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英语演说辞的语体特征对《first inaugural address》功能语法分析《First Inaugural Address》是美国第一任总统乔治·华盛顿在1789年4月30日发表的演说辞，它是美国历史上最重要的演说辞之一，也是美国独立宣言的重要组成部分。
《First Inaugural Address》的语体特征主要表现在以下几个方面：首先，它采用了非常正式的语言，充满了尊重和庄重。
它使用了大量的抽象名词，如“自由”、“公正”、“正义”、“和平”等，以及一些抽象动词，如“保护”、“支持”、“推动”等，以表达对美国的热爱和支持。
其次，它采用了大量的句式复杂的句子，以表达对美国的热爱和支持。
它使用了大量的复合句，如“I shall often go wrong through defect of judgment”（我会因为判断力的缺陷而经常犯错），以及复杂的从句，如“which it is my duty to promote”（这是我的责任去推动），以表达对美国的热爱和支持。
最后，它采用了大量的比喻和排比句，以表达对美国的热爱和支持。
它使用了大量的比喻，如“the sacred fire of liberty”（自由的神圣火焰），以及排比句，如“to support the Constitution, to respect its laws, to aid and assist in its execution”（支持宪法，尊重它的法律，帮助和协助它的执行），以表达对美国的热爱和支持。
总之，《First Inaugural Address》的语体特征主要表现在采用正式语言、句式复杂的句子、比喻和排比句等方面，以表达对美国的热爱和支持。
1.Metaphor（暗喻）1)Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans.2) .. those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.3) But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.4)And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.5)..we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective to strengthen its shield f the new and the weak.6)And if A beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion.7)The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world2.Antithesis（对照）A)United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative venture Divided, there is little we can do.2)If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.And So, my fellow Americans; ask not what your country can do for you;ask you can dofor your country.3.Parallelism（排比）1)..that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by hard and biter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, andunwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed.2)Together let us explore the stars, conquer the-deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.3) .. a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.4.Repetition（重复）1).. symbolizing an end As well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.2)For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.3)Let us never negotiate gut of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate:4).. and bring the absolute)power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.5.Alliteration（头韵）1)Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike...2)... whether it wishes us well or ill. that we shall pay any price bear any burden...,3)... both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom...4)...ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.6.Rhyme（尾韵）...whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden ..7.Synecdoche（提喻）...both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom...8.Climax（渐升）All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.。
南华大学船山学院英语081班石璇20089210113 This a Inaugural Address, made by the 35th president of United States John F.Kennedy on January 20,1961.The object of a political speech is to explain, convince and persuade the people that what he is saying and planning to do best represents their interests so they should support him, and I think in this speech rhetoric mainly contribute to its success. It is highly rhetorical, such as many figures of speech, choice and use of words, effective types of sentence.In this address, many figures of speech are employed. The first one is antithesis,which highlights the key points.For example, "United,there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures.Divide,there is little we can do,for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder",it emphasizes the president's appealing to uniting together.Besides,this sentense "ask not what your country can do for you,ask what you can do for your country."is often quoted because it represents the enterprising spirit of the Americans.Second, metaphor.Metaphor makes the speech easier understanded and acceptable in a pleased way.For example," those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside",in which riding the back of the tiger comparing to seeking the aid of socialist countries;"to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak",in which the power of UN to protect compared to a shield.Third, parallelism.For example," we shall pay any price, bear any burden,meet any hardship,support any friend,oppse any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty", "Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce,and paragraphs 6,7,8,10,11 begin with the same type of phrases "To those old allies...To those new states...to those peoples...to our sister republics....to that world assembly...to those nations...." and paragraph 16 to18 begin with"let both sides",all of which clearly show the president's stand and the beautiful hope everyone holds so that he can get the support of his people.Fourth,synecdoche.For example,in this sentense "Yet both racing to alter thatuncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war",the hand substitute the power human hands can do.Fifth,repetition.The word "pledge"is emphasized in every paragraph from 5 to 11,pledging according pledge to different groups,"free" and "good" are repeated to highlight human's common desire, and "beyond doubt" is repeated to show the American wouldn't let anything terrible made by the enemy countries happen.The speech is very persuasive due to these important repetition.Sixth,alliteration,such as "friend and foe alike","pay any price,bear any burden", "break the bonds of mass misery"makes the speech more catchy and rhymed.In addition ,there are many examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice of and use of words.For instance,in the sentence "to our sister republics south of our border ,we offer a special pledge,"the word"sister"is particularly chosen to connote equality and mutual good relations in his attempt to allay the traditional fears these countries have of their powerful big brother in the north.And in the sentence"Finally,to those nations who would make themselves our adversary,we offer not a pledge but a request",the phrase"would make themselves our adversary"is again cleverly chosen to throw the blame for confrontation and world tension on the other party.It suggests that the United States has done nothing to create enemies.It is the other side that is challenging the U.S.,and the latter is forced to take the challenge although it really wants peace.Furthermore,the variant types of sentence are employed.It is obviously that many of the sentences are very long,even a paragraph is consisted of a long sentence,but the longer the sentence is,the more information and more power the sentence contains.They also add salutation and decency.Besides,complex-compound sentences such as attributive clause,adverbial clause,inverted sentence are mostly used.In addition,imperative sentences not only arouse people's passion,but also of great st,the biblical style sentence,such as"Let the word go forth from this time and place,to friend and foe alike,that the torch ....","with a good conscience our only sure reward,with history..."make the speech more solemn and powerful.Rhetoric really does god job.。
Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy目的/重点Aimsknow how to make good conversationtrace the history of the King’s Englishlearn the methods in developing an expository writing,esp. the use of examples analyse the features of spoken Englishappreciate the language featuresTeaching Contents1. Exposition2. History of Britain3. Detailed study of the text4. Organizational pattern5. Language features6. The characteristics of spoken EnglishTime allocation1. Exposition and history (15 min.)2. Detailed study of the text (105 min.)3. Structure analysis (15 min.)4. Language appreciation (15 min.)5. The characteristics of spoken English (30 min)课文内容4. Inaugural Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy1 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearlya century and three-quarters ago.2 The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.3 We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.4 Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or i11, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.5 This much we pledge--and more.6 To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meeta powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.7 To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom, and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.8 To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required, not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.9 To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds, in a new alliance for progress, to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.10 To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.11 Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.12 We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.13 But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course--both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.14 So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.15 Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.16 Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.17 Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.18 Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah to "undo the heavy burdens...(and) let the oppressed go free".19 And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.20 All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.21 In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.22 Now the trumpet summons us again--not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, "rejoicing in hope, patientin tribulation," a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.23 Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind Will you join in the historic effort24 In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility; I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.25 And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.26 My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.27 Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.(from A Treasury of the World's Great Speeches, 1965)NOTES1. inaugural address: since 1937, Inauguration Day has been changed to Jan. 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United States faces the people for the first time, takes the presidential oath of office and delivershis inaugural address.2. solemn oath: the presidential oath, traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States. The oath runs as follows: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. "3. The belief that the rights of man.., hand of God: refers to a passage in the American Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. "4. command of Isaiah: one of the greatest Hebrew prophets whose writings are extant (late 8th century B. C. ) ; venerated by rabbis as 2nd only to Moses. The Book of Isaiah, a book in the Old Testament of the Bible of the Christian, is believed to be a work of two authors of different periods; chapters 1--39 relate to the history of the Israelites; chapters 40--66 foretell the coming of the Messiah. The quotation in the text is taken from chapter 58, verse 6: "Is not this the fast that I have chosen to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke"教学教案背景知识课文详解文章结构修辞学习课文录像课文录音词汇短语词汇(Vocabulary): of an inauguration就职(典礼)的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: having unlimited power；all—powerful有无限权力的；全能的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an ancester 祖先，祖宗----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the quality of being generous慷慨；宽宏大量----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: person who appears to get some trait from a predecessor or seems to carry on in his tradition继承者；后嗣----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: enemy；opponent敌人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the act of bringing to ruin，disgrace，or destruction毁灭；破坏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: in disagreement；quarreling意见不一致；有争执----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: into parts or pieces分成碎片；分散----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a person or thing that falls victim to someone or something牺牲品；掠夺品----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a subverting or being subverted．ruin 颠覆(活动)；破坏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: independent of all others独立自主的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: surpass；exceed在速度上超过；胜过----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a violent verbal attack．strong criticism，insults, curses, etc.; vituperation 抨击；辱骂，谩骂----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any person or thing that guards，protects，or defends; protection 保护人；防护物；保护----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some action命令；律令；文书；传票----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a person who opposes or fights against another; opponent；enemy 对手，反对者；敌手，敌方----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: again重新，再----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: release from or as from a leash(解开皮带以)释放----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: swallow up；overwhelm 吞没，淹没，压倒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: politeness．esp. in a merely formal way 礼貌，客气----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: talk about at unnecessary length唠唠叨叨地反复讲----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: put together and express (a theory．plan ,etc.)a systematic way 系统地阐述(或提出)(理论、计划等)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: draw upon；make use of开发、发掘----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: pay close attention to；take careful notice of注意, 留神，留心----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a position established by invading troops on an enemy shore；a position gained as a secare starting point for any action；foothold滩头堡，登陆场；立足点----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an earnest attempt or effort努力，尽力----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any form of evidence，indication. etc.；proof证明，证据----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: [常用于被动语态]prepare，array，or set in line for battle使准备战斗，使严阵以待----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: great misery or distress, as from oppression；deep sorrow苦难；困苦；忧伤----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: move forward steadily，as if against difficulties; form；produce(似乎迎着困难)稳步前进；形成；结成----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a close association for a common objective as of nations，political parties，etc．联盟，联合，同盟----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语 (Expressions): in dispute；to be decided；at variance；in disagreement意见不一致例： What is at issue is the extent to which exam results reflect a student’s ability.意见的分歧之处在于考试对于学生能力的影响程度。
林肯（Abraham Lincoln）是美国历史上一位杰出的政治家和第16任总统。
他的英语文章通常具有深刻的思想和感人的修辞，其中一些最著名的文章包括《获得自由的腾飞》（Gettysburg Address）和《第二次就职演说》（Second Inaugural Address）。
1. 《获得自由的腾飞》（Gettysburg Address）这是林肯在美国内战时期的一次演讲，于1863年11月19日在葛底斯堡战役的战场上发表。
这篇演讲短小精悍，只有272个字，但深刻表达了对民主和平等的信仰。
演讲开头：Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.这一句经典开篇，用简练的语言表达了对美国建国理念的承诺，强调人人平等的信念。
2. 《第二次就职演说》（Second Inaugural Address）林肯的第二次就职演说于1865年3月4日发表，这是内战即将结束时的演讲。
在这篇演说中，他呼吁国家团结，宽恕对方，并寄望和平的重建。
演讲片段：With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.这一段强调了宽恕和对所有人的慈善，表达了对和平与团结的期望。
这篇演讲词的条理贫明，框架清晰，独具匠心的语篇结构是其一大特色。
整个语篇框架粗略可以分为两部分。
前半部分是从第一段到第二十段；后半部分是文章的剩余部分。
前半部分主要是向全世界其它国家宣扬美国对它们的外交策略、政治观点、政治立场和政治态度；后半部分则是号召鼓舞美国国内人民团结一致，做好长期斗争的准备，共同对敌，捍卫自由和保卫美国所推崇以及在全世界推行的政治理想、政治信念。
其中前半部分又被清楚明了地分为两个部分，分界线是第十一段。
此段承上启下，标志着前半部分的第一部分的结束和其第二部分的开始。
前半部分的第一部分是他作为总统代表美国对世界上那些与美国为友的国家作出保证；而其第二部分则是对世界上那些与美国为敌的国家提出要求。
前半部分的第一部分(第一段到第十一段)的内部衔接主要是依靠一组排比结构来实现的。
这组排比句是这一部分各个段落联接的主要纽带，使这一部分意义连贯，表达清晰，使演讲者在交际过程中所要表达的意图贯穿整个部分。
这一组排比句中的每句的位置都是在各段的开头，每句的句法结构大致相同，都是将由to作为介词的介宾短语放在句首，后面都是主语 + 谓语 + 宾语的结构。
不仅形成了结构的排比、结构的重复，而且在这些排比中还结合运用了词汇的重复这种修辞手段，“we”和“pledge”在这组排比中重复出现了六次。
这组排比句作为这一部分的衔接手段，主要的联结纽带，使这部分各段意义连贯，成为一个整体，清楚明了地表明这一部分主要是向那些对美国友好的各种不同类型的国家、团体机构作出许诺保证，宣布以约翰肯尼迪为首的新一届美国政府对它们的政策。
此外，排比还是一种句法修饰手段。
所以作者在这里使用这一组排比可谓～举两得，既是一种衔接手段将这部分联结成一个整体，又是一种修辞手法，应用在这里，使意思层层递进，增强了演讲词的气势，表达了强烈的感情，突出了强调的内容。
也由于排比甸式整齐，节奏分明，使演讲词读起来韵律分明，铿锵有力，展现了新任总统排山倒海的气魄。
L4. Inaugural Addressinaugural (adj.) : of an inauguration就职(典礼)的;1. We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom -- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning -- signify ing renewal,as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath庄严的誓言our forebear s prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.1.今天我们庆祝的不是政党的胜利，而是自由的胜利。
这象征着一个结束，也象征着一个开端，表示了一种更新，也表示了一种变革。
因为我已在你们和全能的上帝面前，宣读了我们的先辈在170多年前拟定的庄严誓言。
signify (v.) : be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味almighty (adj.) : having unlimited power；all—powerful有无限权力的；全能的forebear (n.) : an ancester 祖先，祖宗prescribe (v.) : set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立2.The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebear s fought are still at issue around the globe,1the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God.2. 现在的世界已大不相同了，人类的巨手掌握着既能消灭人间的各种贫困，又能毁灭人间的各种生活的力量。
