Sublattice addressing and spin-dependent motion of atoms in a double-well lattice

1、microscopic world 微观世界2、macroscopic world 宏观世界3、quantum theory 量子[理]论4、quantum mechanics 量子力学5、wave mechanics 波动力学6、matrix mechanics 矩阵力学7、Planck constant 普朗克常数8、wave-particle duality 波粒二象性9、state 态10、state function 态函数11、state vector 态矢量12、superposition principle of state 态叠加原理13、orthogonal states 正交态14、antisymmetrical state 正交定理15、stationary state 对称态16、antisymmetrical state 反对称态17、stationary state 定态18、ground state 基态19、excited state 受激态20、binding state 束缚态21、unbound state 非束缚态22、degenerate state 简并态23、degenerate system 简并系24、non-deenerate state 非简并态25、non-degenerate system 非简并系26、de Broglie wave 德布罗意波27、wave function 波函数28、time-dependent wave function 含时波函数29、wave packet 波包30、probability 几率31、probability amplitude 几率幅32、probability density 几率密度33、quantum ensemble 量子系综34、wave equation 波动方程35、Schrodinger equation 薛定谔方程36、Potential well 势阱37、Potential barrien 势垒38、potential barrier penetration 势垒贯穿39、tunnel effect 隧道效应40、linear harmonic oscillator线性谐振子41、zero proint energy 零点能42、central field 辏力场43、Coulomb field 库仑场44、δ-function δ-函数45、operator 算符46、commuting operators 对易算符47、anticommuting operators 反对易算符48、complex conjugate operator 复共轭算符49、Hermitian conjugate operator 厄米共轭算符50、Hermitian operator 厄米算符51、momentum operator 动量算符52、energy operator 能量算符53、Hamiltonian operator 哈密顿算符54、angular momentum operator 角动量算符55、spin operator 自旋算符56、eigen value 本征值57、secular equation 久期方程58、observable 可观察量59、orthogonality 正交性60、completeness 完全性61、closure property 封闭性62、normalization 归一化63、orthonormalized functions 正交归一化函数64、quantum number 量子数65、principal quantum number 主量子数66、radial quantum number 径向量子数67、angular quantum number 角量子数68、magnetic quantum number 磁量子数69、uncertainty relation 测不准关系70、principle of complementarity 并协原理71、quantum Poisson bracket 量子泊松括号72、representation 表象73、coordinate representation 坐标表象74、momentum representation 动量表象75、energy representation 能量表象76、Schrodinger representation 薛定谔表象77、Heisenberg representation 海森伯表象78、interaction representation 相互作用表象79、occupation number representation 粒子数表象80、Dirac symbol 狄拉克符号81、ket vector 右矢量82、bra vector 左矢量83、basis vector 基矢量84、basis ket 基右矢85、basis bra 基左矢86、orthogonal kets 正交右矢87、orthogonal bras 正交左矢88、symmetrical kets 对称右矢89、antisymmetrical kets 反对称右矢90、Hilbert space 希耳伯空间91、perturbation theory 微扰理论92、stationary perturbation theory 定态微扰论93、time-dependent perturbation theory 含时微扰论94、Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method W. K. B.近似法95、elastic scattering 弹性散射96、inelastic scattering 非弹性散射97、scattering cross-section 散射截面98、partial wave method 分波法99、Born approximation 玻恩近似法100、centre-of-mass coordinates 质心坐标系101、laboratory coordinates 实验室坐标系102、transition 跃迁103、dipole transition 偶极子跃迁104、selection rule 选择定则105、spin 自旋106、electron spin 电子自旋107、spin quantum number 自旋量子数108、spin wave function 自旋波函数109、coupling 耦合110、vector-coupling coefficient 矢量耦合系数111、many-partic le system 多子体系112、exchange forece 交换力113、exchange energy 交换能114、Heitler-London approximation 海特勒-伦敦近似法115、Hartree-Fock equation 哈特里-福克方程116、self-consistent field 自洽场117、Thomas-Fermi equation 托马斯-费米方程118、second quantization 二次量子化119、identical particles全同粒子120、Pauli matrices 泡利矩阵121、Pauli equation 泡利方程122、Pauli’s exclusion principle泡利不相容原理123、Relativistic wave equation 相对论性波动方程124、Klein-Gordon equation 克莱因-戈登方程125、Dirac equation 狄拉克方程126、Dirac hole theory 狄拉克空穴理论127、negative energy state 负能态128、negative probability 负几率129、microscopic causality 微观因果性本征矢量eigenvector本征态eigenstate本征值eigenvalue本征值方程eigenvalue equation本征子空间eigensubspace (可以理解为本征矢空间)变分法variatinial method标量scalar算符operator表象representation表象变换transformation of representation表象理论theory of representation波函数wave function波恩近似Born approximation玻色子boson费米子fermion不确定关系uncertainty relation狄拉克方程Dirac equation狄拉克记号Dirac symbol定态stationary state定态微扰法time-independent perturbation定态薛定谔方程time-independent Schro(此处上面有两点)dinger equati on 动量表象momentum representation角动量表象angular mommentum representation占有数表象occupation number representation坐标（位置）表象position representation角动量算符angular mommentum operator角动量耦合coupling of angular mommentum对称性symmetry对易关系commutator厄米算符hermitian operator厄米多项式Hermite polynomial分量component光的发射emission of light光的吸收absorption of light受激发射excited emission自发发射spontaneous emission轨道角动量orbital angular momentum自旋角动量spin angular momentum轨道磁矩orbital magnetic moment归一化normalization哈密顿hamiltonion黑体辐射black body radiation康普顿散射Compton scattering基矢basis vector基态ground state基右矢basis ket ‘右矢’ket基左矢basis bra简并度degenerancy精细结构fine structure径向方程radial equation久期方程secular equation量子化quantization矩阵matrix模module模方square of module内积inner product逆算符inverse operator欧拉角Eular angles泡利矩阵Pauli matrix平均值expectation value （期望值）泡利不相容原理Pauli exclusion principle氢原子hydrogen atom球鞋函数spherical harmonics全同粒子identical partic les塞曼效应Zeeman effect上升下降算符raising and lowering operator 消灭算符destruction operator产生算符creation operator矢量空间vector space守恒定律conservation law守恒量conservation quantity投影projection投影算符projection operator微扰法pertubation method希尔伯特空间Hilbert space线性算符linear operator线性无关linear independence谐振子harmonic oscillator选择定则selection rule幺正变换unitary transformation幺正算符unitary operator宇称parity跃迁transition运动方程equation of motion正交归一性orthonormalization正交性orthogonality转动rotation自旋磁矩spin magnetic monent(以上是量子力学中的主要英语词汇，有些未涉及到的可以自由组合。

SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法要写好摘要，需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库（选择的词汇来源于SCI高被引用论文）引言部分（1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的壮语老表达（3）介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等方法部分（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等结果部分（1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有show, result, present等（2）介绍结论，常用词汇有summary, introduce,conclude等讨论部分（1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有suggest, repot, present, expect, describe 等（2）说明论证，常用词汇有support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等（3）推荐和建议，常用词汇有suggest,suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose,necessity,necessary,expect等。

摘要引言部分案例词汇review•Author(s): ROBINSON, TE; BERRIDGE, KC•Title:THE NEURAL BASIS OF DRUG CRA VING - AN INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY OF ADDICTION•Source: BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS, 18 (3): 247-291 SEP-DEC 1993 《脑研究评论》荷兰SCI被引用1774We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.回顾研究背景SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇summarizeAuthor(s): Barnett, RM; Carone, CD; 被引用1571Title: Particles and field .1. Review of particle physicsSource: PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 54 (1): 1-+ Part 1 JUL 1 1996:《物理学评论，D辑》美国引言部分回顾研究背景常用词汇summarizeAbstract: This biennial review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1900 new measurements from 700 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measuredproperties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review.SCI摘要引言部分案例attentionSCI摘要方法部分案例considerSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇outline•Author(s): TIERNEY, L SCI引用728次•Title:MARKOV-CHAINS FOR EXPLORING POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTIONS 引言部分回顾研究背景，常用词汇outline•Source: ANNALS OF STATISTICS, 22 (4): 1701-1728 DEC 1994•《统计学纪事》美国•Abstract: Several Markov chain methods are available for sampling from a posterior distribution. Two important examples are the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis algorithm.In addition, several strategies are available for constructing hybrid algorithms. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. On the theoretical side, results from the theory of general state space Markov chains can be used to obtain convergence rates, laws of large numbers and central limit theorems for estimates obtained from Markov chain methods. These theoretical results can be used to guide the construction of more efficient algorithms. For the practical use of Markov chain methods, standard simulation methodology provides several Variance reduction techniques and also gives guidance on the choice of sample size and allocation.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例回顾研究背景presentAuthor(s): L YNCH, M; MILLIGAN, BG SC I被引用661Title: ANAL YSIS OF POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE WITH RAPD MARKERS Source: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 3 (2): 91-99 APR 1994《分子生态学》英国Abstract: Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it possible to score individuals at a large number of loci. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest.The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation. We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances. Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in parameter estimates is negligible. To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers. Moreover, to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be in relatively low frequency. Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional markers, and sole problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇describe•Author(s): CLONINGER, CR; SVRAKIC, DM; PRZYBECK, TR•Title: A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER•Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 50 (12): 975-990 DEC 1993《普通精神病学纪要》美国•引言部分回顾研究背景，常用词汇describe 被引用926•Abstract: In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning about self-concepts.Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3) an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, respectively. We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory. Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis, and treatment.摘要引言部分案例•（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aimSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例attempt说明写作目的•Author(s): Donoho, DL; Johnstone, IM•Title: Adapting to unknown smoothness via wavelet shrinkage•Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, 90 (432): 1200-1224 DEC 1995 《美国统计学会志》被引用429次•Abstract: We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients. The thresholding is adaptive: A threshold level is assigned to each dyadic resolution level by the principle of minimizing the Stein unbiased estimate of risk (Sure) for threshold estimates. The computational effort of the overall procedure is order N.log(N) as a function of the sample size N. SureShrink is smoothness adaptive: If the unknown function contains jumps, then the reconstruction (essentially) does also; if the unknown function has a smooth piece, then the reconstruction is (essentially) as smooth as the mother wavelet will allow. The procedure is in a sense optimally smoothness adaptive: It is near minimax simultaneously over a whole interval of the Besov scale; the size of this interval depends on the choice of mother wavelet. We know from a previous paper by the authors that traditional smoothing methods-kernels, splines, and orthogonal series estimates-even with optimal choices of the smoothing parameter, would be unable to perform in a near-minimax way over many spaces in the Besov scale.Examples of SureShrink are given. The advantages of the method are particularly evident when the underlying function has jump discontinuities on a smooth backgroundSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例To investigate说明写作目的•Author(s): OLTV AI, ZN; MILLIMAN, CL; KORSMEYER, SJ•Title: BCL-2 HETERODIMERIZES IN-VIVO WITH A CONSERVED HOMOLOG, BAX, THAT ACCELERATES PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH•Source: CELL, 74 (4): 609-619 AUG 27 1993 被引用3233•Abstract: Bcl-2 protein is able to repress a number of apoptotic death programs. To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. We identified an associated 21 kd protein partner, Bax, that has extensive amino acid homology with Bcl-2, focused within highly conserved domains I and II. Bax is encoded by six exons and demonstrates a complex pattern of alternative RNA splicing that predicts a 21 kd membrane (alpha) and two forms of cytosolic protein (beta and gamma). Bax homodimerizes and forms heterodimers with Bcl-2 in vivo. Overexpressed Bax accelerates apoptotic death induced by cytokine deprivation in an IL-3-dependent cell line. Overexpressed Bax also counters the death repressor activity of Bcl-2. These data suggest a model in which the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax determines survival or death following an apoptotic stimulus.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例purposes说明写作目的•Author(s): ROGERS, FJ; IGLESIAS, CA•Title: RADIATIVE ATOMIC ROSSELAND MEAN OPACITY TABLES•Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 79 (2): 507-568 APR 1992 《天体物理学杂志增刊》美国SCI被引用512•Abstract: For more than two decades the astrophysics community has depended on opacity tables produced at Los Alamos. In the present work we offer new radiative Rosseland mean opacity tables calculated with the OPAL code developed independently at LLNL. We give extensive results for the recent Anders-Grevesse mixture which allow accurate interpolation in temperature, density, hydrogen mass fraction, as well as metal mass fraction. The tables are organized differently from previous work. Instead of rows and columns of constant temperature and density, we use temperature and follow tracks of constant R, where R = density/(temperature)3. The range of R and temperature are such as to cover typical stellar conditions from the interior through the envelope and the hotter atmospheres. Cool atmospheres are not considered since photoabsorption by molecules is neglected. Only radiative processes are taken into account so that electron conduction is not included. For comparison purposes we present some opacity tables for the Ross-Aller and Cox-Tabor metal abundances. Although in many regions the OPAL opacities are similar to previous work, large differences are reported.For example, factors of 2-3 opacity enhancements are found in stellar envelop conditions.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例aim说明写作目的•Author(s):EDV ARDSSON, B; ANDERSEN, J; GUSTAFSSON, B; LAMBERT, DL;NISSEN, PE; TOMKIN, J•Title:THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK .1. ANALYSISAND RESULTS•Source: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 275 (1): 101-152 AUG 1993 《天文学与天体物理学》被引用934•Abstract:With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived abundances of 0, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Y, Zr, Ba and Nd, as well as individual photometric ages, for 189 nearby field F and G disk dwarfs.The galactic orbital properties of all stars have been derived from accurate kinematic data, enabling estimates to be made of the distances from the galactic center of the stars‘ birthplaces. 结构式摘要•Our extensive high resolution, high S/N, spectroscopic observations of carefully selected northern and southern stars provide accurate equivalent widths of up to 86 unblended absorption lines per star between 5000 and 9000 angstrom. The abundance analysis was made with greatly improved theoretical LTE model atmospheres. Through the inclusion of a great number of iron-peak element absorption lines the model fluxes reproduce the observed UV and visual fluxes with good accuracy. A new theoretical calibration of T(eff) as a function of Stromgren b - y for solar-type dwarfs has been established. The new models and T(eff) scale are shown to yield good agreement between photometric and spectroscopic measurements of effective temperatures and surface gravities, but the photometrically derived very high overall metallicities for the most metal rich stars are not supported by the spectroscopic analysis of weak spectral lines.•Author(s): PAYNE, MC; TETER, MP; ALLAN, DC; ARIAS, TA; JOANNOPOULOS, JD•Title:ITERA TIVE MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR ABINITIO TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS - MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS AND CONJUGA TE GRADIENTS•Source: REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, 64 (4): 1045-1097 OCT 1992 《现代物理学评论》美国American Physical Society SCI被引用2654 •Abstract: This article describes recent technical developments that have made the total-energy pseudopotential the most powerful ab initio quantum-mechanical modeling method presently available. In addition to presenting technical details of the pseudopotential method, the article aims to heighten awareness of the capabilities of the method in order to stimulate its application to as wide a range of problems in as many scientific disciplines as possible.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例includes介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围•Author(s):MARCHESINI, G; WEBBER, BR; ABBIENDI, G; KNOWLES, IG;SEYMOUR, MH; STANCO, L•Title: HERWIG 5.1 - A MONTE-CARLO EVENT GENERA TOR FOR SIMULATING HADRON EMISSION REACTIONS WITH INTERFERING GLUONS SCI被引用955次•Source: COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS, 67 (3): 465-508 JAN 1992:《计算机物理学通讯》荷兰Elsevier•Abstract: HERWIG is a general-purpose particle-physics event generator, which includes the simulation of hard lepton-lepton, lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron scattering and soft hadron-hadron collisions in one package. It uses the parton-shower approach for initial-state and final-state QCD radiation, including colour coherence effects and azimuthal correlations both within and between jets. This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself. This includes details of the input and control parameters used by the program, and the output data provided by it. Sample output from a typical simulation is given and annotated.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例presents介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围•Author(s): IDSO, KE; IDSO, SB•Title: PLANT-RESPONSES TO ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT IN THE FACE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS - A REVIEW OF THE PAST 10 YEARS RESEARCH•Source: AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, 69 (3-4): 153-203 JUL 1994 《农业和林业气象学》荷兰Elsevier 被引用225•Abstract:This paper presents a detailed analysis of several hundred plant carbon exchange rate (CER) and dry weight (DW) responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment determined over the past 10 years. It demonstrates that the percentage increase in plant growth produced by raising the air's CO2 content is generally not reduced by less than optimal levels of light, water or soil nutrients, nor by high temperatures, salinity or gaseous air pollution. More often than not, in fact, the data show the relative growth-enhancing effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment to be greatest when resource limitations and environmental stresses are most severe.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasizing •Author(s): BESAG, J; GREEN, P; HIGDON, D; MENGERSEN, K•Title: BAYESIAN COMPUTATION AND STOCHASTIC-SYSTEMS•Source: STATISTICAL SCIENCE, 10 (1): 3-41 FEB 1995《统计科学》美国•SCI被引用296次•Abstract: Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been used extensively in statistical physics over the last 40 years, in spatial statistics for the past 20 and in Bayesian image analysis over the last decade. In the last five years, MCMC has been introduced into significance testing, general Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation. This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the Bayesian paradigm, conditional probability and the intimate relationship with Markov random fields in spatial statistics.Hastings algorithms are discussed, including Gibbs, Metropolis and some other variations. Pairwise difference priors are described and are used subsequently in three Bayesian applications, in each of which there is a pronounced spatial or temporal aspect to the modeling. The examples involve logistic regression in the presence of unobserved covariates and ordinal factors; the analysis of agricultural field experiments, with adjustment for fertility gradients; and processing oflow-resolution medical images obtained by a gamma camera. Additional methodological issues arise in each of these applications and in the Appendices. The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of posterior probabilities and concurs with others in its view that MCMC facilitates a fundamental breakthrough in applied Bayesian modeling.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focuses •Author(s): HUNT, KJ; SBARBARO, D; ZBIKOWSKI, R; GAWTHROP, PJ•Title: NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CONTROL-SYSTEMS - A SURVEY•Source: AUTOMA TICA, 28 (6): 1083-1112 NOV 1992《自动学》荷兰Elsevier•SCI被引用427次•Abstract:This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks in the realm of modelling, identification and control of nonlinear systems. The basic ideas and techniques of artificial neural networks are presented in language and notation familiar to control engineers. Applications of a variety of neural network architectures in control are surveyed. We explore the links between the fields of control science and neural networks in a unified presentation and identify key areas for future research.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focus•Author(s): Stuiver, M; Reimer, PJ; Bard, E; Beck, JW;•Title: INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP•Source: RADIOCARBON, 40 (3): 1041-1083 1998《放射性碳》美国SCI被引用2131次•Abstract: The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24,000-0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment. The C-14 age-cal age information, produced by many laboratories, is converted to Delta(14)C profiles and calibration curves, for the atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measured C-14 ages and the errors therein, regional C-14 age differences, tree-coral C-14 age comparisons and the time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadal vs. single-year C-14 results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000-11,000 cal sp interval, are reflected in the Delta(14)C values of INTCAL98.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasis •Author(s): LEBRETON, JD; BURNHAM, KP; CLOBERT, J; ANDERSON, DR•Title: MODELING SURVIV AL AND TESTING BIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES USING MARKED ANIMALS - A UNIFIED APPROACH WITH CASE-STUDIES •Source: ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS, 62 (1): 67-118 MAR 1992•《生态学论丛》美国•Abstract: The understanding of the dynamics of animal populations and of related ecological and evolutionary issues frequently depends on a direct analysis of life history parameters. For instance, examination of trade-offs between reproduction and survival usually rely on individually marked animals, for which the exact time of death is most often unknown, because marked individuals cannot be followed closely through time.Thus, the quantitative analysis of survival studies and experiments must be based oncapture-recapture (or resighting) models which consider, besides the parameters of primary interest, recapture or resighting rates that are nuisance parameters. 结构式摘要•T his paper synthesizes, using a common framework, these recent developments together with new ones, with an emphasis on flexibility in modeling, model selection, and the analysis of multiple data sets. The effects on survival and capture rates of time, age, and categorical variables characterizing the individuals (e.g., sex) can be considered, as well as interactions between such effects. This "analysis of variance" philosophy emphasizes the structure of the survival and capture process rather than the technical characteristics of any particular model. The flexible array of models encompassed in this synthesis uses a common notation. As a result of the great level of flexibility and relevance achieved, the focus is changed from fitting a particular model to model building and model selection.SCI摘要方法部分案例•方法部分•（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test，study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等•（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等•（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例discusses介绍研究或试验过程•Author(s): LIANG, KY; ZEGER, SL; QAQISH, B•Title: MULTIV ARIATE REGRESSION-ANAL YSES FOR CATEGORICAL-DATA •Source:JOURNAL OF THE ROY AL STA TISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-METHODOLOGICAL, 54 (1): 3-40 1992《皇家统计学会志，B辑：统计方法论》•SCI被引用298•Abstract: It is common to observe a vector of discrete and/or continuous responses in scientific problems where the objective is to characterize the dependence of each response on explanatory variables and to account for the association between the outcomes. The response vector can comprise repeated observations on one variable, as in longitudinal studies or genetic studies of families, or can include observations for different variables.This paper discusses a class of models for the marginal expectations of each response and for pairwise associations. The marginal models are contrasted with log-linear models.Two generalized estimating equation approaches are compared for parameter estimation.The first focuses on the regression parameters; the second simultaneously estimates the regression and association parameters. The robustness and efficiency of each is discussed.The methods are illustrated with analyses of two data sets from public health research SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例介绍研究或试验过程examines•Author(s): Huo, QS; Margolese, DI; Stucky, GD•Title: Surfactant control of phases in the synthesis of mesoporous silica-based materials •Source: CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 8 (5): 1147-1160 MAY 1996•SCI被引用643次《材料的化学性质》美国•Abstract: The low-temperature formation of liquid-crystal-like arrays made up of molecular complexes formed between molecular inorganic species and amphiphilic organic molecules is a convenient approach for the synthesis of mesostructure materials.This paper examines how the molecular shapes of covalent organosilanes, quaternary ammonium surfactants, and mixed surfactants in various reaction conditions can be used to synthesize silica-based mesophase configurations, MCM-41 (2d hexagonal, p6m), MCM-48 (cubic Ia3d), MCM-50 (lamellar), SBA-1 (cubic Pm3n), SBA-2 (3d hexagonal P6(3)/mmc), and SBA-3(hexagonal p6m from acidic synthesis media). The structural function of surfactants in mesophase formation can to a first approximation be related to that of classical surfactants in water or other solvents with parallel roles for organic additives. The effective surfactant ion pair packing parameter, g = V/alpha(0)l, remains a useful molecular structure-directing index to characterize the geometry of the mesophase products, and phase transitions may be viewed as a variation of g in the liquid-crystal-Like solid phase. Solvent and cosolvent structure direction can be effectively used by varying polarity, hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties and functionalizing the surfactant molecule, for example with hydroxy group or variable charge. Surfactants and synthesis conditions can be chosen and controlled to obtain predicted silica-based mesophase products. A room-temperature synthesis of the bicontinuous cubic phase, MCM-48, is presented. A low-temperature (100 degrees C) and low-pH (7-10) treatment approach that can be used to give MCM-41 with high-quality, large pores (up to 60 Angstrom), and pore volumes as large as 1.6 cm(3)/g is described.Estimates 介绍研究或试验过程SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例•Author(s): KESSLER, RC; MCGONAGLE, KA; ZHAO, SY; NELSON, CB; HUGHES, M; ESHLEMAN, S; WITTCHEN, HU; KENDLER, KS•Title:LIFETIME AND 12-MONTH PREV ALENCE OF DSM-III-R PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS IN THE UNITED-STA TES - RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL-COMORBIDITY-SURVEY•Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 51 (1): 8-19 JAN 1994•《普通精神病学纪要》美国SCI被引用4350次•Abstract: Background: This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a national probability sample in the United States.Methods: The DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among persons aged 15 to 54 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the United States were assessed with data collected by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Nearly 50% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, and close to 30% reported at least one 12-month disorder. The most common disorders were major depressive episode, alcohol dependence, social phobia, and simple phobia. More than half of all lifetime disorders occurred in the 14% of the population who had a history of three or more comorbid disorders. These highly comorbid people also included the vast majority of people with severe disorders.Less than 40% of those with a lifetime disorder had ever received professional treatment,and less than 20% of those with a recent disorder had been in treatment during the past 12 months. Consistent with previous risk factor research, it was found that women had elevated rates of affective disorders and anxiety disorders, that men had elevated rates of substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder, and that most disorders declined with age and with higher socioeconomic status. Conclusions: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is greater than previously thought to be the case. Furthermore, this morbidity is more highly concentrated than previously recognized in roughly one sixth of the population who have a history of three or more comorbid disorders. This suggests that the causes and consequences of high comorbidity should be the focus of research attention. The majority of people with psychiatric disorders fail to obtain professional treatment. Even among people with a lifetime history of three or more comorbid disorders, the proportion who ever obtain specialty sector mental health treatment is less than 50%.These results argue for the importance of more outreach and more research on barriers to professional help-seekingSCI高被引摘要方法部分案例说明研究或试验方法measure•Author(s): Schlegel, DJ; Finkbeiner, DP; Davis, M•Title:Maps of dust infrared emission for use in estimation of reddening and cosmic microwave background radiation foregrounds•Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 500 (2): 525-553 Part 1 JUN 20 1998 SCI 被引用2972 次《天体物理学杂志》美国•The primary use of these maps is likely to be as a new estimator of Galactic extinction. To calibrate our maps, we assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 mu m emission. We find consistent calibration using the B-R color distribution of a sample of the 106 brightest cluster ellipticals, as well as a sample of 384 ellipticals with B-V and Mg line strength measurements. For the latter sample, we use the correlation of intrinsic B-V versus Mg, index to tighten the power of the test greatly. We demonstrate that the new maps are twice as accurate as the older Burstein-Heiles reddening estimates in regions of low and moderate reddening. The maps are expected to be significantly more accurate in regions of high reddening. These dust maps will also be useful for estimating millimeter emission that contaminates cosmic microwave background radiation experiments and for estimating soft X-ray absorption. We describe how to access our maps readily for general use.SCI高被引摘要结果部分案例application介绍应用、用途•Author(s): MALLAT, S; ZHONG, S•Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF SIGNALS FROM MULTISCALE EDGES•Source: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, 14 (7): 710-732 JUL 1992•SCI被引用508次《IEEE模式分析与机器智能汇刊》美国•Abstract: A multiscale Canny edge detection is equivalent to finding the local maxima ofa wavelet transform. We study the properties of multiscale edges through the wavelet。

精要速览系列（影印版）Instant Notes Neuroscience神经科学……………核心词汇翻译参考手册……………………按章节顺序：Section A Brain cellsA1 Neuron structureNeuron 神经细胞，神经元Subcellular organelles 亚细胞器Nissl body 尼氏体神经元中的粗面内质网形成的聚合物。

Neurite 神经突Axon 轴突Dendrite 树突Mitochondria 线粒体dendritic spines 树突脊树突在神经元上分化成几百个微小投射。

axon hillock 轴丘myelin sheath 髓鞘axon collalterals 轴突分枝terminals 突触末稍varicosities 曲张体microtubules 微管cytoskeleton 细胞骨架A2 Classes and numbers of neuronsMorphology 形态学Neurotranmitters 神经递质Unipolar 单极神经元仅有一个树突的神经元。

Bipolar 双极神经元Multipolar 多极神经元Pseudounipolar 假单极神经元生长出两个神经突，但随后融合Pyramidal cell 锥体细胞Purkinje cell 浦肯野氏细胞Projection neuron 投射神经元拥有长轴突的神经元Interneurons 中间神经元拥有短的轴突的神经元Afferent 传入Efferent 传出Sensory neuron 感觉神经元Motor neuron 运动神经元A3 Morphology of chemical synapseselectrical synapse 电突触chemical synapse 化学突触synaptic cleft 突触间隙axodendritic synapse 轴树突触轴突与树突之间的突触axosomatic synapse 轴体突触axoaxonal synapse 轴轴突触small clear synaptic vesicles(SSVs) 小清楚突触囊泡在突触前神经元存在的贮存递质的囊泡dense projections 致密突起active zone 活性区域postsynaptic density 突触致密物质large dense-core vesicles 庞大致密度中心囊泡A4 glial cells and myelinationGlial cells 胶质细胞是神经细胞的辅助细胞Astrocytes 星状细胞Oligodendrocytes 寡突细胞Schwann cells 许旺氏细胞围绕在神经细胞外的一种胶质细胞，形成髓鞘。

a rXiv:mat h-ph/99424v126Apr1999(NON-)GIBBSIANNESS AND PHASE TRANSITIONS IN RANDOM LATTICE SPIN MODELS ∗Christof K¨u lske 1WIAS Mohrenstrasse 39D-10117Berlin,Germany Abstract:We consider disordered lattice spin models with finite volume Gibbs measures µΛ[η](dσ).Here σdenotes a lattice spin-variable and ηa lattice random variable with prod-uct distribution I P describing the disorder of the model.We ask:When will the joint measures lim Λ↑Z Z d I P (dη)µΛ[η](dσ)be [non-]Gibbsian measures on the product of spin-space and disorder-space?We obtain general criteria for both Gibbsianness and non-Gibbsianness providing an interesting link between phase transitions at a fixed random configuration and Gibbsianness in product space:Loosely speaking,a phase transition can lead to non-Gibbsianness,(only)if it can be observed on the spin-observable conjugate to the independent disorder variables.Our main specific example is the random field Ising model in any dimension for which weshow almost sure-[almost sure non-]Gibbsianness for the single-[multi-]phase region.We also discuss models with disordered couplings,including spinglasses and ferromagnets,where various mechanisms are responsible for [non-]Gibbsianness.Key Words:Disordered Systems,Gibbs-measures,non-Gibbsianness,Random Field Model,Random Bond Model,SpinglassI.IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to present a class of measures on discrete lattice spins showing a rich behavior w.r.t.their Gibbsianness properties.The examples we consider turn up in a natural context of well-studied disordered systems.Given a random lattice system,such as the randomfield Ising model,we look at the joint distribution of spins and random variables describing the disorder.It is now very natural from a probabilistic point of view to consider the corresponding joint measures on the skew space resulting from the a-priori distribution of the disorder variables.Taking the infinite volume limit leads to infinite volume measures on the skew space.We will investigate the Gibbsianness-properties of such measures,for generalfinite range potentials.As we will see,this gives rise to a whole family of interesting examples of measures with non-trivial behavior.Why consider these measures?-Gibbs measures are the basic objects for a mathematically rigorous description of equilibrium statistical mechanics.They are characterized by the fact that theirfinite volume conditional expectations can be written in terms of an absolutely summable interaction potential.The failure of the Gibbsian property is linked to the emergence of long-range correlations or hidden phase transitions.In the theory of disordered systems on the other hand,the understanding of potentially non-local behavior as a function of the disorder variables is very important.It is a general theme that comes up very soon in any serious analysis of a lot of disordered systems. E.g.,it leads to technically involved concepts like that of a‘bad region’in space where the realization of the random variable was exceptional that must be treated carefully because it could lead to non-locality.Now,as we will see in our general investigation,the[non-]Gibbsianness of the joint measures is related in an interesting way to the[non-]locality of certain expectations of random Gibbs-measures as a function of the disorder variables.Since such a non-locality can arise in a variety of different ways,there is a variety of different‘mechanisms’for non-Gibbsianness.So,the much-disputed phenomenon of non-Gibbsianness becomes related in a somewhat surprising way to continuity questions of the random Gibbs measures on the spins w.r.t.disorder,or,in other words,phase transitions induced by changes of the disorder variables.The present investigation was motivated by the special recent example of the Ising-ferromagnet with site-dilution(‘GriSing randomfield’)that was shown to be non-Gibbsian but almost Gibbsian in[EMSS]where an interesting realization of the disorder variables leading to‘non-continuity’was found.Mathematically the analysis was simplified here because the system considered breaks down intofinite pieces.This is of course not true in most of the systems ofinterest(say:the randomfield Ising model).Such a‘non-decoupling’is going to be an essential complication of the general treatment we are going to present,as we will see.Let us remark that there has been some discussion during the last years about numer-ous examples of non-Gibbsian measures,to what extent the failure of the Gibbsian property has to be taken serious,and what suitable generalizations of Gibbsianness should be(see e.g. [F],[E],[DS],[BKL],[MRM],references therin,and the basic paper[EFS]).While this discussion still does not seem to befinished,the answers seem to depend on the specific situation.Our point in this context is less a general philosophical one,but to provide interesting examples that show(non-)Gibbsianness in a slightly different light related to important issues in the theory of random Gibbs measures.More precisely we will do the following:Basic Definitions:Denote byΩ=ΩZ Z d0the space of spin-configurationsσ=(σx)x∈Z Z d,whereΩ0is afiniteset.Similarly we denote by H=H Z Z d0the space of disorder variablesη=(ηx)x∈Z Z dentering the model,where H0is afinite set.Each copy of H0carries a measureν(dηx)and H carries the product-measure over the sites,I P=ν⊗Z d.We denote the corresponding expectation by I E. The space of joint configurationsΩ×H=(Ω0×H0)Z Z d is called skew space.It is equipped with the product topology.We consider disordered models whose formal infinite volume Hamiltonian can be writtenin terms of terms of disordered potentials(ΦA)A⊂Z Z d,Hη(σ)= A⊂Z Z dΦA(σ,η)(1.1)whereΦA depends only on the spins and disorder variables in A.We assume for simplicityfinite range,i.e.thatΦA=0for diam A>r.A lot of disordered models can be cast into this form.Forfixed realization of the disorder variableηwe denote byµσb.c.Λ[η]the correspondingfinite volume Gibbs-measures inΛ⊂Z Z d with boundary conditionσb.c..As usual,they are the probability measures onΩthat are given by the formulaµσb.c.Λ[η](f):= σΛf(σΛσb.c.Z Z d\Λ)e−A∩Λ=∅ΦA(σΛσb.c.Z d\Λ,η)We look at spins and disorder variables at the same time and define joint spin variablesξx=(σx,ηx)∈Ω0×H0.The objects of main interest will then be the correspondingfinite vol-.They are the probability measures on the skew space(Ω0×H0)Z Z d ume joint measures Kσb.c.Λthat are given by the formula(F):= I P(dη) µσb.c.Λ[η](dσ)F(σ,η)(1.3)Kσb.c.Λfor any bounded measurable joint observable F:Ω×H→I R.We will consider the following examples in more detail:(i)The Random-Field Ising Model:The single spin space isΩ0={−1,1}.The Hamilto-nian isHη(σ)=−J <x,y>σxσy−h xηxσx(1.4) where the formal sum is over nearest neighbors<x,y>and J,h>0.The disorder variables are given by the randomfieldsηx that are i.i.d.with single-site distributionνthat is supported on afinite set H0.The joint spins we will consider are given in a natural way by the Ising spin and the random field at the same site,i.e.ξx=(σx,ηx).ξx is thus4-valued in the case of symmetric Bernoulli distribution.(ii)Ising Models with Random Couplings:Random Bond,EA-Spinglass The single spin space isΩ0={−1,1}.The Hamiltonian isHη(σ)=− x,e J x,eσxσx+e(1.5)where the formal sum is over sites x∈Z Z d and the nearest neighbor vectors in the positive lattice directions,i.e.e∈{(1,0,0,...,0),(0,1,0,...,0),...,(0,0,...,1)}=:E.The random variablesJ x,e takefinitely many values,independently over the‘bonds’x,e.Specific distributions we will consider are e.g.(a)Random Bond:J x,e takes values J1,J2>0(b)EA-Spinglass:Symmetric(non-degenerate)3-valued,J x,e takes values−J,0,J withν(J x,e=J)=ν(J x,e=−J),0<ν(J x,e=0)<1We define the joint spins by the Ising spin and the collection of adjacent couplings pointing in the positive direction,i.e.ξx=(σx,ηx)=(σx,(J x,e)e∈E).It is thus16-valued in dimension3in case(a).We think of the Random Field Ising model for a moment to motivate what we are going to do.Recall that,in two dimensions,for almost every realization of the random fields ηw.r.t.to the I P there exists a unique infinite volume Gibbs measure µ(η)(see [AW]).In three or more dimensions,for low temperatures and ‘small disorder’there exist ferromagnetically ordered phases µ+,−(η)obtained by different boundary conditions [BK].Different from the GriSing example of [EMSS]we can hence consider various infinite volume versions of the form ‘I P (dη)µ(η)(dσ)’.The most general thing now that we can reasonably do,is to fix any boundary condition σb.c..Then,due to compactness,there are always subsequences such that the corresponding K σb.c.Λ(dξ)converges weakly to a probability measure on the skew space that we call K (dξ).Note that this measure can in general depend on the boundary condition and the particular choice of the subsequence in d ≥2.It can be shown that:by conditioning K (dξ)=K (dσ,dη)on the disorder variable ηone obtains a (not necessarily extremal)random infinite volume Gibbs-measure,for I P -almost every η.1The aim of this paper is to investigate the question:When are the weak limit points of K σb.c.Λ(dξ)Gibbs-measures on the skew-space?When are they almost [almost not]Gibbs?This investigation is about continuity properties of conditional expectations.Throughout the paper we will use the following notion of continuity that involves only uniquely defined finite volume events.Following [MRM]we say:Definition:A point ξ∈Ω×H is called good configuration for K ,if sup ξ+,ξ−Λ:Λ⊃V K (˜ξx ξV \x ,ξ+Λ\V )−K (˜ξx ξV \x ,ξ−Λ\V ) →0(1.6)with V ↑Z Z d ,for any site x ∈Z Z d ,for any ˜ξx ∈H 0.Call ξbad ,if it is not good.As usual we have written ξA =(ξx )x ∈A (and will also do so for σA ,ηA ).In words:Good configuration are the points ξwhere:The family of conditional expectations of K is equicontinuous w.r.t.the parameter Λ.We recall:If there are no bad configurations,the measure K is Gibbsian (see [MRM]).If Gibbsianness does not hold,one can ask for the K -measure of the set of bad configurations.We say that K is almost Gibbsian,if it has K -measure zero.If it has K -measure one,we say that K is almost non-Gibbsian.(See also the beginning of the next chapter.)In the remainder of the paper we will prove criteria that ensure that a configuration(η,σ)is good or bad(see propositions1-6).It might not be very intuitive atfirst sight to understand why such measures can ever be non-Gibbsian.Let us stress the following facts:Surely,the conditional expectation of the spin-variableσx given the joint variableξ=(σ,η)away from x andηx is a local function,given by the local specifications.Trivially,the conditional expectation of the disorder variableηx givenηaway from x is a local function-it is even independent.However: The conditional expectation ofηx givenηandσaway from x can be highly nontrivial,due to the coupling between spins and disorder arising from the local specifications(1.2).Rather than presenting our general results at this point,we specialize to the Random Field Ising Model.For this model there is a complete characterization of a bad configuration in terms of the behavior of thefinite volume Gibbs-measures that is particularly transparent.We obtain:Theorem1:Consider a randomfield Ising model of the form(1.4),in any dimension d.A configurationξ=(η,σ)is a bad configuration for any joint measure obtained as a limit point of thefinite volume joint measures I P(dη)µσb.c.∂ΛΛ[η]if and only iflim Λ↑∞µ+Λ[ηΛ](˜σx=1)>limΛ↑∞µ−Λ[ηΛ](˜σx=1)(1.7)for some site x,independent ofσ.Hereµ+,−Λare thefinite volume Gibbs measures with+(resp.−)boundary conditions.Note,that the theorem will hold for the joint measures corresponding to Dobrushin states that are supposed to exist in d≥4.1Using the known results about the randomfield model one immediately obtains:Corollary:(i)d=1:K is Gibbsian,for all J,h>0.(ii)d=2:K is a.s.Gibbsian for all J,h>0.On the other hand,suppose thatν[ηx=0]>0.Assume that J is sufficiently large andh>0.Then K is not Gibbsian.(iii)d≥3,νsymmetric,J>0sufficiently large,ν[η2x]sufficiently small.Then any such K isa.s.not Gibbs.Indeed:The a.s.Gibbsianness in d=2follows from the a.s.absence of ferromagnetism, proved in[AW].That we have Non-Gibbsianness in d≥2if the support of the randomfields contains zero follows from the fact that the configurationξ=(ηx≡0,σ)is a bad,if J islarge enough s.t.there is ferromagnetic order in the homogeneous Ising ferromagnet.A.s.non-Gibbsianness under the conditions(iii)follows from the existence ferromagnetic order,proved in[BK].The organization of the paper is as follows.In Chapter II we investigate the one-site conditional probabilities of K and prove general criteria that ensure that a configuration is good or bad.We will see that the important general step is to consider the single-site variation of the Hamiltonian w.r.t.the disorder variableηx and rewrite the conditional expectations in the form of Lemma1.This leads to expressions involving certain expectations of the‘conjugate’spin-observable.In the example of the randomfield model this observable is just the spinσx;thus the corresponding criteria in Theorem(i)are simply formulated in terms of the magnetization.In Chapter III we apply our results.We prove Theorem1about the RFIM.Next we comment on Models with decoupling configurations,recalling the GriSing randomfield of[EMSS] and Models with random couplings(including spinglasses)that can be zero.This provides more examples of non-Gibbsianfields.Next we specialize our criteria of Chapter II to Models with random couplings,proving Theorem2.Based on this we give a heuristic discussion explaining how the validity of the Gibbsian property can be linked to the absence of random Dobrushin states.Acknowledgments:The author thanks A.van Enter for a private explanation of reference[EMSS].II.Criteria for joint[non-]GibbsiannessIn this chapter we are going to investigate whether a configurationξ=(η,σ)is good or bad for the joint states K.We will obtain criteria that are given in terms of the local specifications. To do so we introduce the single-site variation of the Hamiltonian w.r.t.disorder(2.2)and use thefinite volume perturbation formula(2.3)to rewrite the conditional expectations of K in the form of Lemma1.This leads to the characterization of good resp.bad configurations of the Corollary of Proposition1.As direct consequences thereof,Propositions2and3give more convenient conditions that ensure goodness resp.badness.Under the additional assumption of a.s.convergent Gibbs measures we obtain the slightly less obvious criterion for badness of Proposition4.Before we start,let us however summarize the following facts about the notion of good configuration and its relevance for Gibbsianness,for the sake of clarity:(i)Ifξis bad for K any version of the conditional expectationξZ Z d→K(ξx|ξZ Z d\x)must bediscontinuous for some site x(use DLR-equation,see Proposition4.3[MRM]).(ii)Conversely:Assume thatˆξ∈G:={ξ;ξis good}.Then limΛ↑Z Z d K(ξx|ˆξΛ\x)exists for any site x and hence also limΛ↑Z Z d K(ξV|ˆξΛ\V)=:γV(ξV|ˆξZ Z d\V)exists for anyfinite volume V.If G has full measure w.r.t K,the above limit can be(arbitrarily)extended to a measur-able function of the conditioning.It is readily seen to define a version of the conditional expectationξZ Z d\V→K(ξV|ξZ Z d\V)that is continuous within the set G[i.e.:ξ(N)→ξwith ξ(N),ξ∈G implies K(ξV|ξ(N)Z Z d\V)→K(ξV|ξZ Z d\V)].(See[MRM]:Proof of Proposition4.4).In this situation we call K almost Gibbs.1In particular:If every configuration is good,the measure K has a version of the conditional expectation that is continuous on the whole space and is Gibbs therefor.In the sequel it will be important to keep track of the local dependence of various quantities.It will be useful to make this explicit.We use the followingNotation:For thefixed interaction range r we introduce the r-boundary∂B={x∈Z Z d\B;d(x,B)≤r}.In the same fashion we writeΛ)=I PΛ)µσb.c.∂ΛΛ[ΛN\Λµσb.c.∂ΛNΛN[ηx,ηΛ\x,˜ησ′x I EΛN\Λ](σ′x,σΛ\x)=µσ∂x x[ηx,η∂x](σx)(2.1)where the second equality follows from the application of the compatibility relation for theµ-measures for the inner volume made of the single site x,as soon asΛ⊃1If K(G)=1but G=H×Ω,we have:G is dense in H×Ω[since any ball w.r.t.a metric for the product topology has to have positive K-mass,under the assumption of bounded interactions Φ.]Thus the conditional expectation is continuous on G but necessarily not uniformly continuous (because it could be extended to the whole space otherwise.)non-locality as a function of σΛ\x ,ηΛ\x in this term.On the other hand we see that,if the conditional ηx -distribution has a non-local behavior as a function of σΛ\x ,ηΛ\x ,this carries over also to the σx -marginal K σb.c.∂ΛN ΛN σx σΛ\x ;ηΛ\x = K σb.c.∂ΛN ΛN d ˜ηx σΛ\x ;ηΛ\x µσ∂x x [˜ηx ,η∂x ](σx )unless the dependence on ˜ηx of the one-site expecta-tion under the last integral is trivial,of course.After these simple remarks we come to the important formula that is going to be the starting point of all our analysis.Let us define the single-site-variation of the Hamiltonian w.r.t.the disorder variable 1ηx at the site x to be∆H x (σx ,ηx η∂x )−ΦA σΛ\x ](dσΛ)f (σΛ)= µσb.c.∂ΛΛ[η0x ,ηx ,ηx ,η0x ,η∂x )Λ\x ](dσΛ)e −∆H x (σΛN \Λ σ∂−Λ;η0x ,ηΛ\x µσb.c.∂ΛN ΛN [η0x ,ηΛ\x ,˜ηx )e−∆H x (˜σΛN \Λ σ∂−Λ;η0x ,ηΛ\x µσb.c.∂ΛN ΛN [η0x ,ηΛ\x ,˜ηx )e−∆H x (˜σ1A quantity of this type also plays a crucial role in [AW]where the fluctuations of extensive quantities are investigated.Its Gibbs expectation could be termed ‘order parameter that is conju-gate to the disorder’.Proof:To compute the conditional distribution of ηx we use the finite volume perturbation formula to extract the variation of ηx .We use a convention to put tildes on quantities that are integrated and writeK σb.c.∂ΛN ΛN σΛ\x ;ηx ,ηΛ\x =I P (ηx )I P (ηΛ\x )×I EΛN \Λ](σΛ\x )=I P (ηx )I P (ηΛ\x )×I EΛN \Λ](d ˜σΛ)e −∆H x (˜σ µσb.c.∂ΛN ΛN [η0x ,ηΛ\x ,˜ηx ,ηx ,η0x ,η∂x )=I P (ηx )×I P (ηΛ\x )µσ∂−ΛΛo [η0x ,ηΛ\x ](σΛo \x )× µσ∂x x [η0x ,η∂x](d ˜σx )e −∆H x (σ∂x ,˜σx ,ηx ,η0x ,η∂x )×I E ΛN \Λ](σ∂−Λ)ΛN \Λ](d ˜σΛ)e −∆H x (˜σΛN \Λµσb.c.∂ΛN ΛN [η0x ,ηΛ\x ,˜η µσb.c.∂ΛN ΛN [η0x ,ηΛ\x ,˜ηx ,ηx ,η0x ,η∂x )= K σb.c.∂ΛN ΛN d ˜ηΛN \Λ](d ˜σx ,ηx ,η0x ,η∂x ) −1×I EΛN \Λ](σ∂−Λ)(2.6)where the term in the last line is just a constant for ηx .♦Remark:The formula gives the modification of the conditional expectation compared with the ‘free’a-priori measure ν(ηx )that results from the non-trivial coupling of ηto the spin-variable σ.The second term in the second line of (2.4),a Gibbs expectation of the exponential of the single-site variation of the Hamiltonian,is of course a local function in the conditioning.Assuming the finiteness of the potential it is bounded.Thus,to investigate the potential non-locality of the l.h.s.one has to investigate the third line of (2.4).Remark:The local ΛN -limit of the conditional expectation K σb.c.∂ΛN ΛN d ˜ηthe existence of aΛN-limit on the l.h.s.of(2.5).TheΛN limit of the last line of(2.6)[the normalization needed to obtain probabilities]also exists by the hypothesis.Sometimes it is convenient to rewrite(2.4)using that,by thefinite volume perturbation formula,we haveµσb.c.∂ΛNΛN[η0x,ηΛ\x,˜ηx)e−∆H x(˜σΛN\Λ](d˜σx,ηx,η0x,η∂x)≡µσb.c.∂ΛNΛN[ηΛ,˜ηΛN\Λ]/Zσb.c.∂ΛNΛN[ηxηΛ\x˜ηK η2x σΛ\x;ηΛ\x =q local(η1x,η2x,σ∂x,η∂x)q nonlocΛ,x[η1x,η2x,ηΛ\x,σ∂−Λ](2.8) whereq local(η1x,η2x,σ∂x,η∂x)=ν(η1x)ΛN\Λ σ∂−Λ;η2x,ηΛ\xµσb.c.∂ΛNΛN[η1x,ηΛ\x,˜ηx)e∆H x(˜σend that both q ’s in Proposition 0are uniformly bounded against zero and one,by the assumed finiteness of ∆H x .♦To understand the symmetry between η1and η2in this formula we remark that q local as well as the inner integral in (2.10)can be written as fractions of partitions functions,by the remark following (2.7).We will now discuss various consequences of Corollary of Proposition 1.It is very difficult to say anything reasonable about the behavior of the conditional measure K σb.c.∂ΛN ΛN d ˜ηΛ\V] e ∆H x (η1x ,η2x ,η∂x ) −µσb.c.∂ΛΛ[η1x ,ηV \x ,η−ΛN \Λ] e∆H x (η1x ,η2x ,η∂x )−µσb.c.∂ΛN ΛN[η1x ,ηx ,η1x ,η2x ,η∂x )≤r V,x (η1x ,η2x ,η)(2.13)to compare the µ-terms under the ˜η-integrals with a term that is independent of ˜ηand η+,−.This shows that (2.11)is bounded by 2r V,x which converges to zero.♦Remark:To estimate r V,x (η1x ,η2x ,η)we can also bound the variation of the random cou-plings by the variation over the boundary conditionsr V,x (η1x ,η2x ,η)≤sup σ1,σ2µσ1∂−V V o [η1x ηV \x ] e ∆H x (η1x ,η2x ,η∂x ) −µσ2∂−V V o [η1x ηV \x ] e ∆H x (η1x ,η2x ,η∂x )(2.14)Remark:We see,how(2.12)parallels(1.6).The quantity that is of interest is now the Gibbs-expectation of the exponential of the single-site variation as a function of the disorder variables.In words:If we have equicontinuity in the parameterΛof thesefiniteΛ-Gibbs expec-tations w.r.t.the disorder variable at the pointη,we conclude thatη,σis a good configuration. The reader may alsofind it intuitive to rewrite the Gibbs-expectations appearing in(2.12)in the form of fractions of partition functions,or(equivalently)as exponentials of differences of free energies taken forη1x andη2x.In slightly different words the criterion thus requires:Equiconti-nuity in the volume of the single site-variations of the free energies w.r.t.the disorder variable at the pointη.To get a criterion for bad configurations that is independent of the behavior of the outer expectation of q nonloc[see(2.10)]leads to an expression that is slightly more complicated because it contains an additional supremum.Proposition3:Putq upper Λ,x [η1x,η2x,ηΛ\x]:=lim supΛN↑Z Z dsup˜ηΛN\Λ] e∆H x(η1x,η2x,η∂x) (2.15)Thenη,σis a bad configuration for K,if for some site x,for some pairη1x,η2xlim V↑Z Z dsupη+,η−Λ:Λ⊃Vq upperΛ,x[η2x,η1x,ηV\x,η+Λ\V] −1−q upperΛ,x[η1x,η2x,ηV\x,η−Λ\V] >0(2.16)Proof:By(2.7)and the uniform estimate of the˜η-integral we see that thatq nonloc Λ,x [η1x,η2x,ηΛ\x,σ∂−Λ]≤q upperΛ,x[η1x,η2x,ηΛ\x],≥q upperΛ,x[η2x,η1x,ηΛ\x]−1(2.17)Hence the claim(discontinuity of the l.h.s.)follows from the definition of a bad configuration.♦Models with a.s.convergent Gibbs states:Suppose that we have the existence of a weak limitlim Λ↑Z Z d µσb.c.∂ΛΛ[ηΛ]=µ∞[ηZ Z d](2.18)for I P-a.e.η.It follows thatµ∞[ηZ Z d]is an infinite volume Gibbs measure for P-a.e.ηthat depends measurably onη.Consequently the infinite volume joint state is then just the I P-integralofµ∞.We stress that this has not been assumed so far and is really a much stronger assumption then local convergence of the joint states.It is not expected to hold e.g.for spinglasses in the multi-phase region(that is supposed although not proved to exist).This assumption implies that the terms in the main formula of Lemma1converge individ-ually withΛN↑Z Z d.So we have thatq nonloc Λ,x [η1x,η2x,ηΛ\x,σ∂−Λ]= K d˜ηZ Z d\Λ σ∂−Λ;η2x,ηΛ\x µ∞[η1x,ηΛ\x,˜ηZ Z d\Λ] e∆H x(η1x,η2x,η∂x) (2.19) Suppose we want to exhibit a bad configuration and we have estimates on the continuity ofη→µ∞[η]for typical directions but not in all directions.For an example of a perturbation in an atypical direction think of the randomfield Ising model that will be discussed below.Here the Gibbs-measure with plus boundary conditions can be pushed in the‘wrong phase’by choosing the randomfields to be minus in a large annulus.While the RFIM can be treated by Proposition3there are examples where we would like to get away from uniform estimates w.r.t.˜ηin favorof estimates that are only true for typical˜η,for the a-priori measure I P.To obtain the following criterion is more subtle than what we noted in Proposition2and3. The trick is to show the existence of suitable‘bad’σ-conditionings using the knowledge about typical disorder variables w.r.t.the unbiased I P-measure.Proposition4:Assume the a.s.existence of the weak limits offinite volume Gibbs measures (2.18)and denote by K the corresponding infinite volume joint measure.The configurationξ=(η,σ)is a bad configuration for K if:for each cube V,centered at the origin,there exists an increasing choice of volumesΛ(V),and configurationsηV,¯ηV s.t.forI P-a.e.˜ηwe have thatlim infV↑Z Z dµ∞[η1x,ηV\x¯ηVΛ(V)\V,˜ηZ Z d\Λ] e∆H x(η1x,η2x,η∂x)>lim supV↑Z Z dµ∞[η1x,ηV\xηVΛ(V)\V,˜ηZ Z d\Λ] e∆H x(η1x,η2x,η∂x) (2.20) for some site x,and someη1x,η2x.Proof:We will show that there exist two conditionings¯σandσ,s.t.lim inf V↑Z Z d q nonlocΛ(V),x[η1x,η2x,ηV\x¯ηVΛ(V)\V,¯σ∂−Λ(V)]>lim supV↑Z Z d q nonlocΛ(V),x[η1x,η2x,ηV\xηVΛ(V)\V,σ∂−Λ(V)](2.21)From this and the Corollary of Proposition1follows the badness.To show(2.21)we proceed as follows:The l.h.s.and r.h.s.of(2.20)are tail measur-able,hence a.s.constant.Denote the l.h.s of(2.20)by¯q∞[η1x,η2x,ηZ Z d\x]and the r.h.s.by q∞[η1x,η2x,ηZ Z d\x].We will show that there exists a conditioningσs.t.the r.h.s.of(2.21)is bounded from above by q∞[η1x,η2x,ηZ Z d\x].(Similarly,there exists a conditioning¯σs.t.the l.h.s. of(2.21)is bounded from below by¯q∞[η1x,η2x,ηZ Z d\x].)We will construct this conditioning as a sequence given on the‘small’annuli∂−Λ(V)(and arbitrary for other lattice sites.)To make use of the a.s.statement w.r.t the product measure I P we need to produce a formula that recovers this measure.We writelim sup V↑∞ ˜σ∂−Λ(V) K∞ ˜σ∂−Λ(V) η2x,ηV\xηVΛ(V)\V q nonlocΛ(V),x[η1x,η2x,ηV\xηVΛ(V)\V,˜σ∂−Λ(V)]=lim supV↑∞ I P(d˜η)µ∞[η1x,ηV\xηVΛ(V)\V,˜ηZ Z d\Λ] e∆H x(η1x,η2x,η∂x) ≤q∞[η1x,η2x,ηZ Z d\x](2.22)where thefirst equality follows from(2.19)and the inequality from Fatou’s Lemma w.r.t product-integration of the˜η.From this,the existence of such a conditioningσis easy to see.(By contradiction:If the claim were not true,for any sequence of conditioningsσ∂−Λ(V),we wouldhave that there exists a positiveǫs.t.min˜σ∂−Λ(V)q nonlocΛ(V),x[...,˜σ∂−Λ(V)]≥q∞[...]+ǫfor infinitelymany V’s.But this would imply that also the quantity under the limsup on the l.h.s.of(2.22) [which is just a˜σ∂−Λ(V)-expectation]would have to be bigger of equal to this bound,for the same infinitely many V’s.)♦III.ExamplesIII.1:The randomfield Ising modelNote that the single site perturbation w.r.t the randomfield of the Hamiltonian is very simple,i.e.e∆H x(σx,η1x,η2x)=e h(η2x−η1x)σx=e h(η1x−η2x)+2sinh h(η2x−η1x)1σx =1(3.1)An application of Propositions2and3gives,with the aid of monotonicity arguments Theorem1, as stated in the introduction.It provides a complete characterization of good/bad configurations in terms of the behavior of thefinite volume Gibbs-expectations with plus resp.minus boundary conditions.The interesting part,the mechanism of non-continuity,is due to the fact that we can make the randomfield Gibbs measure look like the plus(minus)phase around a given site by choosing thefields in a sufficiently large annulus to be plus(minus).That this works independently of what thefields even further outside do,is crucial for the argument.Proof of Theorem1:We use the fact that the function(η,σbc)→µσbcΛ[ηΛ](˜σx=1)is monotone(w.r.t.the partial order of its arguments obtained by site-wise comparison.)From。