sdau山东农业大学国际贸易理论与实务 Chapter.12 Quality

Some products are well known by the place of origin, they would be more welcomed whenever their places of origin are mentioned. Thus, the place of origin may signify the quality of a product. In concluding a sales contract, traders like to mention the places of origin of these products to indicate their qualities.
3. Quality clause in the contract 合同中的品质条款
A quality clause usually consists of the name and specifications, grade, or the serial number and date of the sample. Description or sample used separately or together to describe quality, depending on the product features.
Flexible clauses (1) the seller stipulates “The quality of the goods shipped to be about equal to the sample” may be stipulated. (2) Flexible quality range for some primary products ① Range: e.g. Printed Shirting “Jumping Fish” Yarn counts 30x36 No. of threads/inc 72x69 Width (inch) 35/36‟‟
CHAPTER 12 QUALITY, QUANTITY, PACKING AND PRICING
Quality 品质 Quantity 数量
Packing 包装
Pricing 价格

1.

Name of commodity 品名
Using a proper name for the traded good is significant in that it helps to avoid confusion, reduce customs duties or save freight. Currently businessmen usually nominate traded goods with names complying with the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) of tariff nomenclature （命名). 商品名称及编码协调制度
For example, Printed Shirting “Jumping Fish” Yarn counts 30×36 No. of threads/inch 72×69 Width (inch) 35/36″
② Sale by grade 凭等级买卖
Products can be divided into different grades based on different specifications. e.g. Fresh Hen Eggs, shell light brown and clean, even in size Grade AA: 60-65gm per egg Grade A: 55-60gm per egg Grade B: 50-55gm per egg Grade C: 45-50gm per egg
In the contract, the clause of quality 品质条款contains not only the name of commodity, the brand but also the instructions to illustrate the structure and functions of the product. Clauses like “quality and technical data to be strictly in conformity with the description submitted by the seller” are to be stipulated.
⑥ Sale by descriptions and illustrations
凭说明书和图样买卖
Machinery, instruments, equipments, etc. have complex structure.
Sale by descriptions and illustrations is applicable.
(3) Sale by description 凭文字说明买卖
① Sale by specifications 凭规格买卖
Specifications refer to indices relating to chemical composition, contents, length, and size of a product. Simple and accurate.
In many cases, the buyer may be advised to arrange for inspection of the goods before or at the time they are handed over by the seller for carriage.

confirmation
② Sealed sample: This sealed sample is for checking the
quality of the delivered goods in the future.
③ Reference sample: When sale is made by description, either
2. Methods of expressing quality of commodity
(1)
(2) (3)
Sale as seen 看货买卖
Sale by sample 凭样品买卖 Sale by description 凭文字说明 ① Sale by specifications ② Sale by grade ③ Sale by standard ④ Sale by brand and trade mark ⑤ Sale by name of origin ⑥ Sale by descriptions and illustrations
③ Sale by standard 凭标准买卖
A standard is an established norm or requirement. It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices. International standards like ISO standard, national standards like BS in Britain, ANSI in the USA and JIS in Japan. When sale is made by standard, it is important to mark the publication year of the standard. For example. Rifampicin B.P.1993.

(2) Sale by sample Garments, light industry products, and agricultural native products are generally sold by samples.
① Counter sample: a reproduced product for buyer‟s
(3) Quality tolerance 品质公差 双方交货品质的宽容度
(Note: B.P.: British Pharmacopoeia)


④ Sale by brand and trade mark 凭品牌 和商标
Brand is the name, term, symbol, or design or a combination of these to identify a product. Trade mark is a legal term. It includes all those words, symbols, or marks that are legally registered for use by a single company, printed on the commodity or its packing.
② Allowing more or less 规定上下差 Example: Duck feather: down content 18%, allowing 1% more or less ③ Max. & min. 规定极限 Example： Fish Meal Protein 55% Min. Fat 9% Max. Moisture 11% Max. Salt 4% Max. Sand 4% Max.
(1) Sale as seen
A sale is made on the basis that the buyer has inspected the goods and is buying them as a result of this inspection. This method is of special necessity for particular goods such as ornaments, jewels, paintings, artworks, etc.