were in for the flight of their lives.Inside, the area that normally had seats had become a long white tunnel. Heavily padded (填塞) from floor to ceiling, it looked a bit strange. There were almost no windows, but lights along the padded walls illuminated it. Most of the seats had been taken out, apart from a few at the back, where the young scientists quickly took their places with a look of fear.For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency. The challenge had been to suggest imaginative experiments to be conducted in weightless conditions.For the next two hours, the flight resembled that of an enormous bird which had lost its reason, shooting upwards towards the heavens before rushing .towards Earth. The invention was to achieve weightlessness for a few seconds.The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless. Everything became confused and left or right, up or down no longer had any meaning. After ten seconds of free-fall descent(下降) the pilot pulled the aircraft out of its nosedive. The return of gravity was less immediate than its loss, but was still sudden enough to ensure that some students came down with a bump.Each time the pilot cut the engines and we became weightless, a new team conducted its experiment. First it was the Dutch who wanted to discover how it is that eats always land on their feet. Then the German team who conducted a successful experiment on a traditional building method to see if it could be used for building a future space station. The Americans had an idea to create solar sails that could be used by satellites.After two hours of going up and down in the lane doing their experiments, the predominant feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness. Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one they would be keen to repeat.( )36． What did the writer say about the plane?A．It had no seats. B．It was painted white.C．It had no windows. D．The outside was misleading.( )37．According to the writer, how did the young scientists feel before the flight?A．sick B．keenC．nervous D．impatient( )38．What did the pilot do with the plane after it took off?A．He quickly climbed and then stopped the engines.B．He climbed and then made the plane fall slowly.C．He took off normally and then cut the engines for 20 seconds. D．He climbed and then made the plane turn over.( )39．According to the passage, the purpose of being weightless was toA．see what conditions are like in spaceB．prepare the young scientists for future work in spaceC．show the judges of the competition what they could doD．make the teams try out their ideas( )40．This passage was written toA．encourage young people to take up scienceB．describe the process of a scientific competitionC．show scientists what young people can doD．report on a new scientific techniquePart BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Canada's premiers ( the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs.They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41．____________________________________________________________ What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care-to say nothing of reports from other experts recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures andlimited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ____________________________________________________________But " national" doesn't have to mean that. " National" could mean interprovincial- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers.Instead of having one province-or a series of hospitals within a province-negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf 31 million people. Basic economies suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ____________________________________________________________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agencywith the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it,a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They ( particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a nationalist hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.44. ____________________________________________________________ Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs. "45. ____________________________________________________________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something intheir jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients. A．Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for national list was a researcher atLava[ University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent ! B．Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report : "The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies"C．What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.D．The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.E. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall heahh-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.F. So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain forbetter drug prices.G. Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self- interest would lead them to deal with it.Section Ⅲ TranslationDirections: In this section there is a text in English. Translate the five underlined sentences into Chinese.The smooth landing of the shuttle(航天飞机) Discovery ended a flight that was successful in almost every respect but one : the dislodging of a big chunk of foam, like the one that doomed the Columbia. This flight was supposed to vault the shuttle fleet back into space after a prolonged grounding for repairs. But given the repeat of the very problem that two years of retooling was supposed to resolve, the verdict is necessarily mixed. (46) Once again, the space agency has been forced to put off the flight until it can find a solution to the problem, and no one seems willing to guess how long that may take. The Discovery astronauts performed superbly during their two-week mission, and the shuttle looked better than ever in some respects. (47) Space officials were justifiably happy that so much had gone well, despite daily worries over possible risks. The flight clearly achieved its prime objectives.The astronauts transferred tons of cargo to the international space station, which has been limping along overhead with a reduced crew and limited supplies carried up on smaller Russian spacecraft. (48) They replaced a broken device, repaired another and carted away aload of rubbish that had been left on the station, showing theshuttle can bring full loads back down from space.This was the most scrutinized shuttle flight ever, with the vehicle undergoing close inspection while still in orbit. (49) New sensingand photographic equipment to look for potentially dangerous damageto the sensitive external skin proved valuable. A new back flip maneuver allowed station astronauts to photograph the shuttle's underbelly, and an extra-long robotic arm enabled astronauts to see parts of the shuttle that were previously out of sight.(50) The flood of image and the openness in discussing its uncertainties about potential hazards sometimes made it appear that the shuttle was about to fall apart. In the end the damage wasclearly tolerable. A much-touted spacewalk to repair the shuttle's skin--the first of its kind-moved an astronaut close enough to pluck out some protruding material with his hand. Preliminary evidence indicates that Discovery has far fewer nicks and gouges than shuttles on previous flights, perhaps showing that improvements to reduce the shedding of debris from the external fuel tank have had some success.Section Ⅳ WritingPart ADirections : Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper complaining about the poor service of a bookstore.设想你买了一本英文词典，发现有这样那样的质量问题，书店的服务态度又不好，因此给报社编辑写信。
国务院学位委员会办公室关于开展中国高校公共管理硕士(MPA)专业学位教学合格评估工作的通知文章属性•【制定机关】国务院学位委员会•【公布日期】2006.06.07•【文号】学位办[2006]35号•【施行日期】2006.06.07•【效力等级】部门规范性文件•【时效性】现行有效•【主题分类】正文国务院学位委员会办公室关于开展中国高校公共管理硕士（MPA）专业学位教学合格评估工作的通知（学位办[2006]35号）有关单位：1999年5月，国务院学位委员会第17次会议审议通过了《公共管理硕士专业学位设置方案》，批准在我国设置和试办公共管理硕士（MPA）专业学位。
2000年8月，北京大学等24所高等学校被批准为首批公共管理硕士专业学位试点单位，并于2001年开始招生。
目前，公共管理硕士专业学位培养单位已达83所，分布在28个省、市、自治区。
几年来，国务院学位委员会办公室和全国公共管理硕士专业学位教育指导委员会根据MPA教育的特点，制定并不断完善MPA研究生培养方案，从招生对象、培养目标、学习方式、教学要求、培养模式、课程设置和论文写作等方面，作了具体规定，并强调各培养单位要根据自身优势和专业方向，办出水平和特色；同时，制定了详细的教学基本要求，包括教学设施、师资队伍建设、教学组织与管理、教学过程、论文等方面。
这些制度既是保证MPA教育培养规格的基本要求，也是保证MPA 教育健康发展的必要前提。
目前，首批24所MPA培养单位已经有了毕业生。
为了总结MPA教育试点工作的经验，了解各MPA培养单位的实际情况，深化改革，研究和探索进一步提高MPA 培养质量的有效途径，经研究，决定开展"中国高校公共管理硕士（MPA）专业学位教学合格评估"工作。
现就有关事项通知如下：一、评估对象：首批24所MPA培养单位。
二、评估性质：教学合格评估。
三、委托评估单位：教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心。
四、评估方式：评估院校提交试点工作总结报告并填写评估材料汇总表；专家组实地评估。
2006精轧螺纹钢筋国家标准GB/T 20065-2006。
级别Steelgrade 规定非比例延伸强度Yield strength ReL(RP0.2),MPa抗拉强度Tensilestrength Rm. MPa断后伸长率Elongation at failure A/%最大力下总伸长率 Uniformelongation Agt/%应力松驰性能 Stress relaxation初始应力Original stress1000h 后应力松驰率Relaxation rateafter 1000hr/%10h 后应力松驰率Relaxationrate after10hr/%PSB500 ≥500 ≥630 ≥10≤3≤1.5PSB785 ≥785 ≥980 ≥7 ≥3.50.8R ≤3PSB830 ≥830 ≥1030 ≥6 PSB930 ≥930 ≥1080 ≥6 PSB1080 ≥1080≥1230 ≥6≥2.5博格板QVM25（QVM32）精轧螺纹钢锚具参数QVM25、QVM32型精轧螺纹钢锚具、连接器、垫板，其适用于高强螺纹钢筋，主要用于先张法、后张法预应力箱QVM25、QVM32型精轧螺纹钢锚具、垫板参单位：mm数QVM25、QVM32型精轧螺纹钢锚具连接器参单位：mm数KM锚具(夹片)镀锌铁皮预应力波纹管塑料波纹管波纹管SBG（B）塑料波纹管的优点：当成孔材料受到破坏后，浆体是预应力混凝土结构中预应力钢材的最后一道防护屏障。
塑料波纹管是一种新型成孔材料，与金属波纹管相比，它具有以下优点：★SBG（B）塑料波纹管的原材料是HDPE。
它的耐腐蚀性能远远优于金属，不怕酸、碱腐蚀，它本身不腐蚀，能有效的保护预应力筋不受腐蚀。
很多预应力结构承受着外界严重的影响，除冰盐或盐水。
当后张构件由于防水层的崩溃、微裂缝漏水和排水设施的阻塞或失效时，预应力筋就会可能受到腐蚀作用。
《FIP施工指南（1990）》中的“预应力筋的灌浆”指出，金属管没有永久的防腐能力，不足以抵抗水的渗漏和到达浆体以及预应力筋。
教育部学位管理与研究生教育司关于下达公共管理硕士(MPA)专业学位教学合格评估结果的通知文章属性•【制定机关】教育部•【公布日期】2007.02.07•【文号】学位办[2007]8号•【施行日期】2007.02.07•【效力等级】部门规范性文件•【时效性】现行有效•【主题分类】高等教育,学位管理与研究生教育正文教育部学位管理与研究生教育司关于下达公共管理硕士（MPA）专业学位教学合格评估结果的通知（学位办[2007]8号）有关单位：根据《关于开展中国高校公共管理硕士（MPA）专业学位教学合格评估的通知》（学位办[2006]35号）文件精神，首批24所MPA培养单位提交了试点工作总结报告并提出了评估申请，教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心（简称"学位中心"）受国务院学位委员会办公室委托，组织专家对24所MPA培养单位进行了实地考评。
各MPA培养单位对本次评估工作高度重视，积极配合，保证了评估工作的顺利进行。
目前，评估工作已经结束，24所MPA培养单位全部通过教学合格评估。
本次评估结果表明，经过五年试点，我国MPA教育已经取得了显著成绩。
MPA 培养单位总体办学思想明确，办学条件较好，师资队伍建设效果明显，教学管理与实施规范严谨，办学特色鲜明，教学水平与培养质量不断提高，初步形成了具有我国特色的MPA教育体系。
但是，我国MPA教育由于开展时间较短，总体水平还不是很高，特别是本次评估还反映出部分培养单位在自主办学与监管、师资队伍建设、案例教学、双语教学以及学位论文质量等方面存在不同程度的问题。
希望各培养单位认真分析研究评估总结报告及评估结果，采取切实措施，落实专家组评估意见，不断改进MPA教育工作，促进我国MPA教育水平不断提高。
附件：一、公共管理硕士（MPA）专业学位教学合格评估总结报告二、公共管理硕士（MPA）专业学位教育试点院校教学合格评估结果二○○七年二月七日附件一：公共管理硕士（MPA）专业学位教学合格评估总结报告（全国MPA教学合格评估专家组2006年12月）首批24所MPA培养院校教学合格评估工作，自2006年6月开始，经过半年时间，已顺利结束。
历年简答和论述题2010年真题简述题52.简述韦伯确定的现代行政体系的基本原则。
53.何谓首长制，并简述其优缺点。
54.简述公共管理研究的三种途径。
55.简述公共组织人力资源开发的主要内容。
56.简述组织文化的特征。
论述题57.论述绩效管理含义及其功能、作用。
2009年真题简答题（52~56题，每小题6分，共30分）52. 建树管理理论演进的特点。
53. 简述层级制与职能制及现代行政组织双重体制54. 简述行政执法的原则。
55. 简述绩效预算的主要管理阶段56. 简述全球公共部门改革的主要内容。
论述题（20分）57. 结合我国公共管理实际，论述公共责任的内部控制与外部控制。
2008年真题简答题52．简述管理具有的两重性。
53．简述管理层次和管理幅度及其两者关系。
54．简述行政立法的特征。
55．简述西方文官制度“政治中立”的基本内容。
56．简述社会保障支出管理的含义、特点和内容。
论述题(20分)57. 论述我国改革开放以来行政管理体制改革的主要内容。
2007年真题四、简答题(52—56题，每小题6分，共30分)52．简述责任冲突中的利益冲突现象并举例说明。
53．简述领导者的基本技能(即THC技能)。
54．简述公共管理法律途径的核心价值。
55．简述政府工具中的凭单制及其特征。
56．简述服务型政府及其基本特征。
五、论述题(20分)57．论述行政执法责任制的主要内容。
2006年公共行政简答论述题二、概念题1. 委员会制度2. 狭义的公共责任3. 部门规章三、简答题1. 财政收费2. 决策的环节四、论述题1. 平衡和创新的关系2. 谈信息技术对提高行政效率的作用2006年管理学简答论述题二、简述题(一)控制的特征(二)管理的目标构成(三)职位设计的方法(四)决策的一般步骤(五)托尼·亚历山德拉把听众分为哪几种类型三、论述题(一)一个人离职了，用管理学原理的方法分析具体离职的原因。
2006年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考行政学试卷考生须知1、单项选择题（第1-30题）的答案须用2B铅笔填涂在A型答题卡上，用其它笔填涂的、填涂在其它类型答题卡上的或做在试卷上的答案无效。
2、名词解释、简述题、论述题和案例分析题的答案一律用蓝、黑色墨水笔做在答题纸指定的题号后，凡做在试卷上或未做在指定位置的答案无效。
3、交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
一、单项选择题（本题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分）1、《行政管理学之研究》的作者是（）A.威尔逊B.怀特C.魏芳毕D.古德诺2、在下列各项表述中，不属于行政职能特点的表述是（）A.执行性B.静态性C.多样性D.动态性3、我国各级政府的办公厅（室）是典型的（）A.职能机关B.综合性辅导机关C.咨询参谋机关D.领导机关4、我国现行的行政组织机构基本上是（）A.直线制B.职能制C.直线——职能制D.矩阵制5、组织平衡理论的主要代表人物是（）A.西蒙B.卡斯特C .巴纳德 D.梅奥6、职位评价属于（）A.人事管理的根本原则之一B.人事行政的基本功能之一C.职位分类的主要步骤只一D.选拔作用的主要制度之一7、下列各项表述中，不属于法定晋升程序的表述是（）A.名主推荐B.资格审查C.晋升考核D.公示8、美国联邦政府公务员不包括（）A.总统和部长B.独立机构首长C.行政部门的文职人员D.国会议员9、考核的结果可以作为（）A.辞职的客观依据B.辞退的客观依据C.退休的客观依据D.离休的客观依据10、构成行政领导职位不可缺的两个因素是职务与（）A.责任B.职权C.报酬D.资格11、领导集体与个人分工责任制的具体形式是（）A.名主集中制B.集中领导制C.委员会制D.行政首长负责制12、把分散的甚至有冲突的利益整合为利益公识的能力是行政领导者的（）A.信息获取能力B.知识综合能力C .利益整合能力 D.组织协调能力13、对执行方案的人力，物力，财力和信息资源的获取和支持程度进行的分析属于（）A.政治可行性分析B.经济可行性分析C.行政可行性分析D.技术可行性分析14、采用函询调查的方式，分别向预测活动的专家提出问题，而后将其意思整理和综合并匿名反馈给有关专家，再次征求意见，这样反复多次以便取得一致意见的方法是（）A.德尔菲法 B.时间序列法C.回归分析法D.趋势外推法15、行政信息处理的基本环节包括信息收集、信息传递、信息储存和（）A.信息沟通B.信息加工C.信息分类D.信息比较16、在下列行政协调方式中属于“中间数”行政协调方式的是（）A.以一方或几方为主，以他方的意见为从，撇开各方意见的表面对立B.协调者进行这种处理实现各方都能接受的权力再分配C.搞好会议纪要，以便检查督办D.因有关人员违章等使工作走样的，按照规章制度和纪律予以处理17、工作指导的方式有（）A.视察调查B.报告汇报C.审批制度D.指示或建议18、以结果为导向的预算模式是（）A.零基预算模式B.目标管理模式C.绩效预算模式D.分项排列预算模式19、在下列支出方式中，属于购买性支出方式的是（）A.教科文类支出B.社会保障支出C .财政补贴 D.外援支出20、国务院制定的行政法规，其形式表现为（）A.办法B.命令C.决定D.指示21、各地自治组织根据议会、法律、委任所制定的自治规章是（）A.中国行政立法的组成部分B.德国委任立法的组成部分C.英国委任立法的组成部分D.法国委任立法的组成部分22、关于中西行政立法体制的差异，准确地表述是（）A.西方的委任立法主体比中国行政立法的主体的范围小B.西方的委任立法主体比中国行政立法的主体的范围大C.在中国行政立法是指行政机关的所有抽象性、行政行为D.在西方，委任立法是特定行政机关制定行政规则的行政行为23、不按上年度的“渐进增量”来考虑预算，而是对原有项目进行重新审核，这种预算模式是（）A.规划——计划预算模式B.目标管理预算模式C.零基预算模式D.分期排列预算模式24、我国的决算过程主要包括四个阶段，它们是（）A.准备阶段、编制阶段、批准阶段、执行阶段B.准备阶段、编制阶段、审查阶段、批准阶段C.准备阶段、审查阶段、批准阶段、执行阶段D.决算阶段、审查阶段、批准阶段、执行阶段25、突破行政手段纵向联系的运用方式，向横向联系方向发展的行政方法是（）A.行政命令手段B.行政引导手段C.行政信息手段D.行政咨询手段26、行政手段的本质特点是（）A.权威性B.垂直性C.强制性D.具体性27、戴明循环过程的关键是（）A.计划阶段B.实施阶段C.检查阶段D.处置阶段28、从行政制度的角度看，行政责任伦理就是要追求（）A.平等B.公正C.自由D.人权29、行政意志最集中的体现是（）A.行政心态B.行政评价C.行政规范D.行政道德30、行政效率的经济要素主要表现为（）A.行政活动的总方向B.行政投入量C.行政工作的质量D.行政决策的质量二、概念题1. 委员会制度2. 狭义的公共责任3. 部门规章三、简答题1. 财政收费2. 决策的环节四、论述题1. 平衡和创新的关系2. 谈信息技术对提高行政效率的作用2006年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考管理学试卷一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共40分）1、管理与社会生产和公共生活相伴而生，表明管理是人类社会的（）A.社会属性B.自然属性C.公共属性 D .经济属性2、管理的艺术性体现在（）A.管理活动中对于“度”的把握B. 管理活动是一种创造性活动C. A和BD.管理活动中是实行控制的例外原则3、提出管理遵循对事不对人的原则的管理学家是（）A.泰罗B.法约尔C. 韦伯D.卢因4、下列管理实践属于X理论的是（）A.工作丰富化和多样化B. 胡萝卜加大棒C. 分权化和授权D.为工作挑选一流的人员5、把调集资源作为管理职能之一的管理学家是（）A.古利克B.布朗C.布雷克D.厄威克6、提出以人工为中心的管理方式，使工人具有多种工作经历，进行角色体验。
强化公认的责任，依靠工人自我管理的是（）A.表格雷戈的“X理论-Y理论” B .赫兹伯格的双因素刺激理论C .阿吉里斯的“不成熟—成熟理论” D.马斯洛的需求层次理论7、在管理工作中，集中体现管理者素质和管理能力，实现管理效率和效果的核心环节是（）A.组织职能 B .指挥职能C. 控制职能D.领导职能8、管理科学正式产生的标志是20世纪初出版的（）A.《科学管理原理》B.《管理科学基础》C.《工业管理与一般管理》D.《社会和经济组织的管理》9、决策研究的开拓在管理学发展史上具有时代的意义，这一进展主要归功于（）A.林德布罗姆B.赫伯特。
西蒙C .伊斯顿 D.阿利森10、决策选择是一种（）A.自然选择B.客观选择C .技术选择 D.认识选择11、人们习惯把只有一个方案可供选择，没有其他选择余地的选择称为（）A.伊斯顿选择B. 阿利森选择C .霍布森选择D .拉斯维尔选择12、将决策划分为个人决策和群体决策的根据是（）A.决策条件的可控制度B. 决策权限的制度安排C. 决策目标的复杂程度D. 决策目标的多寡13、根据决策活动的阶段性特征，决策可以分为( )A经验决策和推理决策 B 基层决策与高层决策C初始决策与反馈决策 D 长期决策与短期决策14、价值判断常常表现为（）A价值前提的设定 B 价值目标的选择 C 价值因素的透析D价值体系的评估15、后悔植原则，也称（）A布雷克法则B希克斯法则 C 萨维奇法则 D 赫威兹法则16、新出现的刺激物对印象形成的心理效果，称为（）A首因效应B近因效应 C 新闻效应 D 反衬效应17、把组织划分为企业组织，政府组织，政党组织，是根据（）A活动内容和功能的不同 B 组织活动领域和目标的不同C权利配置方式的不同D组织的性质和目的的不同18、下列关于非正式组织的特点，表述错误的是（）A非正式组织的形成是基于人们特定的需要 B 非正式组织可以有明确的组织目标C非正式组织没有明确或者成文的制度和规则D职位承担者可以被替代19、美国管理学者认为业务性管理的幅度可以达到（）A20 B 15 C 3——9 D 3020、下列关于组织职能设计基本要求的表述错误的是（）A组织职位应该有明确的任务和职责 B 组织职位是组织结构设计的基本依据C 组织职位应该有特定的规范D 组织职位应该有合理的广度和深度21、组织职权配置的依据是（）A组织结构的确定与划分 B 组织职能的确定与划分C 组织职位的确定与划分D A和C22、在组织规模一定的情况下，管理幅度与管理层次直接是（）A正比关系B线性关系C反比关系 D 对应关系23、组织管理中的精神核心和基本内容是（）A组织权利B组织职位C组织职能 D 组织文化24、以职守规则为中心的组织文化是（）A美国式的组织文化 B 日本式的组织文化C 欧洲式的组织文化D 中国式的组织文化25、指出领导的三个主要成分是“影响和支持，自愿的努力，实现目标”的管理学家是（）A约翰·科特B约翰·组斯特罗姆和基斯·戴维斯C哈罗德·孔兹和海因兹·维里克D斯帝芬·罗宾斯26、美国心理学家占赛利认为有五种激励特征同能否成为有效的领导者有关。
下列不属于这五中激励特征的是（）A对工作稳定的需求 B 对指挥别人的权利需求C 对金钱奖励的需求D 对良好人际关系的需求二、简述题(一)控制的特征(二)管理的目标构成(三)职位设计的方法(四)决策的一般步骤(五)托尼·亚历山德拉把听众分为哪几种类型三、论述题(一)一个人离职了，用管理学原理的方法分析具体离职的原因。
