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Unit 1 Washington Irving作家介绍：华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving，1783 年4 月3 日–1859年11月28日)，出生于纽约一个富商家庭。
幼年体弱多病，16岁辍学，先后在几个律师事务所学法律，但对法律并没有兴趣，喜爱文学、旅游。
1806年在弗吉尼亚州任律师，并与律师霍夫曼的女儿玛蒂尔达订婚。
妻子早逝于1809年，后来虽有过几次恋爱，却一直过着独身生活。
欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》。
1820年，他的《见闻札记》出版，引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视，也奠定了他在美国文学史上的地位。
该作品包含了他最为脍炙人口的名篇《瑞普·凡·温克尔》和《睡谷的传说》。
晚年他在曾描写过的睡谷附近度过。
因其对美国文学的巨大贡献，欧文被尊称为“美国文学之父”。
内容摘要：瑞普·凡·温克尔是一个心底善良、和蔼可亲的人。
他乐于帮助别人，但在自己家里却十分懒惰。
有一天，为了躲避唠叨凶悍的妻子，他独自到附近的赫德森河畔兹吉尔山上去打猎。
途中，他巧遇了当年发现这条河的赫德森船长及其伙伴，在喝了他们的仙酒后，睡了一觉。
醒后下山回家，才发现时间已过了整整二十年，人世沧桑，一切都十分陌生。
原本闭塞的山村现在一片沸腾，到处是演说、传单、竞选。
恍惚中，瑞普发现酒店招牌上英王乔治的画像变了。
红色的上衣变成了蓝黄色，手中的王笏变成宝剑，头冠三角帽，下面是”华盛顿将军”的字眼。
经过一番曲折后，瑞普终于知道，他现在已由英王的臣民变成”合众国的一个自由的公民”。
但对所有这些变化，瑞普无动于衷，因为他最担心的是家“女人的专政”。
作品导读：《瑞普·凡·温克尔》出自欧文的《见闻札记》。
该作品是作家最知名的代表作，包括小说、散文、杂感等32篇，以幽默风趣的笔调和富于幻想的浪漫色彩，描写了英国和美国古老的风俗习惯以及善良淳朴的旧式人物。
作家喜欢田园生活和古代遗风，爱写随笔和短篇小说，尤为关注奇闻轶事和穷乡僻壤的风俗习惯。
1.Early years’ experience and accumulation1、儿时Washington Irving was born in Manhattan, New York City, in 1783. His family was part of the city's small, vibrant merchant class. At the same week, The United States defeated the British achieved the victory of the revolution of independence. So his family named him after the hero of revolution, George Washington.Ivring was invalid when he was young and finally leave school when he was 16. After that he worked as a student in several law firms, but he has no interest in law. On the contrary, he was fond of literature ever since he was a child. He like to read adventure stories, such as Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver's Travels. And he had often sneaking into theatres to watch dramas. His brothers often encourage him to pursued his literary aspirations with financially support.In 1798, Manhattan outbreaks of yellow fever. Considered for Ivring’s safty, his family send him to Tarrytown. “Sleepy Hollow” is located a short distance away from Tarrytown. In there, Ivring became familiar with its quaint Dutch customs and local ghost stories. Ivring also made several other trips along the Hudson river. During these trips, he passed through the Gatskill mountain region, it’s the setting for “Rip Van Winkle”. These experiences have a powerful witching effect on Ivring’s boyish imagination, as himself said.2、少年时期At the age of 19, Irving began writing letters to the New York Morning Chronicle. These letters were comments on the city's news or theater scene. These letters bring Ivring both fame and infamy.Concerned for his health, Irving's brothers financed him to travel around Europe from 1804 to 1806. Irving bypassed many sites and locations which is be nefit for a of a young man’s development, including France, Italy and England. He had took a large number of travel notes during this experience, which accumulated meaningful materials for his later creation. While visiting Rome in 1805, he once want be a painter.二、成就After returned from Europe, he had been worked as a layer in Virginia, after that he helped his two brothers with their import business. But he’s not good at law, nor good at business. At the same time, Irving began actively socializing with a group of literate young men. And in 1807, Collaborating with his brother William and those young men, Irving created the literary magazine Salmagundi . In Salmagundi, Ivring comment New York culture and politics in a manner of lampoon. Ivring r evealed his talent of humor, witty and satire. It spreading Ivring’s fame beyond New York City.The first important work of Ivirng is A History of New-York under the pseudonymof Diedrich Knickerbocker. This work was making a great hit with the reading public.Before this, although America has been independence more than thirty years, but in literature, it has failed to get rid of the shackles of Britain all the time. Ivring use American’s local subject matters to write A History of New-York have important significance to promote American’s National literature.美国作为一个新生的独立国家，各方面百业待兴。
华盛顿英文简介[5篇]第一篇：华盛顿英文简介华盛顿英文简介George Washington(February 22, 1732 [O.S.February 11, 1731][1][2][3]–December 14, 1799)was the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War(1775–1783)and served as the first President of the United States of America(1789–1797).[4] For his central role in the formation of the United States, he is often referred to as the father of his country.[5][6]The Continental Congress appointed Washington commander-in-chief of the American revolutionary forces in 1775.The following year, he forced the British out of Boston, lost New York City, and crossed the Delaware River in New Jersey, defeating the surprised enemy units later that year.As a result of his strategy, Revolutionary forces captured the two main British combat armies at Saratoga and Yorktown.Negotiating with Congress, the colonial states, and French allies, he held together a tenuous army and a fragile nation amid the threats of disintegration and failure.Following the end of the war in 1783, King George III asked what Washington would do next and was told of rumors that he'd return to his farm;this prompted the king to state, “If he does that, he will be the greatest man in the world.” Washington did return to private life and retired to his plantation at Mount Vernon.[7] He presided over the Philadelphia Convention that drafted the United States Constitution in 1787 because of general dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation.Washington became President of the United States in 1789 and established many of the customs and usagesof the new government's executive department.He sought to create a nation capable of surviving in a world torn asunder by war between Britain and France.His unilateral Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793 provided a basis for avoiding any involvement in foreign conflicts.He supported plans to build a strong central government by funding the national debt, implementing an effective tax system, and creating a national bank.Washington avoided the temptation of war and a decade of peace with Britain began with the Jay Treaty in 1795;he used his prestige to get it ratified over intense opposition from the Jeffersonians.Although never officially joining the Federalist Party, he supported its programs and was its inspirational leader.Washington's farewell address was a primer on republican virtue and a stern warning against partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement in foreign wars.Washington was awarded the very first Congressional Gold Medal with the Thanks of Congress.[8] Washington died in 1799, and the funeral oration delivered by Henry Lee stated that of all Americans, he was “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen”.[9] Washington has been consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest U.S.Presidents.第二篇：华盛顿人物简介人物简介乔治·华盛顿（George Washington1732年 2月22日－1799年12月14日）,美国第一任总统，在美国独立战争中率领大陆军团赢得美国独立，在两届任期结束后，自愿地放弃权力不再续任，隐退在弗农山庄园。
Washington Irving：Founder of American Literature美国文学之父——华盛顿·欧文华盛顿·欧文生于1783年4月3日，死于1859年11月28日，他是美国最早的浪漫主义作家之一，他以笔记、小说和传记而闻名，是第一位获得国际声誉的美国作家。
欧文汲取欧洲文化和文学的精华，创造了自己独特的风格，其文笔清新、自然、诙谐、富于乐感。
欧文在短篇小说等诸多方面为独立的美国文学做出了巨大贡献，可以说，是欧文激活了美国文学的创作潜力，为美国文学的发展奠定了坚实基础。
作为一名享有声誉的随笔作家、传记作者、历史学家、作家和政治家，华盛顿·欧文被誉为“美国文学之父”，同时他也是现代短篇散文、小说的发起人之一。
欧文以他的短篇故事“睡谷的传说”和“瑞普·凡·温克”而闻名，这两个故事都被收录在《见闻札记》一书中。
《纽约外史》对美国喜剧文学有着首次并及其重要的贡献，一经面世就获得极大成功，对于促进美国民族文学的发展有着重要的贡献，这部作品被认为美国浪漫主义的开端。
这些给欧文带来相当大的声誉和经费报酬。
他的历史作品包括《华盛顿传》、《哥尔德斯密斯传》和《穆罕默德及其继承者》，他的传记类作品也包括关于十五世纪西班牙主题的历史人物，例如哥伦布、摩尔人和阿尔罕伯拉。
总体来说，欧文的作品带给世代读者极大的享受。
他因幽默风趣的轶事笔调，轻松的文体风格而闻名，文笔优雅自然、带有温和的怀旧色调。
除了优雅的风格，他也因轻松、清新精致、和富于幻想的浪漫色彩吸引了国内外观众。
他的文学成就可以概括为以下几点：1、他是美国文学史上第一个纯文学作者，也是美国第一个幽默作家。
2、他成就了美国文学短篇小说体裁。
3、他是第一个以娱乐消遣为目的写历史和传记的人。
4、他引进非小说的散文文学体裁。
5、他是第一个获得国际声誉的美国想象文学作家。
美国浪漫主义文学：美国浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止, 是美国文学史上最重要的时期。
