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英语演说辞的语体特征对《first inaugural address》功能语法分析《First Inaugural Address》是美国第一任总统乔治·华盛顿在1789年4月30日发表的演说辞，它是美国历史上最重要的演说辞之一，也是美国独立宣言的重要组成部分。
《First Inaugural Address》的语体特征主要表现在以下几个方面：首先，它采用了非常正式的语言，充满了尊重和庄重。
它使用了大量的抽象名词，如“自由”、“公正”、“正义”、“和平”等，以及一些抽象动词，如“保护”、“支持”、“推动”等，以表达对美国的热爱和支持。
其次，它采用了大量的句式复杂的句子，以表达对美国的热爱和支持。
它使用了大量的复合句，如“I shall often go wrong through defect of judgment”（我会因为判断力的缺陷而经常犯错），以及复杂的从句，如“which it is my duty to promote”（这是我的责任去推动），以表达对美国的热爱和支持。
最后，它采用了大量的比喻和排比句，以表达对美国的热爱和支持。
它使用了大量的比喻，如“the sacred fire of liberty”（自由的神圣火焰），以及排比句，如“to support the Constitution, to respect its laws, to aid and assist in its execution”（支持宪法，尊重它的法律，帮助和协助它的执行），以表达对美国的热爱和支持。
总之，《First Inaugural Address》的语体特征主要表现在采用正式语言、句式复杂的句子、比喻和排比句等方面，以表达对美国的热爱和支持。
南华大学船山学院英语081班石璇20089210113 This a Inaugural Address, made by the 35th president of United States John F.Kennedy on January 20,1961.The object of a political speech is to explain, convince and persuade the people that what he is saying and planning to do best represents their interests so they should support him, and I think in this speech rhetoric mainly contribute to its success. It is highly rhetorical, such as many figures of speech, choice and use of words, effective types of sentence.In this address, many figures of speech are employed. The first one is antithesis,which highlights the key points.For example, "United,there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures.Divide,there is little we can do,for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder",it emphasizes the president's appealing to uniting together.Besides,this sentense "ask not what your country can do for you,ask what you can do for your country."is often quoted because it represents the enterprising spirit of the Americans.Second, metaphor.Metaphor makes the speech easier understanded and acceptable in a pleased way.For example," those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside",in which riding the back of the tiger comparing to seeking the aid of socialist countries;"to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak",in which the power of UN to protect compared to a shield.Third, parallelism.For example," we shall pay any price, bear any burden,meet any hardship,support any friend,oppse any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty", "Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce,and paragraphs 6,7,8,10,11 begin with the same type of phrases "To those old allies...To those new states...to those peoples...to our sister republics....to that world assembly...to those nations...." and paragraph 16 to18 begin with"let both sides",all of which clearly show the president's stand and the beautiful hope everyone holds so that he can get the support of his people.Fourth,synecdoche.For example,in this sentense "Yet both racing to alter thatuncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war",the hand substitute the power human hands can do.Fifth,repetition.The word "pledge"is emphasized in every paragraph from 5 to 11,pledging according pledge to different groups,"free" and "good" are repeated to highlight human's common desire, and "beyond doubt" is repeated to show the American wouldn't let anything terrible made by the enemy countries happen.The speech is very persuasive due to these important repetition.Sixth,alliteration,such as "friend and foe alike","pay any price,bear any burden", "break the bonds of mass misery"makes the speech more catchy and rhymed.In addition ,there are many examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice of and use of words.For instance,in the sentence "to our sister republics south of our border ,we offer a special pledge,"the word"sister"is particularly chosen to connote equality and mutual good relations in his attempt to allay the traditional fears these countries have of their powerful big brother in the north.And in the sentence"Finally,to those nations who would make themselves our adversary,we offer not a pledge but a request",the phrase"would make themselves our adversary"is again cleverly chosen to throw the blame for confrontation and world tension on the other party.It suggests that the United States has done nothing to create enemies.It is the other side that is challenging the U.S.,and the latter is forced to take the challenge although it really wants peace.Furthermore,the variant types of sentence are employed.It is obviously that many of the sentences are very long,even a paragraph is consisted of a long sentence,but the longer the sentence is,the more information and more power the sentence contains.They also add salutation and decency.Besides,complex-compound sentences such as attributive clause,adverbial clause,inverted sentence are mostly used.In addition,imperative sentences not only arouse people's passion,but also of great st,the biblical style sentence,such as"Let the word go forth from this time and place,to friend and foe alike,that the torch ....","with a good conscience our only sure reward,with history..."make the speech more solemn and powerful.Rhetoric really does god job.。
inaugural address课文总结美国总统肯尼迪的就职演说辞沿袭古希腊，罗马的修辞及文风精心选用语言句式，注意音韵效果,字字句句经过刻意雕琢。
一、Aliteration是一种常见的反复类音韵修辞格，恰当使用Alliteration 能赋予语言以音韵美和节奏美，起到演染气氛烘托感情加强语言表现力等效果，如:Let the word go forth.... .that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans." In order to assure the surival and the success of liberty.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce.... both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom二、UnderstatementUnderstatement的修辞功能在肯尼迪这篇演说辞中"首先体现在它是一种政界辞令"整篇文章'没有直截了当地对国际形势进行分析"更没有一处提到一个国家的名字或具体事例"一切都隐晦委婉模糊不清"例如1.We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed. (我们不敢以怯弱来引诱他们因为只有当我们无疑问地拥有足够的军事装备时我们才能真正有把握地确信永远不会使用武力)一场规模空前的军备竞赛的动因被说成了We dare not tempt them with weakness. Understatement的运用变主动为被动变张牙舞爪为委曲求全2. United there is ltte we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is ltte we can do for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. para6(团结，将使我们在许多合作事业中无往而不胜,分裂，我们将一事无成)三、parllelism(平行结构)parllelism是将结构相同或相似，意义并重语气-致的语言成分、短语、句子乃至语段等并行排列的一种修辞手法，这种辞格可以使语言简洁明了，结构精致对称，声调铿锵有力、叙事生动逼真语意鲜明突出。
1.Metaphor（暗喻）1)Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans.2) .. those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.3) But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.4)And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.5)..we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective to strengthen its shield f the new and the weak.6)And if A beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion.7)The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world2.Antithesis（对照）A)United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative venture Divided, there is little we can do.2)If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.And So, my fellow Americans; ask not what your country can do for you;ask you can dofor your country.3.Parallelism（排比）1)..that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by hard and biter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, andunwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed.2)Together let us explore the stars, conquer the-deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.3) .. a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.4.Repetition（重复）1).. symbolizing an end As well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.2)For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.3)Let us never negotiate gut of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate:4).. and bring the absolute)power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.5.Alliteration（头韵）1)Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike...2)... whether it wishes us well or ill. that we shall pay any price bear any burden...,3)... both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom...4)...ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.6.Rhyme（尾韵）...whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden ..7.Synecdoche（提喻）...both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom...8.Climax（渐升）All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.。
Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy目的/重点Aimsknow how to make good conversationtrace the history of the King's Englishlearn the methods in developing an expository writing,esp. the use of examplesanalyse the features of spoken Englishappreciate the language featuresTeaching Contents1. Exposition2. History of Britain3. Detailed study of the text4. Organizational pattern5. Language features6. The characteristics of spoken EnglishTime allocation1. Exposition and history (15 min.)2. Detailed study of the text (105 min.)3. Structure analysis (15 min.)4. Language appreciation (15 min.)5. The characteristics of spoken English (30 min)课文内容4. Inaugural Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy1 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an endas well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before youand Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century andthree-quarters ago.2 The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power toabolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand ofGod.3 We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed toa new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit theslow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed, andto which we are committed today at home and around the world.4 Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or i11, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.5 This much we pledge--and more.6 To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge theloyalty of faithful friends. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge atodds and split asunder.7 To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our wordthat one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom, and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.8 To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the forthemselves, help them help to efforts best our pledge we misery, mass of bondswhatever period is required, not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who arepoor, it cannot save the few who are rich.9 To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds, in a new alliance for progress, to assist free men and freegovernments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall joinwith them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let everyother power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.10 To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hopein an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, tostrengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ mayrun.11 Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not apledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidentalself-destruction.12 We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.13 But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course--both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertainbalance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.14 So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, butlet us never fear to negotiate.15 Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring thoseproblems which divide us.16 Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms and bring the absolute power to destroy other nationsunder the absolute control of all nations.17 Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the oceandepths and encourage the arts and commerce.18 Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah to%undo the heavy burdens...(and) let the oppressed go free.19 And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law,where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.20 All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished inthe first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.21 In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americanswho answered the call to service surround the globe.22 Now the trumpet summons us again--not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out,ejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation, astruggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.23 Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in the historic effort?24 In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility; I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.25 And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.26 My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.27 Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forthto lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.(from A Treasury of the World's Great Speeches, 1965)NOTES1. inaugural address: since 1937, Inauguration Day has been changed to Jan. 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United States faces the people for the first time, takes the presidential oath of office and delivers his inaugural address.2. solemn oath: the presidential oath, traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States. The oath runs as follows: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the潃獮楴畴楴湯漠?桴?湕瑩摥匠慴整?尠3. The belief that the rights of man.., hand of God: refers to a passage in the American Declaration of Independence: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men arecreated equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that浡湯?桴獥?牡?楌敦?楌敢瑲?湡?桴?異獲極?景?灡楰敮獳?4. command of Isaiah: one of the greatest Hebrew prophets whose writings are extant (late8th century B. C. ) ; venerated by rabbis as 2nd only to Moses. The Book of Isaiah, a bookin the Old Testament of the Bible of the Christian, is believed to be a work of two authorsof different periods; chapters 1--39 relate to the history of the Israelites; chapters 40--66 foretell the coming of the Messiah. The quotation in the text is taken from chapter 58, verse 6: Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?教学教案背景知识课文详解文章结构修辞学习课文录像课文录音词汇短语词汇(Vocabulary): of an inauguration就职(典礼)的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: having unlimited power；all—powerful有无限权力的；全能的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an ancester 祖先，祖宗----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the quality of being generous慷慨；宽宏大量----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: person who appears to get some trait from a predecessor or seems to carry on in his tradition 继承者；后嗣----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: enemy；opponent敌人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the act of bringing to ruin，disgrace，or destruction毁灭；破坏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: in disagreement；quarreling意见不一致；有争执----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: into parts or pieces分成碎片；分散----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a person or thing that falls victim to someone or something牺牲品；掠夺品----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a subverting or being subverted．ruin 颠覆(活动)；破坏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: independent of all others独立自主的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: surpass；exceed在速度上超过；胜过----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a violent verbal attack．strong criticism，insults, curses, etc.; vituperation 抨击；辱骂，谩骂----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any person or thing that guards，protects，or defends; protection保护人；防护物；保护----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some action命令；律令；文书；传票----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a person who opposes or fights against another; opponent；enemy对手，反对者；敌手，敌方----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: again重新，再----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: release from or as from a leash(解开皮带以)释放----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: swallow up；overwhelm 吞没，淹没，压倒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: politeness．esp. in a merely formal way 礼貌，客气----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: talk about at unnecessary length唠唠叨叨地反复讲----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: put together and express (a theory．plan ,etc.)a systematic way系统地阐述(或提出)(理论、计划等)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: draw upon；make use of开发、发掘----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: pay close attention to；take careful notice of注意, 留神，留心----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a position established by invading troops on an enemy shore；a position gained as a secare starting point for any action；foothold滩头堡，登陆场；立足点----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an earnest attempt or effort努力，尽力----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any form of evidence，indication. etc.；proof证明，证据----------------------------------------------------------------------------------使准备战斗，使严阵以待or set in line for battle，array，]prepare常用于被动语态: [----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: great misery or distress, as from oppression；deep sorrow苦难；困苦；忧伤----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: move forward steadily，as if against difficulties; form；produce(似乎迎着困难)稳步前进；形成；结成----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a close association for a common objective as of nations，political parties，etc．联盟，联合，同盟----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语(Expressions): in dispute；to be decided；at variance；in disagreement意见不一致例：What is at issue is the extent to which exam results reflect a student's ability.意见的分歧之处在于考试对于学生能力的影响程度。
L4. Inaugural Addressinaugural (adj.) : of an inauguration就职(典礼)的;1. We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom -- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning -- signify ing renewal,as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath庄严的誓言our forebear s prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.1.今天我们庆祝的不是政党的胜利，而是自由的胜利。
这象征着一个结束，也象征着一个开端，表示了一种更新，也表示了一种变革。
因为我已在你们和全能的上帝面前，宣读了我们的先辈在170多年前拟定的庄严誓言。
signify (v.) : be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味almighty (adj.) : having unlimited power；all—powerful有无限权力的；全能的forebear (n.) : an ancester 祖先，祖宗prescribe (v.) : set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立2.The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebear s fought are still at issue around the globe,1the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God.2. 现在的世界已大不相同了，人类的巨手掌握着既能消灭人间的各种贫困，又能毁灭人间的各种生活的力量。
