§ 段落主题句要求（每段首句必须是主题句）
§ 1.主题句必须是陈述句
§ 2.主题句必须表明观点
§ 3.主题句态度必须坚决
§ In my humble opinion，
§ I am not sure about this,but…
§ I am not an expert on the subject,but I suppose…
§ 段落与段落/句子与句子
§ 连接词(过渡词)衔接举例：
§ 并列(and)关系类
§ A, 排序/列举(sequencing/listing)
first of all in the first place to begin with after this/that
First(ly)… after that finally
§ B, 递进(reinforcing)
also besides furthermore
In addition moreover
what is more
§ 转折(but)类
§ A, 比较/对比(contrasting)
conversely in comparison in contrast to this instead nevertheless on the contrary
§ 结尾段（已经整理好句型）
§ a.总结全文（重述论点和理由）
§ b.提出建议/解决问题/深化意义
§ 例：在小区建工厂是否合理？
托福作文高分句型五壮士：
§ 第一：倒装句
§ 你很难发现两个钟或表的时间完全一样。
§ You seldom find that two clocks or watches exactly agree.
§ Very seldom do you find that two clocks or watches exactly agree.
§ 句子以never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, not only, not until, by no means, under no circumstances, on no account等开头，主谓要倒装。这些都是表示否定或半否定意义的词或词组。
§ 托福写作精彩例句（建议背诵）：
§ On no account can we ignore the immense value of knowledge.
§ 我们绝对不能忽视知识的巨大价值。
§ Under no circumstances should youngsters follow negative information on the mass media blindly.
§ 青少年决不应当盲从大众媒体上的不良信息。
§ TRANSLATION EXERCISE
§ 这种方法决不会产生令人满意的结果.
§ On no account can this method produce satisfactory results.
§ 托福写作精彩例句（建议背诵）：
§ Reasonable as the opinion sounds, it cannot bear the test through analysis.
§ 虽然这个观点听起来有道理，但是它经不住分析。(让步句)
§ 在以“only+状语”开头的句子中，主谓要倒装。这里only后面必须跟有它修饰的状语或状语从句，这是关键。否则就不倒装。
§ 托福写作精彩例句（建议背诵）：
§ Only after the war was over was man able to realize the wickedness of the atomic bomb.
§ 只是在战争结束后人类才意识到原子弹的可恶。
§ （注意：only 引导的状语从句不倒装，主句倒装。）
§ Only in this way can the problem be tackled properly.
§ 只有这样才能妥善地解决这个问题。
§ 第二：非谓语
§ 神通广大的分词：分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。
§ Heated，the Metal expands.
§ (=The
metal expands if /when it is heated. )
§ 金属受热而膨胀。(条件、时间)
§ The children went away laughing.
§ (=The children went away. They laughed as they went.)
§ 孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式)
§ 托福写作精彩例句（建议背诵）：
§ Compared with those with different abilities, intelligent children have a higher tendency to do better in their school work and intelligence test.
§ 与不同的能力的孩子相比，聪明的孩子在学业和智力测验方面表现更加突出。
§ 动名词托福写作精彩实例（建议背诵）：
§ Providing more parking areas, in the long run, has proved to be a practical way out in many large cities in the world.
§ 从长远的利益来看，提供更多的停车位证明是许多大城市切实可行的出路。
§ Observing local culture, consciously and unconsciously, can reduce the chance of offending the locals, and it can even save one from embarrassment and even conflict.
§ 无论是否意识到，遵循当地的文化可以减少冒犯当地人的机会，否则，就会导致尴尬甚至冲突。
§ 第三：复合句
§ 请同学们比较如下两组句子的表达效果
§ 1) a. Natural resources are very limited. They will be exhausted in the near future. This idea may not be true. But people over the world are much concerned about it.
§ b. There is a major concern over the world about the exhaustion of limited natural resources in the near future, thought it is unlikely to be true.
§ 2) a. Some people succeed. Other people fail. The difference is not the number of opportunities. It is whether they can take advantage of opportunities. Opportunities will arise in the course of one’s life, though they are rare.
§ b. One essential difference between those who succeed and those who fail is the extent to which they take advantage of opportunities rather than the number of opportunities, which will inevitably arise, if rarely, in the course of one’s life.
§ 1、同位语从句的写作应用
§ 同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体、详细的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief等。同位语从句常用的引导词为that,有是也用when, where 等疑问词。
§ 同位语从句：that不做成分，不能省。
§ 定语从句：that做成分。做宾语可以省略。
§ 雅思写作精彩例句（建议背诵）：
§ People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
§ 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。
§ From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.
§ 通过上面的讨论，我们不难
得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。
§ 2、宾语从句雅思写作精彩例句（建议背诵）：
§ Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
§ 许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。
3、定语从句雅思写作精彩例句（建议背诵）：
§ There are several computer programs that can be used to solve this problem.
§ 有许多计算机软件可以被用来解决这个问题。
§ 第四：强调句
§ It is 被强调部分 that…
§ 当被强调对象为人时，用who
§ 当被强调对象为人或时间，地点时，用who
§ 如果记不清，就用that
§ It is at night that(when) he was killed.
§ It is our parents that teach us the first word.
§ 第五：The more……the more…
§ The more beautiful a girl is,the fewer boys
§ court her.
§ The more frequently we communicate with family members,the more harmonious the relationship between the family is.
综合写作题型分析
§ The reading passage provides general background information on the lecture topic.The lecture portion is two to three minutes long.The writing question asks you to summarize the key points or describe the main idea of the lecture.The writing question is more about the lecture than the reading,but it requires you to draw connection between the two.
出题方式
ⅰidea in the lecture agree or disagree with ideas in the reading;
ⅱthe lecture presents a different view of the reading topics;
ⅲthe lecture explains causes or effects of something in the reading;
ⅳ information in the lecture supports or illustrates points in the reading;
ⅴ points in the lecture contradict,refute,depart from ,differ from or cast doubt on points in the reading.
学习要点
§ 在医院里呆着比在家里呆着有时候会更加的不安全，是因为现在的抗生素已经不再像以前那么管用了，因为现在病菌有了抗药性
§ 产生这种现象的原因是，病菌与抗生素像打仗一样有各自的武器
§ 细菌可以传染。在抗生素杀菌的过程中，有些细菌可以活下来，因为他们身上有一种特别的基因能使其活下来。这种细菌的细胞可以multiply、past long，从而制造出新的细菌群。抗生素对这些细菌失去作用。
§ 以前人们认为某种病是一种已经被治好的病，而现在人们发现这种病不仅再次出现，而且发生量比以前增加了20%
resistence safer weapon evolve gene reapear
学习要点
§ 根本听不懂，语速太快
§ 涉及到的内容对自己太陌生
§ 抽象名词太多
§ 听懂了，但记不下来
§ 如何确定要点——黄金规则四
1、主题句
2、被重复的语意（同根词、同义词、相同词、反义词）
3、原因和结果，结论
4、被解释的词汇
5、带有倾向性和表变化的名词、形容词、副词和动词等
6、被强调的语意（最高级、比较级、绝对词汇、修饰问句、特殊符号如引号和破折号和特殊停顿等）
7、问题和答案
8、重要例子
9、比较、对比和比喻
10、表达转折的词汇后面的语义
§ 如何对付陌生名词
两个原则
1、只在阅读中出现的专用名词一定不重要
2、在阅读和（或）演讲中出现两次和以上的专用名词很重要
注意力要集中放在能给我们分数的点上，而不是均衡的放在所有点上
寻找并记录要点的训练方法
第一步：看着阅读和听力材料，寻找要点（3-5篇）
第二步：先寻找阅读材料中的要点，接着边听边记要点，并且在需要的时候停止录音。（3-5篇）
第三步：寻找阅读材料中的要点，边听边记要点，中间不停顿。（5-10篇）
把听力当作阅读看
把录音停下来记录，要有选择性的记录
练习材料：longman,Delter,OG
无论是作为听力还是阅读材料，只要里面出现
§ 文章框架
1、总分总式（推荐）
2、总分式
3、分总式
4、并列式
总分总式：优点是不断的强化阅读人对于文章中要点及其关系的论述
在一篇文章里表达两点对比的总次数是“5次”！
表示相反关系的词：contradict refute differ from challenge cast doubt on
§ 如何结构段落
第一种框架：阅读的观点+转折+演讲的观点+两者的关系
第二种框架：演讲的观点（+转折）+两者的关系+阅读的观点
第三种框架：两者的关系+阅读的观点（+转折）+演讲的观点
§ 表示相反关系的词和短语
Refute/challenge/doubt/deny/rebut/differ from/cast doubt on/
contradict/oppose/object to/disagree with
Be contradictory/conflicting/opposing/
contrary/
opposite to
Be different from
In contrast/on the contrary
§ 精彩句型
句型1：The lecture discusses……which differs from the main idea in the listening that……
句型2：The professor made the point that……on the contrary/in the contrast/howerver,the writer demonstrated a different/challenge/contradictory idea that……
句型3-1：Contrary to the belief in the passage that ……the professor says that……
句型3-2：The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that……by saying that……
句型4：The reading contradicts the listening by saying that……
(Q)
§ The lecture contradicts/refutes/is contrary to/is the opposite of the idea in the reading(by saying that)
§ 精彩句型
句型5-1：The professor made the point that……The reading,in contrast,held a different view by s
aying that……
句型5-2：The listening material the reading material regarding the issue/problem of ……
句型5-3：As regards/In terms of……the listening material contradicts the reading material
主要用于中间三段
这部分的基础是表示相反关系的词汇
§ 精彩句型
句型5-4：Another important point showed in the listening material is that …but the reding presents a conflicting idea that…
句型5-5:Finally,the professor started that…which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who said that…
§ 主要用于中间三段
这部分的基础是表示相反关系的词汇
句型5-6：In general, the professor discussed the problem\ issue of… that the reading viewed in a contrary \opposing \different angle.
§ 主要用于中间三段
这部分的基础是表示相反关系的词汇
§ 在托福写作中，最重要的关系是：并列关系，因果关系其次，转折关系再次
§ 一定要在文章中大量地使用大量的结构词汇
句型6：According to the lecture…on the other hand\while the reading started that… These two ideas are contradictory to each other.
§ 该句型也适合于中间段落
§ 转折词汇
§ on the other hand, while, howerer, on the contrary, in contrast, whereas
§ 对材料的指标
§ The speaker\lecturer\professor\listening material\lecture\talk 听力
§ The writer\author\reading material\writing\passage 阅读
§ 要求现在背下来
§ 表示相反关系的词至少要背五个
§ 第一部分：前面三个指人，后面三个指物
§ 第二部分：前面两个指人，后面三个指物