水利水电工程专业英语——水工结构篇

高等学校水利类统编教材《水利专业外语》迟道才周振民主编上传人单位：华北水利水电学院水利系目录Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性 (3)Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循环 (5)Lesson 3 hydrology 水文学 (7)Lesson 4 underground water 地下水 (11)Lesson 5 what causes flooding洪水是怎样形成的 (16)Lesson 6 nature of water pollution 水污染的性质 (19)Lesson 7 Planning for water resources development水资源开发规划 (22)Lesson 8 reservoirs 水库 (26)Lesson 9 Properties of concrete混凝土的特性 (30)Lesson 10 basic concepts of reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土基本概念 (35)Lesson 11 dams 坝 (38)Lesson 12 embankment dams 土石坝 (42)Lesson 13 concrete gravity dam on rock foundations 岩基上的混凝土重力坝.. 46 Lesson 14 Arch dams 拱坝 (51)Lesson 15 spillways溢洪道 (56)Lesson 16 design forces 设计作用力 (61)Lesson 17 Significance of infiltration and process of infiltration入渗重要性及过程 (65)Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 腾发量 (68)Lesson 19 irrigation methods 灌溉方法 (71)Lesson 20 irrigation canals灌溉渠道 (79)Lesson 21 land drainage 耕地排水 (83)Lesson 22 methods of applications of drip irrigation systems滴灌系统的应用方法 (88)Lesson 23 hydraulic turbines水轮机 (92)Lesson 24 hydro-electric power 水力发电 (96)Lesson 25 differential leveling 水准测量（微差水准测量） (102)Lesson 26 construction and equipment施工和设备 (107)Lesson 27 engineering economy in water resources planning水利规划中工程经济 (110)Lesson 28 soil erosion and soil conservation 土壤侵蚀与土壤保持 (116)Lesson 29 groundwater and climate change地下水与气候变化 (120)Lesson 30 irrigation performance evaluation 灌溉运行评价 (124)Lesson 31 bidding, bid opening and award of contract招标、开标和授予合同 127 Lesson 32 how to write a scientific paper如何撰写科技论文 (131)Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring in relatively pure form on the earth’s surface. Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water. Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land. The Polar Regions (原文polar regions) are overlaid with vast quantities of ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight. It has been estimated that the amount of water in the atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of 50,000 tons.在地球表面以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化合物。

水利水电工程专业英语——水工结构篇1. Planning Approach and its Physical Factors1.规划方法和物理因素Dams are one of the groups of important civil engineering work constructed by man for his physical, economic, and environmental betterment. This list also includes waterways, highways, bridges, pipelines, electrical transmission lines, dikes and levees, railroads, tunnels, jetties, breakwaters, docks, irrigation structures, recreational lakes, and others.大坝是重要的土建工程组之一，由人们以改善其物质、经济和环境的目的而建设。

其中还包括航道、公路、桥梁、管道、输电线路、堤坝和防洪堤、铁路、隧道、导流堤、防波堤、码头、灌溉建筑物、旅游湖泊，等等。

In almost every water project plan or situation one or more dams are important elements of a project plan. However, it is seldom that the dam is the sole or only facility. In a flood control plan, a dam and reservoir may be the only project works, but it is more likely accompanied advantageously with levees and other channel control works. In water supply-irrigation, municipal, industrial, and domestic-and in power generation, dams are one of a combination of project features needed to accomplish the desired project. In such cases, the dam cannot be justified independently of the other project facilities. To be economically, financially, socially, and environmentally justified it must be evaluated jointly with the group combination of project features and the total plan evaluated and judged as to its merit. Planning for a dam is one part of the planning process for the total project objective. The location, size, and design of a dam will be influenced, and often controlled, by the selection of the attainable and best warranted overall project plan.Physical factors of plan formulation include the followings:在几乎所有的水工程计划或选址中，一个或多个大坝对于一个项目计划来说是非常重要的因素。

水利水电工程专业英语——水文与水资源篇1. Hydrological Cycle and Budget1.水文循环与预算Hydrology is an earth science. It encompasses the occurrence, distribution, movement, and properties of the waters of the earth and their environmental relations. Closely allied fields include geology, climatology, meteorology and oceanography.水文学是一门地球科学。

它包含地球水资源的发生、分布、运动和特质，以及其环境关系。

与之密切相关领域包括地质学，气候学，气象学和海洋学。

The hydrologic cycle is a continuous process by which water is transported from the oceans to the atmosphere to the land and back to the sea. Many sub-cycles exist. The evaporation of inland water and its subsequent precipitation over land before returning to the ocean is one example. The driving force for the global water transport system is provided by the sun, which furnishes the energy required for evaporation. Note that the water quality also changes during passage through the cycle; for example, sea water is converted to fresh water through evaporation.水文循环是一个连续的过程，在这个过程中水从海洋被运输到大气中，降落到陆地，然后回到海洋。

施工总平面布置Construction general layout 施工组织Construction Programming施工组织设计construction planning施工坐标系（建筑坐标系）constructioncoordinate system湿化变形soaking deformation湿润比percentage of wetted area湿润灌溉wetting irrigation湿室型泵房wet-pit type pump house湿陷变形系数soaking deformation coefficient湿陷起始压力initial collapse pressure湿陷系数(湿陷变形系数) coefficient of collapsibility湿周wetted perimeter十字板剪切试验vane shear test石袋honeycomb时均流速time average velocity时均能量time average energy时效硬化(老化) age hardening (ageing)时针式喷灌系统(中心支轴自走式系统) central pivot sprinkler system实测放大图surveyed amplification map实腹柱solid column实际材料图primitive data map实时接线分析real time connection analysis 实时控制real-time control实时数据和实时信息real time data and real time information实体坝solid dike实体重力坝solid gravity dam实物工程量real work quantity实验站experimental station实用堰practical weir示流信号器liquid-flow annunciator示坡线slope indication line示误三角形error triangle示踪模型tracer model事故failure (accident)事故备用容量reserve capacity for accident 事故低油压tripping lower oil pressure事故音响信号emergency signal(alarmsignal)事故运行方式accident operation mode 事故闸门emergency gate事故照明accident lighting事故照明切换屏accident lighting change-over panel势波potential wave势流potential flow势能potential energy势涡(自由涡) potential vortex视差parallax视差法测距（基线横尺视差法）subtensemethod with horizontal staff视差角parallactic angle视准线法collimation line method视准轴（照准轴）coolimation axis试验处理treatment of experiment试验端子test terminal试验项目Testing item试验小区experimental block试运行test run试运行test run收敛测量convergence measurement收敛约束法convergence-confinementmethod收缩断面vena-contracta收缩缝(温度缝) contraction joint (temperature joint)收缩水深contracted depth手动[自动]复归manual [automatic] reset手动[自动]准同期manual [automatic] precise synchronization手动调节manual regulation手动控制manual control手动运行manual operation手工电弧焊manual arc welding首曲线（基本等高线）standard contour首子午线（本初子午线，起始子午线）prime meridian受油器oil head枢纽布置layout of hydroproject疏浚dredging输电系统transmission system输电线transmission line输入功率试验input test输沙量sediment runoff输沙率sediment discharge输水钢管steel pipe for water conveyance输水沟conveyance ditch输水建筑物water conveyance structure输水渠道water conveyance canal鼠道mole drains鼠道犁mole plough鼠笼型感应电动机squirrel cage induction motor竖井定向测量shaft orientation survey竖井贯流式水轮机pit turbine竖井联系测量shaft connection survey竖井排水drainage well竖井式进水口shaf tintake竖轴弧形闸门radial gate with vertic alaxes 数字地面模型digital terrain model（DTM）数字化测图digitized mapping数字通信digital communication数字图像处理digital image processing数字仪表digital instrument甩负荷load dump (load rejection,load shutdown)甩负荷试验load-rejection test (load-shutdowntest)双层布置double storey layout双调节调速器dual-regulation governor双扉闸门double-leaf gate双回线double-circuit line双击式水轮机cross flow turbine,Banki turbine双极高压直流系统bipolar HVDC system双金属标bimetal bench mark双列布置double row layout双母线接线double-bus connection双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam双曲拱渡槽double curvature arch aqueduct 双室式调压室double-chamber surge shaft双吸式离心泵double-suction pump双向挡水人字闸门bidirectional retaining mitre gate水泵[水泵水轮机的水泵工况]的反向最大稳态飞逸转速steady state reverse runaway speed of pump水泵比转速specific speed of pump 水泵并联扬程曲线head curve of parallelpumping system水泵参数与特性Parameters and characteristics of pump水泵串联扬程曲线head curve of series pumping system水泵的最大[最小]输入功率maximum[minimum] input power of pump水泵电动机机组Motor-pump unit水泵反常运行pump abnormal operating水泵工况(抽水工况) pump operation水泵工作点(水泵工况点) pump operatingpoint水泵供水water feed by pump水泵机械效率mechanical efficiency of pump水泵机组pump unit水泵类型Classification of pumps水泵零部件Components of pumps水泵流量pump discharge水泵容积效率volumetric efficiency of pump水泵输出功率output power of pump水泵输入功率(水泵轴功率) input powerof pump水泵水力效率hydraulic efficiency of pump水泵水轮机Pump-turbine水泵无流量输入功率no-discharge power ofpump水泵效率pump efficiency水泵扬程(水泵总扬程) total head of pump水泵站Pumping Station水泵装置pump system水锤(水击) water hammer水锤泵站hydrauli cram pump station水锤波(水击波) wave of water hammer水锤波波速wave velocity of water hammer水电站Hydroelectric Station水电站(水力发电站) Hydroelectric station(hydroelectric power station)水电站保证出力firm power, firm output水电站厂房(发电厂房) power house水电站厂房的类型Types of power house ofhydroelectric station水电站出力power output of hydropowerstation水电站出力和发电量Power and energyoutput of hydropower station水电站的水头、流量、水位Waterhead, discharge, water lever of hydropower station 水电站发电成本generation cost of hydropower station水电站发电量energy output of hydropower station水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure 水电站经济指标Economie index of hydropower station水电站类型Types of hydroelectric station水电站引用流量quotative discharge of hydropower station水电站装机容量installed capacity of hydropower station水电站自动化automation of hydroelectric station水跌hydraulic drop水动力学Hydrodynamics水斗bucket水斗式水轮机(贝尔顿式水轮机) pelton turbine水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工建筑物的类别及荷载Classification and load of hydraulic structures水工建筑物级别grade of hydraulic structure水工金属结构及安装Metal Structures and Their Installation水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞Hydraulic tunnels水工隧洞构造Components of hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞类型Classification of hydraulic tunnels水管冷却pipe cooling水柜water pool水环真空泵liquid ring pump水灰比water-cement ratio水窖(旱井) water callar(dry wall)水静力学Hydrostatics水库并联运用operation of parallel-connected resertvoir 水库测量reservoir survey水库串联运用operation of serial-connectedreservoirs水库调度reservoir operation水库调度图graph of reservoir operation水库回水变动区fluctuating back water zone of reservoir水库浸没reservoir immersion水库控制缓洪controlled flood retarding水库库底清理cleaning of reservoir zone水库泥沙Reservoir sediment水库泥沙防治Prevention of sediment水库年限ultimate life of reservoir水库渗漏reservoir leakage水库水文测验reservoir hydrometry水库塌岸bank ruin of reservoir水库特征库容Characteristic capacity ofreservoir水库特征水位Characteristic level of reservoir水库泄空排沙sediment releasing by emptying reservoir水库蓄清排浑clear water impounding and muddy flow releasing水库淹没补偿compensation for reservoir inundation水库淹没处理Treatment of reservoirinundation水库淹没处理范围treatment zone of reservoir inundation水库淹没界线测量reservoir inundation line survey水库淹没区zone of reservoir inundation水库淹没实物指标material index of reservoir inundation水库异重流density current in reservoir水库异重流排沙sediment releasing bydensity current水库诱发地震reservoir induced earthquake水库淤积Sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积测量reservoir accretion survey水库淤积极限limit state of sedimentdeposition in reservoir水库淤积平衡比降equilibrium slope ofsediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积上延(翘尾巴) upward extensionof reservoir deposition水库淤积纵剖面longitudinal profile of deposit in reservoir水库滞洪排沙flood retarding and sediment releasing水库自然滞洪free flood retarding水冷式空压机water-cooled compressor水力半径hydraulic radius水力冲填hydraulic excavation and filling水力冲填坝hydraulic fill dam水力冲洗式沉沙池hydraulic flushing sedimentation basin水力粗糙度hydraulic roughness水力粗糙区hydraulic roughness region水力共振hydraulic resonance水力光滑区hydraulic smooth水力机械Hydraulic Machinery水力机械与电气设备HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT水力机组hydropower unit水力机组测试Measurement and test for hydropower unit水力机组的安装和试运行Installation and starting operation of hydropower unit水力机组调节系统Regulating system of hydropower unit水力机组辅助系统Auxiliary system for hydropower unit水力开挖hydraulic excavation水力坡降(水力比降) hydraulic slope (energy gradient)水力破裂法(水力致裂法) hydro fracturing method水力侵蚀(水蚀) water erosion水力学Hydraulics水力要素(水力参数) hydraulic elements水力指数hydraulic exponent水力自动闸门hydraulic operating gate水力最优断面optimal hydraulic crosssection水利工程经营管理management and administration of water project水利计算Computation of water conservancy 水利区划zoning of water conservancy水利枢纽hydroproject水利水电工程等别rank of hydroproject水利水电工程规划PLANNING OF HYDROENGINEERING水利水电工程技术术语标准Standard of Technical Terms on Hydroengineering水工建筑物专业英语词汇岸墙land wall坝顶dam crest，dam top坝踵dam heel坝趾dam toe板桩sheet pile边墩side pier，land pier变形模量deformation modulus鼻坎bucket lip毕肖普法Bishop method冰压力ice pressure剥离desquamation侧槽式溢洪道side channel Spillway沉降settlement齿墙cut-off trench冲沙闸（排沙闸）silt-releasing Sluice纯拱法independent arch method刺墙key-wall大头坝massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思单宽流量discharge per unit width单曲拱坝single-curvature arch dam挡潮闸tidal sluice导流隧洞river diversion tunnel倒悬度Overhang degree底流消能energy dissipation by underflow地震作用earthquake action垫座cushion abutment动水压力hydrodynamic pressure断层fault堆石坝rock-fill dam多拱梁法multi-arch beam method阀门valve gate防浪墙wave wall防渗铺盖impervious blanket非常溢洪道emergency spillway分洪闸flood diversion sluice副坝auxiliary dam刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block拱坝arch dam拱冠梁crown cantilever拱冠粱法crown cantilever method工作桥service bridge固结灌浆consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel灌浆帷幕grout curtain管涌piping海漫apron extension横缝transverse joint虹吸式溢洪道siphon spillway蝴蝶阀butterfly valve护坡slope protection护坦apron弧形闸门radial gate滑雪道式溢洪道ski-jump spillway化学管涌chemical piping混凝土防渗墙concrete cut-off wall混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam基本断面primary section简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop method浆砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam浆砌石重力坝stone masonry gravity dam交通桥traffic bridge接触冲刷contact scouring接触灌浆contact grouting接缝灌浆joint grouting截水槽cut-off trench节制闸check sluice进水口water inlet进水闸inlet sluice井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质坝homogeneous earth dam抗滑稳定分析analysis of stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性stability against sliding空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空化cavitation空蚀cavitation erosion空注阀hollow jet valve宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽尾墩flaring pier廊道gallery浪压力wave force理论计算theoretical computation拦河闸river sluice沥青混凝土asphalt concrete连拱坝multiple-arch dam流土soil flow流网法flow net method锚杆anchor rod面板face slab面流消能energy dissipation by surface flow 模型试验model experiment泥沙压力silt pressure碾压混凝土坝Roller Compacted Concrete Dam牛腿Corbel排沙隧洞silt-releasing tunnel排水drainage排水闸outlet sluice喷混凝土sprayed concrete平板坝flat slab buttress dam平面闸门plane gate破碎带crushed zone铺盖blanket砌石护坡stone pitching人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam 溶洞solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation 软弱夹层soft intercalated layer实用断面practical section试载法trial-load method双曲拱坝double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel 水力发电隧洞hydropower tunnel水利枢纽hydro-complex水力学方法hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸sluice弹性模量elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet 土工膜geomembrane土石坝earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝earth dam with inclined soil wall 土质斜心墙坝earth dam with inclined soil core土质心墙坝earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆curtain grouting温度荷载temperature load温度控制temperature control温度应力temperature stress温度作用temperature action无压隧洞free level tunnel消力池stilling pool消力戽roller bucket消能工energy dissipater泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel泄水建筑物discharge structure泄水孔outlet hole新奥法NA TM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙breast wall扬压力uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘plunge pool溢流坝overflow dam、翼墙wing wall应力分析stress analysis优化设计optimization design有限单元法finite element method有压隧洞pressure tunnel闸墩pier闸门gate闸门槽gate slot正槽式溢洪道normal channel spillway整体式重力坝monolithic gravity dam趾板toe slab支墩坝buttress dam重力坝gravity dam 重力墩gravity abutment周边缝peripheral joint驻波standing wave锥形阀cone valve自由跌流free drop自重dead weight纵缝longitudinal joint键槽key strench伸缩缝contraction joint施工缝construction joint反弧段flip bucket拦污栅trash rack渐变段transition泄槽chute发电进水口power intake通气管air vent检修门bulkhead gate事故门emergency gate工作门service gate堰weir通气管air vent胸墙breast wall梁beam柱column回填混凝土backfill concrete 接地earth一期混凝土primary concrete 二期混凝土secondary concrete 叠梁门stoplog门机gantry crane止水waterstop钢筋reinforcement模板formwork围堰cofferdam马道bench；berm蜗壳volute水轮机turbine电站power house车间workshop发电机generator变电站transformer station副厂房auxiliary power house 安装间erection bay尾水闸门tail lock尾水渠tailrace引水渠approach channel前池fore bay导墙lead wall隔墙partition wall接触灌浆contact grouting回填混凝土backfill concrete帷幕灌浆curtain grouting挡墙retaining wall港口harbour港口建筑物port structure船闸navigation lock船闸充水lock filling船闸充水和泄水系统locking filling and emptying system船闸前池upper pool船闸上下游水位差lock lift船闸闸首lock head升船机ship elevator；ship lift鱼道fish canal旁通管by-pass齿槽cut-off wall水工建筑物专业词汇岸墙land wall坝顶dam crest，dam top坝踵dam heel坝趾dam toe板桩sheet pile边墩side pier，land pier变形模量deformation modulus鼻坎bucket lip毕肖普法Bishop method冰压力ice pressure剥离desquamation侧槽式溢洪道side channel Spillway沉降settlement齿墙cut-off trench冲沙闸（排沙闸）silt-releasing Sluice纯拱法independent arch method刺墙key-wall大头坝massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思单宽流量discharge per unit width 单曲拱坝single-curvature arch dam挡潮闸tidal sluice导流隧洞river diversion tunnel倒悬度Overhang degree底流消能energy dissipation by underflow地震作用earthquake action垫座cushion abutment动水压力hydrodynamic pressure断层fault堆石坝rock-fill dam多拱梁法multi-arch beam method阀门valve gate防浪墙wave wall防渗铺盖impervious blanket非常溢洪道emergency spillway分洪闸flood diversion sluice副坝auxiliary dam刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block拱坝arch dam拱冠梁crown cantilever拱冠粱法crown cantilever method工作桥service bridge固结灌浆consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel灌浆帷幕grout curtain管涌piping海漫apron extension横缝transverse joint虹吸式溢洪道siphon spillway蝴蝶阀butterfly valve护坡slope protection护坦apron弧形闸门radial gate滑雪道式溢洪道ski-jump spillway化学管涌chemical piping混凝土防渗墙concrete cut-off wall混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam基本断面primary section简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop method浆砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam浆砌石重力坝stone masonry gravity dam交通桥traffic bridge接触冲刷contact scouring接触灌浆contact grouting接缝灌浆joint grouting截水槽cut-off trench节制闸check sluice进水口water inlet进水闸inlet sluice井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质坝homogeneous earth dam抗滑稳定分析analysis of stability against sliding抗滑稳定性stability against sliding空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空化cavitation空蚀cavitation erosion空注阀hollow jet valve宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽尾墩flaring pier廊道gallery浪压力wave force理论计算theoretical computation拦河闸river sluice沥青混凝土asphalt concrete连拱坝multiple-arch dam流土soil flow流网法flow net method锚杆anchor rod面板face slab面流消能energy dissipation by surface flow 模型试验model experiment泥沙压力silt pressure碾压混凝土坝Roller Compacted Concrete Dam牛腿Corbel排沙隧洞silt-releasing tunnel排水drainage排水闸outlet sluice喷混凝土sprayed concrete平板坝flat slab buttress dam平面闸门plane gate破碎带crushed zone铺盖blanket砌石护坡stone pitching 人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam 溶洞solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation 软弱夹层soft intercalated layer实用断面practical section试载法trial-load method双曲拱坝double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel 水力发电隧洞hydropower tunnel水利枢纽hydro-complex水力学方法hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸sluice弹性模量elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet 土工膜geomembrane土石坝earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝earth dam with inclined soil wall 土质斜心墙坝earth dam with inclined soil core土质心墙坝earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆curtain grouting温度荷载temperature load温度控制temperature control温度应力temperature stress温度作用temperature action无压隧洞free level tunnel消力池stilling pool消力戽roller bucket消能工energy dissipater泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel泄水建筑物discharge structure泄水孔outlet hole新奥法NA TM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙breast wall扬压力uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘plunge pool溢流坝overflow dam、翼墙wing wall应力分析stress analysis优化设计optimization design有限单元法finite element method有压隧洞pressure tunnel闸墩pier闸门gate闸门槽gate slot正槽式溢洪道normal channel spillway 整体式重力坝monolithic gravity dam 趾板toe slab支墩坝buttress dam重力坝gravity dam重力墩gravity abutment周边缝peripheral joint驻波standing wave锥形阀cone valve自由跌流free drop自重dead weight纵缝longitudinal joint键槽key strench伸缩缝contraction joint施工缝construction joint反弧段flip bucket拦污栅trash rack渐变段transition泄槽chute发电进水口power intake通气管air vent检修门bulkhead gate事故门emergency gate工作门service gate堰weir通气管air vent胸墙breast wall梁beam柱column回填混凝土backfill concrete接地earth一期混凝土primary concrete二期混凝土secondary concrete叠梁门stoplog门机gantry crane止水waterstop钢筋reinforcement 模板formwork围堰cofferdam马道bench；berm蜗壳volute水轮机turbine电站power house车间workshop发电机generator变电站transformer station副厂房auxiliary power house安装间erection bay尾水闸门tail lock尾水渠tailrace引水渠approach channel前池fore bay导墙lead wall隔墙partition wall接触灌浆contact grouting回填混凝土backfill concrete帷幕灌浆curtain grouting挡墙retaining wall港口harbour港口建筑物port structure船闸navigation lock船闸充水lock filling船闸充水和泄水系统locking filling and emptying system船闸前池upper pool船闸上下游水位差lock lift船闸闸首lock head升船机ship elevator；ship lift鱼道fish canal旁通管by-pass齿槽cut-off wall。

高等学校水利类统编教材《水利专业外语》迟道才周振民主编上传人单位：华北水利水电学院水利系目录Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性 (3)Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循环 (5)Lesson 3 hydrology 水文学 (7)Lesson 4 underground water 地下水 (11)Lesson 5 what causes flooding洪水是怎样形成的 (16)Lesson 6 nature of water pollution 水污染的性质 (19)Lesson 7 Planning for water resources development水资源开发规划 (22)Lesson 8 reservoirs 水库 (26)Lesson 9 Properties of concrete混凝土的特性 (30)Lesson 10 basic concepts of reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土基本概念 (35)Lesson 11 dams 坝 (38)Lesson 12 embankment dams 土石坝 (42)Lesson 13 concrete gravity dam on rock foundations 岩基上的混凝土重力坝.. 46 Lesson 14 Arch dams 拱坝 (51)Lesson 15 spillways溢洪道 (56)Lesson 16 design forces 设计作用力 (61)Lesson 17 Significance of infiltration and process of infiltration入渗重要性及过程 (65)Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 腾发量 (68)Lesson 19 irrigation methods 灌溉方法 (71)Lesson 20 irrigation canals灌溉渠道 (79)Lesson 21 land drainage 耕地排水 (83)Lesson 22 methods of applications of drip irrigation systems滴灌系统的应用方法 (88)Lesson 23 hydraulic turbines水轮机 (92)Lesson 24 hydro-electric power 水力发电 (96)Lesson 25 differential leveling 水准测量（微差水准测量） (102)Lesson 26 construction and equipment施工和设备 (107)Lesson 27 engineering economy in water resources planning水利规划中工程经济 (110)Lesson 28 soil erosion and soil conservation 土壤侵蚀与土壤保持 (116)Lesson 29 groundwater and climate change地下水与气候变化 (120)Lesson 30 irrigation performance evaluation 灌溉运行评价 (124)Lesson 31 bidding, bid opening and award of contract招标、开标和授予合同 127 Lesson 32 how to write a scientific paper如何撰写科技论文 (131)Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring inrelatively pure form on the earth’s surface. Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water. Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land. The Polar Regions (原文polar regions) are overlaid with vast quantitiesof ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1percent to 2 percent by weight. It has been estimated that the amount of water inthe atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of50,000 tons.在地球表面以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化合物。

Specialized EnglishforGraduates of 2011Contents1 HYDROPOWER PLANT (1)1.1 Hydropower (1)1.2 Advantages of Hydropower (1)1.3 Disadvantage of a Hydroplant (2)1.4 Multi-Purpose Uses (2)1.4.1 Irrigation (2)1.4.2 Flood control (2)1.4.3 Navigation (2)1.4.4 Recreation (2)1.4.5 Fish Breeding (3)1.5 Typical Components of a Hydroelectric Plant (3)1.5.1 Dam or Barrage (3)1.5.2 Water-Conduit System (3)1.5.3 Power House (3)1.5.4 Tail Race (3)1.5.5 Electrical Power Transmission (4)1.6 Classification of Hydroelectric Plants (4)1.6.1 Base-Load and Peak-Load Plants (4)1.6.2 Plants can also be classified as follows: (4)1.6.3 Classification on the Basis of Available Heads (7)2 HYDRAULIC TURBINES (10)2.1 Introduction (10)2.1.1 Sub-systems of a Water Turbine (10)2.2 Classification of Water Turbines (10)2.3 Pelton Turbine (12)2.3.1 Injector (12)2.3.2 Runner (12)2.3.3 Number of Nozzles (13)2.3.4 Distributor (14)2.3.5 Casing (15)2.3.6 Jet Brake (16)2.3.7 Tail Water Depressor System (16)2.4 Francis Turbine (17)2.4.1 Main Components (18)2.4.2 Scroll Case (18)2.4.3 Stay Vanes Ring (18)2.4.4 Guide Vanes Mechanism (19)2.4.5 Runner (19)2.4.6 Draft Tube (21)2.4.7 Head Cover (22)2.4.8 Bottom Ring (22)2.4.9 Shaft (23)2.4.10 Turbine Pit Liner (23)2.4.11 Dewatering of Turbine (23)2.5 Propeller and Kaplan Turbine (23)2.5.1 Introduction (23)2.5.2 Improvement in Efficiency (24)2.5.3 Main Components of the Runner (24)2.5.4 Location of Servomotor (26)2.5.5 Scroll Case (26)2.5.6 Automatic Air Valves (27)2.5.7 Shaft of the Hydrounit (27)2.5.8 Over-speed Protective Devices (27)2.6 Deriaz Turbine (27)2.6.1 Introduction (27)2.6.2 Servomotor (29)3 HVAC (30)3.1 Background (30)3.2 Heating (31)3.3 Ventilation (33)3.3.1 Mechanical or forced ventilation (33)3.3.2 Natural ventilation (34)3.3.3 Airborne Illnesses (34)3.4 Air conditioning (34)3.5 Energy efficiency (36)3.5.1 Heating energy (36)3.5.2 Geothermal Heat Pump (37)3.5.3 Ventilation Energy recovery (37)3.5.4 Air conditioning energy (37)3.6 Air Filtration and Cleaning (37)3.6.1 Clean Air Delivery Rate and Filter Performance (38)3.7 HVAC industry and standards (38)3.7.1 International (38)3.7.2 North America (USA) (38)3.7.3 Europe (United Kingdom) (39)3.7.4 Australia (40)3.7.5 Asia (India) (40)1 HYDROPOWER PLANT1.1 HydropowerIt is the power generated by using water as the energy-supplying agent. In this case, water is allowed to flow from a higher level to a lower level through a turbine where the potential energy of water is converted into kinetic energy and the turbine, in turn, rotates a generator to produce electricity.Hydropower generation depends upon the availability of rainwater. Clouds are formed because of the heating of seawater by the sun. They move towards the land, where low-pressure zones are formed and as they get cooled, moisture starts precipitating. The rainwater starts moving towards lower levels becauseof gravity, through a system of natural drains consisting of nullahs, rivulets, rivers and so on. This water can be stored in reservoirs created on the rivers, by construction of dams and can be used to generate power. After generation, the water is let out into the river and gradually travels further and ultimately reaches the sea. Here it is heated up by the sun to start the next cycle. Therefore, hydropower is nothing but conversion of solar energy into electricity through a circuitous route.1.2 Advantages of HydropowerHydropower generation is non-wasting self-replenishing and non-polluting.It is a physical phenomenon and no chemical change is involved. Water come out unchanged from the turbine after imparting its energy and can be used again either for power generation or for irrigation. In fact, this is done in multi-purpose river-valley schemes like the Chambal Valley development in India and the Tennessee Valley development in U.S.A. In the case of the Chambal Valley development, power is generated with the help of the same water in three powerhouses, situated one after another on the river, before being released into irrigation canals. As against this, coal, oil or nuclear fuel can only be used once.The supply of water is automatic and the water utilized in one season is replenished by nature in the next season. The water reaches the powerhouse site on its own-no mining operations and transportation are involved as in the case of coal or oil.Waterpower is clean as it does not produce any pollutants, whereas in the case of thermal or nuclear power generation pollution is inevitable, as toxic by-products are emitted.The hydropower plants have very high efficiencies. The turbine efficiency is above 90 percent and the overall efficiency can be above 80 percent which is much higher than that of thermal plants. The hydro-plants are long lasting and many plants are still in service even 40 years after commissioning. The percentage of outages is very low, as shutdowns for repairs and maintenance are fewer. The plants are available for instant loading and a set can start taking full load within five minutes, starting from the standstill position, whereas thermal plants may take about five to six hours.1.3 Disadvantage of a HydroplantThe initial investments are very heavy and the specific cost is high compared to a thermal plant. The time needed for construction is quite long and it affects the economy adversely as returns start flowing in late. When a lake is formed, land submergence creates its own problem.As the availability of water varies from year to year, in low rainfall years the plant capacity is under-utilized.Anyway the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.1.4 Multi-Purpose UsesAs already started earlier, a number of additional benefits can be obtained from water stored besides generating power, such as irrigation, flood control, navigation and so on. The multi-purpose use of water gives much better returns on investment and there is marked improvement in the cost-benefit ratio.1.4.1 IrrigationThe water being discharged from a powerhouse can be fed into a canal network to provide irrigation facilities to land situated down stream. As a matter of fact, in many multi-purpose projects in India, water is stored predominantly for irrigation purposes with power generation playing a secondary role.1.4.2 Flood controlCreation of lake on a river has the inherent possibilities of flood moderation. The flood waters may be fully or partly absorbed in the lake and only regulated quantities of water are allowed to pass downstream, protecting the lower areas from floods. This aspect assumes great importance in the case of rivers, which go on devastating large tracts of fertile land and valuable property year after year.1.4.3 NavigationThe formation of storage reservoir increasesthe normal water level in a river. Many pools and shallow stretches of the river get submerged underwater and a sufficient depth of water becomes available for ship to navigate these stretches. Thus facilitates economic transport of cargo and passengers.The multi-purpose development of the river Danube in Europe is a typical example of combining navigation with power generation. It 'li s nking up with the river Rhine has allowed the ships to pass from the North Sea to the Black Sea. Barrages have been constructed at a number of points in the river increasing the upstream water levels and power is being generated at these places. The only additional construction needed is to provide navigational locks at the sites of the barrage for the uninterrupted movement of a ship.1.4.4 RecreationCreation a reservoir of water considerably enhances the beauty and charm of surrounding areas and tourist resorts and picnic spots are being developed in these areas.1.4.5 Fish BreedingIt can take place on a large scale and fish can be made available economically to the populati on liv ing in the n eighbori ng areas.1.5 Typical Components of a Hydroelectric PlantThe mai n comp onents are (Fig.1.1): (i) The dam, (ii) The water-c on duit system, (iii) The powerhouse, (iv) The tail-water system, (v) The switchyard, and (vi) The transmission lin es.1.5.1 Dam or BarrageA dam or a barrage is con structed on the river course result ing in an in crease in the upstream water level because of the formatio n of a reservoir whose storage capacity is decided by the water requireme nt for power gen erati on.1.5.2 Water-Conduit SystemWater-c on duit system carries water from the reservoir to the power stati on .It may con sist of a pressure tunnel an d/or pipes called pen stocks which may be laid above ground or un dergro und. One pen stock may feed a nu mber of turb in es, where a nu mber of bran ches have to take off. Flow-c on trol valves may be provided before water is admitted to the turb in es. A surge tank is occasi on ally provided to restrict the effects of water hammer.Fig.1.1 Typical layout of a high head hydroelectric pla nt1.5.3 Power HouseThe powerhouse accommodates the turb ines and gen erators, the con trol equipme nt and in some cases the tran sformers. Its locatio n can be either at the surface or un dergro und and it may be away from, at the foot of, or in the body of, the dam.1.5.4 Tail RaceThe water, after pass ing through the turb in e, is discharged into the tailrace which, in tur n, carries it to a river.The tailrace can be an ope n cha nnel as in the case of a surface powerhouse, or a tunnel as in the case of an underground powerhouse. The discharge from all the turbines is collected in the tail race at its beginning by means of branch channels. The tailrace may discharge into the original river itself or, in rare cases, some other river when there is an inter-basin transfer of water.1.5.5 Electrical Power TransmissionThe electrical power generated by the generators is fed to the step-up transformers by means of cables as the generating voltage may be much less than the transmission voltage. The power is then supplied to the transmission network via a switchyard where the switchingand protective equipment is installed. The switchyard is located within a short distance of the powerhouse.Transmission lines take off in different directions to supply power to the consumers.In the case of combined hydropower and irrigation multi-purpose projects, a canal network is established downstream of dam.1.6 Classification of Hydroelectric PlantsThey can be classified on the basis of the operating heads, the output or some other important features, such as the nature of duty.1.6.1 Base-Load and Peak-Load PlantsEvery hydro-plant is an individual entity and no two plants are identical as regards the head, availability of power and so on. A hydro-plant works as a base-load plant if there is continuous power generation. This is especially the case if the flow through the river has to be maintained constant for meeting the irrigation or navigation requirements.If the conditions prevailing at the power station permit regulated releases, the plant can be used to generate peak power. For example, the Roseland plant (France) is designed to meet the peak winter demand from water largely stored during the summer period.1.6.2 Plants can also be classified as follows:(a) Conventional hydro-plants with valley storage.(b) Run-of-the-river plants.(c) Diversion type of plants.(d) Pumped storage plants.(e) Tidal-power plants.Valley storage plantsIn the case of conventional hydro-plants, a reservoir has to be created on the river to store sufficient rainwater, for power generation throughout the year by construction of a dam. These types of plants are sub-divided into high-head plants, medium-head plants, and low-head plants (Fig.1.2).It is difficult to lay down exact ranges. However, the following limits are recommended (they are arbitrary and are as good as any other arbitrary ranges recommended):(i) High-head pla nts - hav ing heads of more tha n 250 m.(ii) Medium-head pla nts - hav ing heads betwee n 50 m and 250 m.(iii) Low-head pla nts - hav ing heads less tha n 50 m.Fig.1.2 The Geheya n valley storage pla nt (Chi na)Today, the plant capacities range from a few hundred kilowatts to thousands of megawatts with in dividual unit capacities ranging from few hun dred kW to 700,000 kW and it is rather difficult to classify the plants on capacity basis.Run-of-the-river plantsFig.1.3 Chief Joseph Dam n ear Bridgeport, Wash ington, USA, is a major run-o f-the-riverstati on without a sizeable reservoirThese pla nts gen erate power on rivers with a con ti nu ous flow throughout the year with minor seasonal variations. Such conditions prevail mainly in colder countries but rarely in tropical regions. The storage needed is minor and can be created by building a barrage across the river, which raises the water level creat ing some head for power gen erati on. The site chosen should be on a stable reach of the river with stable bed and banks. The maximum flood an ticipated should have a low value and water should not carry muchsedime nt. Creati ng a small pool does not create problems of land acquisiti on and does not substantially alter the original topography along the banks of the river as submergence is low. This pool may also be useful for n avigati on (Fig.1.3).Such pla nts are quite popular in Europe. A cha in of such pla nts have bee n con structed on the Danube to fully utilize its power and navigation potential.Diversion Canal PlantsThese diversi on type of pla nts can gen erate power, tak ing adva ntage of the level differe nce on a curved mean deri ng stretch of a river with a steep bed-slope.A divers ion canal with a flat slope in which the flow from the river is diverted takes off from the higher reaches of the main river. A weir is constructed at the end of the canal to create a small pool of water, called the forebay. The water from the forebay is fed by means of the pen stocks to the powerhouse situated in the low reach of the river (Fig.1.4).Pumped Storage Plants A pumped-storage pla nt uses two reservoirs, one located at a much higher elevati on tha n the other. During periods of low dema nd for electricity, such as ni ghts and weeke nds, en ergy is stored by revers ing the turb in es a nd pump ing water from the lower to the upper reservoir. The stored water can later be released to turn the turb ines and gen erate electricity as it flows back into the lower reservoir.* ju IntakeFig.1.4 Diversio n hydropower plantThese are peak load pla nts where water is pumped up to a higher level duri ng off peak periods to gen erate peak power duri ng the high dema nd period.Gantry CraneRepEbM F^jmp-turbrieFig.1.5 Pumped storage pla ntTidal Power PlantsThese depend on tides for generating power. This source is unconventional and a lot of importa nee is being give n to this type of pla nt.1.6.3 Classification on the Basis of Available HeadsThere are various classificati ons of hydroelectric power pla nts. Based on the total head of water available the hydroelectric power pla nts are classified in to three types: low head hydroelectric power plants, medium head hydroelectric power plants, and high head hydroelectrci power pla nts.163.1 Low head hydroelectric power plantsFig.1.6 Cross-sectio n of a typical low head pla ntThe low head hydroelectric power plants are the ones in which the available water head is less than 30 meters. The dam in this type of power plants is of very small head may be eve n of few meters only. In certa in cases weir is used and in other cases there is no dam at all and merely flowing water in the river is used for generation of electricity. The low head types of hydroelectric power pla nts cannot store water and electricity is produced only when sufficient flow of water is available in the river. Thus they produce electricity only duri ng particular seas ons whe n abundant flow of water is available. Since the head of water is very small in these hydroelectric power plants, they have lesser power produci ngcapacity .In such pla nts Fran cis, Propeller or Kapla n types of turb ines are used. Also no surge tank is required.163.2 Medium head hydroelectric power plantsThe hydroelectric power plants in which the working head of water is more than 30 meters but less tha n 300 meters are called medium head hydroelectric power pla nts. These hydroelectric power pla nt are usually located in the mountainous regi ons where the rivers flows at high heights, thus obtaining the high head of the water in dam becomes possible. In medium head hydroelectric plants dams are constructed behind which there can be large reservoir of water. Water from the reservoir can be take n to the power gen erati on system where electricity is gen erated. The turb ines used are Fran cis type of the steel en cased variety.Fig.1.7 Cross-sectio n of a typical medium head pla nt1.6.3.3 High head hydroelectric power plantsIn the high head hydroelectric power plants the head of water available for producing electricity is more than 300 meters and it can extend even up to 1000 meters. These are the most commonly constructed hydroelectric power plants. In the high head hydroelectric power pla nts huge dams are con structed across the rivers. There is large reservoir of water in the dams that can store water at very high heads. Water is mainly stored duri ng the rainy seas onsand it can be used throughout the year. Thus the high head hydroelectric power pla nts can gen erate electricity throughout the year. The high head hydroelectric power pla nts are very importa nt in the n ati onal grid because they can be adjusted easily to produce the power as per the required loads.Whe n con struct ing the high head types of hydroelectric power pla nts a nu mber of factors especially those related to the environment and natural ecosystem of the land and water should be con sidered. The total height of the dam depe nds upon a nu mber of factors like qua ntity of available water, power to be gen erated, surro unding areas, n atural ecosystem etc.Mainly in these plants pressure tunnel is provided before the surge tank, which in turn conn ected to pen stock. A pressure tunnel is take n off from the reservoir and water brought to the valve house (not show n in picture) at the start of the pen stocks. The pen stocks are huge steel pipes which take large qua ntity of water from the valve house to the power house. The valve house contains main sluice gates and in additi on automatic isolati ng valves which come into operati on whe n the pen stock bursts, cutt ing further supply of water. Surge tank is an ope n tank and is built just in betwee n the begi nning of the pen stocks and the valve house. In abse nee of surge tank, the water hammer can damage thefixed gates. Normally the high head pla nts are 500 meters above and for heads above 500 meters Pelt on wheels are used.Fig.1.8 Cross-secti on of a typical high head pla nt2 HYDRAULIC TURBINES2.1 IntroductionHydraulic turbines are machines which convert water energy into mechanical energy. So they can be considered as motors run by water. Water stored in a reservoir at higher level flows through the turbine to the tail race channel situated at a lower level imparting potential energy to the turbine.The theoretical foundations of the modern turbine were laid by Euler. The first practical turbines were made by Fourneyron and Bourdin. Forneyron installed a 40 H.P. turbine at St. Blassius, France in 1835. Other prominent names in the field are Pelton, Francis and Kaplan. The impulse turbine is named after Pelton who contributed a lot to its development. The mixed flow reaction turbine is named after Francis, who built the first well designed unit in 1849. The movable blade propeller type turbine is named after Kaplan.The function of a water turbine is to rotate the generator coupled to it to produce electricity. The conversion of energy to the electrical form is necessary because electrical energy can be transmitted over long distances with proportionately very small losses compared to mechanical or hydraulic energy.2.1.1 Sub-systems of a Water TurbineEssentially any water turbine must have the following sub-systems:(i) Guide passages to admit water to the rotating element with minimum loss of energy. (ii) A governing mechanism to instantaneously adjust the quantity of water being admitted, to match the load fluctuations.(iii) A rotating element or a runner where the conversion of energy takes place. A torque is developed which rotates the generator coupled to the turbine.(iv) Passages to lead the water out of the turbine body.In the case of water turbines, the density remains constant while water is passing through all above stages. In steam turbines and gas turbines the density varies. Hence their construction differs materially from water turbines.2.2 Classification of Water TurbinesThe water turbines are divided into two main categories: the impulse type and reaction type (Fig.2.1). In the impulse type, water flows out of a nozzle in the form of a jet such that all the pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy. This jet hits one of a series buckets mounted on a runner. Because of the impact, the runner is rotated about the axis. Therefore the turbine is called the impulse turbine. The water comes out of the nozzle at atmospheric pressure. Hence the pressure throughout the turbine is atmospheric, i.e., constant. Therefore the turbine is also called a constant pressure turbine.bucketstationarynozzleFig.2.1 Prin ciple of the basic impulse turbi ne (left) and react ion turbi ne (right)The reacti on type of turb ine works on the prin ciple of react ion. Water en ters the turbi ne at high pressure and low velocity in the guide passage. Some pressure energy is conv erted in to kin etic en ergy and water the n en ters the runner (rotor) and pressure en ergy is successively con verted into kin etic en ergy. As the water flow ing through the runner is accelerated, it creates a reaction on the runner vane and the runner is rotated (Fig.2.2). As the static fluid pressure acts on both sides the vane, it does not do any work. Work is en tirely done due to con vers ion of en ergy into kin etic form. It is to be no ted that relative velocity goes on in creas ing from inlet to outlet though the absolute velocity decreases. In a reaction turbine water is under pressure and the turbine is filled with water when work ing. Therefore, the turb ine must be en closed in a cas ing which should be able to withstand the pressure. In the case of an impulse turbine, the casing protects the runner and does not allow the water to splash out. It does not serve any hydraulic function. In a reaction turbine, water can be admitted all over the runner at one time. Therefore, it is sometimes called a full admissi on turb ine.Fluid inletFig.2.2 Francis turbi ne (react ion type)Only three turb ines have served the test of time. They are Pelt on turb ines of the impulse type and Francis and Kapla n turb ines of the react ion type.Therefore, these three will be discussed in some detail. Rece ntly, ano ther type of turb ine known as Deriaz turb ine or diag onal flow turb ine has bee n developed which is a cross between a Francis turbine and a Kaplan turbine.2.3 Pelton TurbineThe Pelt on turbi ne (Fig.2.3) is an impulse type of turb in e. It was n amed after L.A.Pelo n (1829-1908) who in 1880, patented and improved the form of impulse wheels. In impulse turbine, water flows out of a nozzle in the form of a jet in the atmosphere, converting hydraulic energy into kinetic energy. The jet delivers an impact to one of a series of blades mounted on the runner, which starts rotating. As the pressure is atmospheric and constant, this turbine is also called constant pressure turbine. This turbine is essentially a high head turb ine and is curre ntly being used for a head range of 300 m to 1800 m. The specific speed range is from Ns=4 to Ns=70.The turb ine esse ntially con sists of three comp onen ts: (i) the in jector (ii) the runner and (iii) the cas ing.2.3.1 InjectorThe fun cti on of the injector are (a) to direct the water received from the pen stock at the proper an gle on the runner (b) to vary the quality of water to suit in sta ntan eousload con diti ons, thereby gover ning the turb ine.The injectors are located either at the end of a bend fitted to the pen stock of in the case of multi-nozzle turbines, or at the end of the distribution branches.The injector consists of (a) a nozzle (b) a spear rod also called a needle and (c) a deflector. The spear rod slides coaxially in the nozzle. Its movement controls the area of the nozzle opening and therefore the quantity of water being admitted to the runner.Fig.2.3 Cross sect ion of a Pelt on turb ine2.3.2 RunnerThis consists of a cylindrical disc with the blades mounted on its periphery (Fig.2.4).The blades, also called buckets, look like twin hemi-ellipsoided cups joined in the middle by means of a ridge. This shape is give n to obta in maximum efficie ncy con diti ons. The jet of water enters the bucket in the center, bifurcates into two portions and travels over the bucket and leaves at the outlet tips. This bifurcation counter balances any axial thrust developed.Fig.2.4 An in tegrally cast Pelt on turbi ne runnerThe jet is deflected at an an gle of 168o to 176o, such that it just clears the back of the succeed ing bucket.For the most efficient conditions, the jet should hit the bucket perpendicularly. But this is not always possible as each bucket intercepts the jet at an angle of 2 n/n (where n = nu mber of buckets). For the jet to hit the bucket perpe ndicularly for the maximum time, the buckets are inclined backwards to the radius, the inclination varying from 10to 18oA notch is provided at the tip of the bucket, so that the succeeding bucket does not interfere with the jet hitting the previous bucket.The nu mber of bucket is decided by two con diti ons:(i) The nu mber must be adequate to the in tercept the jet at all times and no water should go to the tail race directly without imparting energy to the runner.(ii) The nu mber of buckets provided curre ntly varies from 18 to 24, though the extreme limits may be from 14 to 30.2.3.3 Number of NozzlesThe Pelt on turb in e can have either a horiz on tal axis or a vertical axis layout. If the axis is horizontal, the runner can be fed either by one nozzle or by two nozzles (Fig.2.4). Sometimes the turbi ne may have twin runners placed side by side or alter natively, the gen erator may be drive n by two turb ines placed on either side.In the vertical shaft disposition, there is only one runner, the number of nozzles varying from 2 to 6, though most of the turb ines have either 4 or 6 no zzles (Fig.2.5).Fig.2.5 Distributor of a six no zzle Pelt on turbi ne2.3.4 DistributorTo feed water to these no zzles a distributor is provided which a pipe attached to the end of pen stock. For a two-no zzle horiz on tal shaft layout, the distributor is Y-shaped with bends being attached to the two arms of the bifurcate for mounting of the injectors (Fig.2.6). The angle of the Y varies between 70cTo 90oFig.2.6 A two-no zzle horiz on tal shaft layout with Y-shaped distributorFor the vertical shaft layout, the simplest type of distributor consists of annular pipe starti ng from the pen stock with successively decreas ing cross-sectio nal area and with a runner of arms project ing in side for fitti ng of the no zzles (Fig.2.5).。

高等学校水利类统编教材《水利专业外语》迟道才周振民主编上传人单位：华北水利水电学院水利系目录Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性 (3)Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循环 (5)Lesson 3 hydrology 水文学 (7)Lesson 4 underground water 地下水 (11)Lesson 5 what causes flooding洪水是怎样形成的 (16)Lesson 6 nature of water pollution 水污染的性质 (19)Lesson 7 Planning for water resources development水资源开发规划 (22)Lesson 8 reservoirs 水库 (26)Lesson 9 Properties of concrete混凝土的特性 (30)Lesson 10 basic concepts of reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土基本概念 (35)Lesson 11 dams 坝 (38)Lesson 12 embankment dams 土石坝 (42)Lesson 13 concrete gravity dam on rock foundations 岩基上的混凝土重力坝.. 46 Lesson 14 Arch dams 拱坝 (51)Lesson 15 spillways溢洪道 (56)Lesson 16 design forces 设计作用力 (61)Lesson 17 Significance of infiltration and process of infiltration入渗重要性及过程 (65)Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 腾发量 (68)Lesson 19 irrigation methods 灌溉方法 (71)Lesson 20 irrigation canals灌溉渠道 (79)Lesson 21 land drainage 耕地排水 (83)Lesson 22 methods of applications of drip irrigation systems滴灌系统的应用方法 (88)Lesson 23 hydraulic turbines水轮机 (92)Lesson 24 hydro-electric power 水力发电 (96)Lesson 25 differential leveling 水准测量（微差水准测量） (102)Lesson 26 construction and equipment施工和设备 (107)Lesson 27 engineering economy in water resources planning水利规划中工程经济 (110)Lesson 28 soil erosion and soil conservation 土壤侵蚀与土壤保持 (116)Lesson 29 groundwater and climate change地下水与气候变化 (120)Lesson 30 irrigation performance evaluation 灌溉运行评价 (124)Lesson 31 bidding, bid opening and award of contract招标、开标和授予合同 127 Lesson 32 how to write a scientific paper如何撰写科技论文 (131)Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring inrelatively pure form on the earth’s surface. Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water. Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land. The Polar Regions (原文polar regions) are overlaid with vast quantitiesof ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1percent to 2 percent by weight. It has been estimated that the amount of water inthe atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of50,000 tons.在地球表面以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化合物。

•Permeat 渗入，渗透=percolate=seepage •overlay 覆盖•impair 损害•raw 原状的，原始的•available 可利用的•sanitary 卫生的，保健的•basin 盆地，流域•hydrologic 水文学的，水文的•hydrologic cycle 水循环•precipitation 降水，降雨•runoff 径流•percolate 渗透•drought 干旱季节，旱灾•vadose渗流 infiltration•flowage 泛滥，积水•sub-surface water 地下水•flooding 洪水泛滥，漫灌•levee 堤；筑堤•deluge 洪水；大雨，暴雨•meandering 蜿蜒的；曲流的•winding 曲折的；弯曲的；迂回的•erode 侵蚀；冲刷；腐蚀•enhancement增加提高•objectionable不适合的•sluice-way=sluiceway 泄洪道•ungated 无门的；闭塞的•orifice 孔口；管口•detention basin 蓄洪区；拦洪区•retarding basin滞洪水库•abutment坝座•embankment土堤•impermeable 不渗透的，不透水•uplift 上托力，扬压力，上举•heel 坝踵，上游坡脚•tailwater 尾水，尾水位•toe 坝趾，坡脚，坝脚•pretest 事先实验•fieldtest野外试验•tensile拉力的•factor 系数，倍数，因素•coefficient 折算率，程度•chute 斜槽，瀑布，泻物架•infiltration 渗流•spillway 溢洪道•stage construction 分期施工•drainage basin流域•50-year frequency flood 五十年一遇洪水•outlet works 泄水（排水，河口）工程•discharge capacity 泄水能力•soil conservation 土壤保持•water and soil erosion 水土流失•flow hydrograph流量过程线•the Yangtze River 长江•the estimated flow径流量•Mississippi River 密西西比河•water table 地下水位•soil erosion土壤侵蚀•the outer curve 凹岸take。

水利水电工程专业英语——水工结构篇1. Planning Approach and its Physical Factors1.规划方法和物理因素Dams are one of the groups of important civil engineering work constructed by man for his physical, economic, and environmental betterment. This list also includes waterways, highways, bridges, pipelines, electrical transmission lines, dikes and levees, railroads, tunnels, jetties, breakwaters, docks, irrigation structures, recreational lakes, and others.大坝是重要的土建工程组之一，由人们以改善其物质、经济和环境的目的而建设。

其中还包括航道、公路、桥梁、管道、输电线路、堤坝和防洪堤、铁路、隧道、导流堤、防波堤、码头、灌溉建筑物、旅游湖泊，等等。

In almost every water project plan or situation one or more dams are important elements of a project plan. However, it is seldom that the dam is the sole or only facility. In a flood control plan, a dam and reservoir may be the only project works, but it is more likely accompanied advantageously with levees and other channel control works. In water supply-irrigation, municipal, industrial, and domestic-and in power generation, dams are one of a combination of project features needed to accomplish the desired project. In such cases, the dam cannot be justified independently of the other project facilities. To be economically, financially, socially, and environmentally justified it must be evaluated jointly with the group combination of project features and the total plan evaluated and judged as to its merit. Planning for a dam is one part of the planning process for the total project objective. The location, size, and design of a dam will be influenced, and often controlled, by the selection of the attainable and best warranted overall project plan.Physical factors of plan formulation include the followings:在几乎所有的水工程计划或选址中，一个或多个大坝对于一个项目计划来说是非常重要的因素。

Lesson 11 dams 坝The first dam for which there are reliable records was built on the Nile River sometime before 4000B.C. it is used to divert the Nile and provide a site for the ancient city of Memphis. 据可靠记载，世界上第一座坝是公元前4000年以前在尼罗河上修建的。

他使尼罗河改道，并为古老的孟菲斯城提供城址。

The oldest dam still in use is the Almanza Dam in Spain, which was constructed in the sixteenth century. With the passage of time, materials and methods of construction have improved, making possible the erection of such large dams as the Nurek Dam which is being constructed in the Former Soviet Union on the V aksh River near the border of Afghanistan. This dam will be 1017 ft (333m)high,of earth and rock fill.至今仍在使用的最古老的坝是16世纪修建的西班牙阿尔曼扎坝。

随着岁月的流逝，各种建筑材料和施工方法得到了改善，修建列努克这样的大坝才成为可能。

该坝正在前苏联境内靠近阿富汗边界的瓦赫什河上施工，是一座高达1017英尺（333米）的土石坝。

The failure of a dam may cause serious loss of life and property; consequently, the design and maintenance of dams are commonly under government surveillance. In the United States over 30,000 dams are under the control of state authorities. The 1972 Federal Dam Safety Act (PL 92-267)requires periodic inspections of dams by qualified experts. The failure of the Teton Dam in Idaho in June 1976 added to the concern for dam safety in the United States. 大坝失事可能造成生命财产的严重损失。