ABSTRACT 1 The three ages of perception

专业英语八级人文知识之美国文学第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）概述1、美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）早在欧洲人闯入北美大陆之前，那里世世代代居住的原始人是印第安人，他们的文化早已在这片土地上流传、存在了几千年之久。

他们创造出了并仍然在创造这优秀的印第安口头文学。

在各种典礼上咏诵的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，世世代代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山间岩壁上的象形史诗，都是印第安传统文学的只要内容和形式，也是人类文明的宝贵遗产之一。

后来，随着殖民地的开拓，移民人数的剧增，印第安文化不断遭受重创，从而在17世纪出现断裂。

18世界末又开始以书面文学的形式开始了新的发展。

Three stages of development：1）traditional literature 2）transitional literature 3）modern literature2、北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末—十七世纪中期）北美殖民文学的开端，以1607年英国在今佛吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立第一个永久性殖民点为标志。

从那时起直到1776年美利坚合众国成立，这半个世纪的北美英语文学的发展是外来文学移植、扎根并本土化的一个准备过程。

这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记随笔等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。

John Smith was considered to be the first author in the history of American literature。

3、清教思想的表述最初从欧洲来到美国的定居者被成为“清教徒”，因为他们迁徙的主要目的之一是为了“净化”教堂中的宗教行为。

他们的作品主要以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主。

第二阶段独立革命时期（17世纪中期—18世纪末）概述独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折，其主要内容和形式与殖民时期文学截然不同：如果说殖民时期文学主要反映的是清教精神，独立革命时期的文学则充满了浓烈的政治性和思辨性。

高一英语文学流派练习题20题1. In "Pride and Prejudice", the writing style is characterized by _____.A. romanticismB. realismC. naturalismD. modernism答案：B。

现实主义强调对现实生活的真实描绘，《傲慢与偏见》以对当时社会生活的细致刻画而闻名，具有现实主义特点。

浪漫主义注重情感和想象；自然主义强调对现实的客观、科学的描绘；现代主义在形式和主题上更加创新和实验性。

2. "Romeo and Juliet" is often associated with _____.A. neoclassicismB. romanticismC. surrealismD. postmodernism答案：B。

《罗密欧与朱丽叶》充满了浪漫的情感、激情和对爱情的理想化，是浪漫主义的代表作品。

新古典主义强调理性和秩序；超现实主义以梦幻和奇异的意象为特点；后现代主义具有多元性和对传统的质疑。

3. The works of Alexander Pope are mainly in the style of _____.A. romanticismB. neoclassicismC. existentialismD. impressionism答案：B。

亚历山大·蒲柏的作品具有新古典主义的特点，强调理性、秩序和古典的形式。

浪漫主义注重情感和想象；存在主义关注人的存在和自由选择；印象主义主要在绘画领域，强调对光影和瞬间印象的捕捉。

4. "Gulliver's Travels" can be classified as _____.A. romanticismB. satireC. naturalismD. modernism答案：B。

【关键字】笔记A Concise History of American LiteratureWhat is literature?Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages.Chapter 1 Colonial PeriodI.Background: Puritanism1.features of Puritanism(1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can bepassed down from generation to generation.(3)Total depravity(4)Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.2.Influence(1) A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious andthoughtful) influenced American literature.(2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.(3)Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chieflyinstrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctlyAmerican.(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric isplain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the directinfluence of the Bible.II.Overview of the literature1.types of writingdiaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons2.writers of colonial period(1)Anne Bradstreet(2)Edward Taylor(3)Roger Williams(4)John Woolman(5)Thomas Paine(6)Philip FreneauIII.Jonathan Edwards1.life2.works(1)The Freedom of the Will(2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended(3)The Nature of True Virtue3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism(1)The spirit of revivalism(2)Regeneration of man(3)God’s presence(4)Puritan idealismIV.Benjamin Franklin1.life2.works(1)Poor Richard’s Almanac(2)Autobiography3.contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American PhilosophicalSociety.(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case)from heaven”.(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melvillethus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.Chapter 2 American RomanticismSection 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?●An approach from ancient Greek: Plato● A literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832)●Schlegel Bros.I.Preview: Characteristics of romanticism1.subjectivity(1)feeling and emotions, finding truth(2)emphasis on imagination(3)emphasis on individualism – personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodnessof human beings2.back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1)unrestrained by classical rules(2)full of imagination(3)colloquial language(4)freedom of imagination(5)genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3.back to naturenature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau)II.American Romanticism1.Background(1)Political background and economic development(2)Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative – foreign influence2.features(1)American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experienceand contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place”was radically new and alien.(2)There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romanticauthors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended toedify more than they entertained.(3)The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with AmericanRomanticism.(4)As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticismwas both imitative and independent.III.Washington Irving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American literature2.life3.works(1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the DutchDynasty(2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of internationalrecognition with the publication of this.)(3)The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5)The Alhambra4.Literary career: two parts(1)1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique(2)1832~1859: back to US5.style – beautiful(1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4)vivid and true characters(5)humour – smiling while reading(6)musical languageIV.James Fenimore Cooper1.life2.works(1)Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)(2)The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3)Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, ThePrairie3.point of viewthe theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs.democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights4.style(1)highly imaginative(2)good at inventing tales(3)good at landscape description(4)conservative(5)characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6)language and use of dialect not authentic5.literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history ofthe United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring andpushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking Taleseffectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West.He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce westerntradition to American literature.Section 2 Summit of Romanticism – American TranscendentalismI.Background: four sources1.Unitarianism(1)Fatherhood of God(2)Brotherhood of men(3)Leadership of Jesus(4)Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)(5)Continued progress of mankind(6)Divinity of mankind(7)Depravity of mankind2.Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3.Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is “oversoul”4.PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismII.Appearance1836, “Nature” by EmersonIII.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.nature – symbol of spirit/Godgarment of the oversoul4.focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV.Influence1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea thathuman can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw offshackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new anddistinctly American culture.2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy whereopportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moralnecessity for rising to spiritual height.3.It helped to create the first American renaissance – one of the most prolific period inAmerican literature.V.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.life2.works(1)Nature(2)Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet3.point of view(1)One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the“oversoul”.(2)He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man,and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine inhimself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emersonmeans by “the infinitude of man”.(4)Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and thathe makes the world by making himself.4.aesthetic ideas(1)He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2)True poetry and true art should ennoble.(3)The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4)As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America whichwas to him a lone poem in itself.5.his influenceVI.Henry David Thoreau1.life2.works(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2)Walden(3) A Plea for John Brown (an essay)3.point of view(1)He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and wasvehemently outspoken on the point.(2)He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.(3)Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative,healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.(4)He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5)He was very critical of modern civilization.(6)“Simplicity…simplify!”(7)He was sorely disgusted with “the inundations of the dirty institutions of men’sodd-fellow society”.(8)He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men. Section 3 Late RomanticismI.Nathaniel Hawthorne1.life2.works(1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2)The Scarlet Letter(3)The House of the Seven Gables(4)The Marble Faun3.point of view(1)Evil is at the core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne”(2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed fromgeneration to generation (causality).(3)He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4)He has disgust in science.4.aesthetic ideas(1)He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil onwhich his mind grows to fruition.(2)He was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative.To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what Hawthorne had inmind to achieve.5.style – typical romantic writer(1)the use of symbols(2)revelation of characters’ psychology(3)the use of supernatural mixed with the actual(4)his stories are parable (parable inform) – to teach a lesson(5)use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty – multiple point ofviewII.Herman Melville1.life2.works(1)Typee(2)Omio(3)Mardi(4)Redburn(5)White Jacket(6)Moby Dick(7)Pierre(8)Billy Budd3.point of view(1)He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of“Everlasting Nay” (negative attitude towards life).(2)One of the major themes of his is alienation (far away from each other).Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disasterand death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts overthe comforting 19c idea of progress4.style(1)Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity throughemploying the technique of multiple view of his narratives.(2)He tends to write periodic chapters.(3)His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commentedupon and praised.(4)His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5)He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description ofwhat goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)Romantic PoetsI.Walt Whitman1.life2.work: Leaves of Grass (9 editions)(1)Song of Myself(2)There Was a Child Went Forth(3)Crossing Brooklyn Ferry(4)Democratic Vistas(5)Passage to India(6)Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking3.themes –“Catalogue of American and European thought”He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment,idealism, transcendentalism, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits,Jefferson’s individualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.Major themes in his poems (almost everything):●equality of things and beings●divinity of everything●immanence of God●democracy●evolution of cosmos●multiplicity of nature●self-reliant spirit●death, beauty of death●expansion of America●brotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the world)●pursuit of love and happiness4.style: “free verse”(1)no fixed rhyme or scheme(2)parallelism, a rhythm of thought(3)phonetic recurrence(4)the habit of using snapshots(5)the use of a certain pronoun “I”(6) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure(7)use of conventional image(8)strong tendency to use oral English(9)vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some evenwrong(10)sentences – catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines5.influence(1)His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.(2)He took over Whitman’s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast itin a more sophisticated and Europeanized mood.(3)He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.(4)Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to hisgreat influence.II.Emily Dickenson1.life2.works(1)My Life Closed Twice before Its Close(2)Because I Can’t Stop for Death(3)I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died(4)Mine – by the Right of the White Election(5)Wild Nights – Wild Nights3.themes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1)religion – doubt and belief about religious subjects(2)death and immortality(3)love – suffering and frustration caused by love(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature – kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibility4.style(1)poems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness, brevity(4)musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5)capital letters – emphasis(6)short poems, mainly two stanzas(7)rhetoric techniques: personification – make some of abstract ideas vividparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically, they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, itsexpansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of“American Renaissance”.(2)Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation bybreaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedomin form unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.2.differences:(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the innerlife of the individual.(2)Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.(3)Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) which Whitmandoesn’t have.Edgar Allen PoeI.LifeII.Works1.short stories(1)ratiocinative storiesa.Ms Found in a Bottleb.The Murders in the Rue Morguec.The Purloined Letter(2)Revenge, death and rebirtha.The Fall of the House of Usherb.Ligeiac.The Masque of the Red Death(3)Literary theorya.The Philosophy of Compositionb.The Poetic Principlec.Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-told TalesIII.Themes1.death –predominant theme in Poe’s writing“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.”2.disintegration (separation) of life3.horror4.negative thoughts of scienceIV.Aesthetic ideas1.The short stories should be of brevity, totality, single effect, compression and finality.2.The poems should be short, and the aim should be beauty, the tone melancholy. Poemsshould not be of moralizing. He calls for pure poetry and stresses rhythm.V.Style – traditional, but not easy to readVI.Reputation: “the jingle man” (Emerson)VII.His influencesChapter 3 The Age of RealismI.Background: From Romanticism to Realism1.the three conflicts that reached breaking point in this period(1)industrialism vs. agrarian(2)culturely-measured east vs. newly-developed west(3)plantation gentility vs. commercial gentility2.1880’s urbanization: from free competition to monopoly capitalism3.the closing of American frontierII.Characteristics1.truthful description of life2.typical character under typical circumstance3.objective rather than idealized, close observation and investigation of life“Realistic writers are like scientists.”4.open-ending:Life is complex and cannot be fully understood. It leaves much room for readers to think by themselves.5.concerned with social and psychological problems, revealing the frustrations ofcharacters in an environment of sordidness and depravityIII.Three Giants in Realistic Period1.William Dean Howells –“Dean of American Realism”(1)Realistic principlesa.Realism is “fidelity to experience and probability of motive”.b.The aim is “talk of some ordinary traits of American life”.c.Man in his natural and unaffected dullness was the object of Howells’s fictionalrepresentation.d.Realism is by no means mere photographic pictures of externals but includes acentral concern with “motives” and psychological conflicts.e.He condemns novels of sentimentality and morbid self-sacrifice, and avoids suchthemes as illicit love.f.Authors should minimize plot and the artificial ordering of the sense of something“desultory, unfinished, imperfect”.g.Characters should have solidity of specification and be real.h.Interpreting sympathetically the “common feelings of commonplace people” wasbest suited as a technique to express the spirit of America.i.He urged writers to winnow tradition and write in keeping with currenthumanitarian ideals.j.Truth is the highest beauty, but it includes the view that morality penetrates all things.k.With regard to literary criticism, Howells felt that the literary critic should not try to impose arbitrary or subjective evaluations on books but should follow the detachedscientist in accurate description, interpretation, and classification.(2)Worksa.The Rise of Silas Laphamb. A Chance Acquaintancec. A Modern Instance(3)Features of His Worksa.Optimistic toneb.Moral development/ethicscking of psychological depth2.Henry James(1)Life(2)Literary career: three stagesa.1865~1882: international theme●The American●Daisy Miller●The Portrait of a Ladyb.1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some plays●Daisy Miller (play)c.1895~1900: novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then backto international theme●The Turn of the Screw●When Maisie Knew●The Ambassadors●The Wings of the Dove●The Golden Bowl(3)Aesthetic ideasa.The aim of novel: represent lifemon, even ugly side of lifec.Social function of artd.Avoiding omniscient point of view(4)Point of viewa.Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousnessb.Psychological realismc.Highly-refined language(5)Style –“stylist”nguage: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurateb.V ocabulary: largec.Construction: complicated, intricate3.Mark Twain (see next section)Local Colorism1860s, 1870s~1890sI.Appearance1.uneven development in economy in America2.culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists3.magazines appeared to let writer publish their worksII.What is “Local Colour”?Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.Regional literature (similar, but larger in world)●Garland, Harte – the west●Eggleston – Indiana●Mrs Stowe●Jewett – Maine●Chopin – LouisianaIII.Mark Twain – Mississippi1.life2.works(1)The Gilded Age(2)“the two advantages”(3)Life on the Mississippi(4) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court(5)The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug3.style(1)colloquial language, vernacular language, dialects(2)local colour(3)syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, sometimes ungrammatical(4)humour(5)tall tales (highly exaggerated)(6)social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)parison of the three “giants” of American Realism1.ThemeHowells – middle classJames – upper classTwain – lower class2.TechniqueHowells – smiling/genteel realismJames – psychological realismTwain – local colourism and colloquialismChapter 4 American NaturalismI.Background1.Darwin’s theory: “natural selection”2.Spenser’s idea: “social Darwinism”3.French Naturalism: ZoraII.Features1.environment and heredity2.scientific accuracy and a lot of details3.general tone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the societyIII.significanceIt prepares the way for the writing of 1920s’ “lost generation” and T. S. Eliot.IV.Theodore Dreiser1.life2.works(1)Sister Carrie(2)The trilogy: Financier, The Titan, The Stoic(3)Jennie Gerhardt(4)American Tragedy(5)The Genius3.point of view(1)He embraced social Darwinism – survival of the fittest. He learned to regard manas merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in whichonly the “fittest”, the m ost ruthless, survive.(2)Life is predatory, a “game” of the lecherous and heartless, a jungle struggle inwhich man, being “a waif and an interloper in Nature”, a “wisp in the wind ofsocial forces”, is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things, with no po werwhatever to assert his will.(3)No one is ethically free; everything is determined by a complex of internalchemisms and by the forces of social pressure.4.Sister Carrie(1)Plot(2)Analysis5.Style(1)Without good structure(2)Deficient characterization(3)Lack in imagination(4)Journalistic method(5)Techniques in paintingChapter 5 The Modern PeriodSection 1 The 1920sI.IntroductionThe 1920s is a flowering period of American literature. It is considered “the second renaissance” of American literature.The nicknames for this period:(1)Roaring 20s – comfort(2)Dollar Decade – rich(3)Jazz Age – Jazz musicII.Backgrounda)First World War –“a war to end all wars”(1)Economically: became rich from WWI. Economic boom: new inventions.Highly-consuming society.(2)Spiritually: dislocation, fragmentation.b)wide-spread contempt for law (looking down upon law)1.Freud’s theoryIII.Features of the literatureWriters: three groups(1)Participants(2)Expatriates(3)Bohemian (unconventional way of life) – on-lookersTwo areas:(1)Failure of communication of Americans(2)Failure of the American societyImagismI. BackgroundImagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature “haiku”II. Development: three stages1.1908~1909: London, Hulme2.1912~1914: England -> America, Pound3.1914~1917: Amy LowellIII. W hat is an “image”?An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”. The exact word must bring the effect of the object be fore the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.IV. Principles1.Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective;2.To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;3.As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in thesequence of a metronome.V. Significance1.It was a rebellion against the traditional poetics which failed to reflect the new life ofthe new century.2.It offered a new way of writing which was valid not only for the Imagist poets but formodern poetry as a whole.3.The movement was a training school in which many great poets learned their firstlessons in the poetic art.4.It is this movement that helped to open the first pages of modern English and Americanpoetry.VI. Ezra Pound1.life2.literary career3.works(1)Cathay(2)Cantos(3)Hugh Selwyn Mauberley4.point of view(1)Confident in Pound’s belief that the artist was morally and culturally the arbiterand the “saviour” of the race, he took it upon himself to purify the arts and becamethe prime mover of a few experimental movements, the aim of which was to dumpthe old into the dustbin and bring forth something new.(2)To him life was sordid personal crushing oppression, and culture produced nothingbut “intangible bondage”.(3)Pound sees in Chinese history and the doctrine of Confucius a source of strengthand wisdom with which to counterpoint Western gloom and confusion.(4)He saw a chaotic world that wanted setting to rights, and a humanity, sufferingfrom spiritual death and cosmic injustice, that needed saving. He was for the mostpart of his life trying to offer Confucian philosophy as the one faith which couldhelp to save the West.5.style: very difficult to readPound’s early poems are fresh and lyrical. The Cantos can be notoriously difficult insome sections, but delightfully beautiful in others. Few have made serious study of thelong poem; fewer, if anyone at all, have had the courage to declare that they haveconquered Pound; and many seem to agree that the Cantos is a monumental failure.6.ContributionHe has helped, through theory and practice, to chart out the course of modern poetry.7.The Cantos –“the intellectual diary since 1915”Features:(1)Language: intricate and obscure(2)Theme: complex subject matters(3)Form: no fixed framework, no central theme, no attention to poetic rulesVII. T. S. Eliot1.life2.works(1)poems●The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock●The Waste Land (epic)●Hollow Man●Ash Wednesday●Four Quarters(2)Plays●Murder in the Cathedral●Sweeney Agonistes●The Cocktail Party●The Confidential Clerk(3)Critical essays●The Sacred Wood●Essays on Style and Order●Elizabethan Essays●The Use of Poetry and The Use of Criticisms●After Strange Gods3.point of view(1)The modern society is futile and chaotic.(2)Only poets can create some order out of chaos.(3)The method to use is to compare the past and the present.4.Style(1)Fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highly expressive rhythm(2)Difficult and disconnected images and symbols, quotations and allusions(3)Elliptical structures, strange juxtapositions, an absence of bridges5.The Waste Land: five parts(1)The Burial of the Dead(2) A Game of Chess(3)The Fire Sermon(4)Death by Water(5)What the Thunder SaidVIII. Robert Frost1.life2.point of view(1)All his life, Frost was concerned with constructions through po etry. “a momentarystay against confusion”.(2)He understands the terror and tragedy in nature, but also its beauty.(3)Unlike the English romantic poets of 19th century, he didn’t believe that man couldfind harmony with nature. He believed that serenity came from working, usuallyamid natural forces, which couldn’t be understood. He regarded work as“significant toil”.3.works – poemsthe first: A Boy’s Willcollections: North of Boston, Mountain Interval (mature), New Hampshire4.style/features of his poems(1)Most of his poems took New England as setting, and the subjects were chosenfrom daily life of ordinary people, such as “mending wall”, “picking apples”.(2)He writes most often about landscape and people – the loneliness and poverty ofisolated farmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature. He also describes someabnormal people, e.g. “deceptively simple”, “philosophical poet”.(3)Although he was popular during 1920s, he didn’t experiment like other modernpoets. He used conventional forms, plain language, traditional metre, and wrote ina pastured tradition.IX. e. e. cummings“a juggler with syntax, grammar and diction” –individualism, “painter poet”Novels in the 1920sI. F. Scott Fitzgerald1.life – participant in 1920s2.works(1)This Side of Paradise(2)Flappers and Philosophers(3)The Beautiful and the Damned(4)The Great Gatsby(5)Tender is the Night(6)All the Sad Young Man(7)The Last Tycoon3.point of view(1)He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called“American Dream” is false in nature.(2)He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects ofmoney on the emotional make-up of his character. He found that wealth alteredpeople’s characters, making them mean and distrusted. He thinks money broughtonly tragedy and remorse.(3)His novels follow a pattern: dream – lack of attraction – failure and despair.4.His ideas of “American Dream”It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could become rich.。

第44卷 第10期 包 装 工 程2023年5月 PACKAGING ENGINEERING 297收稿日期：2022–12–20基金项目：教育部产学合作协同育人项目（202102298002）；南京林业大学2021年度教学质量提升工程美育专项教学改革（2021-ZXGG-012）；南京林业大学2022年度教学质量提升工程创新创业项目专项教学改革；南京林业大学家居与工业设计学院院级思政示范课程建设项目（第二期）；南京艺术学院2019年教改研究课题（JKWQQPY19）；国家留学基金委艺术人才培养计划作者简介：刘俊哲（1981—），男，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为工业设计、地域文化设计。

理论进化的视角下文化艺术赋值产品的新思考刘俊哲，王倩，刘彦（南京林业大学 家居与工业设计学院，南京 210037）摘要：目的 从理论进化的角度梳理艺术产品、现代产品与传统手工艺产品三者的联系与差异，并总结理论模型。

方法 通过将选定的具有代表性的艺术产品、现代产品与传统手工艺产品案例，在技术的先进性、设计思想的先进性、艺术思想的先进性三个维度进行考察和比较。

结果 艺术产品、现代产品与传统手工艺产品三者在技术的先进性、设计思想的先进性、艺术思想的先进性三个维度存在显著差异。

结论 与传统手工艺产品相比，现代产品在技术的先进性、设计思想的先进性、艺术思想的先进性三个维度有较高的得分，因此更适用于现代生活的需求。

而与现代产品相比，大多数文化艺术赋值产品仅在艺术思想的先进性方面有较高的得分，在技术的先进性、设计思想的先进性两个方面没有先进性的表现。

文创产品、文旅产品同属文化与艺术赋值产品，需要在艺术思想、技术、设计思想三个维度进行富有先进性的开发与创新。

关键词：文创产品；文旅产品；理论进化；艺术产品；手工艺产品中图分类号：TB472 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3563(2023)10-0297-09 DOI ：10.19554/ki.1001-3563.2023.10.032New Thoughts on Cultural and Artistic Valuation Productsfrom the Perspective of Theoretical EvolutionLIU Jun-zhe , WANG Qian , LIU Yan(College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China)ABSTRACT: The work aims to comb the relationship and differences among art products, modern products and traditional handicrafts from the perspective of theoretical evolution and summarize the theoretical model. The selected representative samples of art products, modern products and traditional handicrafts were compared and discussed in the three dimensions of advanced technology, advanced design idea and advanced artistic thought. There were significant differences among art products, modern products and traditional handicrafts in the three dimensions. Compared with traditional handicrafts, modern products get higher scores in the three dimensions of advanced technology, advanced design idea and advanced artistic thought and are more suitable for the need of modern life. Compared with modern products, most cultural and artistic valuation products only get higher scores in advanced artistic thought, but do not display excellent performance in advanced technology and advanced design idea. Cultural and creative products and cultural tourism products both belong to cultural and artistic valuation products, requiring progressiveness development and innovation in the three dimensions of advanced technology, advanced design idea and advanced artistic thought. KEY WORDS: cultural and creative product; cultural tourism product; theoretical evolution; art product; handicraft298 包 装 工 程 2023年5月哲学家和艺术家长期以来一直在争论艺术的定义。

沈睿：比较文学在全球化时代美国比较文学学会The American Comparative Literature Association，简称ACLA ，是美国比较文学学者的学术组织。

这个学术组织，每十年左右会专门任命一位学者，并由这位学者组织一个委员会，对本学科的十年发展状态做一个集体总结评述，对未来十年内的比较文学做出理论性的规划和指导，并最后提出报告。

到目前为止，ACLA已经提出过四个报告。

前三个报告都以委员会主席的名字命名并有自己的题目：《1965列文报告：职业标准》；《1975格林报告：有关标准》；《1993伯恩海莫报告：世纪转折时刻的比较文学》。

1993年的报告以及三位比较文学学者对此报告的不同反映评价，加上另外13位学者分别撰写讨论比较文学现状与方向的文章，汇成一集，题为《多元文化时代的比较文学》一书，由约翰·霍普金斯大学出版社在1995年出版。

[1] 该书的写作方式，除了伯恩海莫的报告外，为了突出多元文化的多重视角，还请15位学者各自发表言论。

这些学者都是比较文学界的有成就的学者或新锐学者。

最新的一个报告，写于2004年，在写法上继续打破了上个报告的形式，于2006年4月继续由约翰·霍普金斯大学出版社出版，该书题为《全球化时代的比较文学》。

[2]这本书共有19位学者参与。

学者的名单里，与1995年的书相比，有些学者已经退去，也有新名字进来，也有学者十年后再次发表意见。

这19位学者各个撰文，对今日比较文学状态和明日比较文学发展发表意见，已无以往的共识可言，也没有一个诸家认可的报告出现。

这种新的体例，据委员会主席兼编者苏源熙(Haun Saussy) [3]宣称，有意体现这个新时代的学者风貌和比较文学研究的百家争鸣。

[4]我自己不揣冒昧，将这本书的题目顺手拿来，借这个题目为这次讨论的题目。

一是“全球化时代的比较文学”本身画龙点睛地表明了今日比较文学的历史、社会、文化语境，二是比较文学学科存在的基本条件之一，就是对比较文学所处时代的认识和分析。

萃取置换法回收处理氟苯生产废水中的苯酚化工进展2008年第27卷第11期CHEMICALINDUSTRY ANDENGINEERINGPROGRESS?1821?萃取置换法回收处理氟苯生产废水中的苯酚邵荣,钱晓荣,冒爱荣(盐城工学院化学与生物工程学院,江苏盐城224003)摘要:以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为萃取剂,NaOH水溶液为反萃剂,采用萃取置换法回收处理氟苯生产废水中的苯酚.研究了萃取剂浓度,萃取时间,pH值及相比对萃取率的影响和相比,反萃时间及NaOH溶液浓度对反萃率的影响.经3级萃取和2级反萃取,苯酚的回收率达98%,废水中苯酚含量可降至19.7mg/L.萃取置换法操作简单,费用低廉,易于.Y-业化.关键词:氟苯;苯酚;萃取;回收中图分类号:X703.1文献标识码:A文章编号:1000—6613(2008)u一1821—04 Recoveryofphenolinwastewaterfromfluorobenzeneproductionby replacementextractionSHA0Rong,QIANXiaorong,MAOAirong (SchoolofChemicalandBioengineering,Y anchengInstituteofTechnology,Y ancheng2240 03,Jiangsu,China)Abstract-Thephenolinthewastewaterfromfluorobenzeneproductionwasrecoveredbyrepl acement extractionwithTBPasextractantandNaOHaqueousasreverseextractant.Boththeinfluence ofconcentrationoftheextractant,extractiontime,PHandphaseratioontheextractionrateandth einfluenceofphaseratio,extractiontimeandconcentrationofNaOHonthereverseextractionr atewerestudied.Afterthree—stageextractionandtwo—stagereverseextraction,therecoveryofphenolwas98%, andtheconcentrationofphenolinwastewaterdecreasedto19.7mg/L.Themethodissimple,a ndtheoperatingcostislow.Moreover,itcanbeeasilycommercialized.Keywords:fluorobenzene;phenol;extraction;recovery近年来,随着医药,农药,染料,氟硅橡胶,氟碳表面活性剂,高分子氟塑料工业的飞速发展,对芳香族有机氟中间体的需求量迅速增加,作为合成芳香族有机氟中间体的原料氟苯也相应得到了』一泛应用.目前较先进的氟苯工业生产方法为AHF法,其主要流程为:将苯胺在无水氟化氢中成盐,再与亚硝酸钠进行重氮化反应,反应结束进行热解,制得氟苯.AHF法制备氟苯的生产废水成分主要为氟离子,苯酚,苯胺和石油类等,其中苯酚主要来源于苯胺与氟化氢中含有的少量水之间发牛的副反应,即苯的重氮化合物与水在加热时产生苯酚,且废水中苯酚的质量浓度i寄达(1.64~4.92)×10mgm.酚类化合物是原型质毒物,对一切生物个体都有毒害作用.废水中的酚不仅造成了农业和渔业的损失,而且危害人体健康.若长期饮用被酚污染的水,会出现慢性中毒,引起头痛,头晕,疲劳,失眠,耳鸣,贫血以及神经系统病症,酚也是一种公认的致癌物.含酚废水如果不经过处理而直接排放,或者处理程度不够而排放势必会造成氟苯生产企业周围水体的严重污染,也会对地下水造成严重危害.因此,在我国水污染控制中将含酚废水列为重点解决的有害废水之一.目前废水中苯酚的处理方法主要有吸附法…,生化法1,化学氧化还原法引,超临界氧化法,膜分离法l5J,萃取法[6-101等.络合萃取是基于溶质的收稿日期:2008—04—25;修改稿日期:2008—08—15.基金项目:江省环保科技项目(2006010)及盐城工学院自然科学研究项目(XKY2007037).第一作者简介:邵荣(1973一),男,副教授,博士,主要从事化工环保领域的教学与研究工作.联系人:冒爱荣,讲师.E—mail*****************.1822?化工进展2008年第27卷Lewis酸(或碱)性官能团与萃取剂的Lewis碱(或酸)性官能团的相互作用而进行分离的一种方法.该法既保留了化学萃取高效性和高选择性的优点,又克服了其可逆性较差的不足,同时还具有物理萃取操作简便,成本低廉等显着优点.所以络合萃取技术在分离有机酚,碱,酸和两性有机物等方面具有潜在的优势,尤其是对于工业废水处理具有显着的优势.本文作者采用萃取置换法回收处理氟苯生产废水中高含量的苯酚,即以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为萃取剂,以正辛醇为稀释剂,络合萃取废水中的苯酚,再以氢氧化钠溶液为反萃剂,将苯酚以酚钠的形式从萃取相中反萃出来.萃取置换法既实现了对氟苯生产废水的预处理,又回收了氟苯生产废水中苯酚.l实验部分1.1废水水质氟苯生产废水取自江苏盐城某化工厂,其水质为:pH值为12.0,氟离子质量浓度为9270.0mg/L,苯酚质量浓度为49200.0mg/L,石油类质量浓度为326.0mg/L.1.2仪器与试剂UNIC7200型可见分光光度计(尤尼柯上海仪器有限公司),HZQ—C空气浴振荡器(哈尔滨市东明医疗仪器厂),DHG一9123A型电热恒温鼓风干燥箱(上海精宏实验设备有限公司),pHS一3C型酸度计(上海日岛科学仪器有限公司),CJJ78—1型磁力加热搅拌器(江苏省金坛市阳光仪器厂),PF-1型氟电极(上海宇隆仪器有限公司),E-201型pH复合型电极(上海宇隆仪器有限公司),AY一220型电子天平(日本岛津中国公司).苯酚标准溶液(1000mg/L)为国家标准物质研究中心提供.苯酚,磷酸三丁酯,正辛醇,浓硫酸,氢氧化钠,4一氨基安替比林,铁氰化钾,氯化铵,氨水,硫酸铜,磷酸,硫酸亚铁,甲基橙均为分析纯试剂.实验用水为无酚去离子水.1.3实验方法1.3.1萃取实验移取25.0mL苯酚模拟废水(45g/L)溶液于250mL锥形瓶中,用H2SO4(1+1)调节pH值至6.0, 然后与40%TBP萃取剂按油水相比(R)2.0相混合. 在室温下,于空气浴振荡器中振荡60min,振荡频率为175r/min.转移至250mL分液漏斗中,静置分层后分液,测定水相中苯酚的浓度.1.3.2反萃实验于250mL锥形瓶中,将质量分数为3%的NaOH水溶液与1.3.1节的萃取相按油水相比(R) 1.0相混合.在室温下,于空气浴振荡器中,振荡60min,振荡频率为175r/min.转移至250mL分液漏斗中,静置分层后分液,测定水相中苯酚的浓度.1.3.3苯酚的测定水相中苯酚的浓度采用溴化滴定法(高浓度)和4.氨基安替比林光度法(低浓度)测定,有机相中苯酚的浓度由物料衡算法计算.2结果与讨论2.1萃取实验条件的确定2.1.1萃取剂浓度的确定当pH值为6.0,相比为2.0,萃取平衡时间为60min时,不同浓度TBP溶液对萃取率的影响见图1.由图1可以看出,随着萃取剂浓度增大,萃取率也随之增大.其原因是萃取剂的含量的提高,使萃取的倾向性变大,导致萃取能力变大.当萃取剂浓度小于60%时,随着萃取剂浓度的增加,萃取率增大较快;当萃取剂浓度大于60%时,随着萃取剂浓度的增加,萃取率增大较慢.在保证较高萃取率的前提下,综合考虑萃取剂的成本,萃取剂浓度确定为40%,此时的萃取率为99.31%.苹取剂浓度/%图1萃取剂浓度对萃取率的影响2.1.2萃取平衡时问的确定当萃取剂浓度为40%,pH值为6.0,相比为2.0 时,不同萃取平衡时问对萃取率的影响见图2.由图2可以看出,随着振荡时间的增加,萃取率也相应增加.当振荡时间小于60min时,随着振荡时间的增加,萃取率增长较快;当振荡时间大于60min时,随着振荡时间的增加,萃取率增长较慢,直至第1l期邵荣等:萃取置换法回收处理氟苯生产废水中的苯酚?1823?99.4299.4099-3299.30020406O80100萃取时fnq/min图2萃取时间对萃取率的影响趋向于某一平衡.所以萃取平衡时间确定为60min,此时的萃取率为99.40%.2.1.3pH值的确定当萃取剂浓度为40%,相比为2.0,萃取平衡时问为60min时,不同pH值对萃取率的影响见图3.由图3可以看出,随着pH值的增加,苯酚的萃取率逐渐下降,特别是当pH值大于6.0时,萃取率随pH值的增加呈现大幅度下降.其原因是:TBP是Lewis碱性络合剂,与苯酚的键合作用发生在一OH基团上,因此TBP萃取苯酚时溶液应呈酸性,苯酚以分子形式存在.所以萃取实验的pH值确定为6.0,此时的萃取率为99.33%.l00.0080.0020.000.00468101214pH值pH值对萃取率的影响2.1.4相比的确定当萃取剂浓度为40%,pH值为6.0,萃取平衡时间为60min时,不同相比(R)对萃取率的影响见图4.由图4可以看出,随着相比的增大,萃取率也随之增大.当相LL4,于2.0时,随着相比的增大,萃取率增大较快.而当相比大于2.0时,随着相比的增大,萃取率增大较为缓慢.因此,萃取实验的相比选择为2.0,此时的萃取率为99.38%.100.0o99.oo篓98.0097.O096.O00.00.51.01.52.02.5303.5相比图4相比对萃取率的影响2.2反萃实验条件的确定2.2.1相比的确定当NaOH溶液质量分数为5%,反萃时间为60 min时,不同相比()对反萃率的影响见图5.由图5可以看出,随着相比的增大,反萃率反而减小. 当相比较小时,随着相比的减少,反萃率增长幅度较小;当相比为1.0时,反萃率基本稳定.所以反萃实验的相比确定为1.0,此时的反萃率为98.08%. 100.0o90.OO渗赫80.0070.oo60.000.01.02.03.04.0506.0相比图5相比对反萃率的影响2.2.2反萃时间的确定当NaOH溶液质量分数为5%,相比为1.0时,不同反萃时间对反萃率的影响见图6.由图6可以看出,随着反萃时间的增加,反萃率也随之增加.当反萃振荡时间大于60min时,反萃率就趋向于某一平衡.所以反萃实验时问确定为60min,此时的反萃率为98.88%.2.2.3NaOH溶液浓度的确定当相比为1.0,反萃时间为60min时,NaOH溶液浓度对反萃率的影响见图7.由图7可以看出, 随着NaOH溶液浓度的增加,反萃率也随之增加; 当质量分数为3%～5%时,萃取率最大;当质量分数大于10%时,随着NaOH溶液浓度的增加,反萃勰,斛∞∞∞加料褂32图1824化工进展2008年第27卷100OO99.O095OO94.0O100.0O900060.OO50.0OO2040608O100反萃时间/min图6反萃时间对反萃率的影响051Ol520253O35NaOH质量分数/%图7NaOH质量分数对反萃率的影响率反而下降.所以反萃实验中NaOH溶液的质量分数确定为3%,此时的反萃率为98.91%.2.3实际废水的处理效果按实验方法,对江苏盐城某化工厂氟苯生产车间产生的含酚氟苯生产废水(经过除氟等预处理)进行3级萃取和2级反萃处理,结果见表1.表1实际废水的处理结果汴:表中萃取率为某一级的萃取率,总萃取率为某一一级及之前级的累计萃取率.:0t:)t0-由表1可知,TBP对实际废水的萃取率远小f其对苯酚模拟废水的萃取率,原因可能是在络合萃取过程中,实际废水中的盐和共存有机物与苯酚存在竞争萃取,影响了TBP对苯酚的萃取率.废水处理前含苯酚49200.0mg/L,经3级萃取处理后,苯酚含量降至19.7mgm,总萃取率为99.96%,再经生化处理或吸附处理后即可达到排放标准.经2级反萃处理后,苯酚的回收率在98%左右.3结论(1)以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)络合萃取苯酚,并NaOH溶液反萃回收苯酚,实验确定的最佳萃取实验条件为:萃取剂浓度40,萃取平衡时间60min,pH值6.0,相比2.0.最佳反萃实验条件为:相比1.0,反萃时间60min,NaOH质量分数3%.(2)萃取置换法萃取效率高,工艺简单,苯酚的回收率高,可以作为氟苯生产废水的预处理方法.参考文献邹敏.大孔树脂吸附法处理甲苯硝化废水的研究[JJ.}r苏环境科技,1999,l2(3):7-8孙艳,谭立扬.同定化细胞性能改进的研究『J】.环境科学研究, 1998,11(11:59—62.王愉q,胡存,汤鸿宵.在TiO催化剂上苯酚光催化氧化反应研究【JJ.环境科学,1998,18(3):261—264.J一军委,陈十秋,吴素芳,等超临界水氧化法处理含酚废水【J1l环境污染与防治,2000,22(1):1-3.朱振中,郝啦莉,沈志松,陈坚膜吸收法处理焦化厂废水中的氨及苯酚[Jll工业水处理,2006,26(5):50.53.林屹,秦炜,黄少凯,戴猷元.溶剂萃取法处理苯酚稀溶液及其废水的研究.高校化学【程,2003,17(3):48.52.梁舒萍,陆冠棋.乳浊液膜处理含酚废水[J1.环境科学与技术, 1998(4):42—44戴恒,臧雪莉.萃取法处理高浓度含酚废液的试验研究fJ1环境保护科学,1999,25(11:7-9.祁贵生,刘有智,杨利锐.撞击流,旋转填料床处理含苯酚废水的级试验研究【JJ化学工业与工程技术,2004,25(1):9-12.张洪林,蒋林时,顾振楣.催化裂化废水中萃取脱酚预处理研究[J1. 化工环保,1999,19(6):335—340.,.,々,々t.州峙,欢迎订阅2009年《化工进展》杂志(月刊)国际标准刊号:ISSN1000—6613国内统一刊号:CN11—1954/TQ全年12期,每月5日出刊嘎》(》..》婚—,.:岫..忡c_一邮发代号:82—311国内定价:36元/期)0t:,')》:,-,(>o'3吐—0,,_J.痔∞∞∞鳐卯%,斛∞∞∞加斛糌n口隅p.々一f.O—O『_OeO。

最新资料欢迎阅读智慧树知到《西方文论原典导读》章节测试[ 完好答案 ]智慧树知到《西方文论原典导读》章节测试答案第一章1、Plato use the _ to explain the relationship between art and idea.A:bedB:tableC:bookshelf答案 : bed2、Socrates ” theory is mainly organized by whom?A:PlatoB:AristotleC:Thales答案 : Plato3、 In Ion Socrates stressed that the inspiration ofthe poets comes from the .A:godsB:heartC:experience答案 : gods4、_ said“I am the midwive of philosophy”.A:SocratesB:PlatoC:Aristotle答案 : Socrates5、Three sages of Ancient Greece are Plato,_and Aristotle. A:ProtagorasB:SocratesC:Homer答案 : Socrates第二章1、_ is called a Encyclopedia of character in Greek.A:SocratesB:PlatoC:Aristotle答案 : Aristotle2、In the poetics, _ is the goal of the tragedy.A:plotB:ethosC:pathos答案 : plot3、Aristotle set up his own schools called _.A:lyceumB:athensC:freedom答案 : lyceum4、Comparedwith Plato, the biggest character of Aristotleis_____.A:comprehensivenessB:scientificty C:far-reaching答案 : comprehensiveness5 、Aristotle thinks types differ from one another in three ways: the means, objects and _.A:structureB:frameC:manner答案 : manner第三章1 、 Characteristics of Johson ” s theory on Shakespeare is_____.A:not persistentB:straightforwardC:obscare答案: A2、What”s the attitude on Shakespeare by Samuel Johnson?A:criticalB:praisableC: A and B答案: C3、In_____,Samuel started compiling a dictionary of theEngish language.A:1747B:1755C:1765答案: A4、 Johson considered the shortcoming of Shakespeareis losing of_____.A:pleasureB:teachingC:conflict答案: B5、_ is a friend and biographyer for Samuel.A:James BoswellB:David GarrickC:Edward Cave答案: A第四章1、From the aspect of words, it emphasized words____.A:close to lifeB:unnaturalC: classical答案: C2、Wordsworth, Coleridgo and southey are called _.A:lake poetsB:literature threeC:absurdist poets答案: A3、Which work was published by Wordsworth ”s widow after his death.A: Lyrical BalladsB:The preludeC:Solitary Reaper答案: B4、Wordsworth”s philosophical views almost come from _.A:theory of evolutionB:the apocalypse of natureC:coleridge答案: B5、Wordsworth, Coleridgo and southey are called _.A:lake poetsB:literature threeC:absurdist poets答案: A第五章1、Taine is called as“critics of _”.A:NapoleonB:CharlieC:Hitler答案: A2 、 In Taine ” s first aspect, which country makes philosophers.A:FranceB:EnglandC: Germany答案: C3、Which is not the origin of Taine ”s theory in a literary perspective?A:Sainte-beuveB: Madame de stealC:Rousseau答案: C4、Which work is not written by Taine.A:The philosophy of artB:The ideal in artC:Biographia literaria答案: C5 、 In Taine ” s first aspect, which country makes philosophers.A:FranceB:EnglandC:Germany答案: C第六章1、Which work is written by Wilde in prison?A:A ideal husbandB:VeraC:De profundis答案: C2、Oscar Wilde is called“Prince of _”.A:ProseB:FairytalesC: Fiction答案: B3、Wilde produced _ social comedies in the early 1890s.A:threeB:fourC:five答案: B4、The novel tells us that we should find the balance of beauty and _.A:idealB:moralityC:literature答案: B5、Which drama is created by Oscar Wilde?A:the comedy of ErrorsB:Much ado about nothingC:Salome答案: C第七章1、Who is called as“the father of psychoanolysis” _.A:JungB:FreudC:Darwin答案: B2、Freud divided human development into _stages.A:fiveB:sixC: four答案: A3、Freud called a force can promote Ego to transform into other forms as_____.A:ErosB:libidoC: supergo答案: B4 、The Oedipus complex describes a child ”s sexual desire for his _.A:oppositesex parentsB:oppositesex sistersC:oppositesex brothers答案: A5、In Freud”s view, literature had its origin in _ of human. A:reactionB:sexual desireC:behavior答案: B第八章1、Eliot considered tradtion a _ awareness.A:historicalB:geographyC:classical答案: A2、Which work is created by Eliot?A:The sunsetB: LinesC: The waste land答案: C3、What does Eliot think of about“personality”.A:simple individualB:personal emotion and experienceC: unique character答案: B4、In Eliot ”s view, he suggested poets were like _. A:onlookerB:catalystsC:master答案: B5、Which year that Eliot acquired the Nobel prize. A:1944B:1945C:1946答案: A第九章1、Empson initally found his talents in which subject? A:chemistryB: mathematicsC:physical答案: B2、Empson”s writing has a _ style.A:obscureB:rigorousC:proficient答案: A3、How many times did Empson come to China?A:onceB:twiceC:three times答案: B4、We can called the first type of ambiguity as _.A:metaphorB:comparisonC:symbol答案: A5、There are how many tupes of ambiguity summaryby Empson?A:sixB:sevenC:eight答案: B第十章1、Who has a similar identity to Bakhtin?A:ShklovskyB:FoucaultC:Eliot答案: A2 、 Whose novels were selected to explain Bakhtin ” s theories?A:Tolstoy”sB:Gorky ”sC:Dostoevsky ”s答案: C3、According to Bakhtin,_is the only into an incomplete state.A:NovelB:EpicC: Drama答案: A4、In which year that Bakhtin”s first major work published.A:1920B:1924C:1929答案: C5、Bakhtin was exiled into Siberia in the _.A:1920sB:1930sC:1940s答案: B第十一章1、Abrams is a famous literary critic for _ literature.A:romanticB:realistC:aestheticism答案: A2 、In the Mirror and the Lamp, Abrams put forward the four factors of literture: universe, _, artist and audience.A:workB:objectC:subject答案: A3、The expressive theory stresses the effect of _.A:objective worldB:poet ”s mindC:reader feedback答案: B4、The classical model of rhetoric to discuss poetry was .A:AristotleB:HoraceC:Plato答案: B5、The Mimetic theory first appeared in _.A:Aristotle”s poeticsB:HomericC:Plato”s dialogue答案: C第十二章1、How do we understand the relationship between Against interpretation and the hermeneutics?A:oppositeB:alternativeC:similar答案: C2、How interpretation did Sontag against?A:singular interpretationB:plural interpretationC:hermeneutics答案: A3、Content and _are the two sides of concept.A:interpretationB:formC: transparence答案: B4、Sontag divided the article into _sections.A:nineB:tenC:eleven答案: B5、Which work is Sontag ”s last novel?A:The volcano loverB:In AmericaC:On photography答案: B第十三章1、Jauss and established the knonstanz school.A:IsereB:EsslingenC:Geslingen答案: A2、The theory by Jauss and Iser is the first time _ are seen as core in literary research.A:worksB:readersC:authors答案: B3 、In Jauss ”s view on rewriting the literary history, how many topics did he talk?A:fiveB:sixC: seven答案: C4、Jauss ”s theory is interested more in_____.A:public readersB:single readerC: writing background答案: A5、Jauss and Iser were called as the binary star of _.A:receptional aestheticB:interactive aestheticC:comparative aesthetic答案: A第十四章1、The third definition of orientalism by Said is _.A:of the academic fieldB:as a discourse of powerC:as a discourse pattern答案: B2、In the western tradition,the orientals characters arealways _.A:uglyB: plumpishC:proud答案: A3 、 Edward Said gained his worldwide reputation in _university as well.A:ColumbiaB:OxfordC:Cambridge答案: A4、How many meanings did Said put forward of Orientatismin his book.A:twoB:threeC:four答案: B5、Which book is not written by Said?A:OrientalismB:Culture and imperialismC:Course in Greneral Linguistics 答案: C。

高二哲学流派英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Ancient Greek philosophy is a remarkable and influential part of human intellectual history. One of the earliest and important schools was the Milesian school. Thales, often regarded as the first philosopher in the Western tradition, was a representative of the Milesian school. Thales was interested in the fundamental nature of the world. He proposed that water was the basic substance from which everything else was composed. His idea was revolutionary as it was one of the first attempts to explain the world in terms of a single underlying substance rather than through mythological explanations.The Pythagorean school was another significant philosophical group in ancient Greece. Pythagoras was the central figure. The Pythagoreans were deeply interested in mathematics and believed that numbers were the essence of all things. For example, they discovered the relationship between musical harmony and numerical ratios. Their view influenced not only philosophy but also mathematics and music theory.These philosophical schools emerged in a particular historical context. Ancient Greece was a place of great cultural and intellectual ferment. City - states were developing, and there was a growing interest in understandingthe world around and within oneself. Trade and contact with other cultures also played a role in stimulating philosophical thought.The influence of these ancient Greek philosophical schools on modern philosophy cannot be overstated. Their ideas about the fundamental nature of the world and the importance of rational thinking have been carried forward. Modern philosophers still grapple with questions similar to those asked by the ancient Greeks, such as the nature of reality and the relationship between the physical and the abstract.1. <问题1>A. Which of the following was considered the basic substance by Thales?A. FireB. WaterC. AirD. Earth答案：B。