考研英语语法10篇

考研英语语法总结（完美版）从2002年起，研究生英语考试取消了语法、词汇等基础知识的考查，将此部分改考为听力。

但取消了此部分知识点的考查并不意味着英语语法等基础知识的不重要。

根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和海文英语辅导名师的建议，他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础，其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查，但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解，有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式，这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解，而且有助于学生做好英译汉，写好作文。

（一）情态动词一．情态动词的现在完成式的用法情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能：表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。

在这两个方面must/mustn’t,; can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t; ougtht等情态动词＋完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的1．表示已经发生的情况。

1）must have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“（昨天）一定……”。

如：My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetic ally:” Are you feeling all right?” [A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be （答案为C）2）can’t / couldn’t have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“（昨天）一定没……”。

如：Mary my letter; otherwise she woul d have replied before now. [A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received [C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received （答案为A）3）may / might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。

【导语】愿你插上⼀对有⼒的翅膀。

坚韧地飞吧，不要为风⾬所折服；诚挚地飞吧，不要为⾹甜的蜜汁所陶醉。

朝着明确的⽬标，飞向美好的未来。

以下是为⼤家整理的《2019考研英语语法全⾯举例讲解【三篇】》供您查阅。

【篇⼀：动词不定式作主语】 在不定式短语作主语的句⼦中，往往⽤ it 作形式主语，⽽不把不定式短语放在句⼦的后⾯。

如： To die like that is a terrible thing.=It is a terrible thing to die like that. 象那样死去是⼀件可怕的事。

( it 作形式主语，把真正的主语to die like that放在后⾯) To know oneself is difficult.=It’s difficult to know oneself. 有⾃知之明不容易。

To tell a lie is not always easy.= It’s not always easy to tell a lie. 撒谎并⾮总是容易。

Never to offend anyone is my principle. 永远不得罪任何⼈就是我的原则。

It’s against nature to remain single. 保持单⾝是违反⾃然的。

To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

For a dog to die like that is a terrible thing. = It is a terrible thing for a dog to die like that. ⼀条狗象那样死去是⼀件可怕的事。

(for a dog是不定式的主语) For one to know everything is impossible.= It’s impossible for one to know everything. ⼀个⼈什么都知道是不可能的。

We are much better off now.我们的生活比过去好得多。

She sings far better than the others.她唱得比别人好得多。

Wang is taller than Zhang. Li is still than Wang.王比张高，李比王还高。

注一：注意下面的一些说法。

如：I couldn't move a step further，我连一步也走不动了。

The meeting lasted two hours longer than usual.会议比平常多开了两个钟头。

He is a head taller than I.他比我高一个头。

（也可以说He is taller than me by a head.）They got there earlier than we by twenty minutes.他们比我们早二十分钟到达那里。

The students of the university have increased by 100 per cent since l978.这个大学的学生自一九七八年以来增加了一倍。

Do you want any more？-Yes，give me two more.你还要吗？一是的，再给我两个。

Have you any more tickets？-Sorry，I have no more.你还有票吗？-对不起，没有了。

注二：可用形容词最高级+ possible或imaginable等词来强调语气。

如：I think he is the best possible man for the job.我认为他做这工作最合适。

（也可以说the best man possibl。

2020考研英语：语法口诀记忆篇(中)考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由我为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：语法口诀记忆篇(中)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!2020考研英语：语法口诀记忆篇(中)8、宾语从句宾语从句三要素，引导词、语序、时态。

引导词分三情况，陈述句that可省略。

一般疑问句if或whether。

碰到特殊疑问句，疑问词来担此任。

语序总体为主谓。

疑问词从句主语，语序不必去改变。

从句时态主句定，如果主句是过去，从句相应作改变，客观真理仍现在。

9、be的几个顺口溜(1)我用am，你用are，单三is复数are。

(2)I用am，you用are，非I非you是is，复数全部都用are。

(3)代词主格的顺口溜：I是我来we复数，你和你们都用youhe，she，it男、女、它，复数一律把they用。

10、规则动词变为过去式口诀：“一改、二多、三少、四刚好”即有规则的一般过去时的动词，“一改”，以“y”结尾,把“y”去掉改为“i”再加“ed”，如：“study”&rarr“studied”“二多”，重读闭音节结尾的动词，双写末尾辅音字母再加“ed”，如：“stop”&rarr“stopped”“三少”，以不发音“e”字母结尾的动词，可直接加上“d”,如：“live”&rarr“lived”“四刚好”,就是直接加上“ed”，如：“work”&rarr“worked”。

11、冠词a, an, thea，an，the是冠词，就像帽子扣名词元音因素要扣an，辅音因素要扣aan/a用来泛泛指，the是特指常牢记。

12、冠词用法(1)、定冠词的用法特指双熟悉，上文已提及世上独一个，序数高级某些专有名，习语及乐器。

以上口诀归纳了用定冠词的7种一般情况，即：①特指某些人或物②谈话双方都熟悉的人或事③上文已经提到的人或事④世界上独一无二的事物前⑤序数词或形容词高级前⑥某些专有名词前⑦一些习惯短语(如：in the day等)中和乐器前(如：playthe violin / piano)。

考研英语之语法(副词及用法)考研英语之语法大全(副词及用法)什么是副词副词（adverb）修饰动词、形容词和其他副词等，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念，考研英语：语法大全(副词及用法)。

如：often往往，here这里，very很，quickly很快地。

副词的构成1）本身就是副词，如now现在，there那里，rather颇。

2）由形容词加词尾-1y变来，如firmly坚决地，happi1y幸福地。

3）与形容词同形early adj.早的early adv.早high adj.高的high adv.高高地long adj.长的，长久的long adv.长久地副词的种类副词可分为下列几种：1）普通副词（ordinary adverb）如：together一起，well好，seriously认真地，slowly慢，carefully小心地。

2）疑问副词（interrogative adverb）如：when何时，where 何地，how如何，why为何。

3）关系副词（relative adverb）如：where，when.4）连接副词（conjunctive adverb）如：then然后，so所以，there{ore所以，however然而，hence所以，thus这样，nevertheless然而，otherwise否则，still可是，仍然。

副词的用法副词在句中可用作：1）状语（这是副词在句子中的主要功用）It is raining hard.雨下得很大。

（副词hard作状语，修饰动词is raining.）Don't drive too fast.车子不要开得太快。

（fast是副词，作状语，修饰动词drive，副词too又修饰副词fast.）He speaks English quite well.他英语讲得相当好。

（well修饰动词speaks，quite又修饰副词well.）This is a fairly useful tool，这是一件相当有用的工具。

英语语法总结全集之迟辟智美创作名词和主谓一致一、名词的分类英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不成数名词.1．可数名词可数名词一般都有单复数.双数时，名词前可加不定冠词a/an；复数时，前面可加数词，名词自己要改成复数形式.可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变动.规则的名词，只要在双数名词之后加“s”，“es”或去“y”加“ies”就行，如：an umbrella, twelve umbrellas；a factory, three factories.不规则的名词变动则要靠积累记忆，如：a mouse, ten mice；a policeman, six policemen.有少数可数名词，如sheep，works（工厂），Chinese等，它们的单复数同形：a sheep, four sheep；a chemical works, five chemical works.另外，还有一些可数名词只有复数形式，如clothes，trousers，cattle，police，people(人，人民)等.英语名词中还有一些合成词，它们的复数形式有三种可能：1）后面的部份酿成复数形式：grown-ups，boy students，grandchildren.2）前面的部份酿成复数形式：passers-by，lookers-on，sons-in-law.3）前、后都酿成复数形式：men doctors，women drivers.2．不成数名词不成数名词没有单复数的变动，前面也不能加a/an，或数词.可是我们可以用量词来暗示不成数名词的数量，单复数暗示在量词上，如：a piece of paper；two pieces of paper.在有些情况下，不成数名词也可用a/an，表“一种”、“某种”的意思，如have a wonderful time，receive a good education，be made into a fine paper.有时为了暗示量年夜，不成数名词的后面也可加“s”，如sands，ashes，waters等.可是我们在学习不成数名词的时候，特别要记住英语中有一些名词，它们无论在什么情况下，前面都不能用a/an，后面也不成加“s”，如weather，information，等.3．有的名词既可是可数名词，也可是不成数名词英语中有相当一部份的名词，既可以是可数，也可以是不成数，它们的意义有时略有分歧，有时则完全分歧.如：difficulty, success, time, work，paper，glass，等.4．用于暗示可数与不成数名词的数量“多”“少”的经常使用词和词组跟可数名词连用的如：few, a few, many.跟不成数名词连用的如：little, a little, much.可数与不成数都能用的是：a lot of , plenty of.二、主谓一致1．通常被看作双数的主语部份1）不定式、动名词和主语从句.eg.. To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.What he said was different from what he did.2）暗示“时间”“距离”“金钱数量”的名词.eg. Twenty years is quite a long time.10 kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long distance to M ira.300 dollars is too much for this old coin.3）数学式子.eg. Two plus five is seven.4）书报杂志、国家、单元的名字.eg. The Times is published daily.The United States is a big country.5）前面用a kind of, a sort of或this kind of, this sort of等词组的名词.eg. This kind of tree(s) often grows well in warm weather.6）代词either, neither作主语.eg. Either of the plans is good.Neither of them was carrying a weapon.7）many a/ more than one 加双数名词，或one out of加复数名词作主语.eg. Many a young man has tried and failed.More than one employee has been dismissed.One out of ten thousand computers was infected with the virus. 2．通常被看作复数的主语部份1）一些只有复数的名词如clothes, trousers, police等.eg. These trousers are dirty.但要注意比力：A new pair of trousers is what you need.2）代词both作主语.eg. Both of them have received high education.3．需要进行分析才华确定的主语部份1）代词all, some,作主语.所代的名词是可数名词，就看作复数；是不成数名词，就看作双数. eg. All is ready. (= Everything is ready.)All are present. (= All the people/students... are present.)2）a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some, any, 20% of, half of...等词组作主语.所修饰的名词是可数名词，就看作复数；是不成数名词，就看作双数.eg. 70% of the surface of the earth is covered with water.90% of the graduates from the high school go to university.3）关系代词who, which, that作主语.由先行词决订单、复数.eg. The student who is talking with the principal is Tom.The students who have chosen physics will have a test tomorrow.但要注意one of ...与only one of...所修饰的先行词.eg. He is one of the students in our class who have been to Beijing.He is the only one of the students who has been to London.4）一些暗示集体意义的名词如family, team, class等.当这些名词强调的是一个整体时，看作双数；当它们强调的是这个集体中的成员时，看作复数.eg. Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.My family are all early risers.4．呈现在句首，用连词或介词连接的两个名词或词组1）用both...and...连接的两个名词看作复数.Both Kate and Jean are football players.2）用or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...连接的两个名词，由靠近动词的名词决订单复数.Either you or I am to go.Not only the students but also the teacher has to observe the rules. 3）用as well as, (together) with, like, besides, but, except等连接的两个名词，由第一个名词决订单复数.eg. His eyebrows as well as his hair are now white.No one but these two peasants has been there.实际上这些都是介词短语提前，不是并列的主语.4）用and连接的两个名词有几种情况：a)看作复数.eg. Tom and Mary are primary pupils.b) 在有every ... and every ..., each ... and each ... 的时候；或用and 连接的两个名词暗示的是一件工具或一个人时，看作双数.eg. Every boy and every girl in our country has the right to go to school.Bread and butter is what he eats for breakfast every day.考研真题试析：As a result of destroying the forests, a large ____ of desert ____ covered the land.A. number; hasB. quantity; hasC. number; haveD. quantity; have选B.因为第一格后的名词desert是不成数名词，所以A、C两项排除；又desert做主语，谓语要用双数形式.He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years.A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been选 D.因为定语从句的先行词是由only one of修饰，所以应看成双数；另外后面有时间状语for three years，所以用现在完成时态.The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ____ pictures of them.A. many ofB. masses ofC. the number ofD. a large amount of选B. 空格后面的名词是复数，所以不成以选D，而many后不跟of 用，所以A项排除；the number of简直是放在可数名词复数的前面，但意思是“......的数量”，不符合题意.Where and when to go for the on-salary holiday ____ yet.A. are not decidedB. have not been decidedC. is not being decidedD. has not been decided选D.此句是不定式做主语，看成双数.而C项的时态分歧毛病，所以只有D.No one in the department but Tom and I ____ that the director is going to resign.A. knowsB. knowC. have knownD. am to know选A.谓语动词应该跟no one一致，所以选A.We have only a sofa, a table and a bed in our new apartment. We need to buy ____ more furniture.A. anyB. manyC. littleD. some选D.后面的名词是furniture，不成数.而且整句的意思是“要买些家具”,是肯定意义，所以选D.Telephone messages for the manager ____ on her desk but she didn’t notice them.A. were leftB. was leftC. was leavingD. were leaving选 A.句子的主语是messages，是复数，另外它与动词“留（在桌上）”的关系是主动.Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ____ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.A. workB. workingC. is workingD. are working选C.谓语的单复数跟Professor Smith一致，应该是双数.动词的时态与语态一、动词的时态英语的动词可以有十六种变动，但现在经常使用的是十二种，其中有九种是高中学生必需掌握的，还有三种只要理解.现以动词do为例，十二种时态的形式列表如下：1．一般现在时态A)意义：现阶段经常反复发生的举措或现在的状态.eg. He gets up at six every morning.There is a big tree in the back yard.B)经常使用的时间状语：always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, once a week,等.C)暗示一种真理、自然规律等，在间接引语中也仍然用一般现在时态.eg. The scientist explained that the earth goes round the sun, but no one believed himthen.D)在时间、条件等状语从句中，取代将来时.eg. If he is not busy, he will come to the party tomorrow.E)注意第三人称双数时，动词后面要加“s”.2．一般过去时态A)意义：过去的举措或状态.注意，即使是刚刚发生的事情，时间非常短，也要用过去时态.如：Why! It’s you—Mary! I didn’t know you were here!B)经常使用的时间状语：yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, just now, 等.C)动词过去式的规则变动（加ed）和不规则变动.3．一般将来时态A)意义：将来要发生的举措或状态.B)经常使用的时间状语：tomorrow, next moth, in two weeks, 等.C)除用shall/will之外的将来表达法：a) is/am/are going to do，意为“筹算、准备、马上就要”.eg. It’s going to rain.b) is/am/are to do，意为“（计划好/安插好）要......”eg. The new underground railway is to be opened to traffic next year.c)is/am/are about to do，意为“马上就要”.eg. Hurry up! The plane is about to take off.d) 某些动词（主要是一些暗示位置移动的动词）可用一般现在时态或现在进行时态暗示将来的举措.eg. The train leaves for Beijing at 8:30 this evening.He is going to London next week.4．现在进行时态A)意义：暗示在说话的同时或最近一个阶段正在发生的举措.B)经常使用的时间状语：now, these days, at present, at the moment, 等.C)有时可以和always, constantly, forever等时间状语连用，暗示说话人的某中特殊的感情.eg. He is always thinking of others.Mrs Smith is constantly quarrelling with her neighbours.D)有些瞬间动词可以用进行时态暗示“马上就要......”eg. The old man is dying.E)英语中有些暗示状态、感觉、心理活动的动词没有进行时态，如know, understand, believe, like, love, see, hear, seem, 等等.5．过去进行时态A)意义：暗示过去某个时刻正在做的举措.B)经常使用的时间状语：this time yesterday, at 9:00 last night, 等.C)有些动词（主要是一些暗示位置移动等的动词和瞬间动词）的过去进行时态可以暗示过去将来的意义.eg. I was told that she was leaving for Australia the next morning.*6．将来进行时态A)意义：暗示将来某个时刻正在发生的举措.B)经常使用的时间状语：this time tomorrow, at 9:00 next Sunday morning, 等.eg. What will you be doing at 9:00 on June 7next year?7．现在完成时态A)意义：a. 暗示过去某个时刻开始，一直继续到现在的举措或状态.（只有部份延续性动词，如live, work, study, 等可以暗示这一意义）eg. I have lived in Shanghai since I was born.He has been married for half a year.b. 暗示过去做过的某一个举措对现在的影响.eg. I have seen this film. It’s fantastic!Jack is playing video games, because he has done his homework.B)经常使用的时间状语：a. since 1990, for 9 years,等.b. already, yet, just, now, this week, never, ever, so far, up till now, lately, in the past/last few years,等.C)b组所暗示的现在完成时态与过去时态的区别：虽然现在完成时态b组暗示的举措也是发生在过去，但它强调的是与现在的关系，而过去时态只暗示过去发生的举措，叙述一个事实.试比力：eg. 1) He went to Beijing two days ago.He has gone to Beijing.2) Henry lost his mobile phone yesterday, but found it later.Henry has lost his mobile phone again.D)瞬间动词要暗示“一直到现在”，不能直接用“完成时态加for”的方式，必需用其他句型.eg. 他离开上海已经三天了.He has left Shanghai. He left three days ago.He has been away from Shanghai for three days.It is three days since he left Shanghai.8．过去完成时态A)意义：暗示过去某个时刻之前所做的举措，即“过去的过去”.所以一般要用过去完成时态的话，句子中或上下文一定有一个过去时态的举措或时间状语做比力，才华用.eg. He had learned English before he went to Canada.B)经常使用的时间状语：by the end of last year等.C)在用间接引语时，主句的动词是过去时态，用来替换直接引语中的过去时态或现在完成时态.eg. He asked the girl, “Where have you been?”→He asked the girl where she had been.He said, “I cleaned the classroom yesterday.”→He said that he had cleaned the room the day before.D)有些动词（如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等）的过去完成时态可暗示过去事实上没有实现的希望、计划等.eg. I had hoped to attend the party, but I was too busy.*9．将来完成时态A)意义：暗示在将来某个时刻之前将会完成的举措.B)经常使用的时间状语：by the end of next year等.eg. You will have studied English for 10 years by the time you finish high school.10．现在完成进行时态A)意义：暗示一个举措从过去开始，一直继续到现在.（同现在完成时态的第一种意义）B)经常使用时间状语：since ..., for ..., so far, up till now 等.C)现在完成进行时态与现在完成时态的比力：只有现在完成时态的第一种意义的那些动词，它们的现在完成与现在完成进行两种时态暗示的意义相同，可以互换使用.eg. I have studied here for 3 years. = I have been studying here for 3 years.而其他的一些动词，使用两种时态，意义就各不相同了.试比力：The little boy has read the text.（小男孩已经读过课文了.）The little boy has been reading the text.（小男孩一直在读课文.）试翻译：1）从上午九点开始我就一直在做功课.I have been doing my homework since 9 in the morning.2）今天的功课我已经做好了.I have done today’s homework.*11．过去完成进行时态意义：暗示从过去某一时间开始的举措一直继续了一段时间再结束.（结束的时间点也在过去）eg. He had been searching for the watch for a half hour when we came back.12．过去将来时态意义：暗示从过去某一时间看将要发生的举措或状态，一般多用在间接引语中.eg. He told me that he would read the book a second time.二、动词的语态英语中的动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词，以及系动词.及物动词有主动语态和主动语态；不及物动词或动词词组（如happen, belong to, take place等）和系动词（如become, seem, sound, look, taste,等）没有主动语态.1．以动词do为例，主动语态的各种时态的表达方式如下表：2．注意在动词词组变主动的时候，原来词组中的介词或副词不要漏失落.eg. The villagers took good care of the wounded soldier.→The soldier was taken good care of by the villagers.3．有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词，这些动词比力少用主动语态.eg. We begin our class at 8:00 every morning.→? Our class is begun ... ?Our class begins at 8:00 every morning.4．有少数动词或动词词组可用主动形式，暗示（从中文里我们所感觉的）主动意义.eg. The book sells poorly.His translation reads better than yours.Who is to blame for the accident?考研真题试析：He will have learned English for eight years by the time he ____ from the university next year.A. will graduateB. will have graduatedC. graduates B. is to graduate选C.虽然句子的时间状语是next year，可是“他从年夜学结业”是以by the time引出的状语从句，在状语从句中，用现在时态取代将来时态.I feel it is your husband who ____ for the spoiled child.A. is to blameB. is going to blameC. is to be blamedD. should blame选 A.因为词组be to blame for这一词组用主动形式来暗示中文中“该为某事受到责备”的主动意义.“Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?” “It ____.”A. all dependB. all dependsC. is all dependedD. is all depending选 B.It all depends.是习惯说法，意思为“要看情况而定了”，不势必来时态，也不用主动语态.I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he ____ it.A. doesn’t mentionB. hadn’t mentionedC. didn’t mentionD. hasn’t mentioned选C.畴前面一句I though可以看出是过去时态，用but连接的两个并列句中的举措是发生在同一时间，所以后面的动词也应该是过去时态.The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power ____ increased enormously ever since.A. isB. wasC. has beenD. had been选C.因为句子的时间状语是ever since，意即“自从那时起”（“那时”指前面讲到的1945年），所以是现在完成时态.The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ____ to eat more fruit and vegetables.A. persuadeB. will persuadeC. be persuadedD. are persuaded选D.因为“人们”和“说服”是动宾关系，所以用主动语态.More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.A. sentB. were sent C had sent D. had been sent选 B.因为学生是被送到国外学医的，所以要用主动语态，而句末时间状语标明要用过去时态.Send my regards to your lovely wife when you ____ home.A. wroteB. will writeC. have writtenD. write选 D.这是祈使句中的状语从句的动词，所以用一般现在时态取代将来时态.When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike ____ to become a world champion by his coach and parents.A. expectedB. was expectingC. was expectedD. would be expected选 C.根据整个句子的意思，可以判断，是他的教练和父母期盼马克成为世界冠军，所以用主动语态，时间在他7岁的时候，显然是过去时态.“Did you tidy your room?”“No, I was going to tidy my room but I ____ visitors.”A. hadB. haveC. have hadD. will have选 A.根据前面的疑问句，可判断谈论的是过去的事情，而且回答的前半句也说明了时态：“我正要清扫屋子，但我有客人来访了”是过去时态.With the help of high technology, more and more new substances ____ in the past years.A. discoveredB. have discoveredC. had been discoveredD. have been discovered选D.全句的时间状语是in the past years，是典范的现在完成时态的时间状语，而且“发现”与“新的物质资料”是动宾关系.情态动词一、can, may, must根据意思与习惯用法，我们可以把can, may, must分成以下两组用法，方便学习与掌握.1．第一组用法见下表（主要在初中的时候我们所掌握的）：a) can的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：eg. Computers can do a lot of things for us.Money cannot buy everything.Can you speak French?I could run very fast when I was young.b) can与be able tocan与be able to的意思相近，经常可以互换使用，可是be able to除有一般现在与过去时态之外，还有将来、完成等时态，所以要暗示将来能够或已经能够做什么事，就要用be able to.eg. You will be able to communicate with foreigners fluently if you finish the course.The baby has been able to one or two simple sentences.在用过去式的时候，could与was able to的意思分歧，could暗示的是“那时能够做某事”的意思，而was/were able to暗示的是“那时能够，而且胜利地做到了”的意思.试比力：Einstein was able to flee Germany when Hitler came into power.I could pass the examination, but I was too careless.c) could在疑问句时用意暗示请求，意义同can，是一种比力客气的表达方式.eg. Could you give me a hand?B) maya) may的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：eg. You may choose anyone here you like.—May I leave now? —Yes, of course/Sure. Go ahead.—No, you mustn’t. （注：口语中也能用cannot.）I was told that the boss might come to the office before 9b)mustn’t与may not.mustn’t一般是说话人暗示“不成以”或“禁止”，而may not一般是指按规定“不允许”的意思.试比力：You mustn’t leave the bike here.The sign on the wall reads, “Visitors may not feed the animals in the zoo.”c) may可放在句首，暗示“祝愿”.eg. May our friendship last forever.d) might有时用在疑问句中，只是一种比may更客气一点，而非过去式.eg. Might I have a few words with you, sir?C) musta) must的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：eg. Everyone must obey the rules.—Must I finish the work today? —Yes, you must.—No, you needn’t/don’t have to.He told me he must/had to see a doctor tomorrow morning.b) must与have to用must更强调主观上“必需”，而have to 更强调客观上的“不能不”.在间接引语中，主句动词是过去式时，用had to多，但must也可以用.have to有现在、过去和将来三种时态.c) must有时可以暗示“偏偏”“非...不成”的意思.eg. Why must you make such a mess when the visitors are coming? 2．第二组用法见下表：.其中may与must的区别其实是说话人对可能性年夜小所做判断的区别，觉得可能性年夜，就用must，可能性小，就用may.而can与may, must是肯定、否定、疑问分工的分歧.现在时举例：—Can Tom be in the classroom?—Yes, he must be there.或—Yes, he may be there, but I’m not quite sure.或—No, he can’t be there, because he hasn’t come to school today.过去时举例：I must have been asleep. I didn’t hear your footsteps.David became angry at the meeting. He may have misunderstood what I meant.James can’t have forgotten the examination yesterday. There must have been something wrong with him, I believe.b)暗示可能性的否定句中有时也可用may，但意思与cannot有所分歧.may not一般解释为“可能不”，而cannot解释为“不成能”c)暗示可能性，也可以用might和could，但其实不是may和can的过去式，而是暗示说话人觉得可能性实在是比力小了，有虚拟的意味.跟may与can一样，might用在肯定句，could用在否定句和疑问句.might do的过去式是might have done，could的过去式是could have done.eg. —Could it be Susan at the door?—Yes, it might be her.（现在口语中也可用could be回答）*d) could have done也可以用在肯定句里，暗示过去有这种可能，但事实上没有发生（虚拟语气的用法）.eg. It was dangerous to do so. You could have killed yourself!二、shall, will, would1．用在一般疑问句中，暗示征求对方的意见.第一、第三人称用shall，第二人称用will或would.eg. Shall turn on the TV?Shall my brother go with us?Will/Would you do me a favour?2．shall与第二、第三人称连用，用在肯定、否定句中，暗示“命令、允诺、警告、威胁，及说话人的意愿和决心”.eg. You shall do it at once!He shall have the money when he finish his work on time.You shall fail if you don’t work hard.If Shylock breaks the law, everything he has shall be taken away from him.3．will在陈说句中可用于任何人称，暗示“意愿、意志、决心”等.有时也可用在条件句中.eg. I will help you at any time if necessary.The captain will land you safe in Liverpool, if you will be man. 4．will和would可以暗示习惯性反复发生的举措，或在某一条件下，一定回发生的举措.这时，will一般指“现在”，would一般指“过去”.eg. Oil will float on water, because it is lighter.He would take a walk after supper when he lived here.上面例句中的would可以用used to来替换.used to也暗示“过去经常”，但used to还隐含了“现在不再这样了”的意思.而would则没有这种意思.eg. He used to smoke, but he has given it up now.三、should/ought to1．可以暗示一种需要性、义务，解为“应当、应该”.可以与任何人称连用，并用在肯定、否定、疑问句中.但疑问句时用should更多一些. eg. You should/ought to pay more attention to your spelling.2．可以暗示一种推测，解为“应该是”.用于任何人称的肯定、否定、疑问句.它还有进行和完成两种形式：should/ought to be doing（对现在正在进行的举措的推测）和should/ought to have done（暗示与过去的事实相反，“原本应该”的意思）.eg. They should be here by now.The students should be doing the experiment in the lab.You should have come here ten minutes earlier.3．should有时可以暗示说话人惊讶的感觉，解为“竟然”.eg. I have never imagined that he should say so at the meeting.四、need和dareneed和dare两词，都既可作为情态动词，又可作为实意动词，所以复习的重点是分清在句子中它们分别是哪种动词.1．need解为“需要、必需”.A) 作为情态动词时，多用于疑问句和否定句.eg. —Need I do it again? —No, you needn’t.注意：与Must I do it again?的意思相近，但用need问，问的人一般希望获得的是否定的回答；而用must问，问话的人一般希望获得的是肯定回答.B) 作为实意动词，可用于各种句型，是及物动词，可以跟名词做宾语.eg. We need another five workers to do the work.C)needn’t have done与didn’t need to do的区别needn’t have done和didn’t need to do分别是情态动词用法与实意动词用法的过去形式，可是所暗示的意义分歧.needn’t have done意思是“原本不用”，言下之意是“做了不需要做的事了”；而didn’t need to do意思是“那时不需要”，言下之意是“那时不需要，因此可能就没有做”.试比力：She was too nervous to reply, but fortunately she didn’t need to say anything.她紧张得无法回答，但幸运的是，她那时什么也不用说.You needn’t have mentioned it to him, because he had been told everything before.你原本不用跟他提这件事的，之前已经有人把一切都讲给他听了. 2．dare解为“敢”.A) 作为情态动词时，多用于疑问句和否定句.eg. Dare you say that to your boss?The little boy dare not face his teacher.可是dare的固定词组“I dare say...”，用在肯定句中.eg. He’ll come agai n, I dare say.注意：dare作为情态动词时，它的过去式是dared.eg. They dared not laugh in front of their manager.B)作为实意动词，dare可以用在各种句型里.可是注意在否定句里，有时后面的不定式的to可以省略.eg. They didn’t dare (to) laugh in front of their manager.考研真题试析：You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman ____ be so rude to a lady.A. mightB. needC. shouldD. would选C.这里的should作“竟然”解，暗示说话人的惊讶.Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How ____ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?A. canB. shouldC. mayD. must选A.因为在本句里的can用在疑问句中，意思是“可能”.全句的意思是“布什先生每件事都是准时的，他怎么可能在开幕式时迟到呢？Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I ____ so much fried chicken just now.A. shouldn’t eatB. mustn’t have eatenC. shouldn’t have eatenD. mustn’t eat选 C.根据上下文，这里暗示的是“本不应该吃这么多的炸鸡”.所以shouldn’t have eaten是正确选项.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who ____ have taken it?A. shouldB. mustC. couldD. would选 C.这是对过去事实的一种推测，must只能用在肯定句里，could 是用在疑问和否定句里，所以选could.Children under 12 years of age in that country ____ be under adult supervision when in a public library.A. mustB. mayC. canD. need选A.根据整个句子的意思，这里用must（必需）最恰当.You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ____ not like the design of the furniture.A. mustB. shallC. mayD. need选 C.在此句中，may not解释为“可能不”.全句的意思是“你最好告诉生产商，男性顾客可能不惜换这种家具的设计.”There ____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practised a lot in the driving school.A. mustn’tB. shan’tC. shouldn’tD. needn’t选 C.因为整句的意思是：“既然你在驾驶学校练得很多，那么通过路考应该不会有什么困难了.”这里的should是一种推测.而must暗示推测时（解为“一定”），一般只用于肯定句，否按时要用can’t. According to the local regulations, anyone who intends to get a driver’s licence ____ take an eye test.A. canB. mustC. wouldD. may选B.这里must的意思是“必需”，正和题意.Black holes ____ not be seen directly, so determining the number of them is a tough task.A. canB. shouldC. mustD. need选 A.本句的意思是“黑洞不成能直接看获得，所以要确定黑洞的数量是一件棘手的事情.”要暗示可能性的时候，must只能用于肯定，can才是用于否定.You know he is not going to let us leave early if we ____ get the work done.A. can’tB. may notC. shouldn’tD. mustn’t选A.此句用ca n’t，意思是“不能够”.—“Guess what! I have got A for my term paper.”—“Great! You ____ read widely and put a lot of work into it.”A. mustB. shouldC. must haveD. should have选 C.这是对过去事实的推测，must have done的意思就是“过去一定......”.The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we ____ go to work tomorrow.A. can’tB. mustn’tC. needn’tD. shouldn’t选C.needn’t意思是“不用”正和题意.代词一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词1．人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格作主语时用主格，做宾语和表语时用宾格，作定语时用所有格.形容词性的所有格和名词性的所有格：如my和mine，your和yours等.eg. Your school is so different from ours (= our school).2．英语中第一、第二、第三人称代词在句子中的排列次第：双数时为you, he and I；复数时为we, you and they.3．it用于指人的情况：A) —Who is it/that speaking? —It’s Mary speaking.B) —What’s wrong with the baby?—It’s crying loudly.4．双重所有格的用法在英语中经常会碰到双重所有格的情况，如a friend of mine，the invention of his等，这种表达法的意思与my friend, his invention基秘闻同，只有细微的分歧.另外，名词也有双重所有格的表达法，如a friend of my father’s, the invention of Professor Brown’s等.5．在暗示宾语的身体部位的名词前，一般用定冠词the取代所有格.试比力：The policeman caught the thief by the arm.The young lady carried a small baby in her arm.6．We students与Our students的区别We students中文为“我们学生”，“学生”是“我们”的同位语，用这一词语的时候，说话人是学生.而Our students其实是“我们的学生”，说话人不是学生.固然，用We students的时候，We students必需是主语，如果是宾语，则用us students.eg. We students should learn more than book knowledge at school.Good teachers always bear us students in mind.7．反身代词的用法A)作宾语eg. We must learn to adjust ourselves to the new situation.注意反身代词与代词宾格作宾语的区别：eg. Jane’s mother stared at her in the mirror. （Jane的母亲望着镜子中的Jane.）Jane’s mother stared at herself in the mirror. （Jane的母亲望着镜子中的自己.）试译：请好好珍重.。

语语法之比较状语从句解读1.分类⑴基本类比较，无非就是两个东西之间相互比较的结果。

A和B相比，那结果通常就是以下三种情况：A=B; A>B;AB,A比B多，那就要肯定A. A has more apples than BA的苹果比B的多;③A<b, p="" b.a的水比b的少。

我们可以通过真题例句来进行分析。

<="" than="" water="" less="" has="" a="">There are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians.As many as表示“和......一样多”，什么和什么一样多?历史的定义和历史学家一样多。

但历史的定义和历史学家不是同一类东西。

谁决定谁呢?肯定是历史学家给历史下定义。

所以，这句话应该翻译成：有多少历史学家，就有多少历史学的定义。

⑵倍数类所谓倍数类，就是表达倍数的几类，即倍数表达法。

①是......倍，可以用N times as much as来表达;②多......倍，可以用”more than/less than”来表达;③是百分之几，则可以用N%来表达。

倍数表达法是初高中常学的内容，并非考研英语的重要语法知识，我们在平时的学习中了解即可。

⑶特殊类特殊类，即基本类词汇的否定。

但否定和否定又有所不同，这是考研英语中常考的地方，也是大多数考生，傻傻分不清楚的地方。

①no more than. A no more than B.More than B就是肯定B, no more than B就是否定B，但要注意no是把A,B二者都否定的。

所以A no more than 的含义是“AB都不......”如：Mary is no more diligent than Tom.就意为Mary和Tom都不勤奋。

solve our problems.（2002，翻译）参考译文：如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式不能也随之继续受到排斥。

分析：很明显，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem，是一个省略句，with做状语一般表示伴随，这一个分句只有一个状语加一个名词结构，构不成一个完整的句子。

实际上，与前句相同的成分才会被省略，前一句的谓语部分是：will continue to be rejected. 所以，后一分句补充完整就是：with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected.三、从句从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。

所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。

根据引导从句为主不同大概可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。

前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句；定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句；而状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。

状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句和时间状语从句。

在翻译的时候，它会成为一个考点，所在在做题的时候，一定要辨清它到底是什么从句，正确地翻译出来。

例如：Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on“worthless”species.（2010，翻译）分析：本题中含有两个并列的同位语从句，that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on“worthless”species.两个that的内容是对前面的evidence进行补充说明或解释。

考研笔记补充（1）语法篇：请按照讲义上的编号依次阅读以下的注意事项，谢谢！语法篇3 形容词/副词1) costly, lonely, deadly, friendly, brotherly, earthly名词+ly可以变成形容词或副词2) awake, alike, awake, ashamed, alive, alone, asleep, aware, content,字母a打头的形容词，一般只可以做表语（上课重点讲过alive和living）3) yearly, monthly, latter, mere, former, sheer这些形容词还可以做名词4) as big as you, three times as big as you, three times bigger than you,和。

一样as …. as….（特别注意，形容词要放在两个as的中间）另外，请记住，比….大几倍，是…的几倍。

这样的词组，一定要把表示倍数的词语（例如three times）放在前面，后面再说as big as you或是bigger than you答案：a, a, b5) 这组词组在考研的完形和阅读里出现了暴多无比，请务必记清楚它们的汉语翻译，以防以后翻译考试也考。

另外提醒，最好是把我编的短小精悍型例句也背了！not so much____ as____, 与其说。

不如说。

He is not so much handsome as ugly.与其说他帅，不如说他丑。

not any more____ than____, 两个都不I am no more/not any more handsome than you.我和你都不帅。

not any less____ than____ 两个都I am no less/ not any less handsome than you.我和你都不丑。

just as_____, so____ 正如。

考研英语语法考研英语语法汇总引导语：语法是语言学的一个分支，研究按确定用法来运用的词类、词的屈折变化或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系。

以下是yjbys‘店铺为大家整理的考研英语语法汇总，欢迎阅读!一、定语从句1、分词概念为了弄明白分词，我们首先要知道分词为什么叫分词?这是我们必须要明白的。

下面首先通过例句来简单说明分词的基本概念。

例：The man is attracting a charming lady.这个句子的核心动词是is attracting.构成现在进行时。

is是系动词，attracting叫什么呢?它是动词，加了ing。

分词在英文中叫participle, 它和四级词汇participate相似，participate原本是“参与，参加”的含义。

原来在进行时中，attracting它就是参加了一个完整动词的组成，所以attracting就被命名为“分词”。

但从中文的意思来说，participate就是参与词，这个名字太难受了，所以中文的语法学家就结合中文术语的特征，想办法起了新的名字。

从这个is attracting这个句子中，我们可以发现分词就是一个谓语动词的组成部分，这个“部分”是非常重要的，也是我们要重点强调的。

我们讲这么多，就是要搞清楚，既然分词是谓语动词的组成部分，那么分词有没有可能就是谓语动词?很多同学马上得出结论，它只是组成部分，不等于全体，所以分词是不能充当谓语的，它只是一个分词而已。

讲了这么多，我们主要就是明白is attracting作为谓语动词，在语法学中必须要分别有名字，is是系动词，attracting就是“参与组成部分”。

从分词概念的由来，我们知道分词是绝对不能充当谓语的成分，或者说分词绝对不能是动词。

所以动词加-ing，是分词的一种类型。

2、分词类别例：She is attracted by him.这句话的含义是：这个女士被这个男士吸引上了。