上海名校学报(社科)篇目英译之讹(抽样)

Modern Linguistics 现代语言学, 2017, 5(1), 35-39 Published Online February 2017 in Hans. /journal/ml https:///10.12677/ml.2017.51006文章引用: 成爽. 上海市公示语英译的语用失误分析[J]. 现代语言学, 2017, 5(1): 35-39.The Analysis on the Pragmatic Failure of Public Signs Translation in ShanghaiShuang ChengSchool of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Dianji University, ShanghaiReceived: Feb. 1st , 2017; accepted: Feb. 20th , 2017; published: Feb. 24th , 2017Abstract Based on the theory of pragmatic failure by Jenny Thomas, this paper analyzes the samples of pub-lic signs translation in Shanghai and points out the existing problems by using the method ofdocuments reference and classification. Finally, some strategies are offered to avoid pragmatic failure in translation and to guide the public signs translation in Shanghai.KeywordsPublic Signs Translation, Pragmatic Failure, Translation Strategies上海市公示语英译的语用失误分析成 爽上海电机学院外国语学院，上海收稿日期：2017年2月1日；录用日期：2017年2月20日；发布日期：2017年2月24日摘 要本文以珍妮∙托马斯的语用失误理论为指导，通过文献阅读及归类等方法，对收集到的上海市公示语材料加以分析，并探讨了公示语英译的错误及其原因。

论述文献讹误的类型及原因一、引言文献讹误是指学术文献中出现的错误或误导性信息。

在学术研究中，文献的准确性是至关重要的，因为研究者往往会依据已有文献进行分析和推理。

然而，由于各种原因，文献中存在着一定的讹误。

本文将探讨文献讹误的类型及其原因。

二、文献讹误的类型1.事实错误事实错误是指文献中所陈述的某种事实与实际情况不符。

这种错误可能是作者对实际情况的理解错误，或者是作者故意歪曲事实。

例如，在某篇论文中，作者可能错误地陈述了某个实验结果的数据，或者错误地引用了某个研究的结论。

2.引用错误引用错误是指文献中对其他文献的引用不准确或不完整。

这种错误可能是由于作者对引用文献的理解不准确，或者是作者有意省略了某些关键信息。

例如，在一篇论文中，作者可能错误地引用了某个研究的作者或年份，或者没有提供正确的引用格式。

3.逻辑错误逻辑错误是指文献中的论述过程出现了逻辑上的错误。

这种错误可能是由于作者的推理过程有误，或者是作者的观点不合理。

例如，在一篇论文中，作者可能在论证中出现了漏洞或自相矛盾的地方，导致结论不可靠。

4.语言错误语言错误是指文献中存在着错误的语法、拼写或用词不当的情况。

这种错误可能是由于作者的语言水平有限，或者是作者对语言的精确性不够重视。

例如，在一篇论文中，作者可能存在着拼写错误、语法错误或者词义不当的情况，影响了读者对文献的理解。

三、文献讹误的原因1.疏忽或粗心一些文献讹误是由于作者的疏忽或粗心所致。

在撰写文献时，作者可能忽略了某些重要的细节，或者没有仔细核对所使用的数据和引用信息。

这种情况下，作者应该更加谨慎和细致，以避免出现讹误。

2.信息获取不准确有时候，作者在获取信息时可能存在一定的不准确性。

例如，作者可能错误地理解了某个实验结果或研究结论，导致在文献中出现了事实错误。

为了避免这种情况，作者应该在获取信息时进行仔细的核实和确认。

3.有意篡改或歪曲事实一些文献讹误是由于作者有意篡改或歪曲事实所致。

高考版4月刊答案及听力文字 2011-03-21A1 新闻Guess the meaning of the words or phrase in bold.1-5 ABAABTranslate the following words or sentences into English.1.masculinity crisis2. a pilot programme3.The move has spurred debate about whether the problem that weak male studentsperform poorly academically and lack leadership actually exists.4.give the green light to5.The pilot programme should be rolled out gradually and in several phases.6.The idea of an all-boys’ school is based on the fact that boys generallyachieve far lower academic scores than girls, and most class leaders are girls.7.to fully exploit one’s potential and abilities8.The issue that some boys talk in a girl ish way or don’t appear manly andstrong is not caused by school education, but by the family environment.9.The one-child policy means children are often spoiled and raised by femalefamily members.A2 新闻回顾Guess the meaning of the words in bold.1-4 ABBAUnderstand the structure of the following sentences and then translate them into Chinese.1. 该声明说，去年12月份有关权威机构根据国内外的经验和民众意见开始草拟相关法规。

New Airport Landing Fees Delayed机场降落收费新政策延期1the government has delayed by at last a month a plan to reduce congestion at the nation's airports following stiff resistance from airlines.受到航空公司的强烈反对，政府关于减轻国家机场的拥堵的计划，至少推迟了一个月。

2.A new federal policy allowing airports to charge higher landing fees during peak periods, and for other reasons, aims to reduce delays by encouraging airlines to spread their flights more evenly throughout the day .The policy which also encourages congested airports to include in landing fees the cost of expansion projects,had been scheduled to take effect in March,following a 45-day comment period.一项新的联邦政策允许机场在高峰期收取更高的降落费用，或因其它原因，旨在鼓励航空公司在一天内更均匀地安排航班起落以减少延误。

该政策还鼓励拥挤的机场将机场扩建项目的成本纳入到机场降落收费中。

此项政策原计划三月份生效，并设置了45天的征询意见期。

3.But airline trade groups, which oppose the plan,requested a 30-day extension of the comment period. Their request has been granted, a Transportation Department spokesman said Thursday.但是反对这项方案的航空公司贸易团体，要求将征询意见期延长30天。

2023-2024学年上海市长宁区市级名校高三英语第一学期期末质量检测试题注意事项:1．答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在条形码区域内。

2．答题时请按要求用笔。

3．请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。

4．作图可先使用铅笔画出，确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。

5．保持卡面清洁，不要折暴、不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．When I was small, my mom ________read me stories at night.A．could B．shouldC．might D．would2．When I was twenty, I had to________ before graduation and work in a clothes shop to help support my family.A．come out B．stay outC．leave out D．drop out3．I have to reschedule the appointment with you since there is a ______ in my arrangement.A．contract B．contrast C．connection D．conflict 4．—Guess what! I came across an old friend at the station last weekend.—I’m sure you talked with him hap pily.A．Sounds good! B．Very well.C．How nice! D．All right.5．You can ask anyone for help. here is willing to lend you a hand.A．One B．No one C．Everyone D．Someone ^ *6．I admire my English teacher. I can remember very few occasions _____ she stopped working because of ill health.A．that B．whenC．where D．which7．This restaurant has become popular for its wide ______ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.A．production B．offerC．range D．division8．––Did you have to do much for the dinner party?––Helen ________ everything by the time I got home.A．finished B．was finishing C．would finish D．had finished9．______ property, we’re among the richest people in this city．A．In search of B．In spite of C．In place of D．In terms of10．you can learn to appreciate the challenges in life, you will find inner strength.A．When B．WhileC．Before D．Unless11．—Penny’s baby daughter narrowly escaped drinking the furniture polish on the coffee table.—Luckily for her. She ________ sick or even died.A．could have got B．should have gotC．must have got D．will have got12．It is widely acknowledged that students should be ____________ in terms of overall quality.A．supported B．matchedC．evaluated D．controlled13．I’m afraid that I can’t attend Tom’s wedding party ______ next weekend.A．to be held B．being heldC．held D．is to be held14．It was only after a family related conversation ______________ I found out she was actually my distant cousin.A．when B．thatC．which D．who15．Jack’s fellow workers often turn to him for help when trapped in trouble because he is a _____of ideas.A．fountain B．sessionC．diagram D．resource16．We all agree that it is good to help those in need, but when ______ comes to giving away our money, things become strange.A．that B．this C．it D．one17．﹣Have you got the results of the final exam？﹣Not yet．It will be a few days ________ we know the full results．（）A．before B．afterC．until D．when18．We did have a quarrel about money last night，but now we havealready_____________.A．taken up B．put upC．made up D．brought up19．---I hear you’ll cancel all your plans and appointments. Why?---They _____ my life. I just can’t stop.A．control B．controlledC．have controlled D．have been controlling20．Experts warn that medical waste from hospitals, if ________properly, may lead to spreading diseases.A．not handled B．not being handledC．not to be handled D．not having handled第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

严格的ps抽样名词解释在统计学中，严格的PS抽样（Probability Sampling）是一种常用的抽样方法，用于从研究总体中选择出具有代表性的样本。

为了更好地理解该方法，有必要对其中涉及的几个名词进行解释。

1. 抽样（Sampling）抽样是指从一个总体中选择部分个体作为样本的过程。

在统计学中，抽样是用以代表总体特征的一种方法。

利用合理的抽样方法可以通过对样本的分析得出对总体的推断结果。

2. 总体（Population）总体指的是研究对象的全体，即包含了我们所关注的全部个体。

在严格的PS 抽样中，总体是指所有符合研究目的或者感兴趣的个体构成的集合。

3. PS抽样（Probability Sampling）严格的PS抽样是一种基于概率论的抽样方法，其特点是每个个体被选中的概率是确定且已知的。

在这种抽样方式下，每个个体有相等的机会被选入样本中。

4. 代表性（Representativeness）在统计学中，代表性是指样本在结构上与总体相似的程度。

如果样本具有足够的代表性，那么通过对样本的分析结果可以推断出总体的特征。

因此，抽样过程中要确保样本的代表性。

5. 概率分布（Probability Distribution）概率分布是指随机变量可能取值的概率情况，用来描述变量在不同取值上出现的概率。

在严格的PS抽样中，概率分布用于确定每个个体被选中的概率。

6. 样本容量（Sample Size）样本容量是指被抽样选择出的样本的规模和大小。

样本容量的大小直接影响到样本所产生的可靠性和稳定性，较大的样本容量能够更准确地反映总体的情况。

7. 抽样误差（Sampling Error）抽样误差是指由于抽样过程引入的估计结果与真实总体特征之间的差异。

在严格的PS抽样中，抽样误差可以通过概率分布和样本容量来进行控制，从而提高统计结果的准确性。

总结起来，严格的PS抽样是一种基于概率论的抽样方法，通过确定每个个体被选中的概率，选择具有代表性的样本来推断总体特征。