意大利文艺复兴【英文精品】

文艺复兴（一）一、概念（Concept）意大利文艺复兴（Italy Renaissance）文艺复兴运动是发生在14—17世纪的欧洲，是正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动The Renaissance was occurred in 14 - seventeenth Century in Europe, is the emerging bourgeoisie in the revival of Greek classical culture in Rome under the name of initiating promoting bourgeois ideology and cultural movement为什么称这场运动为“文艺复兴”？Why is referring to this movement as " the renaissance "由于新生的资产阶级是借助古代希腊、罗马的文化来反对封建神学的，所以历史上称这场新兴的文化运动为“文艺复兴”。

The new bourgeoisie is have the aid of ancient Greece, the culture of Rome to oppose the feudal theology, so the history that the new cultural movement of the Renaissance " ".二、实质（Solid matter）是一场以古典文化复活为外衣的新文化运动，是当时欧洲社会经济与政治结构变革条件下的产物，是中世纪晚期欧洲世俗文化发展的必然结果，同时，它又反过来进一步加速欧洲社会的进步。

To be a classical culture the resurrection as the coat of the new culture movement, was the European social economy and political structure reform under the conditions of the product, is a late medieval secular European culture and the inevitable result of the development, at the same time, it in turn further acceleration of European society.实质：资产阶级文化的兴起性质：资产阶级性质Properties: bourgeois文艺复兴运动为什么首先开始于意大利？The Renaissance began in Italy why?(1) 资本主义萌芽最早出现在意大利，这是意大利成为文艺复兴发源地的前提条件。

意大利文艺复兴英语著作Dive into the heart of the Italian Renaissance, a periodof cultural rebirth and artistic fervor that swept through Europe, leaving an indelible mark on the world. This epoch, spanning from the 14th to the 17th century, was not just a renaissance of art and literature but also a renaissance of thought and learning. The English works that have delved into this transformative era are as diverse as the movement itself, offering insights into the lives of the great masters and the societal shifts that propelled the Renaissance forward.One cannot speak of the Italian Renaissance without mentioning the likes of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, whose works have been extensively chronicled in English literature. Books like "The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction" by Geraldine A. Johnson provide a concise yet comprehensive overview of the period, while "The Medici: Power, Money, and Ambition in the Italian Renaissance" byPaul Strathern delves into the influential Medici family'srole in shaping the cultural landscape of Florence.For those captivated by the artistic genius of the Renaissance, "Leonardo da Vinci" by Walter Isaacson offers a detailed biography of the quintessential Renaissance man, exploring his art, inventions, and scientific pursuits. Similarly, "Michelangelo: A Life in Six Masterpieces" byMiles J. Unger takes readers on a journey through the life of the legendary sculptor, painter, and architect through hismost iconic creations.The English literary exploration of the Italian Renaissance is not limited to biographies and historical accounts. It also encompasses fiction that brings the period to life, such as "The Birth of Venus" by Sarah Dunant, a novel that weaves a tale of love, intrigue, and art set against the backdrop of Renaissance Florence.Scholarly works like "Renaissance Art: A Very Short Introduction" by Rona Goffen provide an academic perspective on the artistic developments of the time, while "The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy" by Peter Burke offers a broader examination of the social and cultural implications of the Renaissance.These English works are not just historical documents; they are gateways into a world where art and intellect flourished, where humanism thrived, and where the seeds of modernity were sown. They invite readers to step back in time and experience the Italian Renaissance as if they were walking the cobblestone streets of Florence or gazing upon the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel. Through these pages, the Renaissance comes alive, its legacy as vibrant and inspiring as the day it began.。

1RenaissanceThe Renaissance (UK/rɨˈneɪsəns/, US/ˈrɛnɨsɑːns/)[1] is a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.The Renaissance's intellectual basis was humanism, derived from the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said, that "Man is the measure of all things." This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature. Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the inventionof metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe.As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the development oflinear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions ofsuch polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".[2][3]There is a consensus that the Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14thcentury.[4] Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time; its political structure; the patronage of its dominant family,the Medici;[5][6] and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.[7][8][9] Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Milan andfinally Rome during the Renaissance Papacy.The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and, in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th-century glorification of the "Renaissance" and individual culture heroes as "Renaissance men", questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term andas a historical delineation.[10] The art historian Erwin Panofsky observed of this resistance to the concept of "Renaissance":It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization—historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science—but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art.[11]Some observers have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimismand nostalgia for classical antiquity,[12] while social and economic historians, especially of the longue durée, have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras[13] which are linked, as Panofsky himself observed, "by a thousand ties".[14]The word Renaissance, literally meaning "Rebirth" in French, first appears in English in the 1830s.[15] The word occurs in Jules Michelet's 1855 work, Histoire de France. The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.[16]2RepresentativesAlfred Tennyson, among many others. In addition, the first use of the interlockingthree-line rhyme scheme, or the terza rima, is attributed to him.Dante has been called "the Father of the Italian language".[2] In Italy, Dante is often referred to as il Sommo Poeta("the Supreme Poet") and il Poeta; he, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are also called "the three fountains" or "the three crowns".The Divine Comedy describes Dante's journeythrough Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso)Dante, like most Florentines of his day, was embroiled in the Guelph–Ghibelline conflict. He fought in the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289), with the Florentine Guelphs against Arezzo Ghibellines; then in 1294 he was among the escorts of Charles Martel of Anjou (grandson of Charles I of Naples, more commonly called Charles of Anjou) while he was in Florence. To further his political career, he became a pharmacist. He did not intend to practice as one, but a law issued in 1295 required nobles aspiring to public office to be enrolled in one of the CorporazionidelleArti e deiMestieri, so Dante obtained admission to the Apothecaries' Guild. This profession was not inappropriate, since at that time books were sold from apothecaries' shops. As a politician he accomplished little, but held various offices over some years in a city rife with political unrest.After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided into two factions: the White Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi)—Dante's party, led by VierideiCerchi—and the Black Guelphs (GuelfiNeri), led by Corso Donati. Although the split was along family lines at first, ideological differences arose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs, with the Blacks supporting the Pope and the Whites wanting more freedom from Rome. The Whites took power first and expelled the Blacks. In response, Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation of Florence. In 1301, Charles of Valois, brother ofKing Philip IV of France, was expected to visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him peacemaker for Tuscany. But the city's government had treated the Pope's ambassadors badly a few weeks before, seeking independence from papal influence. It was believed that Charles had received other unofficial instructions, so the council sent a delegation to Rome to ascertain the Pope's intentions. Dante was one of the delegates.2. Leonardo da Vinci。

The RenaissanceT he Renaissance refers to the period in European civilization towards the end of the Middle Ages, which was characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values.1.The origin of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance emerged when social instability, economic sluggishness and intellectual depression became so intolerable that most of the people, especially the intellectuals could no longer accept the worsening situation. The Renaissance as a movement first started in Florence and then expanded to Venice, Rome and other Italian cities before it swept the rest parts of Europe. Painting and sculpture were the most sensitive fields to the change with their subjects and tastes, shifting from dullness, stagnation, lack of emotion and divinity to dynamics, enthusiasm and humanitarianism. Literature and ideology soon followed as other important areas proceeded and the movement further separated itself from feudalistic tyranny, ecclesiastic bondage and sought intellectual freedom and ideological emancipation.2.The characteristics of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate.3.The influence of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance was an important stage in the historical process of the Western civilization and indicated a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the development of Western culture. Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and prepared the necessary conditions for the rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the Modern Age.文艺复兴是指由于意大利最早产生了资本主义萌芽，13世纪末在意大利兴起，以后扩散到西欧各国，16世纪盛行的一场思想文化运动。