修辞

1)Metaphor(暗喻）I t is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.For example：‘we can batten down and ride it out’ he said.‘It may be by daylight, looking at the se a,rippled with little white ponies or with no ripples at all but only the lazy stain of blue,marbled at the edge where the passage of our ship has disturbed it.’2)Personification(拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象).For example：‘Wind and rain now whipped the house.’Frightened,breathless and wet, the group settled on the stairs, which were protected by two interior walls.3)Transferred epithet（移就）: It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong.For example:Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point.4)Simile(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.For example:‘Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished.’‘Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown-down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.’5)Alliteration(压头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme".For example：That must be what the man in the Japanese stationmaster’s uniform shouted,as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in the Hiroshima Station.6)Rhetorical question（修饰性提问）It is a question that is followed by an answer. Its purpose is to cause readers’ attention.For example：Was I not at the scene of the crime.7)Onomatopoeia(拟声词）It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement.For example：Just as I was beginning to find the ride long, the taxi screeched to a halt.’8）Anti- climax(突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.For example：‘Hi roshima-oysters?what about the bomb and the misery and humanity’s most heinous crime?’9）Euphemism(委婉语）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.For example：‘Every day th at I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares, I make a new little paper bird,and add it to the others.’10）Sarcasm(讽刺）It is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked.For example：.....instructed the moon-faced male secretary-who was terrified of dog-to exercise the Bedlington terriers.11)Parallel structure（平行结构）Parallels between the sentences are structurally similar.For example:But the remarks that have caused this recent firestorm weren’t simply controversial. They weren’t simply a religious leader’s efforts to speak out against perceive injustice.12)Understatement（含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.For example:‘Where there should have been gentl e blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand-as far as I could see in all direction.’13）Metonymy（转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another.For example：In the evening she wears soft rich colours, dark read,olive green,midnight blue, always of the most supple flowing texture.15）Analogy（类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.For example：To have discard, as I believe, all usual frailties, to have become incapable of envy,ambition,malice, the desire to score off my neighbour,to enjoy this purificationeven as I enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the warm breeze on my skin and the cool support of the water.16)Exaggerate（夸张）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.For example：He almost died laughing.If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.’17)Repetition（重复）Repetition refers to the repeated use of the same word, phrase or structure in a sentence, paragraph, or passage.For example:We shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and in resources.18)Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part.For example:Have you any coppers? （以材料代事物，即以copper 铜喻指coin money 铜币）19）Antonomasia(换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use.For example：Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.20)Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words.For example:DARWIN IS RIGHT-INSIDE21）Syllepsis: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法).For example:He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)22）Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses.For example:The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)23)Irony(反讽）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.For example:...until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when....24)Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example:the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. 25）Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point.For example：more haste, less speed.26)Oxymoron（矛盾修饰法）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) termsFor example:...until we are marching backwards to the...27)Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.For example：...looking cool when other people are flushed and shinny in the tropical heat28）Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling.For example：Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.29）Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly.For example：I came, I saw, I conquered.30)Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For example:England! awake! awake! awake!。