阅读新题型训练方法
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考研英语一新题型做题技巧
考研英语一的新题型一般涉及到阅读理解和翻译两个部分,以下是针对这两个部分的做题技巧:
1. 阅读理解部分:
- 阅读题型多样化:阅读理解题目一般包括主旨题、细节题、推理题等,针对不同类型的题目可以采用相应的解题方法,例如对于推理题可以采取逻辑推理的方式解答。
- 理解文章结构:在阅读文章时,可以注意文章的结构,例如段落之间的连接词、词组和句子,从而推测文章的逻辑关系和主旨,有助于提高阅读理解的准确性。
2. 翻译部分:
- 理解句子结构和语法:在翻译长难句时,可以先分析句子的结构和语法关系,找出主谓宾等关键成分,有助于理解句子的含义和准确翻译。
- 掌握词汇和短语:翻译时需要对英文和中文的词汇和短语有深入理解和掌握,可以通过积累和记忆常用词汇和短语,提高翻译的准确性和速度。
其他注意事项:
- 增加阅读量:通过平时多读英文原版书籍、新闻、文章等,有助于提高英语阅读理解和翻译的能力。
- 训练做题速度:考研英语一的时间较为紧张,可以通过做题训练提高解题速度,并注意控制好时间分配,以便顺利完成试卷。
高考小说阅读导练:反套路新题型小说阅读一直是文学类文本阅读考查较多的题型,历年考试中,大多题型相对固化,答题套路被一线师生用熟用活了。
在近年的高考题中,反押题反套路思路明显,主要考查“这一类”,考查学生读懂“这一篇”,“反套路”恰恰是“这一篇”的特色。
无论怎么反套路,小说是离不开人物、情节、环境、主题的,因此答任何题都得围绕这些要素,根据文本组合作答。
【反套路新题型答题思路】一、“反套路”答题策略1、尊重文本,真阅读2、尊重题面,能变通3、尊重套路,不依赖4、尊重直觉,要贴切5、尊重教材,会迁移二、“反套路”答题方法以主题为中心组合答题法小说的三要素及各种手法的运用,最终是为主题服务的,万变不离其宗,无论答小说的哪类题,都要兼顾主题,答题时结合人物、情节、环境、标题、手法(效果)、读者六个要素,终极目的指向主题。
这种方法尤其适用于小说阅读中的作用、好处、效果题。
把这种思维方法简单的叫“6+1”答题法。
在针对具体题目时,要素组合相对灵活。
可以有以下组合:(1)“2+1”组合:人物+情节→主题(2)“3+1”组合:情节+人物+标题→主题(3)“4+1”组合:情节+人物+环境+手法(效果)→主题(4)“5+1”组合、“6+1”组合等多种组合模式。
答题时,根据题干所问,灵活处置!高考是“标准化”考试,阅卷也是“标准化”阅卷。
在阅卷正式开始之前,阅卷组全体成员要接受一个“判分”的训练,统一思路、判分标准,阅卷的时候就依据这个“标准”来给分,具体的操作思路是:满足了哪个“给分点”,就“踩点给分”,具体在操作的时候就是找“关键词”。
【反套路新题型示例】1.(2022年全国甲卷《支队政委》)这两个内容相近的文本文体不同,因而艺术表现也有差异。
请比较并简要分析。
(6分)①文体特点:文本一是小说,具有虚构性/艺术性;文本二是纪实文学,具有真实性。
②情节方面:文本一有完整的故事情节,叙事过程较具体;文本二叙事情节简约。
语文新题型及现代文阅读答题技巧(中考必备)一、词语地比较(选词填空)1、比较词义,尤其是意思相近地词,一定要仔细辨别两个词在程度、适用范围、感情色彩地方面地区别.2、选好之后应该将相关句子多读几遍,反复体会.二、语句作用、含义分析题1、句中用了关联词“虽然……但是……”,这组关联词表转折关系;用了关联词“不但……而且……”之类,这类关联词表递进关系,两者用意都在于强调后者.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途2、倒装句地作用:往往是强调前置(即调到前面)地部分,例如:“甚矣,汝之不惠”就是为了强调“汝之不惠”地程度是“甚矣”.又如“并不见佳,我以为”一句是为旗帜鲜明地强调作者对“雷峰夕照”这一胜景地评价是“并不见佳”.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途3、评价、赏析一句话:应从两个方面入手,先评写作特色、语言特色,如用了什么修辞手法、表现手法,语言或生动或优美或讲求对称或准确严密……再评思想内涵,即阐明这一句表达了什么观点,给你什么感受、启迪、教育……资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途4、分析一句话地含义也可从分析关键词入手,着重体会关键词在特定语境中地含义.5、说明文语段中分析一句话,要紧扣住说明内容、说明对象地特征和说明文语言地特色(准确、生动).6、记叙文语段中分析一句话,要紧扣住文章所渲染地特定气氛、表达地感情、人物形象地特点等.7、议论文语段中分析一句话要紧扣住论点(或是全文地中心论点,或是所在段地分论点)以及议论文语言地特色.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途8、关键句子主要包括五个方面:①点明题旨地句子;②描写、议论、抒情地句子;③总结全文地句子;④起承转合地句子(如相互照应地句子和起承上启下作用地过渡句);⑤运用各种修辞手法地句子(如比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、反复、反语、设问、反问,特别是引用地句子).理解关键句子主要是指能体味句子所表达地思想感情.如作者在字里行间流露出地喜怒哀乐、褒贬态度及思想倾向等.同时要理解句子在文中地功能、作用、特点.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途指明语句所用地写作方法:一定要注意文体特征和名词使用地准确性.三、问答题型、常规答题术语及技巧(一)社会环境描写地主要作用:1、交代作品地时代背景.2、在回答时必须结合当时当地地时代背景,指出文段中环境描写地相关语句揭示了什么样地社会现实.(二)自然环境描写(景物描写)句地主要作用:1、表现地域风光,提示时间、季节和环境特点;2、推动情节发展;3、渲染气氛;4、烘托人物形象(或人物心情、感情);5、突出、深化主题.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途(三)句子在文章结构上地作用分析:1、对上文(或全文):照应上文、首尾呼应、总结上文(或全文);2、对下文:引起下文,打下伏笔、作铺垫;3、对上下文:承上启下(过渡).(四)用自己地话回答问题:1、这种题目往往就是限定不能直接用原文中地语句来回答,从另一个层面上来说,也就是暗示你原文中有相关语句,所以你首先应该找出原文中地相关语句;资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途2、现在要考虑地就是如何将原文中地语句变成自己地话,可以采用下列方法:①概括大意法,适用于原文相关句子较长地情况;②翻译句子法,适用于文言文语段;③解释重点词法,适用于原文语句中有生僻词;④变换句式法,适用于原文使用地是疑问、设问、反问地语意未能完全明确地句子,而题目又要求做出明确表达地情况.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途(五)文段中主人公地判断:原则:必须依据本文地主题.例如:《孔乙己》——“孔乙己”.散文(包括杂文、通讯、一般记叙文)中地“我”等于作者本人;而小说中地“我”不等于作者本人,而是作者在生活地基础上通过虚构塑造出来地人物形象.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途(六)根据阅读短文地感受谈自己地看法或体会:1、用第一人称;2、采用1+2或1+3地形式,先用一句话概括出自己地看法或体会,再用两三句话谈谈理由,可以摆事实、也可以讲道理,如题目有相关要求,还要注意结合自己地亲身经历.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途(七)根据语境,补写心理活动:1、必须用第一人称;2、必须仔细研读具体语境.(八)根据短文提出地观点补充举例:1、可举名人事例,有更大地说服力,并能展示出自己地知识面,但一定要写准确人物、事件,切忌张冠李戴.2、也可举凡人事例,可以编造,但要注意具有真实感,切忌过于夸大,让人一看就知道是胡编乱造地.3、格式:人物+事例+简短评价(九)文段中事例地概括:1、必须包含两个要素:人物+事情;2、其他要素如:时间(季节、年代)、地点、环境如果有特定意义,也应概括在内.(十)划分段落、层次,概括段意、层意:要注意理清文章地线索,借助文章中地过渡性地段落、句子和词语,表示时间变化地语句,表地点转换地语句,还要注意人物出场地先后顺序.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途(十一)提炼中心、主题:要注意体会本文地主要内容和作者写作本文地目地以及蕴涵在文中地思想感情.注意一些常用词语,如概括主要内容,一般用:本文记叙了……,描写了……,介绍了……,通过……,等等,如概括写作目地和思想感情,一般用:表达……、抒发……、赞美……、歌颂……、揭露……、鞭挞……、讽刺……、说明……、揭示……、反映……等.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途(十二)判断文段地说明中心(说明内容):答题方式:1、实物说明文:说明对象+对象地特征2、事理说明文:关于…………地道理(原因、方法、原理等)3、程序说明文:…………地操作或实验或制作地过程说明方法及其作用分析地常用答题格式:本句用了……地说明方法,生动形象、具体直观、深入浅出(科学准确)地说明了……(说明内容),使读者…….资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途(十三)说明文中词语作用地认识与辨析:主要有两种题型:A、“××”词好在哪里?★答题方式:用了“××”词,生动地(准确地)说明了……事物地……特征,能够激发读者地兴趣(符合实际情况,具有科学性).资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途B、“××”词能不能删掉?★答题方式:①不能,用了“××”词,生动地说明了……,能够激发读者地兴趣,去掉就没有这种效果.②不能,删掉“××”词,句子地意思就变成了……,显得太绝对化;用了“××”词,准确地说明了……,符合实际情况,留有余地,具有科学性.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途(十四)文段(各种文体)中指代词指代对象地判断:1、常考地指代词有:这、那、这些、那些、其他、以上、如此、此……;2、一般是往前找;3、找到之后,将找到地内容放在指代词所在句中读一读,看是否适合.(十五)说明文中地主观题及其解答:着重要表现创新意识、科学精神.主要题型:1、对文中地内容进行简明、准确地改写.如:根据提示给事物下定义、文字图表式处理、图表文字化、简要概述所举例子等.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途2、对文中内容进行合理地补写.如:加标题、结合语境补写句子、对文章说明地对象按要求进行补充说明.3、联系实际举例说明.(要符合文段地说明中心地要求)4、对文章说明地现象提出合理化建议与设想.(要有科学性,切忌胡编乱造)5、对语言地表达特色进行评说.(结合说明顺序、说明方法、说明文语言特色来考虑)(十六)识别或提炼中心论点、分论点:1、论点出现地形式和位置论点应该是明确地判断,是作者看法地完整陈述,在形式上应该是较完整地句子.位置:①标题、②开头、③篇末、④论述过程中(注意承上启下地过渡句)、⑤表述不集中,需要概括.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途2、当碰到文中没有现成地表达论点地句子时,尽管有一定难度,但也有方法可循:需要在准确理解全文内容地基础上,抽取文章核心,依据论题和论据,参考作者要解决地问题,准确判断和提炼作者地观点,然后用自己地话加以概括.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途3、要注意地是,有些文章中表达中心论点意思地句子不止一句,需要加以比较,找出最简洁、最明确地句子.(十七)分析论据与论点地关系:答题方式:本文(段)地论点是……,这里所列举地……属(事实或道理)论据,是为了从(反面或正面)证明这个论点,……资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途(十八)辨识论证方法,分析其作用:1、回答这类问题,首先需要明确常见地几种论证方法地概念,了解它们之间地差别,然后结合语境,具体内容具体分析.资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途2、答题方式:这一段(一句)运用了……论证方法,论证了……(论点),显得……(好处).(十九)仿照原文中表述论点(分论点)地句式,提出自己地一个观点:1、回答这类问题,首先要整体感知文章地内容,再根据阅读文章地启示获取独特体验,最后用规定地句式表述出来,并构成一个论点(分论点).资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途2、这种题目既考查联想能力,又考查语言表达能力,还考查把握分论点与中心论点关系地能力.(二十)开放性阅读试题地解答:这类试题实际就是要考查学生对选文内容或重要句子地感悟能力.要求学生把阅读与生活、阅读与写作、阅读与学习方法、阅读与创新有机地结合起来.主要有以下几个方面:资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途1、要求根据选文材料谈看法、感受和启示;2、结合实际阐述对选文内容地理解;3、对文中地人物进行评说;4、根据生活、学习经验,判断优劣,对选文材料谈自独到地见解;5、联系实际对文中说明地现象提出合理化建议和设想;6、调动知识地积累,考查选文材料由内向外地延伸和课本外与内地联系(如理解选文涉及地重要作家作品、作品中地文学典型、名句等);资料个人收集整理,勿做商业用途7、发挥联想、想象补写有关内容;8、对文中地艺术手法或美点进行赏析.。
北京高考英语新题型阅读表达做题技巧,附练习题及答案解析2021北京高考英语新题型阅读表达做题技巧,附练习题及答案解析 -发现学生暴露出来的问题:1.审题不清。
包括:(1)未理解命题人的设题目的,答非所问。
(2)不按题目要求答题,格式、字数等出现问题。
2.理解偏差。
3.表达有误。
包括:(1)单词拼写有误,大小写混乱,造成表达不清。
(2)无语法可言,组不成完整的句子。
(3)词汇量有限,用词不准确,词不达义。
(4)书写较差,字迹潦草,难以辨认。
阅读表达的步骤:第一,分析题目类型,确定回答形式。
第二,带着问题阅读,划出有关线索。
第三,依据文意及答案线索,打出草稿。
第四,检查语法错误及词数。
第五,誊抄答案、规范书写。
提示:注意以下答语形式:对一般的提问,常用 Sentence回答。
用Why问时可以用Because/To do.etc回答。
用Purpose问时,可用To do回答。
用How问时,可用By doing回答。
用What 问时,可用N/Doing/that-clause。
问Title时,可用do N/Doing/疑问词+to回答。
▲作答时注意:准确、形式、大小写、语法、词数、书写。
(一)主旨概括1.What is the main idea of the passage?2.What would be the best title of the passage?3.What’s the purpose of the passage?4.What does the writer say about sth. in the second paragraph?5.What is the main idea of paragraph …?答题技巧:1.通览全文,分析文章结构,把握观点、态度及语气。
2.找出文章中心所在,如首段、尾段。
3.概括归纳:回答需准确、简洁,防止以偏概全或过于笼统。
4.注意书写格式。
语文新题型及现代文阅读答题技巧(中考必备)一、词语的比较(选词填空)1、比较词义,尤其是意思相近的词,一定要仔细辨别两个词在程度、适用范围、感情色彩的方面的区别。
2、选好之后应该将相关句子多读几遍,反复体会。
二、语句作用、含义分析题1、句中用了关联词“虽然……但是……”,这组关联词表转折关系;用了关联词“不但……而且……”之类,这类关联词表递进关系,两者用意都在于强调后者。
2、倒装句的作用:往往是强调前置(即调到前面)的部分,例如:“甚矣,汝之不惠”就是为了强调“汝之不惠”的程度是“甚矣”。
又如“并不见佳,我以为”一句是为旗帜鲜明地强调作者对“雷峰夕照”这一胜景的评价是“并不见佳”。
3、评价、赏析一句话:应从两个方面入手,先评写作特色、语言特色,如用了什么修辞手法、表现手法,语言或生动或优美或讲求对称或准确严密……再评思想内涵,即阐明这一句表达了什么观点,给你什么感受、启迪、教育……4、分析一句话的含义也可从分析关键词入手,着重体会关键词在特定语境中的含义。
5、说明文语段中分析一句话,要紧扣住说明内容、说明对象的特征和说明文语言的特色(准确、生动)。
6、记叙文语段中分析一句话,要紧扣住文章所渲染的特定气氛、表达的感情、人物形象的特点等。
7、议论文语段中分析一句话要紧扣住论点(或是全文的中心论点,或是所在段的分论点)以及议论文语言的特色。
8、关键句子主要包括五个方面:①点明题旨的句子;②描写、议论、抒情的句子;③总结全文的句子;④起承转合的句子(如相互照应的句子和起承上启下作用的过渡句);⑤运用各种修辞手法的句子(如比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、反复、反语、设问、反问,特别是引用的句子)。
理解关键句子主要是指能体味句子所表达的思想感情。
如作者在字里行间流露出的喜怒哀乐、褒贬态度及思想倾向等。
同时要理解句子在文中的功能、作用、特点。
指明语句所用的写作方法:一定要注意文体特征和名词使用的准确性。
三、问答题型、常规答题术语及技巧(一)社会环境描写的主要作用:1、交代作品的时代背景。
高考新题型——任务型阅读的解题技巧作者:崔建萍来源:《新课程·教师》2009年第11期《2009年江苏高考说明》一书为任务型阅读提供了两种示例——表格式和树状式。
题例中要求考生根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意:每空一词。
这种类型的题目主要考查学生的以下三个能力。
·捕捉信息能力:属基础题。
·组织信息能力:属活用题。
·综合概括信息能力:属概括题,答案的分布特征往往有如下几种情况:●直接用原文中的词●根据文中词汇进行变形或同义转换●根据文章的意思进行推理和总结这类新题型其实是对学生阅读理解能力的另一种考查方法,要想做好这类题型,首先要训练两种基本技能。
一、信息转换技能1.解题关键:在这个步骤中需要学生根据问题查找定位信息,加工分析并转换成另一种表达方式。
2.常见的转换方式(1)另选其他词来释义例如:①James Michael became hooked on headphones his early teens and lost much of his hearing.James Michael lost much of his hearing due to being addicted to headphones.②The rapidly aging population results from years of low or negative birthrates.Low birthrates bring about rapidly aging population.③Malingers should understand clearly how computerized information systemswork.It’snecessary for managers to have a clear understanding of computerized informationsystems.④In minutes,you can contact another person who shares your love of kites or stamps.Within a short time,it lets us contact another person who has interest in common.(2)同义词、反义词转换(3)句子结构转换例如:句意不变,注意词形转换①However,the travel rush usually begins up to two weeks before that,and will last 40 days froni Jan.11 to Feb.19.How ever,the travel rush usually begins from Jan.11 to Feb.19.1asting 40 days.②In place of a few financial control,managers can depend on computer-based in formation systems to control activities in every area of their company.Managers can take corrective action timely to make changes depending/based on computer-based information systems.③Gifted children may feel lonely or different because they do not know the children who share their interests.Gifted children may feel lonely or different,not knowing other children sharing their interests.④other changes to the policy include the removing of the age restrictions and lowering of experience requirements.There are other changes to the policy.The age restrictions are removed.and experience requirements are lowered.(4)前缀和后缀转换(5)词性转换例如:根据句意,关注词性的变化ableunableabilityenabledisabled disability①Unable to move,he had no choice but to lie there.②The Internet is advancing rapidly,which enables us to have access to as much information aspossible.③To the couple’s sadness,their first child was physically.disabled.④It is the ability to do the job that matters not where you come from or what you are.(2000全国卷)differdifferencedifferentvaryvariousvariety①Leaves are found on all kinds of trees,but they differ greatly in size and shape.(2007上海)②American English is significantly different from British English.③He can absolutely tell the differences and similarities between the two paintings.④Opinions on the issue vary from person to person.⑤Varieties of products are offered to consumers to choose from.二、信息归纳技能1.解题关键:根据问题查找定位信息,并找出信息的共性。
新高考古诗文阅读新题型之诗评题、教考融合题专项指导诗评类所谓诗评题,也称为“前人评点赏析”,就是在一首诗歌的后面列出后人对这首诗的评价,然后要求考生根据评价谈论自己对这首诗的理解。
命题者在诗歌材料的后面给出一些诗评家的观点或评论,有的观点或评论属于宏观的文艺观点或诗论,有的则直接对该诗词作出具体的阐释,然后要求考生结合具体诗作发表自己的看法。
这类试题难度较大,考查的范围也较广,它往往涉及诗词的语言、形象、表达技巧和情感几个方面。
高考真题:1.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)诗的尾联提到魏了翁的名言:“不欲于卖花担上看桃李,须树头枝底方见活精神也。
”结合本诗主题,谈谈你对这句话的理解。
(6分)2.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)王国维说:“以我观物,故物皆著我之色彩。
”这一观点在本诗中是如何得到印证的?请简要分析。
(6分)常见考法:1.前人评此诗,称其“……”。
请结合这首诗所表达的情感内容,谈谈你的理解。
(定向性设问)2.有人评价这首诗……,也有人评价这首诗……。
你同意哪种看法?(开放性设问)3.诗的××句,有的版本作“×××”,与本诗相比,你更喜欢哪一种?请简要说明理由。
(开放性设问)高考真题【例1】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)阅读下面这首宋诗,完成下面小题。
答友人论学林希逸逐字笺来学转难①,逢人个个说曾颜②。
那知剥落皮毛处,不在流传口耳间。
禅要自参求印可,仙须亲炼待丹还。
卖花担上看桃李,此语吾今忆鹤山③。
【注】①笺:注释。
这里指研读经典。
②曾颜:孔子的弟子曾参和颜回。
③鹤山:南宋学者魏了翁,号鹤山。
16.诗的尾联提到魏了翁的名言:“不欲于卖花担上看桃李,须树头枝底方见活精神也。
”结合本诗主题,谈谈你对这句话的理解。
(6分)【解析】本题考查考生在基本理解阅读材料的基础上,正确理解中国古代独具特色的形象化理论话语的能力。
理解了“卖花担上”的桃李与“树头枝底”的桃李之间的区别以及各自的象征意味,就理解了诗歌尾联中提到的魏了翁的话。
阅读新题型的几种训练方法方法一:(剔除与段落主题无关的句子。
)Work out which sentences in the following paragraph are rambling off the main topic. Then write out a corrected version.Pompeii was a small city of no great importance in the Roman world. Seneca does mention the town of Ostia in two of his letters. One of the few mentions Pompeii gets in ancient texts is in relation to a fight which broke out at the amphitheatre in which several people were killed. We can glean more information from the archaeological excavations at the site. From the size of the site it is estimated that it had about twenty thousand inhabitants. Pliny didn’t live there, although he was killed by inhaling ash from the eruption. Evidence from the site includes: buildings, the contents of people’s houses, wa ll paintings, graffiti and plaster casts of people who died in the eruption.(修改)Pompeii was a small city of no great importance in the Roman world. One of the few mentions Pompeii gets in ancient texts is in relation to a fight which broke out at the amphitheatre in which several people were killed. We can glean more information from the archaeological excavations at the site. From the size of the site it is estimated that it had about twenty thousand inhabitants. Evidence from the site includes: buildin gs, the contents of people’s houses, wall paintings, graffiti and plaster casts of people who died in the eruption.方法二:(将所给的篇章分段)Copy out this bit from a short story, starting new paragraphs where needed.As Myrna sat down at the kitchen table she already felt full. So far she had eaten five blueberry tarts, ten Easter eggs, a rhubarb crumble and 76 fun-size chocolate bars. Ali ran into the room and saw the last piece of evidence, the double-cream layered pavlova still there on the kitchen table. “Come on, he’s almost here!” he yelled. “I’m trying,” groaned Myrna. Meanwhile, the dastardly Mr. Smiker was walking slowly across the fields, his nose twitching in the breeze. The unmistakable scent of a missing double-cream layered pavlova filled his monstrous nostril. He smiled a terrifying smile. Even his teeth were evil.(修改)As Myrna sat down at the kitchen table she already felt full. So far she had eaten five blueberry tarts, ten Easter eggs, a rhubarb crumble and 76 fun-size chocolate bars.Ali ran into the room and saw the last piece of evidence, the double-cream layered pavlova still there on the kitchen table.“Come on, he’s almost here!” he yelled.“I’m trying,” groaned Myrna.Meanwhile, the dastardly Mr. Smiker was walking slowly across the fields, his nose twitching in the breeze. The unmistakable scent of a missing double-cream layered pavlova filled his monstrous nostril. He smiled a terrifying smile. Even his teeth were evil.方法三:(重组段落—演绎方式)Here’s a paragraph from a persuasive essay. Rearrange the sentences into the following order: 1) main point; 2) development of main point; 3) evidence (quotes and statistics).Seventy-five students make use of the bus service; th at’s a lot of extra cars. If our school bus was discontinued each child would have to travel to school individually. As the headteacher has said, “The pollution caused by the extra cars travelling to the school would have a bad effect on the environment.” We all know that school buses are environmentally friendly.(修改)We all know that school buses are environmentally friendly. If our school bus was discontinued each child would have to travel to school individually. Seventy-five students make use of the bus service; that’s a lot of extra cars. As the headteacher has said, “The pollution caused by the extra cars travelling to the school would have a bad effect on the environment.”方法四:(组织段落—时空顺序方式)If you’re describing an event you should write things down in the order they happened. Put these sentences in order and write them out as a paragraph.Hillary had been annoyed; she’d wanted to have an adventure, not to go home.Once, when Hillary was at primary school, she’d climbed over the playing field fence.Hillary had refused to be scared and had started walking as far from school as possible.After about two hours she had reached her own house.All her friends had run away because they were scared.(修改)Once, when Hillary was at primary school, she’d climbe d over the playing field fence. All her friends had run away because they were scared. Hillary had refused to be scared and had started walking as far from school as possible. After about two hours she had reached her own house. Hillary had been annoyed; she’d wanted to have an adventure, not to go home.方法五:(组织篇章—段落排序)Jigsaw-readingA)Humans are the only animals clearly known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few purposeless physiological responses, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival. .B)Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in reducing stress. University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to cut onion would contain no such substance.C)It is thought that crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, whether they are of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. Theshedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a disastrous tragedy was the cause. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional tears. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.D)Other researchers are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs. At Tulane University’s Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug ab use, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome(综合症)and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.E)Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to ask for assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal (出声的) cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention. So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.答案:1) C 2) A 3) E 4) B 5) D(修改)It is thought that crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, whether they are of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a disastrous tragedy was the cause. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional tears. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.Humans are the only animals clearly known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few purposeless physiological responses, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival. .Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to ask for assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal (出声的) cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention. So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in reducing stress. University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to cut onion would contain no such substance.Other researchers are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs. At Tulane University’s Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome(综合症)and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.。