英国文学史及选读-Part VII The Romantic Period 2PPT课件

Old English Period— Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)1.The History•From 55 BC to 410 AD, the Romans conquered the land and transplanted its civilization.2.The LiteratureTwo divisions:Pagan & ChristianPaganThe Seafarer水手; The Fight at Finnisburg芬尼斯郡之战; The Wanderer流浪者; Waldhere瓦登希尔;The Battle of Maldom马尔登战役Widsith(威德西斯); The complaint of Deor迪奥的抱怨•The wife’s Lament妻子的哀歌; Ruin毁灭are good examples.Beowulf, England’s national epic.Writing featuresnot a Christian but a pagan poem of all advanced pagan civilization,The use of the strong stress and the predominance of consonants are very notable in this poem. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half has two heavy stressesThe use of alliteration is another notable feature and makes the stresses more emphatic. There are a lot of metaphors and understatements in this poemAnglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)The literature•The Growth of the Arthurian Legends•The legends of King Arthur and his knights had existed as an oral tradition since the time of the Celts.The 17th CenturyA Brief Introduction of the 17th century⏹The contradictions between the feudal system and bourgeoisie⏹James I：1603-1625 political and religious tyranny⏹Charles I: 1625-1649⏹Oliver Cromwell : commonwealth protector: 1653-1658⏹Charles II: 1660-1688 the Restoration⏹James II：1685-1688⏹William of Oranges: 1688-1702 “Glorious Revolution”⏹The Bill of Rights 权利法案：1689John Donne代表作：The FleaMetaphysical PoetryHoly Sonnet 10SongA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning 别离辞：节哀John Milton⏹the early phase of reading and lyric writing⏹the middle phase of service in the Puritan Revolution and the pamphleteering for it⏹the last --- the greatest --- phase of epic writingParadise Lost--- the great epicParadise Regained；Samson AgonistesJohn BunyanThe Pilgrim’s Progress（essay）The 18th-century LiteratureThe Rise of English NovelsThe historical backgroundComparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688.England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century.With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes.The rise of the English novel.代表作：Daniel Defoe Robinson CrusoeJonathan SwiftThe Battle of the Books; 《书籍之战》The Tale of a Tub; 《一只桶的故事》The Drapier’s Letter; 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal; 《一个温和的建议》Journal to Stella; 《给斯黛拉的日记》Gulliver’s Travel. 《格列夫游记》Satirical features⏹Swift offered an opportunity of self-scrutiny.（自我审视）⏹The Lilliputians （小人国居民）and their institutions were all about people and theirinstitutions of England.⏹The Brobdingnagians were incredible Utopians.⏹The scientists and philosophers represented the extremes of futile theorizing andspeculations in all areas of activity such as science, politics, and economics with their instinct-killing tendencies.⏹The picture of the Yahoos made a clear statement about man and his nature.Henry FieldingTom JohnsonSocial significanceThe writer shows his strong hatred for all the hypocrisy and treachery in the society of his age and his sympathy for the courageous young rebels in their righteous struggleThe 18th-century Literature (II)The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandThe rapid development of social life•On the economic scene, the country became increasingly affluent.•On the political scene, a fragile of balance between the monarch and the middle class existed.•On the religious scene, deism came into existence代表Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard● a masterpiece of lyric●Theme: a sentimental meditation upon life and death, esp. of the common rural people,whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and meaning●Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABAB●Mood: melancholy, calm, meditative●Style: neoclassic---vivid visual painting,---musical/rhythmic,---controlled and restrained,---polished languageSection 1 It sets the scene for the poet’s visit to the churchyard. It is enveloped in gloom and grief, which is archetypal of graveyard, poets’fascination with night, graves, and death. The tone is echoed by the last part of the poem●Section 2 It tells about the people entombed there and recalls their life experiences. Whenthe “rude forefathers of the hamlet”lived. They got up early at the twittering of swallows, or a rooster’s wake-up call or a hunter’s horn, enjoyed family bliss with wife and kids in the evening, or were happily busy with farm work in the fields, but now that they lie in their “narrow cells”, their “useful toil”and “homely joys”happen no more. The tone is one of melancholy and regret for the dead.●Section 3 It warns the rich and powerful not to despise the poor since all are equal in faceof death and the grave levels off all distinction. All nobility, power, and wealth “await alike”the inevitable end and “the paths of glory lead but to the grave”. Nothing could●ever bring anything back to life.Section 4●It expresses, on the one hand, the poet’s regret that their life had not been congenial tothe growth and full play of the poor farmers’native gifts and talents and, on the other, his feeling of “a blessing in disguise”for them in the sense that, because they did not commit any crimes to humankind nor have to play the obsequious social climber against one’s integrity.Section 5●It asserts the notion that, even though they lived a less eventful life, there is no reason toforget these farmers.Section 6●It portrays the scenario that the poet envisions would happen after his own death. Avillager would say of him: he got up early to go uphill to the lawn and lay there meditating under the tree until noon. He would wander in the wood, smiling at one moment, muttering to himself at the next, sad and pale, like one “in hopeless love”. Then for a couple of days he did not show up, and on the third day he was buried in the churchyard.Section 7●As he shows sympathy for the poor, he gains the friendship of man and God. He asks thepassers-by not to get to know any more about his merits and weaknesses as he waits in his grave for God’s judgment.●The poem touches the readers to the quick with its notable sadnessOliver Goldsmith’s《The Vicar of Wakefield》•Pre-Romantic Poems (I)William BlakeThe Songs of Experience；THE LAMB；The Tyger；The Sick RoseRobert Burns⏹1) Political poems --- The Tree of Liberty;⏹2) Satirical poems --- Holy Willie’s Prayer, Two Dogs⏹3) Lyrics --- My Heart’s in the Highlands, A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang SyneBurns’s position and his features⏹ A great Scottish peasant poet; a national poet of Scotland⏹Numerous are Burns’s songs of love and friendship.⏹His great success was largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent masteryof the old song traditions.⏹His poetry have a musical quality that helps to perpetuate the sentimentBurns ushered a tendency that prevailed during the high time of RomanticismThe Romantic Period (I)⏹“The Lakers”：湖畔诗人William WordsworthSamuel ColeridgeRobert Southey•William Wordsworth•Lyrical Ballads；Lines Written in Early Spring；To the Cuckoo ；The Daffodils I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；My Heart Leaps Up；Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyComments on WordsworthWordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by simplicity and purity of his language which was spoken by the peasants who convey their feelings and emotions in simple and unelaborated expressions.•George Gordon Byron•Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage；Don Juan•What is Byronic hero?•Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry.•Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is right to all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and he would fight single--handedly against all the misdoings.•Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions •Byronic heroes•heroic of noble birth•passionate•rebellious•individual•Summery•This is a love poem about a beautiful woman and all of her features. Throughout the poem, Byron explains the depth of this woman’s beauty. Even in the darkness of death and mourning, her beauty shines through. Her innocence shows her pureness in heart and in love. The two forces involved in Byron’s poems are darkness and light --- at work in the woman’s beauty and also the two areas of her beauty --- the internal and the external •The theme•This poem shows that mourning does not necessarily imply melancholy or extreme sadness.•Rhetorics•Byron uses many antonyms to describe this woman --- face, eye, hair, cheek, brow, etc. to portray a perfect balance within her.•He often uses opposites like darkness and light to create this balance.• A simile was shown in line one which stated: “She walks in beauty, like the night”, which is also the basis of the poem.•Rhyme and meter•The poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter, with an “ababab cdcdcd efefef” rhyme. •Percy Bysshe Shelley•Comments on Shelley• 1. Shelley is one of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry. And he is also one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.• 2. Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free life for mankind.• 3. One of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.❖ 4. He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.❖ 5. He and Byron are justifiably (justly, rightly) regarded as the two great poets of the revolutionary romanticism in England.❖ 6. Byron, his best friend, said of Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.❖7. Wordsworth said, “Shelley is one of the best artists of us all”.❖Ode to the West Wind❖Stanza 1❖It describes the power of the west wind and its double role as both destroyer(ll.2-5) and preserver(ll.6-12).❖Line 14 sums up the wind’s two basic characteristics, which also constitute the thematic focus of the poem❖Stanza 2❖I t focuses on the adumbration of the wind’s power driving clouds before it and bringing storms with it (ll.15-23) with lightning, rain, fire and hail (ll. 23-28).❖It also describes its destructive aspect of “closing night” enveloping all under its dome ofa vast tomb (ll. 24-25).❖Stanza 3❖It talks about the wind’s impact upon the sea, its first touching on the calm of the Mediterranean (ll. 29-36), and then on the turbulence of the Atlantic (ll.36-42).❖The Mediterranean sleeps in serenity in the summer but is waken up by the wind to see the quivering of the shadows of ancient palaces and towers (ll. 29-35) and the Atlantic cleaving asunder into gigantic chasms (ll. 35-38).❖Even the vegetation at the bottom of the sea “grow gray with fear./tremble and despo il themselves”.❖Stanza 4❖It expresses the poet’s emotional response to the west wind.❖The poet says to the wind (ll.43-47) that he wishes to be spirited away like the leaves, to dance like the clouds, to breathe like the waves, and enjoy a share of the win d’s strength like the storm though with a lesser degree of freedom of movement.❖The poet takes a nostalgic backward glance at his free, uncontrollable boyhood when he could fly like a swift could like the wind, and even outstrip it in speed (ll.47-51), and wishes for the wind to lift him up like a leaf or wave or a cloud (l. 54). But it is only a figment of his imagination.❖He has to face “the horns of life” that he has fallen upon, chained and weighed down, and no longer “tameless, swift, and proud” like the wind (ll.54-56).❖Stanza 5⏹It expresses both the poet’s request for the wind to help spread the words of his poem“among mankind” and wake it up from its deep stupor (ll. 66-69) and his prophecy that spring will come in the wake of winter (ll.69-70).⏹The poem ends upon a note of confidence and hope.⏹John Keats one of the greatest English poets and a major figure in the Romanticmovement⏹Ode on a Grecian Urn The Eve of St. Agnes To a NightingaleWalter Scott He is the creator and a great master of the historical novelJane AustenPride and Prejudice；Sense and Sensibility；Mansfield Park；Emma；Northanger Abbey；PersuasionCritical Realism Victorian PeriodFeatures of Dickens’s novels♦Charles Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation; criticize the vices of capitalist society.Charles Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist society♦Charles Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter and tell much of the experiences of his childhood. Almost all his novels have happy endings.The story of some major novels♦Oliver Twist♦David Copperfield♦Great Expectation♦ A Tale of Two CitiesWilliam Makepeace ThackerayVanity Fair•The Brontë sisters•Charlotte•Jane eyre (1847)•Shirley (1849)•Villette (1853)•The professor (1857)•Emily•Wuthering Heights (1847)•Anne•Agnes Grey (1847)•The tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》Alfred Lord Tennyson•the poet laureate after the death of Wordsworth in 1850•The Princes (1847),•In Memoriam (1850),•Maud (1855),•Enoch Arden (1864),•The Idylls of the King (1869-1872) Break, Break, Break ；Ulysses；Crossing the Bar Robert BrowningMy Last Duchess a dramatic monologueThe transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatureThomas Hardy◆Under the Greenwood Tree◆Far from the Madding Crowd◆The Return of the Native◆The Mayor of Casterbridge◆Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Jude the ObscureOscar Wilde♦The Picture of Dorian Gray♦Lady Windermere’s Fan♦ A Woman of No Importance♦An Ideal Husband♦The Importance of Being Earnest♦Salome♦The Happy Prince and Other TalesGeorge Bernard Shaw♦ a prolific writer;♦winning Nobel Prize in 1925Mrs. Warren’s professionD. H. Lawrence•Novels•Sons and Lovers•The Rainbow•Women in Love•Lady Chatterley's Lover•Novellas•St Mawr•The Virgin and the Gypsy•The Escaped Cock“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs. Dalloway》《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce Araby附读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。

Chapter 3 The Romantic Period1. The Romantic Period: The Romantic period is the period generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.Social background:a. during this period, England itself had experienced profound economic and social changes. The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one.b. With the British Industrial Revolution coming into its full swing, the capitalist class came to dominate not only the means of production, but also trade and world market.3.The Romantic Movement:it expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoise. The romantics demontrated a a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. They saw man as an individual in the solitary state. Thus, the Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth and Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men”, and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.” Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imamgination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of the poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject mattre. It is in solitude, in communion with the natural universe, that man can exercise this most valuable of faculties.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets and dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules.Poetry: to the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.they would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.Prose: It’s also a great age of prose. With education greatly developed for the middle-class people, there was a rapid growth in the reading public and an increasing demand for reading materials.Romantics made literary comments on the writers with high standards, which paved the way for the development of a new and valuable type of critical writings. Colerige, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures in this new development.Novel: the 2 major novelists of the period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.Gothic novel: a tyoe of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century, was one of the Romantic movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion. With is description of the dark, irritional side of human nature, the Gothic form exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.3. Ballads: the most important form of popular literature; flourished during the 15th century; Most written down in 18th century; mostly written in quatrains; Most important is the Robin Hood ballads.4. Romanticism: it is romanticism is a literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832. Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups.Some Romantic writers reflected the thinking of those classes which had been ruined by the bourgeoisie called Passive Romantic poets represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Others expressed the aspiration of the labouring classes called Active or Revolutionary Romantic poets represented by Byron and Shelley and Keats.5. Lake Poets:Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England6. Byronic Hero a proud, mysterious rebelling figure of noble origin rights all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and is against any kind of tyrannical rules; It appeared first in Childe H arold’s Pilgrimage and then further developed in later works as the Oriental Tales, Manfred and Don Juan; the figure is somewhat modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself, and makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.7. Main Writers:A. William Blake(1757-1827):1. Literarily, Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a comtempt for the rule of reason, opposing the calssical tradition of the 18th century,and treasuring the individual’s imagination.2. His first printed work, Poetic Skelches, is a collection of youthful verse. Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.3. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. The wretched child described in “The Chimney Sweeper,”orphaned, exploited, yet touched by visionary rapture, evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. Blake experimented in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries.4. The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a malancholy tone. The little chinmney sweeper sings “notes of woe”while his parents go to the church and praise “God & his Priest & King”—the very intrument of their repression. A number of poems in the Songs of Experience also find a counterpart in the Songs of Experience. The 2 books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.5. Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the 2 books a strong social and historical reference. The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic ciecumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect “illusionary happiness;”the poem from the Songs of Experience reveals the nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.6. Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. The poem plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy. Blake explores the relationship of the contrries. Attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate, are necessary to human existence. The “Marriage”means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.Main works: Poetical SketchesSongs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poemsHoly Thursday reminds us terribly of a world of loss and institutional cruelty.Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.Marriage of Heaven and HellThe book of UrizenThe Book of LosThe Four ZoasMilton7. Language Character: he writes his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.B. William Wordsworth(1770-1850) In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.Lyrical Ballads:But the Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry, notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, the strong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular, dramatized examples of them, and the fusion of natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.Short poems:According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be calssified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.Wordsworth is regarde as a “worshipper of nature.”He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”is perhaps the most anthologized poem in english literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s poetic beliefs. It’s nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.”Wordswoth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. “The Solitary Reaper” and “To a Highland Girl” use rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beauty. In its daring use of subject matter and sense of the authenticity of the experience of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence ”is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclical journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.Wordsworth deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profoud poetry which no othr poet has ever equaled. He maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.Main Works:Descriptive Sketches, and Evening WalkLyrical Ballads.The PreludePoems in Two VolumesOde: Intimations of ImmortalityResolution and Independence.The ExcursionPoets: The Sparrow’s Nest, To a Skylark, To the Cuckoo, To a Butterfly, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud( is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature.), An Evening Walk, My Heart Leaps up, Tintern AbbeyThe ThornThe sailor’s motherMichael,The Affliction of MargaretThe Old Cumberland BeggarLucy PoemsThe Idiot BoyMan, the heart of man, and human life.The Solitary ReaperTo a Highland GirlThe Ruined CottageThe PreludeLanguage character: he can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. And he thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.He is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to natureC. Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas, so he held a lifelong aversion to crulty, injusticce, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemming war, tyranny and exploitation. He realized that the evil was also in man’s mind. Even after a revolution, that is after the restoration of human morality and creativity, the evil deep in man’s heart might again be loosed. So he predicated that only through gradual and suitable reforms of the existing institutions couls benevolence be universally established and none of the evils would survive in this “genuin society,”where people could live together happily, freely and peacefully.Shelley expressed his love of freedom and his hatredtoward tyranny in several of his lyrics. One of the greatest political lyrics is “Men of England.” It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to risse up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Comuunist Party.Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”here Shelley’s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new spring, becoms an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, its universality. The whole poem had a logic of feeling,a not easily analyzable progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful and convincing conclusion: if winter comes, can spring be far behind?Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound. The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products.”Main works:The Necessity of Atheism, Queen Mab: a Philosophical Poem, Alastor, or The Spirit of SolitudePoem: Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, Mont BlancJulian and Maddalo, The Revolt of Islam, the Cenci, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Hellas,Prose: Defence of PoetryLyrics:genuine society,“Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”, The Cloud, To a Shylark, Ode to the West WindPolitical lyrics: Men of EnglandElegy: Adonais is a elegy for John Keats’s early deathTerza rimaPersonal Characters: he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas under the influence of the free thinkers like Hume and Godwin, so he held a life long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion andthe formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation. He expressed his lo ve for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny in several of his lyrics such as “Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, and intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech which describe vividly what we see and feel. Or express what passionately moves us.D: Jane Austen(1755-1817): born in a country clergyman’s family:Main Works:Novel: Sense and SensibilityPride and Prejudice(the most popular)Northanger AbbeyMansfield ParkEmmaPersuasionThe WatsonsFragment of a NovelPlan of a NovelPersonal Characters: she holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear—sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.Her Works’ Characters: his works’s concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. It is her c onviction that a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career. Her thought is that if one wants to know about a man’s talents, one should see him at work, but if one wan ts to know about his nature and temper, one should see him at home. Austen shows a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life. She write within a very narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England. Concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.Her novels’ structure is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the hig hest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. Her works’ at one delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observation and in meticulous details, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.G: Questions and answers:1. what are the characteristics of the Romantic literature? Please discuss the above question in relation to one or two examples.a. in poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.b. the romanticists not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration.c. they regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject.d. romantics also tend to be nationalistic.2.Make a contrast between the two generations of Romantic poets during the Romantic AgeThe poetic ideals announced by Wordsworth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made up the second generation of English Romantic poets. Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism. The second generation of Romantic poets are revolutionary in thinking. They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class.3.what are Austen’s writing features?Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Aust en’s work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels showa wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.4. what is the historical and cultural background of English Romanticism?a. Historically, it was provoked by the French Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution.b. Culturally, the publication of French philosopher Rousseau’s two books provided necessary guiding principles for the French Revolution which aroused great sympathy and enthusiasm in England;c. England experienced profound economic and social changes: the enclosure movement and the agricultural mechanization; the capitalist class grasped the political power and came to dominate the English society.H. topic discussion:1. Discuss the artistic features of Shelley’s poems.A. Percy Bysshe Shelly is an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.B. His poems are full of classical and mythological allusions.C. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speechD. He describes vividly what we see and feel, or expresses what passionately moves us.2. What does Wordsworth mean when he said “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility”?This sentence is considered as the principle of Wordsworth’s poetry c reation which was set forth in the preface to the Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth appealed directly on individual sensations, as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.3. How do you describe the writing style of Jane Austen? What is the significance of her works?Jane Austen is a writer of the 18th century through she lived mainly in the 19th century. She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion, and moral principles. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Austen defined her stories within a very narrow sphere.。

《英国文学史及选读》第二册复习提纲Part VII. THE ROMANTIC PERIODIntroduction●Historical BackgroundThe political & social factors that gave rise to the Romantic Movement were the three revolutions –the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.●Intellectual backgroundThe shift in literature from emphasis on reason to instinct & emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18th century. Representative thinkers are Rousseau, Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine.●Term – Romanticism（1）Romanticism is a literary trend fighting against the idea of Enlightenment. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798—1832. It begins with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge and ends with Sir Walter Scott’s death.（2）Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.（3）In essence, it designates a literary & philosophical theory, which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life & all experience.（4）It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings & particular attitudes, & valuing its a ccuracy in portraying the individual’s experiences.●Term – Lake Poets or The LakersIn English literature it refers to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District.●Term—Gothic NovelIt is a type of romance very popular in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century. It emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying. It was applied by Horace Walpole to his novel The Castle of Otranto. It has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period with its description of the dark, irrational side of human nature. Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.●Romantic Authors in England（1）The glory of the age is in the poetry of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats and Southy. （2）Of its prose works, those of Scott alone have attained very wide reading（3）The essays of Charles Lamb（4）The novels of Jane Austen and historical novels of Walter ScottWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1850)“. . . poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility…” (“Preface”) 所有的好诗都是炽烈情感的自然涌流，而这种情感又是经过在宁静中追忆的.——quotation from William Wordsworth.●Major works from William WordsworthLyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云；Composed upon Westminster Bridge写于威斯敏斯特桥上）Lucy Poems露西组诗(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways她走在人迹罕至的路边；To the Cuckoo杜鹃颂;The Solitary Reape r孤寂的割麦女);The Excursio n远足The Prelude序曲●Analysis of William Wordsworth’s works（1）She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways is one of his famous Lucy Poems, in which the lover tells that she lived unknown and died unknown.（2）Composed upon Westminster Bridge describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London. （3）The Solitary Reaper describes vividly and sympathetically a young peasant girl working in the fields and singing as she works and shows that the gir l’s singing deeply moved the traveler and kept lingering in his heart.（4）I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s poetic belief.●FormThis poem contains four six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrametre(四步抑扬格), with a rhyme scheme of ababcc in each stanza.●ThemeThe theme of this poem is the serene beauty of nature through vivid description of daffodils and the poet’s respect for nature.●ContentFirst Stanza–It shows a harmonious picture. The image of “cloud” gives us the impression of the poet’s pride and loftiness. But on seeing numerous daffodils, the poet descends from above to below.Second Stanza– In this stanza, the poet draws an analogy between stars and daffodils to emphasize the great number. “Star” in this stanza echoes with “cloud” in the previous stanza.Third Stanza–The poet draws an analogy between waves of water and waves of daffodils. The description of the scenery ends in the second line. Following that, the poet shifts his emphasis from scenery to emotion. Fourth Stanza –The glee of daffodils turns into happiness of the poet. As a result, the beauty of nature becomes the beauty of mind. The last two lines explain why daffodils had brought great wealth to me, because they had brought fresh inspiration, greater creativity and new capacity for imagination. New life has been brought to him by the memory.●Brief comment on William Wordsworth（1）He is the leading figure of English Romantic poetry, and he is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”. （2）His Lyrical Ballads, written with Coleridge, marked the beginning of Romanticism in English poetry.（3）He defined poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”（4）He was one of the “Lake Poets”.George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)Introduction●George Gordon Byron was as famous in his lifetime for his personality cult as for his poetry. He created the concept of the “Byronic hero”—a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Byron’s influence on European poetry, music, novel, opera, and painting has been immense. He was the most renowned English language poet of his day.●Term – Byronic HeroThis is a concept created by George Gordon Byron. It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this figure would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.●Term – LyricLyric is a short poem wherein the poet expresses an emotion or illustrates some life principle. Lyric often concerns love. “My love is like a red, red rose” is Robert Burn’s well-known lyric.●Major worksHours of Idliness1807English Bords and Scottish Reviewers1809Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage1812The Giaour 1813The Corsair1814Lara1814Manfred1817Cain 1821Don Juan (1819-1824)●Famous selected poems in our textbook:When We Two Parted;She Walks in Beauty;The Isles of Greece taken from Don Juan●Analysis of Byron’s works（1）Don Juan, Byron’s masterpiece, is regarded as the great poem of the Romantic Age. It is a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover and seducer of women.（2）When We Two Parted is a lyric poem of usual love between man and woman. The poem is alternately rhymed to show the poet’s mental pain of love mingled with hate. The metrical movement of this poem is basically a combination of iambic and anapaestic (抑抑扬格) feet, with a rhyme scheme ababcdcd.（3）She Walks in Beauty is one of B’s early love lyrics.●Background knowledge – On June 11, 1814, B attended a party where he for the first time net hisyoung cousin, Lady Wilmot Horton, who was dressed in a black mourning gown. B was so struck by her beauty that, on returning home, he wrote this poem in a single night.●Theme – This lyric poem is a compliment to a lady and to celebrate the beauty of the woman.●Form – The poem contains three stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with a rhyme scheme ababab.（4）The Isles of Greece is taken from Don Juan, Canto III, which is sung by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. In the early 19th century, Greece was under the rule of Turk. Bycontrasting the freedom of ancient Greece and the present enslavement, the poet appealed to people to struggle for liberty.●Comments on Byron（1）Byron is the most excellent representative of English Romanticism. He was one of the most influential poets of his time.（2）He created the concept of the “Byronic hero”—a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. （3）His poems are favorites of the British workers & the laboring people of other countries. He opposed oppression & slavery, & had an ardent love for liberty. He praised the people’s revolutionary struggles in his works.（4）He was the most renowned English language poet of his day.Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1827)Introduction●Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. Shelley drew no essential distinction between poetry and politics, and his work reflected the radical ideas and revolutionary optimism of the era.●Term – OdeIt is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Originally they were songs performed to the accompaniment of a music instrument. John Keats wrote great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point.●Term -- Terza RimaIt is an Italian verse that consists of a series of three-line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza with the rhyming scheme aba, bcb, cdc, ded, etc.. It appeared first in Dante’s The Divine Comedy. Besides, Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind is a case in point.●Major WorksThe Necessity of Atheism《无神论的必要性》Adonais《阿多尼斯》Queen Mab 1813《麦布女王》The Revolt of Islam 1818《伊斯兰的反叛》Prometheus Unbound 1820《解放了的普罗米修斯》A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》●Famous selected poems in our textbook:A Song: Men of EnglandOde to the West WindOzymandiasTo a SkylarkThe Cloud●Analysis of Shelley’s works（1） A Song: Men of England is one of Shelley’s greatest political lyrics. It is not only a war cry callingupon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poet warns the working people that if they should give up their struggle, they would be digging graves for themselves with their own hands.（2）Ode to the West Wind is one of the most popular and best-known of Shelley's lyrics. Main Idea–Shelley eulogized the powerful west wind & expressed his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. “West Wind”— in the poem symbolizes both destroyer of the old and preserver of the new. It destroys leaves/things/thoughts/ideas that are dead; it preserves new life or seeds that represent new life or new birth. Form—This ode consists of five stanzas, each a stanza formed of four units of terza rima (三行诗节) completed by a couplet. Famous lines—”Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;/ Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!” and “I fall upon the thorns of life!” and “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”（3）Prometheus Unbound is Shelley’s greatest poetic drama. The drama celebrates man’s victory over tyranny and oppression.（4）Queen Mab is a revolutionary poem condemning tyranny and exploitation and the unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealth.John Keats (1795-1821)●Romantic poets comparedWordsworth: beauty in simplicityColeridge: beauty in the extraordinary and supernaturalByron: beauty in power and satireShelley: exquisite beautyKeats: sensuous beauty(给人以美的享受的).On John Keats’ tomb are carved, according to his own request, the words: “Here lies one whose name was writ in water.” (此地长眠者，声名水上书)●John Keats is one of the major English Romantists in the 19th century. He wrote best odes in Englishliterature. He sought to express beauty in all of his poems. His leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of the form. His ability to appeal to the senses through language is virtually unrivaled.●Major Works“““““●Analysis of Keats’ works（1）Ode on an Grecian Urn shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion. Form—Each stanza is 10 lines long, metered in a relatively precise iambic pentameter,and divided into a two part rhyme scheme: the first 7 lines of each stanza follow an ABABCDE rhyme and the last 3 lines of which are variable. The famous line from this ode is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” and “Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard/ Are sweeter”.（2）On First Looking into Chapman’s Hom er is a Petrarchan or Italian sonnet with a rhyme scheme of abba abba cdc dcd. The octet (eight lines) describes Keats's reading experience before reading Chapman's translation and the sestet (six lines) contrasts his experience of reading it.（3）Ode to a Nightingale expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.Walter Scott (1771—1832)●Walter Scott, a Scottish novelist and poet, is the father of the historical novel. His historical novel ishis chief contribution to English literature. His historical novels concern the history of Scotland, English history and the history of European countries. His language is difficult with Scottish dialect.●Major Works of Walter ScottPoems1802, Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border,《苏格兰边区歌谣集》1805, The Lay of the Last Minstrel,《最末一个行吟诗人》1808, Marmion《玛密恩》1810, The Lady of the Lake《湖上夫人》NovelsOf Scottish historyWaverley 《威弗利》1814Guy Mannering 《盖曼纳合》1815Old Morality 《清教徒》1816Rob Roy 1817 《罗布·罗伊》, the best of the groupThe Heart of Midlothian 1818《弥德洛西恩的心》Of the English historyIvanhoe《艾凡赫》1820, is Scott’s masterpiece. It is a novel of English subject covering the days after the Norman Conquest.Kenilworth, 《肯纳尔沃思堡》1821The Fortunes of Nigel, 《尼格尔的家产》1822Woodstock 《皇家猎宫》Peveril of the Peak 《贝弗利尔·皮克》1823Of the European countriesQuentin Durward 《昆丁·达沃德》1823Talisman 《惊军英雄记》1825Count Robert of Paris《巴黎的罗伯特伯爵》1832St. Ronan’s Wells《圣·罗南之泉》, the only one, dealing with his contemporary life●Features of Scott’s Novels（1）Scott has an outstanding gift of vivifying the past.（2）In his novels, historical events are closely interwoven with the fates of individuals.（3）In his historical novels, he concerns both the lives and deeds of the higher class and that of the ordinary people.（4）He is a romantic while a Tory, a conservative in politics.Jane Austen (1775-1817)Introduction●She was a woman novelist of the 18th century, thought she lived mainly in the 19th century for herworks show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.●Six NovelsEmma《爱玛》Persuasion《劝导》Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》●Analysis of Pride and PrejudicePride & Prejudice which was originally drafted as First Impressions, mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet. In this novel, Darcy stands for Pride and Elizabeth represents Prejudice. In the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved.Main Characters—Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet with their daughters of Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine and Lydia, besides there are Charles Bingley and Fitzwilliam Darcy.Major Themes— Pride and prejudiceLove and marriageFamilyFamous quotations from Chapter 1①“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife”. ——Opening sentence from Pride and PrejudiceExplanations of the opening sentence—P & P begins with one of her most famous uses of irony. The first sentence takes a local attitude, to be exemplified in Mrs. Bennet, about the need of well-to-do men to marry, and transforms it, tongue-in-cheek, into a self-evident fact “universally acknowledged.”②“What is his name?”“Bingley.”“Is he married or single?”“Oh! single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”“How so? how can it affect them?”“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”——Conversations between Mr. and Mrs BennetExplanations of this conversation—The conversation tells us that Mrs. Bennet is eager to marry one of his daughters to the mentioned young man, but her husband does not care much.●Jane Austen’s contribution to English literature（1）Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels such as Sense and Sensibility, Emma, Pride and Prejudice.（2）Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief and career and salient social events. This is what make her important in English literature.(3%)（3）Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals. （4）She describes the world from a woman’s point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.Charles Lamb (1775-1834)●Romantic prose writers（1）The early 19th century is remarkable for the development of a new and valuable type of critical prose writing.（2）The leaders in this new and important development are William Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, De Quincy and Charles Lamb.（3）These prose writers were much influenced by the French Revolution in politics and by the Romantic Movement in literature.（4）They freely expressed their own personality in their writings.（5）The best representative of these writers is Charles Lamb.●Major literary worksFirst PeriodJohn Woodvil《约翰·伍德维尔》1802Mr. H 《H君》1806Second PeriodTales from Shakespeare 《莎士比亚故事集》1807 cooperated with his sisterSpecimens of English Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespeare《莎士比亚同时代英国戏剧诗人之范作》1808Third Perid—series of essaysEssays of Elia 《伊利亚随笔集》1823Last Essays of Elia《后随笔集》1833Part VIII. The Victorian Age●Age DivisionThe Victorian Age can be roughly divided into 3 periods:The Early Period (1832-1848): a time of social unrest.The Middle Period (1848-1870): a period of economic prosperity & religious controversy.The Last Period (1870-1901): a period of decay of Victorian values.●Features of Victorian novels（1）The plot is unfolded against a social background, which is broader than what it had been in previous novels.（2）The cause-effect sequence is much more striking than in previous novels.（3）Most of the Victorian novels first published in serial form, that is, by installment, before they were fully published in a single book.（4）The Victorian novels were tainted by the spirit of Puritanism of the Victorian age.（5）The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose. Many writers wrote novels with a purpose to edify readers & to bring about reforms.●Victorian PoetsAlthough the novel was the predominating genre of literature in the Victorian age, it does not follow that there were no prominent poets after the deaths of major Romantic poets.In fact, poets like Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), Robert Browning (1812-1889), Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861), & Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)were important in the sense not only that they wrote highly lyrical poems as the Romaticists did, but also that they in their poetry reflected the spiritual search which was characteristic of the age.●Terms—Critical RealismCritical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the method of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues. Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist who applies this method.●Terms—Dramatic MonologueDramatic Monologue, in literature, refers to the occurrence of a single speaker saying something to a silent audience. Robert Browning’s My Last Duchess is a typical example in which the duke, speaking to a non-responding audience, reveals not only the reasons for his disapproval of the behavior of his former duchess, but some tyrannical and merciless aspects of his own personality as well.Charles Dickens (1812-1870)“He was a sympathizer to the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world.”——The Epitaph of Charles Dickens●Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. His works areintended to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness of the 19th century England, particularly London. All his works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.●Major worksThe First Period1836 Sketches by Boz 《博兹随笔》1837 The Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外传》1837-1838 Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》criticizes the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life.1838-1839 Nicholas Nickleby 《尼古拉斯.尼科尔贝》1840 The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》The Second Period1842 American Notes 《美国札记》1843 Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁.瞿述传》1843 A Christmas Carol 《圣诞欢歌》（圣诞故事集）1844 The Chimes 《钟声》（圣诞故事集）1846 Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》1849 David Copperfield 《大卫.科波菲尔》is about the debtor’s prison.The Third Period1852 Bleak House 《荒凉山庄》attacks the legal system and practices that aim at devouring every penny of the clients.1853 Hard Times 《艰难时世》lashes the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds.1854 Little Dorrit 《小杜丽》1859 A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》1860 Great Expectations 《远大前程》expose the overwhelming social environment which brings moral degeneration and destruction to people.1864 Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》●The characteristics of Charles Dickens’ works（1）As a novelist, Charles Dickens was first remembered for his sketches of characters and exaggeration. As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities.（2）Dickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enlivena scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric or laughable.（3）Dickens loved complicated and fascinating plot in his novels. He is also skillful at creating suspense and mystery to make the story fascinating. A plot formula in his novel is the happy ending. （4）As the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality and justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)●William Makepeace Thackeray is one of the most important writers of the English critical realism.Through his masterpiece Vanity Fair, Thackeray sharply exposes the vices of his society: hypocrisy, money-worship, and moral degradation.●Major worksThe Book of Snobs1846-47《势利人脸谱》《势利者集》Vanity Fair1847-48《名利场》The History of Pendennis1849-50《彭登尼斯》The Newcomes 1853-55《纽克姆一家》The History of Henny Esmond 《亨利•埃斯蒙德》1852The Virginians《弗吉尼亚人》1859●The Analysis of V anity FairGeneral Introduction—Vanity Fair is Thackeray's masterpiece. It was published in 1847-48 in monthly installments.The title— was taken from Bunyan's “Pilgrim's Progress”.The sub-title —of the book, “A Novel Without a Hero”, suggests the fact that writer ' s intention was not to portray individuals, but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.Main idea—In this novel Thackeray describes the life of the ruling classes of England in the early decades of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals in the different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for all members of the ruling classes.The heroin—is Rebecca Sharp who is a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by any means fair or foul. Sharp is charming and pretty, but she is ambitious. Driven by her ambition, she has become a merciless social climber. As her name suggests, Becky Sharp is determined to carve out a place for herself in Vanity Fair. She succeeds in establishing herself in Vanity Fair at the cost of lives of two men and the alienation of all her friends and family. But she enjoys the battle.●The characteristics of Thackeray’s novels（1）Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th-century Europe .（2）Thackeray is a satirist. He is noted for realistic depiction, the ironic and sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism.（3）Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.（4）He is good at describing the life of the upper class, which he is familiar with.●The theme of Vanity Fair.（1）Vanity Fair describes the life of the upper society of England in the early 19th century, and exposes the craftiness, snobbishness and vanity of the ruling classes.（2）Life is portrayed in this novel as a vanity fair where everything can be sold and bought, and money-grubbing was the main motive for the members of the upper classes.（3）Becky Sharp is a perfect example of this money-grubbing instinct. She is a subtle embodiment of duplicity, ambition and selfishness.（4）When we discuss the theme of the novel, disillusionment is the key word. At the end of the novel, nobody is happy.George Eliot (1819-1880) — Mary Ann Evans“It was really George Eliot who started it all. It was she started putting action inside.”-- D.H. Lawrence’ evaluation on George Eliot●Eliot’s Major WorksNovelsRemarkable ones：Adam Bede, 1859 《亚当.比德》---rural lifeThe Mill on the Floss, 1860《弗洛斯河上的磨房》--moral problemsSilas Marner, 1861《织工马南》 - psychological studies of charactersOthers:Romola, 1863 《罗慕拉》 --problems of religion &moralityFelix Holt, the Radical, 1866《费力可斯.霍尔特》Middlemarch, 1871–72《米德尔马契》Daniel Deronda, 1876《丹尼尔.德龙达》●The characteristics of Eliot’s literary worksShe wrote about rural life influenced by the industrial revolution.She shows a particular concern for the destiny of women.She leads in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel.She shows the interest in the interior life of human beings, moral problems and strains.Religion is concerned in her novels.Bronte Sisters●The story of the three Bronte sisters, Charlotte (1816-1855), Emily (1818-1848), Anne (1820-1849),all literary, all talented and all dying young, is one of the saddest pages in the history of English literature.They were the daughters of a poor clergyman in the little village of Haworth, Yorkshire, in northern England.Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)●She is one of the three Bronte sisters. Her works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousnesstowards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life. Al her heroines’ highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.●Major works“The Professor” (1846, 1857) 《教师》“Jane Eyre” (1847) 《简·爱》“Shirley” (1849)《雪莉》“Villette”(1853) 《维莱特》●The Analysis of Jane Eyre（1）Jane Eyre is Charlotte’s masterpiece, and also one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian Age.（2）It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School.（3）It traces the passionate love between Jane Eyre and Rochester.（4）The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine, Jane Eyre.（5）Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, a poor, plain,。

吴伟仁《英国⽂学史及选读》笔记和考研真题详解-第7章浪漫主义时期【圣才出品】第7章浪漫主义时期7.1 复习笔记I. Background Knowledge（背景知识）At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, romanticism appeared in England as a new trend in literature. It rose and grew under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution.Romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. The co-authored book Lyrical Ballads published in 1798 by the poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge marked the beginning of romanticism, while the death of Walter Scott in 1832 declared the ending of it.18世纪末19世纪初，在英国⼯业⾰命和法国⼤⾰命的影响下，浪漫主义成为⼀种新的⽂学思潮应运⽽⽣。

1798年华兹华斯和柯勒律治共同编写的《抒情歌谣集》标志浪漫主义时期的开始，1832年沃尔特·司各特的去世则宣告浪漫主义时期的结束。

II. Literary Features of the Eighteenth Century（⼗⼋世纪⽂学特征）1. The Romantic Period is one of poetical revival. It is a period of poetry. Emotion, imagination and intuition of humankind are what the romanticists emphasize in their works. The general feature of the works of the romanticists is the dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society. They pay more attention to thespiritual and emotional life of man. Nature plays an important role in their works.2. Romantic poets are generally divided into two groups: the elder generation, or the escapist romanticists (Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who also known as Lake Poets), and the younger generation, or the active romanticists (Byran, Shelley and Keats). The elder generation reflected the merry of old England. Frightened by the coming of industrialism and the nightmare towns, they were turning to nature for protection. The younger generation expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal of a future society free from oppression and exploitation.3. Romantic prose of the time was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey andHunt.4. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott, whose historical novelscombined a romance atmosphere with a realistic depiction of historical background and common people’s life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism.1. 浪漫主义时期是诗歌复兴时期。

英国文学部分西方文学发展的两大源头两大源头:古希腊, 罗马的神话，中世纪的基督教A General Survey of English Literary History:1．O ld English literature (The Anglo – Saxon Period) 449 – 10662. Medieval Period (The Anglo – Norman Period) 1066 – 13503. The Renaissance Period 14th– mid 17th4. The 17th(The Period of Revolution and Restoration)5. The 18th(The Age of Enlightenment)6. The Romantic Period （Age of poetry）1798 – 18327. The Victorian Period ( The Age of Critical Realism) 1836 – 19018. The 20th(The Modern Period)一．古英语和中世纪时期：Old and Medieval English Literature: 449 -- 1066Germanic tribes: Angles, Saxons and JutesOld English Poetic tradition :a. The pagan poetry (secular group)b. The Christian poetry (religious group)National epic poem –BeowulfMiddle English Literature:1. Christian literature2. Romance the popular literary forms in medieval periodGeoffrey Chaucer: “father of English poetry” “English Homer”The Canterbury TalesFor the first time in English literature presented a comprehensive realistic picture。

The Romantic Period. Historical Background1.Economy: Industrial Revolution (end of the 18th century)-----great wealth to the rich and worsen the working and living condition of the poor2.Politics: French Revolution(1789,Bastille)American Independence War(1776-1783)----- revolution enthusiasm swept nearly all European countries.3.Culture: The Romantic MovementII. Age of Romanticism1. Time: 1798 (publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge) to 1832 (death of Sir Walter Scott)2. Essence: shift from reason to emotion3. definition: A term applicable to philosophy, politics and the arts in general. Reacting against neoclassicism, romantic writers.1) emphasized emotion over intellect; inspiration over logic. 2) felt that nature is the source of sublime feeling, divine inspiration, and even moral action.3)stress the individual over society, discipline and order; the natural over the tamed.4. Features1) The general feature is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.2) Their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures.3) The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man.4) Most of them had strong desire to escape from the reality.5) They are all concerned much about the influence of nature.6) Their writings are free from any rules, they fight against the rules of new classicism: order, harmony, balance, reason. They ask for the freedom of expression.7) Most works are supernatural and full of imagination.8) Creation is the centre of English Romanticism.9) Romanticism is characterized by the 5 ―I‖s: a) Imagination; b) Intuition; c) Idealism; d) Inspiration; e) Individuality.5. classification:(1) passive/escapist romanticists. e.g. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey.(2) active/Satanic romanticists. e.g. Byron, Shelly, Keats.I. titleThe representative poet and chief spokesman of the Romantic poetry . II. lifeborn in April 7th 1770, in EnglandAfter the death of their mother, he and Dorothy were separated by their fatherWordsworth began attending St John‘s College, Cambridge in 1787In November 1791, Wordsworth visited to France. He fell in love with a French woman, Annette VallonLack of money and Britain‘s tensions with France made him return alone to England the next yearThrough this period, many of his poems revolve around themes of death, endurance, separation, and grief.starting in 1810, Wordsworth and Coleridge were estranged over the latter‘s opium addictionWith the death in 1843 of Robert Southey, Wordsworth became the Poet LaureateIII. Major WorksLyrical BalladsLucy PoemsThe Prelude (1850, posthumous, W‘s autobio- graphical poem, in 14 books ).Famous Poems:—―Lines Composed A Few Miles above TinternAbbey‖—―I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud‖—―My Heart Leaps Up‖—―Ode: Intimations of Immortality‖—―The Solitary Reaper‖IV. Wordsworth‘s Principles of Poetry1. ―all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling‖2. ―poetry takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility‖3. Wordsworth ―endeavored to bring language near to the real language of man‖, ―by fitting to the metrical arrangement a selection of the real language of men‖.4. Wordsworth is regarded as a ― worshipper of nature.‖ It is nature that gives him ―strength & knowledge full of peace.‖5. Common life is Wordsworth‘s only subject of literary interest. The joys & sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.6. Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclic journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. Wordsworth‘s deliberate simplicity & refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure & profound poetry which no other poets has ever equaled.7. Rejecting the contemporary emphasis on form & intellectual approachthat drained poetic writing of strong emotion, he maintains that the scenes & events of everyday life & the speech of ordinary people are the raw material of which poetry can & should be made.V. I Wandered Lonely as a CloudThe four six-line stanzas of this poem follow a quatrain- couplet rhyme scheme like ABABCC.Each line is metered in iambic tetrameter.Each stanza represents meeting, familiarity, joy and pleasure of sympathy: introduction, development, turn and conclusionThe theme of this poem is ‗The pleasure of sympathy with nature‘.Using metaphors and similes creates imageries of daffodils - the reverse personification.VI. Themes of Wordsworth‘s poems1.natural impressions2.the feelings of the common people3.harmony between humanity and natureVIII. term:Lake Poets---- Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey are mentioned a s the ―Lake Poets‖ or ―negative romantic poets‖ because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. All had radicalinclinations in their youth but later turned conservative and received pensions and poet laureateships from the aristocracy.Byron and Shelley were hailed as ―positive (revolutionary) Romantic poets‖.I. Life Experienceborn in London on the 22nd of January 1788.On the 13th of March 1809, he took his seat in the House of Lords. Then he published the first two canto s of Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage, which made him famous overnight.In 1815, he married a solemnly religious woman, Miss Milbank who wanted to ―reform‖ Byron but left him by saying ―he was insane‖. This made Byron fall into a scandal and leave England forever.Then he travelled around the Continent, and met Shelley in Switzerland. The two became close friends.He went to Greece to fight for the Greek people‘s rights after Shelley‘s death, and died of fever in Greece.II. Literary WorksHours of Idleness (1807)English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812): his first important workHebrew Melodies (1815)Manfred (1817)Don Juan (1818-19): his masterpieceCain (1821)III. She Walks in Beauty1. It was inspired by Mrs. Wilmot, Byro n‘s cousin, when he saw her wearing a spangled dress at Lady Sitwell's party in June, 1814. Byron's friend, James W. Webster, had written about the event:‗I did take him to Lady Sitwell‘s party in Seymour Road. He there for the first time saw his cousin, the Beautiful Mrs. Wilmot. When we returned to his rooms in Albany, he said little, but desired Fletcher to give him a tumbler of Brandy, which he drank at once to Mrs. Wilmot's health, then retired to rest, and was, I heard afterwards, in a sad state all night. The next day he wrote those charming lines upon her --She walks in Beauty like the Night....‘2. The Form of the PoemCritics have admired it for its gracefulness, lyricism, and masterful use of internal rhyme: a work of ―peculiar sweetness and beauty.‖The three stanzas of this poem all follow the same rhyme scheme (ababab, cdcdcd, efefef) and the same metrical pattern.IV. ―Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage‖---oriented tales1. content: Harold‘s travels in Europe. The poem is about a gloomy, passionate young wanderer who escaped from the society he disliked &traveled around the continent, questing for freedom. It teems with all kinds of recognizable features of Romantic poetry —— the medieval, the outcast figure, love of nature, hatred of tyranny, preoccupation with the remote & savage, & so on.2. form: four cantos. Spenserian stanza (a 9-line stanza rhymed ababbcbcc, in which the first eight lines are in iambic pentameter while the ninth in iambic hexameter)3. theme:a. the struggle of the Spaniards against foreign aggre- ssionb. the heroic past of the Greeks.c. encourage the Greeks to strive for liberty with arms4. Features:a. vivid & exotic descriptive passages on mountains, rivers & seas.b. strong passion for liberty & intense hatred for all tyrants, sympathy for the oppressed Portuguese under French occupation；c. he glorifies the French Revolution & condemns the despotic Napoleon period；he appeals for the liberty of the oppressed nations while exalting the great fighters for freedom in history.V. Don Juan1. a long satirical poem. Juan is an aristocratic libertine, amiable & charming to ladies. Byron puts into Don Juan his rich knowledge of world & wisdom. It presents brilliant pictures of life in its various stagesof love, joy, suffering, hatred & fear. The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of appearance & reality, i.e. what things seem to be & what they actually are.2. "The Isles of Greece―, is taken from Canto III, which is sung by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan & Haidee, the pure & beautiful daughter of a pirate. In the early 19th century, Greece was under the rule of Turk. By contrasting the freedom of ancient Greece & the present enslavement, the poet appealed to people to struggle for liberty.VI. Characteristics of Byron‘s Poems1. Byron‘s poetry, though much criticized by some critics on moral grounds, was immensely popular and exerted great influence on the Romantic Movement.2. This popularity owed to the author‘s persistent attacks on ―can t（伪善）political, religious, & moral,‖ to the novelty of his oriental scenery, to the romantic character of the Byronic hero, & to the easy, fluent, & natural beauty of his verse.3. Byron‘s diction, though unequal & frequently faulty, has on the wholea freedom, copiousness(丰富性) & vigor.4. His descriptions are simple & fresh, & often bring vivid objects before the reader.5. Byron‘s poetry is like the oratory which hurries the hearers without applause. The glowing imagination of the poet rises & sinks with thetones of his enthusiasm, roughing into argument, or softening into the melody feeling & sentiments.6. Byron employed the Ottva Rima (Octave Stanza) from Italians mock-heroic poetry. It was perfected in Don Juan in which the convention flows with ease & naturalness, as Colonel Stanhope described "a stream sometimes smooth, sometimes rapid & sometimes rushing down in cataracts-a mixture of philosophy & slang-of everything."VII. Byronic heroesa proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt world, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.Shelley (1792-1822)I. TitleThe most wonderful lyric poet England has ever produced.II. Life1. born into a wealthy family at Sussex. At 18, Shelley entered Oxford University, where he had written & circulated a pamphlet，The Necessity of Atheism (1811), this resulted in his expulsion from theuniversity & being disinherited by his headstrong father. Early in 1818, Shelley & his wife Mary left England for Italy. During the remaining years of his life, Shelley traveled & lived in various Italian cities. Shelley was drowned in 1822 in storm near La Spezia, at the age of 30. 2. Gentle and kind by nature, he could not stand any injustice. He and Byron are justifiably regarded as two great poets of revolutionary romanticism in England. The inscription on his tombstone reads: ―Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Heart of Hearts.‖COR CORDIUM（众心之心）Nothing of him that doth fade,But doth suffer a sea-changeInto something rich and strange.众心之心他的一切并没有消逝只是经历过海的变异已变得丰富而且神奇(莎士比亚暴风雨中的3句. 1822年12月，雪莱的心脏和骨灰葬于罗马新教徒墓地，墓碑上刻有―波西·比希·雪莱——众心之心‖的字样。

Chapter III The Romantic Period ⼀、本章的学习⽬的和要求 通过本章的学习，了解浪漫主义⽂学的产⽣的历史，⽂化背景，认识该时期⽂学创作的基本特征，基本主张，及其对时代及后世英国⽂学⽤⾄⽂化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的⽂学⽣涯，创作思想，艺术特⾊及其代表作品的主题结构，⼈物刻画，语⾔风格，思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特⾊，培养理解和欣赏⽂学作品的能⼒。

⼆、本章考核知识点及考核要求 （⼀）考核知识点 1.浪漫主义时期概述 1）浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治，经济，⽂化背景 2）浪漫主义⽂学创作的基本主张 3）英国浪漫主义⽂学的特⾊ 4）浪漫主义⽂学对同时代及后世英国⽂学的影响 2.浪漫主义时期主要作家的⽂学创作思想及其代表作品的主题结构，⼈物塑造，语⾔风格，艺术⼿法及社会意义等。

威廉.布莱克；威廉.华兹华斯；塞.特.科勒律治；乔治.⼽登.拜伦；珀.⽐.雪莱；约翰.济兹；简.奥斯汀 （⼆）考核要求 1.浪漫主义时期概述 1）识记：a.浪漫主义时期的界定 b.历史⽂化背景 2）领会：a.浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响。

b.浪漫主义⽂学创作的基本主张及对后世⽂学的影响。

、 3）应⽤：a.名词解释：浪漫主义 b.浪漫主义时期⽂学特点的分析 2.该时期的重要作家 1）识记：浪漫主义时期的重要作家，代表作品及其主要内容。

2）领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特⾊及其代表作品的主题结构，⼈物塑造，语⾔风格，社会意义等。

3）应⽤：a.浪漫派诗歌（所选作品）的主题，意象分析 b.⼩说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要⼈物的性格分析。

⼀、概述 1. ⼀般识记 English Romanticism English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge''''s Lyrical Ballads & to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott''''s death & the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. 2. 识记 Historical & Cultural background During this period, England had experienced profound economic & social change. The biggest social change in English history was the transfer of large masses of the population from the countryside to the towns. As a result of the Enclosures & the agricultural mechanization, the peasants were driven of their land； some emigrated to the colonies； some sank to thelevel of farm laborers & many others drifted to the industrial towns where there was a growing demand for labor. But the new industrial towns were no better than jungles, where the law was "the survival of the fittest." The cruel economic exploitation caused large-scale workers'''' disturbances in England. 3. 领会 （1） Influences of the Romantic Movement Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary & philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life & all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of this or her unique feelings & particular attitudes & valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual''''s experiences. （2） The Romantic views about literature a. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. b. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen & Walter Scott.c. Besides poetry & prose, there are quite a number of writers who have fried their hand at poetic dramas in this period. 4.应⽤ （1） Literary Terms a. The Romantic Movement It expressed a more or less negative attitude towards the existing social & political conditions that came with industrialization & the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. The Romantics felt that the existing society denied people their essential human needs, so they demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers & philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state & emphasized the special qualities of each individual''''s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer. b. The Gothic novel It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic movement, its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader''''s emotion. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho （1794） by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein （1818） by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance. （2） Characteristics of Romantic literature in English history. The Romantic period is an age of poetry Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth & Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. They explored new theories & innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy： they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls & the society. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity & inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter. Wordsworth is the closest to nature. To escape from a world that had became excessively rational, as well as excessively materialistic & ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times & places, where the qualities they valued could be convincingly depicted. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets & dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules who tended to glorify Rome & rational Italian & French neoclassical art as superior to the native traditions. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people & their everyday life for subjects, Romantic writers are always seeking for the Absolute, the Ideal through the transcendence of the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poetic language, versification & design, & constructed a variety of forms on original principles of structure & style.。

Lecture1Ⅱ. Recommended Novels for Reading (British)18th-centuryGulliver’s Travels: Jonathan Swift; social satire/fantasy/;Part I, II, and IV interesting; language difficulty ***.Robinson Crusoe: Daniel Defoe; an account of the process of the building of the British Empire in the 18th century;diary-like detailed description and narration; language difficulty **.19th-centuryGreat Expectations:Charles Dickens; about moral corruption and loss of innocence and honesty in growing up; the Cinderella pattern in structure; language Dif ***; a bit too long.Jane Eyre:Charlotte Bronte; a poor, plain governess struggling for self-dignity and personal happiness; language dif **.Wuthering Heights:Emily Bronte; one of the best novels in the world; a presentation of the most primitive, natural, powerful, touching as well as the most destructive love human beings are capable of; language dif **.Silas Marner:George Eliot; a religious fable about religion of humanity;language dif **; small.Tess of D’Urbervilles:Thomas Hardy; tragic fate of a “pure” young peasant woman at the time of capitalist invasion into the country in the 19th-century England; language dif ***.20th-centurySons and Lovers: D.H. Lawrence; Oedipus Complex; the study of man-woman relations; language dif ***.Mrs Dalloway, Virginia Woolf; about the spiritual journey of Mrs Dalloway; typical stream of consciousness fiction;language dif ***, not longThe Fifth Child: Doris Lessing; about distortion or horror of human nature/ a human-born monster; Language dif **, small.Ⅲ. ContentsChapter One: Old English LiteratureChapter Two: Middle English LiteratureChapter Three: Geoffrey ChaucerChapter Four: The RenaissanceChapter Five: The Revolution and RestorationChapter Six:Enlightenment in EnglandChapter Seven: The Romantic PeriodChapter Eight: The Victorian AgeChapter Nine: Twentieth Century LiteratureⅣ.Development of LiteratureThree stages of English language development:i. Old English /Anglo-Saxon (OE. As the language up to 1066 is usu. called)ii. Middle English (about 1100-1500)iii. Modern English (about 1500-present)Part One: Old and Medieval English LiteratureHistorical background3 conquests/invasions--- Romans (4th to the 6th cen.):politics of self-government, transportation system, cities, Latin language and Christianity (little remained)---English/Anglo-Saxon Conquest ( Angles, Saxons, Jutes)A. Germanic tribes from the Mediterranean coast:Scandinavia, Denmark and GermanyB. the Pagans/heathens异教徒C. enslaved the Celts and drove others to Wales,Scotland and IrelandD. began feudalism; new social strata: serfs 农奴—freemen自由民—farmers农民--thanes乡士--earls爵爷—kings王爷E. a medley of different races/ethnic groups; ofmultiple influences and cultural and political orders ---Norman Conquest in 1066 by William,Duke of Normandy from Northern France:A. further established feudalism, and ended the slave system in 14th cen.B. powerful Popedom 教皇制established(1/3 of land, political right, wide moral degeneration of the clericals; penances or pardons 赦罪令C. highly centralized royal power, but conceded in the13th cen. with establishment of parliament(1215the Magna Carta/King John)D. communication with the outside world: diplomaticrelations, development of trade and increasing strength for tradesmen and skilled professionalsE. influence from outside world in ideologyF. coexistence of 3 languages: Latin, the clerical andlearned; French, noblemen and royal court; A-S nativeEnglish/ Celtic dialect (vernacular) for the common[Not until the 13th century did English enter the worldof official discourse 官方用语. 1258 Henry III issued aproclamation布告in 3 languages, 14th cen.,parliament and court allowed English.](The Dark Age: blind belief of Roman Catholicism and after-life and stagnant philosophical and artistic development)Ⅴ.Literature (secular)---the Old English (until A-S period) and Middle English (after 1066)---tales passed on orally by gleemen or minstrels 吟唱诗人until Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyOld English Period : Beowulf, an EpicA. the most important existent work; the national epic of Anglo-SaxonsB. written in 7-8 cen.C. partly-historical and partly-legendaryD. not about England but their homeland in DenmarkE. epic form: a long verse narrative on the exploits of a national hero, BeowulfF. the primitive people’s heroic struggle against hostileforces of the natural world under a wise leaderG. pagan elements + Christian coloring: “fate”, “God’,“Lord”H. alliteration and Germanic languageMiddle English LiteratureA. Romance 罗曼史---Roman, French matters for subjects: Trojan War, Charlemagne, Roland and the knights; chivalric;---English romance: King Arthur and his round-table knights;“Sir Gawain and the Greenknight” (1360-1370), “Le Morte d’Arthur” by Sir Thomas MaloryB. Religious writings and translations(from Hebrew to Latin):Langland’s “Piers the Plowman”C. Poetic form:alliterative poetry头韵诗metrical poetry韵律诗Lecture 2 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)Father of English poetry /literature3 periods of creation:French Romaunt of the Rose, translationItalian (after Dante Divine Comedy, Petrarch and Boccaccio, Decameron; The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women, Troylus and Criseyde)British (1386-1400) The Canterbury Tales●Contributions:A.the first to present a comprehensive and realistic pictureof the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury TalesB.introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of varioustypes to replace the Old English alliterative verseC.the first to use the rhymed couplet of iambicpentameter/heroic couplet●Canterbury Tales:The story: 29 pilgrims, and the poet on the way to Canterbury, stopped at an inn. At the proposal of the host of the Tabard Inn each was to tell 4 stories on the way to and back from Cant. Host be the guide and judge, the best teller gets a free supper at the cost of all the rest upon their return to the inn. Should have been 120stories, but only 24 completed and preserved, 2 incomplete, 2 unfinished. Theme: influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, he affirmsman’s right to pursue earthly happiness and opposes asceticism 禁欲说; praises man’s energy, intellect, and love of life; exposes and satirizes the social evils, esp. the religious abusesstructure: General prologue (occasion, characters) followed by stories; a separate prologue between two stories characterization:vivid portrayal of individualized个性化characters of the society and of all professionsand social strata except the highest and thelowest1. shows respect for the two landed gentry,the plowmanand the parson;2. satirizes all the religious people，except the parson，whoare guilty of sins: Pride, Wrath, Envy, Lust, Gluttony, Avarice, and Sloth3. shows a growing sense of self-importance of the trades/towns people, reflecting the changing social status, esp.in towns and citiesStyle:lively, vivid Middle-Age English, satire, humour, Heroic Couplet; of unequal meritst he 3 famous tales:A. the Wife of Bath’s tale of an Arthurian knightB. the Oxford clerk’s of a patient young ladyC. the Franklin小地主’s about a wife’s full submission toher husbandIV. Text study:Comment:●This is a satirical picture of a vain, pretentious nun. Thoughsupposedly in a religious capacity, she had many worldly weaknesses and was in no way a true Christian, let alone a devout clergy person.●The portrait is pervaded by ironical depictions, and the toneis light-hearted and humorous. Readers can only smile in amusement.●In heroic couplet.Text study Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales / The Prioress Pre-readingYou are going to read Chaucer’s description of a prioress, a nun who is the head of a religious order or a religious house (e.g. an abbey). Before reading Chaucer’s description, we could try to create a picture of a nun from our knowledge or imagination.1. Imagine the facial expression of a nun, what words wouldyou use to describe it?2. A nun, especially a prioress, is usually remarkable for thefollowing characteristics (tick the words/expressions of your choice):a solemnity, charm, kindnessb serious/ pleasant/ easy-going/ sombre mannersc full of sense / sensibility3. If she carries a motto, which do you think is more likely tobe her choice?a All that glisters is not gold.b Glory belongs to the King.c God helps those who help themselves.d Love conquers all.Discussion1. What is image of the nun?2. Is she favorably and admirably or satirically portrayed?How?3. What figures of speech are used?Language and Style1. Select a detail which contains humour or irony. What makes it comic or ironic?2. What do you notice about the rhyme at the end of the lines Key information for Memory:3 conquestsBeowulf(A-S national epic/Old English literature/native subject/alliteration)“Sir Gawain and the Greenknight”, anonymousWilliam Langland’s Piers the Plowman, religiousChaucer’s Canterbury Talesromance; heroic couplet; alliteration; epic; metric poem Assignment:Reference questions for Renaissance:1.What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about?2.What is the development of drama? What were the originalforms and content and practice of drama?3.Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are themajor playwrights of the time?4.Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to Englishdrama?5.Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history,comedy, tragedy)? What features?6.What did Jonson write about? Representative work?7.Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (p.31-32). What is it mainlyabout? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy? 8.What was the most important translation of the time? Lecture 3-4 Renaissance English LiteratureHistorical background⏹Hundred Years’ War with France from 1337 to 1453⏹War of Roses from 1455 to 1485 between the House ofLancaster and the House of York⏹Henry VII founded the Tudor dynasty⏹the enclosure movement, the commercial expansion andthe war with Spain⏹16th century -- a period of the breaking up of feudalrelations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalismEngland – an absolute monarchy⏹Religious Reformation-- end the rule of the Catholic Church-- king as both the head of Church andthe head of state⏹Protestantism --the official national religionHenry 8 ( a Tudor Monarch )In religion, the far-reaching movement of Reformation began in England during Henry VIII’s reign. He declared the break withthe Roman Catholic Church and confiscated the property of the Church. Protestantism began to gain ground among the English people.King James BibleIn 1611, appeared in England. It was the work of many learned scholars headed by Bishop Lancelot Andrews, an eloquent orator with an exquisite ear for the cadences of language. King James Bible became the monument of English language and literatureGenesis, or the Creation⏹God made Adam and Eve and let them live in Garden ofEden.⏹God warned Adam and Eve not to eat the forbidden fruiton the Tree of Knowledge.⏹Adam and Eve were all naked. They lived a happy life.They had no feelings of shame.⏹Satan, in the disguise of a serpent, sneaked into Garden ofEden. He succeeded in inducing Eve to eat the Forbidden Fruit.⏹Eve gave Adam some fruit, and Adam accepted it gladly.⏹They realized that they were nude, so they put on figleaves to cover their body.⏹God got very angry. They had violated God’s will, sothey were punished.⏹Adam and Eve were driven out of the Garden of Eden.They had to gain their bread by the sweat of their brow.⏹Adam and Eve’s descendents must work hard forredemption, otherwise they would never be allowed to go back to heaven.Revelations⏹ORIGINAL SIN⏹With Adam and Eve’s fall, we sin all. That’s whywe must work hard to make a living.⏹God’s will is everything.⏹Those who violate God’s will must be punished, nomatter what the underlying reason is.The Tower of Babel⏹Long, long ago, all the world spoke the same languageand used the same words.⏹Tired of hard work, people decided to build a city and ahigh tower with its top in the heavens.⏹God feared that the people would challenge his authority.⏹He s aid to his followers, “Let us go down there andconfuse their speech, so that they will not understandwhat they say to one another.”⏹God made people speak different languages. People hadto give up the plan of building the tower because they could not understand each other. They were dispersed all over the world.Queen Elizabeth – the summit of absolute monarchy⏹Elizabethan age:-- progress of bourgeois economy-- victory in the Spanish War-- commercial expansion abroad-- development of art and literature-- an unsettled time: peasants’ uprisingsRenaissance: The DefinitionThe rise of the bourgeoisie showed its influence in cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or the rebirth of literature. Renaissance sprang in Italy and spread to France, Germany, the Low Countries, and lastly to England. Two features are striking of this movement. One is the thirst for classical literature, the other is the rise of Humanism.HumanismHumanism was the keynote of the Renaissance. People ceasedto look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. They began to admire human beauty and human achievement. Man is no longer the slave of the external world. He can mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks.Drama: Origin and Development (1)English drama1.Origin: religious ceremony, church plays2.DevelopmentReligious periodmystery plays and miracle plays biblical stories and the stories of the saints; they were played at churches at first; Then with the increasing numbers of actors and plays, the players went to the market places. Miracle plays are the further development of mystery plays.The Second Shepherd’s PlayMoral periodmorality plays: focused on the conflict between good and evil through allegorical characters. They were too abstract. So Vice, a lively figure approximated the modern clown, was introduced. (such as Everyman, Good Deeds, Death, Knowledge);EverymanInterludes--- a short performance during thethe intervals to enliven the audience aftera solemn scene---end of the 15th century---a transition to Elizabethan drama⏹Classical-style comedy and tragedy was in the making inEngland.⏹Three unities (unity of time, place and action byAristotle)3.Renaissance drama⏹---comedy and tragedy were⏹established as types of drama⏹---development of theaters⏹---growth of acting culture4.University wits⏹---John Lyly, Robert Greene, George peele, ChristopherMarlow, Thomas Kyd, Thomas Nashe, Thomas Lodge---technical innovations⏹Free Renaissance tragedy from classical restraints⏹Develop a comedy tradition more close to lifeJohn Lyly: write for a refined, aristocratic audience⏹Thomas Kyd: start the tradition of revenge tragedy5.Christopher Marlow(1564-1593)---most gifted “university wit”---The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus⏹Cause of the tragedy: blind faithin human intellect⏹Theme: praise of individuality; conviction of thepossibility of human efforts in conquering the universe---make blank verse the principal instrument of English drama 6. William ShakespeareAll the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.1)Dramatic career:---the first period: apprenticeship---the second period: full of sunshine and laughter---the third period: full of storm and clouds---the fourth period: principal tragicomedies2)Great comedies:---sing of love, youth, and ideal of happinessA Midsummer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of VeniceAs You Like It, Twelfth Night---two groups of characters:⏹Young men and women⏹Simple and shrewd clowns and other common people---respect women3)Great tragedies:social contradictions and social evilsHamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth4) Historical playspolitical plays:the necessity for national unity under one sovereignHenry 5, the only ideal king, a symbol of English glory5) Features of his dramatic works:⏹Shakespeare is a realist.---authentic panorama of his age---characters are representatives of the people of his time⏹Shakespeare is a master of English language.---language reveals the peculiarities of his character---use about 16,000 words in his writings---create a lot of new words and expressions⏹Shakespeare is good at many poetic forms.blank verse6）Literary TermsComedy⏹Comedy is a light form of drama, which aims primarily toamuse and which ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smiles and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot. Viewed in another sense, comedy may be considered to deal with people in their human state, restrained and often made ridiculous by their limitations, faults, bodily functions, and animal nature. The general spirit of these comedies is optimism.Tragedy⏹ a serious play or novel representing the disastrousdownfall of a central character, the protagonist. According to Aristotle, the purpose is to achieve a catharsis through incidents arousing pity and terror. The tragic effect usually depends on our awareness of admirable qualities in the protagonist, which are wasted terribly in the fated disaster.Blank Verse⏹unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. It is a very flexibleEnglish verse form which can attain rhetorical grandeur while echoing the natural rhythms of speech. It was first used by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and soon became a popular form for narrative and dramatic poetry. Marlowe, Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth, Tennyson, Stevens and Robert Frost are fond of this form.无韵诗Monologue⏹an extended speech uttered by one speaker, either toothers or alone. Significant varieties include the dramatic monologue(a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audience), and the soliloquy(in which the speaker is supposed to be “overheard” while alone).独白Soliloquy⏹ a dramatic speech delivered by one character speakingaloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either in supposed self-communion or in a consciously direct address. It is also known as interior monologue.内心独白Hamlet Text StudyThe Story of HamletHamlet is the prince of Denmark. He is a great scholar and a brave soldier/swordsman.Denmark is at war with another country. So the sentry is on duty at night. The sentry saw the ghost of the Old King.The sentry told the news to Hamlet. The next night, Hamlet went to the sentry post.He saw the ghost. It was his father.The ghost ran away. Hamlet followed him. The ghost told Hamlet that it was Claudius, his uncle, who had murdered him and married his mother Gertrude. The ghost told Hamlet to revenge him.Hamlet is a humanist. He would never follow the ghost’s words without a second thought.Hamlet pretended to be mad. One day, a dramatic troupe came to the court. Hamlet directed a play in which a king is murdered by his younger brother. The younger brother married his sister-in-law.Everyone has a kind of guilty conscience. While watching the play, Claudius got restless. During the interval, he went out of the room and did his prayers.(repentant)Hamlet followed Claudius. Claudius was doing his prayers. But he did not take action. It is believed that if you kill a personwhile he is praying, his soul will go to heaven, not to go to hell. It is not revenge in its real sense.So the king let his queen (Hamlet’s mother) have a talk with Hamlet. While they were talking, a minister named Polonius (Hamlet’s would-be father-in-law) was eavesdropping behind the screen.Hamlet heard the noise behind the screen. He mistook the person for his uncle. So he stabbed at the screen with his sword. Polonius was killed.On the voyage to England, Hamlet met some pirates. The pirates abducted Hamlet and went back to Denmark. He rewrote the letter in imitation of his uncle’s handwriting, in which he told the English king to kill the two messengers upon arrival.While they reached the seashore, Hamlet killed the pirates and went back to the court.Claudius heard the news that Hamlet had come back. He got worried. Just then, Polonius’s son, Laertes came back to Denmark, too. He wanted to have a duel with Hamlet.The tournament began. To make sure that Hamlet would be killed, Claudius p ut poison in Laertes’s weapon. What’s more, he put a cup of poisonous drink beside Hamlet.Man proposes, God disposes.Laertes hurt Hamlet. They changed weapons. And Hamlet hurt Laertes with the same poisonous weapon. He threw the weapon at Claudius and Claudius was killed.The queen drank the poisonous drink and died.Just then, Hamlet’s friend, the Norway Prince Fortinbras, came to Denmark. Hamlet told the ministers that he would like Fortinbras to become the Danish king.Hamlet died. Fortinbras became the new king. He had a great funeral for the dead.Famous quotations from it⏹“Frailty, thy name is woman!”⏹“For anything so overdone is from the purpose ofplaying, whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to natu re; to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the very age and body of the time her form and pressure.” (“给自然照一面镜子，给德行看一看自己的面目，给荒唐看一看自己的姿态，给时代和社会看一看自己的形象和印记。

Lecture 8The Romantic Period (II)ⅠTeaching ContentGeorge Gordon Byron; Percy Bysshe Shelley; John KeatsⅡTime Allotment2 periodsⅢTeaching Objectives and Requirements1 Help the students understand George Gordon Byron.@2 Help the students have a good understanding of Percy Bysshe Shelley.3 Help the students have a good understanding of John Keats.ⅣKey Points and Difficult Points in Teaching1Percy Bysshe Shelley2 John KeatsⅤTeaching Methods and MeansLecture; Discussion; Multi-mediaⅥTeaching Process"1 George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) (For Self-Study)IntroductionByron’s best poems are Don Juan and Childe Harold. His other works include Hours of Idleness and English Bards and Scottish Reviewers… (See Wang Shouren,76 and Chang Yaoxin, 197-198).Comments on Byron●Byron’s poetry is one of experience. His heroes are more or less pictures of himself.His hero is known as “Byronic Hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. He would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. For such a hero, the conflict is usually one of rebellious individual against out-worn social systems and conventions. The figure is, to some extent, modeled on the life and personality of Byron.● Byron insisted on authentic—and moral —nature of his work.●Byron’s poetry exerts great influence on the Romantic Movement. He stands withShakespeare and Scott among the British writers who exert great influence overthe mainland of Europe.(See Chang Yaoxin, 197)]Discussion of She Walks in Beauty(See the Textbook Selected Readings, 74-75)● It is a lyrical poem written in 1814 and published in 1815.●In June, 1814, several months before he met and married his first wife, AnnaMilbanke, Lord Byron attended a party at Lady Sitwell’s. While at the party, Lord Byron was inspired by the sight of his cousin, the beautiful Mrs. Wilmot, who was wearing a black spangled mourning dress. Lord Byron was struck by his cousin’s dark hair and fair face, the mingling of various lights and shades. This became the essence of his poem about her.(Discuss the questions in the Selected Readings.)● The first two lines bring together the opposing qualities of darkness and light thatare at play throughout the three verses. The remaining lines of the first verse tell us that her face and eyes combine all that’s best of dark and bright. No mention is made here or elsewhere in the poem of any other physical features of the lady.The focus of the vision is upon the details of the lady’s face and eyes which reflect the mellowed and tender light. She has a remarkable quality of being able to contain the opposites of dark and bright. The fourth line starts with an accented syllable followed by an unaccented one, rather than the iambic meter of the other lines, an unaccented syllable followed by an accented one. The result is that the word “Meet” receives attention, an emphasis. The lady’s unique feature is that opposites “meet” in her in a wonderful way.●The second verse tells us that the glow of the lady’s fa ce is nearly perfect. Theshades and rays are in just the right proportion, and because they are, the lady possesses a nameless grace. This conveys the romantic idea that her inner beauty is mirrored by her outer beauty. Her thoughts are serene and sweet. She is pure and dear.● The last verse is split between three lines of physical description and three linesthat describe the lady’s moral character. Her soft, calm glow reflects a life of peace and goodness. This is a repetition, an emphasis, of the theme that the lady’s physical beauty is a reflection of her inner beauty.、2 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)Life and achievements(See Chang Yaoxin, 202-204)● Shelley is an idealistic and prophetic Romantic.● He sees life on the horizon and gives the vision a tangible form in his poetry.● He refuses to accept life as it is and tries to envision life as devoid of oppression,injustice, tyranny, and corruption current in the social life of his day.● He visualizes the birth of an ideal social order based on the regeneration of manand virtue of love. He made himself a kind of precursor to the socialist movement soon to sweep across Europe and England.Shelley’s Works<●Prometheus Unbound: a lyrical drama, Shelley’s masterpiece, most famous (SeeChang Yaoxin, 206-207)● His short lyrical poems◆ As for his lyrics on nature, the two best known ones are Ode to the West Wind(1819) and To a Skylark (1820). His other lyrics on nature are mainly Hymn of Apollo, The Cloud and To the Moon.◆Shelley’s love l yrics, numerous and widely known, including mainly L ove’sPhilosophy, I Fear Thy Kisses, Gentle Maiden, One Word Is Too Often Profaned and When the Lamp Is Shattered. In his love lyrics, Shelley regards love as the noblest thing in the universe, as the thing of extreme purity and as a feeling of devotion and worship. He believes that the noblest love in the human world may lead mankind to a state of harmony, happiness, peace and perfection. He advocates that love should be elevated high above the vulgar, practical attitude toward it.Comments on Shelley●Byron said of Shelley that he “was, without exception, the best and least selfishman I ever knew. I never knew one who was not a beast in comparison”.Matthew Arnold thought that Shelley’s character was t oo sensitive for a really great writer and called him a “beautiful and ineffectual angel, beating in the void his luminous wings in vain”. But Shelley was not ineffectual, and he was not so cut off from the realities of life as Arnold suggests.● Shelley has a shrewd and informed comprehension of the complexities of earthlylife. And his generous, unselfish personality also contained elements of sophisticated playfulness and good humor---he was not beyond laughing at himself.● Intellectually, he was an immensely learned and well-read man capable of morerefined and original philosophical thinking than any other English Romantic, including Coleridge. And as a poet, as Wordsworth said, “Shelley is one of the best artists of us all! Mean in workmanship of st yle.”~Discussion of Ode to the West Wind(Discuss the questions in the Selected Readings)● Motif of the poem: his desire for freedom and his resolution to sacrifice for thestruggle for freedom. To the poet, the west wind, powerful as it is, is not merelya natural phenomenon. It is a “spirit”, the “breath of Autumn’s being” that canspread messages of freedom far and wide that both destroys and preserves the revival in the spring. The west wind symbolizes rebirth and creative power. To some extent, the west wind is the symbol of revolutionary spirit.◆ Stanza I---The west wind has swept the foliages off the tree and carried seedsto the earth. She is both destroyer and preserver.◆ Stanza II---The west wind has awakened the sky. In this stanza, the west windis compared to the rainstorm that bursts out of the dark clouds.◆ Stanza III---The west wind has awakened the Mediterranean. The poet thinksthat the billow results from the trembling of the sea-blooms (trees) for fear of the coming west wind.◆ Stanza IV---I would have the same strength and free spirit as the west wind if Iwere brought up like him. Unfortunately, I was chained and bowed by the vicissitudes of life.◆ Stanza V---I wish we could unite to fight for a bright future. I want to spreadm y words among mankind. I’m optimistic about the future. If winter comes, can spring be far behind/● Images◆ Life images: seeds, spring, clarion, buds;◆ Death images: dead leaves, ghosts, hectic, pestilence, dark wintry bed, corps,grave.◆These life and death images on the one hand are associated with the twofunctions of the West Wind: destroyer and preserver, and on the other hand, remind us of resurrection and a cycle of life and death.3 John Keats (1795-1821)Life and achievements(See Chang Yaoxin, 207-210)●Keats was a person of singular determination. His imagination was sensual. Hewould like to be an Apollo, the god of poetry. He loved “the principle of beauty in all things” and was singularly adamant in his belief that there existed a world of eternal beauty somewhere more real than the life being lived here and it was his job to search for and create it.—● He had a sharp eye for colors and a keen ear for rhythms and a rare capacity tobring out the magic of words. He has been well known for the exquisite texture of his poetry, with its beautiful imagery, sound, and diction. His sole object in life was to look for beauty, and he was a pure poet. He was serious about life and never strove for art only for art’s sake.●He is also an influential literary theorist. His major ideas on poetry include hisnotions of “negative capability,” poetic identity and emphasis on the oneness of truth and beauty (Truth is beauty, beauty is truth).Keats’s major works● A short and miserable life as he has, Keats has produced voluminous literary works.He has written five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia, and Hyperion.◆Endymion (1818) is a poem of 4000 lines. The story is taken from Greekmythology, telling the romantic love story of between Endymion (a handsome shepherd of Mount Latmos) and the moon goddess Cynthia. It is often interpreted as an allegory representing the poet’s quest for an ideal feminine counterpart and flawless beauty.◆Isabella is based on a story in Decameron by Boccaccio. The poet retold thetragic love story between Lorenzo and Isabella. The poem expresses sympathy for the oppressed and indignation at human cruelty.◆Lamia takes its story from Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy. Lamia is a serpentmaiden. She loves a young man named Lycius. They get married and hold their wedding banquet. Among their guests comes the sophist Apollonius who sees through Lamia’s disguise. Lamia asks Apollonius to keep it a secret, but Apollonius refuses. He reveals Lamia’s identity to the public. Then Lamia vanishes. It is obvious that this story is parallel to The Tale of the White Serpent in China. The emphasis is on the appreciation of sensuous beauty.◆The Eve of St Agnes is a young people’s poetic version of Romeo and Juliet,written in Spenserian stanzas, telling the story between the young maiden Madeline and her lover Porphyro). St Agnes is the patron saint of virgins. The poem is full of beautiful imaginary, rich colour and word music. Keat s’fondness for sensuous beauty and his ability to paint exquisite world-pictures find their best expression in his poem.`◆Hyperion is an unfinished long epic, regarded as Keats’ greatest achievementin poetry. It includes two fragments, Hyperion and The Fall of Hyperion. The poem describes a struggle for power in heaven. Keats wanted to convey in this poem that the victory of life and youth over the forces of decadence and retrogression is inevitable. The old order must give way to the new system—this is the eternal law of nature.● Keats has written many short lyrical poems, of which the odes and the sonnets arebest known. The odes are generally regarded as Keats’s most important and mature works. His odes include: Ode to Autumn, Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on Melancholy, and Ode on a Grecian Urn. His best known sonnets include: Bright Star, When I Have Fear, and The Grasshopper and the Cricket.Discussion of Ode to a Nightingale●In this poem, Keats not only expresses his raptures upon hearing the beautifulsongs of the nightingale and his desire to go to the ethereal world of beauty together with the bird, but also shows his deep sympathy for and his keen understanding of human miseries in the society in which he lived.● This poem expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural lovelinessand human world of agony.◆ At first, opiates and wine seems to be a way to transcend the human misery.◆At last poetry itself is seen the most effective way to release misery and toreach paradise. The bird’s song roused in the poet’s heart a form of spiritual homesickness, a longing to be at one with beauty.◆Keats manages to keep a precarious balance between mirth and despair,rapture and grief. Through the power of language, a world of beauty is visualized. But the excitement created through words is also subtly destroyed by them. The ultimate imaginative view evaporates in its extremity as the full associations of the last word “toll”the poet back from his near loss ofselfhood to the real and human world of sorrow and death. The title of F.Scott Fitzgerald’s Tender is the Night derives itself from this poem.(▼Stanza I—I was falling asleep after taking opiates when I heard a nightingale singing in the beechen forest.▼Stanza II—I’d like a cup of red wine to soothe my trouble.▼Stanza III—The nightingale was singing in ecstasy while I am suffering on earth.▼Stanza IV—I wish I could fly to the moon together with the nightingale.▼Stanza V—I realize that I was in a beautiful garden full of fragrant flowers.▼Stanza VI—The nightingale, regardless of my imminent death, kept singing in an ecstasy. Her melody was floating over the grassland aimlessly sinceher bosom friend cannot hear it any longer.▼Stanza VII—The nightingale’s melody has magical power to arouse the nostalgia of Ruth, a female in the Bible.▼Stanza VIII—The nightingale’s melody faded away, but I was still absorbed in it. I was half awake and half asleep.~ⅦReflection Questions and AssignmentsReflection questions1 In what way are nature and imagination related in Ode to the West Wind2 In Ode to a Nightingale, what images of sound, sight, smell, taste, or touchhave led you on a journey of the imagination back to some remembered past occurrence3 Comment on the epigram “beauty is truth, truth is beauty” in the Ode on aGrecian Urn.Assignments1 Read Ode on a Grecian Urn.2 Pre-read Jane-Austen.~3 Pre-read Pride and Prejudice in the Selected Readings.ⅧMajor References1 Abrams, M. H. ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature, (6th edition),Norton: 1993.2 Baugh, Albert C. A Literary History of England. 1967.3 Drabble, Margaret.The Oxford Companion to English Literature. OxfordUniversity Press and Foreign language and Research Press, 1998.4 陈嘉.《英国文学史》. 北京：商务印书馆，1986.5 陈嘉.《英国文学作品选读》. 北京：商务印书馆，1982.6 侯维瑞. 《英国文学通史》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999.·7 刘炳善. 《英国文学简史》. 郑州：河南人民出版社，1993.8 刘守兰. 《英美名诗解读》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2003.9 罗经国. 《新编英国文学选读》. 北京：北京大学出版社，1997.10 蒋洪新. 《英美诗歌选读》.长沙：湖南师范大学出版社，2004.11 隋刚.《英美诗歌意境漫游》.北京：外文出版社，1998.12 孙汉云. 《英国文学教程》. 南京：河海大学出版社，2005.13 王佩兰等. 《英国文学史及作品选读》. 长春：东北师范大学，2006.14 王松年. 《英国文学作品选读》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社，2002.15 王佐良. 《英国诗选》. 上海：上海译文出版社，1993.16 吴伟仁. 《英国文学史及选读》（第二册）. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1990.17 杨岂深，孙铢.《英国文学选读》. 上海：上海译文出版社，1981.18 张伯香.《英美文学选读》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998.19 张定铨. 《新编简明英国文学史》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.。

以下为英国文学史第二册的知识点总结个别知识点会有错误或者遗漏请在复习的时候自主补充愿大家都能取得好成绩———VictoriaJPart V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death. Wordsworth华兹华斯Coleridge 柯尔律治Southey 骚塞The Lake Poets1.William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）a leader of the romantic movement in England.①Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)It marked the beginning of the Romantic revival in England(1)This is a joint work of Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge.(2)The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marks the beginning of the RomanticMovement in England.(3)It begins with Coleridge’s long poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”(“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”)and ends with Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey”(“丁登寺”).(4)Many of the subjects of these poems deal with elements of nature such as birds,daffodils and simple rural folk.(5)The majority of poems in this collection were written by Wordsworth.The poems in Lyrical Ballads are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.(6) Some of the best poems in the collection are:“Lines Written in Early Spring”(“早春诗行”),“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”)“Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” (“丁登寺”).②Lucy Poems 《露西组诗》③“I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” “独自漫游似浮云”=“The Daffodils”“水仙”Theme: 1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.④“The Solitary Reaper”“孤独的收割者”⑤The Prelude 《序曲》or Growth of a Poet’s Mind⑥The Excursion 《远足》《漫游》Wordsworth’s Principles of Poetry（feelings，commonplace things，the real language of man and deliberate simplicity，inner self, changed the ordinary speech of the language → return to nature.）2.George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~18241)Hours of Idleness 《闲暇时刻》《消闲时光》dealing with childish recollections andearly friendship, showing the influence of 18th century traditions。

学姐包过版!《英国文学史及选读》第二册-期末复习讲义(绝对全)介绍一下，一共包括四分讲义，按顺序看，学姐没有看书，只看得讲义，复习了一个星期，考了90多分，第一份：总体了解考点，大体了解就行（往下翻还有别的）English Literature ( Book II)Romanticis1.Romanticism（名词解释）要对浪漫主义兴起的时间，根源，主要特点，主要代表作家都有所了解。

22.William Wordsworth要知道他的“Lyrical Ballads”前言是英国浪漫主义时期开始的标志，也是宣言。

Lake Poets（名词解释）。

他诗歌的主要两类题材：nature and common people’s lives。

写过的著名作品：I wandered lonely as a cloud; To the cuckoo; Lines composed a few mil es above Tintern Abbey; The solitary reaper; We are seven 等等。

3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge两首名诗：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner; Kubla Khan主要写作supernatural题材。

4. George Gordon Byron，Byronic Heroes (名词解释); 著名作品：Child Harold’s Pilgrimage要知道大致内容，另外此诗用Spenserian Stanza 写成；Don Juan要知道大致内容。

5. Percy Bysshe Shelley著名作品：Queen Mab; The Revolt of Islam; Prometheus Unbound（lyrical drama，3要知道大致内容及此剧与古希腊的“被束缚的普罗米修斯”不同之处及其意义。

）其它名作: Ode to the West Wind; To a skylark等等。

Part VII The Romantic Period (1798-1832) Romanticism in EnglandI. background1.The French Revolution（1789-1799）2. The Industrial RevolutionII romanticism1. definition and characteristics （理解）2. The period: 1798-1832Beginning with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads (1798), ending with Walter Scott’s death(1832)3. The representative poetsWilliam Wordsworth（1770-1850）威廉·华兹华斯S.T. Coleridge （1772-1834）S.T.柯勒律治Robert Southey （1774-1843）罗伯特·骚塞George Gordon, Lord Byron （1788-1824）乔治·戈登·拜伦Percy Bysshe Shelley（1792-1822）珀西·比希·雪莱John Keats（1795-1821）约翰·济慈4. The prose writersWalter Scott (1771-1832): historical novelist 沃尔特·司各特James Austen (1775-1817) : novelist 简·奥斯丁Charles Lamb (1775-1834): essayist 查尔斯·兰姆5. Literary formsThe age of Wordsworth –like the age of Shakespeare - was decidedly an age of poetry. There was also a noteworthy development of the novel which was already beginning to establish itself as the favorite literary form of nineteenth century.The drama was the only literary form that was not adequately represented.（一）William Wordsworth(1770-1850)I status①the leading figure of the English romantic poetry②He has started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self.③using the ordinary speech and advocating a return to nature.II works1. Subjects:①Poems about nature②Poems about human life2. WorksLines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey (1798) 《廷腾寺》The Prelude (1805-1806) 《序曲》The Excursion (1814) 《远足》Sonnets3. selected readingTintern AbbeyShe Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways 她住在人迹罕见的路边I Traveled Among Unknown Men 我曾在异乡漫游I wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我像一朵孤独的浮云The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女（二）George Gordon, Lord Byron(1788-1824)I. Literary Works①Hours of Idleness《闲暇时刻》《消闲时光》②The English Bards and Scott Reviewers《英国诗人和苏格兰评论家》③Child Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》Canto I,II(1812)Canto III (1816)Canto Iv (1818)④Oriental Tales⑤Manfred 《曼弗雷德》a poetical drama（诗剧）⑥Cain 《该隐》a poetical drama⑦Don Juan《唐璜》II Selected Reading1.Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 恰尔德·哈罗德游记2.Don Juan 唐璜(The Isles of Greece 哀希腊)3. When We Two Parted 当我俩分别的时候4. She Walks in Beauty 她早在美的光影里5. Sonnet on Chillon 夏兰（瑞士一古堡）的囚徒III Byronic Hero （理解）（三）Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)The worksTwo narratives①Queen Mab 麦布女王1813②The Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛1818 Lyrics③Ode to the West Wind 西风颂1819④To a Skylark 云雀颂1820⑤The Cloud 云1820⑥Adonais 阿多尼an elegy for John KeatsPoetic drama⑦Prometheus Unbound 解放的普罗米修斯1819⑧The Cenci 钦契一家The major prose essay ⑨A Defence of Poetry诗辩1822（四）John Keats (1795-1821)I works①a sonnetOn First Looking into Chapman’s Homer 1817初读查浦曼译之荷马②a long narrative poemEndymion 1818 恩底弥翁③a volume of verseLamia , Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems 1820拉米亚、伊莎贝拉、圣安格尼斯节前夜和其它的诗( four great odes –On Melancholy忧郁颂, On a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂, To Psyche精神颂, To a Nightingale夜莺颂, and Hyperion许珀里翁)II ode（理解）（五）Walter Scott (1771-1832)I.statusHistorical novelist and poet popular throughout much of the world during his timeII Scott’s Works1. Poems①Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border《苏格兰边区歌谣集》1802 (he had collected among the Scottish people for many years.)②The Lay of the Last Minstrel《最末一个行吟诗人》③Marmion《玛密恩》1808④The Lady of the Lake《湖上夫人》18102. Historical Novelssubjects:from the Middle Ages to the 18th centuryhistory of ScotlandEnglish historyhistory of European countriesOf the Scottish history①Waverley 《威弗利》1814②Guy Mannering 《盖伊·曼纳令》1815③The Antiquary《古董家》1816④The Black Dwarf 《黑侏儒》1816⑤Old Morality 《修墓老人》1816⑥Rob Roy《罗布·罗伊》1817 the best of the group⑦The Heart of Midlothian 《密得洛西恩监狱》/《爱丁堡监狱》1818⑧The Bride of Lammermoor《沼地新娘》1819⑨A legend of Montrose 《蒙特罗斯传奇》1819⑩Red Gauntlet《雷德冈脱利特》1824⑾The Betrothed《约婚夫妇》1825⑿Talisman 《护身符》1825Of the English history①Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》/《撒克逊劫后英雄传/略》the English history of the end of the 12th century②The Monastery《修道院》1820③The Abbot《修道院长》/《女王越狱记》1820④Kenilworth, 《肯纳尔沃思堡》1821②③④describes the time of Mary Stuart and Queen Elizabeth⑤The Pirate 《海盗》1821⑥The Fortunes of Nigel, 《尼格尔的家产》1822⑦Peveril of the Peak 《贝弗利尔·皮克》1823⑤⑥⑦take place in 17th century Scotland and England⑧Woodstock 《皇家猎宫》1826The English RevolutionOf the European countries①Quentin Durward 《昆丁·达沃德》1823the best-known novel on French history.②Anne of Geierstein 《盖厄斯坦的安妮》1829③Count Robert of Paris《巴黎的罗伯特伯爵》1832III. historical novels①P86 L5-14②P 87 the last par.（六）Jane Austen (1775-1817)I. Novels1. Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》2. Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》18133. Northanger Abbey 《诺桑觉寺》18184. Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德花园》18145. Emma 《爱玛》18156. Persuasion 《劝告》1818II A writer of the 18th century（理解）III Main literary concern (themes) （理解）IV selected readingPride and Prejudice（人物情节）（七）Charles Lamb(1775-1834)I The rise of English essayThe first decades of the 18th and 19th centuries witnessed new births in the essay as a form in literature.①Addison and Steele socialized the essay②A means of intimate self expressionCharles LambWilliam Hazlitt (1778-1830) 威廉·哈兹里特Thomas De Quincy(1785-1859)托马斯·德·昆西Leigh Hunt（1784-1859）李·亨特II works•Tales from Shakespeare (1807)•Specimens of English Dramatic PoetsContemporary with Shakespeare (1808)•Essays of Elia (1823)•Last Essays of Elia (1833)PART VIII The (early) Victorian Age(1832-1968) Critical Realism in England I BackgroundI. The period①The Victorian reign (1837-1901)②A new era 1832—the Reform Bill1902—the end of Boer war(the Victorian roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria)Two divisions:a. Early Victorian period (1832-1868)(first 14 years – filled with unrest, alarm, and miserythe succeeding 22 years— the growing prosperity and general good feeling, “ the workshop of the world” )b. Late Victorian(1868-1902)II. literature1 Critical realismCharles Dickens (1812-1870) 狄更斯William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) 萨克雷Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) 夏洛特·勃朗特Emily Bronte (1818-1848) 艾米丽·勃朗特Mrs Gaskell (1810-1865)盖斯凯尔夫人Anthony Trollope (1815-1882)安东尼·特罗洛普George Eliot (1819-1880) 乔治·艾略特2. the chartist literature3. the poetsAlfred Tennyson (1809-1892)丁尼生Robert Browning (1812-1889) 布朗宁Charles Algernon Swinburne (1837-1909) 斯温伯恩Charles Dickens (1812-1870)I. the three greatest Victorian novelistsCharles DickensWilliams Makepeace ThackerayGeorge EliotII The Major Works of Charles DickensSketches by Boz (1836) 博兹特写集The Posthumous papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837) 匹克威克外传Oliver Twist (1837-1838) 雾都孤儿Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839) 尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841) 老古玩店Barnaby Rudge 1841巴纳比·鲁奇A Christmas Carol (1843) 圣诞欢歌Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845) 朱述尔维特Dombey and Son (1846-1848) 董贝父子David Copperfield( 1849-1850) 大卫·科波菲尔Bleak House (1852-1853) 荒凉山庄Hard Times (1854) 艰难时世Little Dorrit (1855-1857) 小杜丽A Tale of Two Cities (1859) 双城记Great Expectations (1860-1861) 远大前程Our Mutual Friend 我们共同的朋友III writing features1.Humor2. His character-portrayal3. Language4. a master story-tellerWilliam M Thackeray (1811-1863)I worksFrazer ①- ④①1837-38 The Yellowplush Correspondence②1839-40 Catherine③1841 The Great Hoggarty Diamond④1844 Barry Lyndon 巴利·林顿⑤Snob Papers ( in Punch) 1848 The Book of Snobs(a social satirist)⑥1847-1848 V anity Fair⑦1848-1850 Pendennis 潘丹尼斯⑧Henry Esmond : a historical novel⑨1855 The Rose and the Ring⑩1855 The Newcomes 纽卡莫一家⑪1855 The Four Georges ( a series of lectures on Kings George 1-IV and their times)12 1857-1859 The VirginiansCornhill Magazine 康西尔杂志13-1613. 1860 Lovel the Widower 鳏夫洛威尔14. 1861-1862 The Adventures of Philip15. 1864 Denis Duval 丹尼斯·杜瓦尔16. 1863 The Roundabout papers 转弯抹角的随笔II Masterpiece: V anity Fair1.Setting : Vanity Fair is set at the time of the Napoleonic wars.2.the title :from John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress3.subtitle : a novel without hero4.Characterization:Rebecca SharpAmelia5.Major plotGeorge Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)(1819-1880)Major works1.Translation:The Essence of Christianity《基督教的本质》2. Scenes of Clerical Life 《教区生活场景》1857Three stories:1) “The Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton” “阿莫斯·巴顿牧师的不幸遭遇”2) “Mr. Gilfil’s Love Story” “吉尔菲尔先生的恋爱史”3) “Janet’s Repentance” “珍妮特的忏悔”3 Adam Bede《亚当·比德》18594.The Mill on the Floss 《弗洛斯河上的磨房》1859=18605. Silas Marner《织工马南》18616. Romola《罗慕拉》18637. Felix Holt the Radical1866《激进分子费立可斯·霍尔特》8. Middlemarch(1871—1872) 《米德尔马契》9. Daniel Deronda 1876 《丹尼尔·德龙达》II Writing features （理解）The Brontë SistersCharlotte Brontë (1816—1855)Emily Brontë (1818—1848)Anne Brontë (1820—1849)I WorksPoems by Culler, Ellis, and Acton Bell1846 a collection of poemsEmily:Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Anne:①Agnes Grey《安格尼斯·格雷》②The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall《维尔德菲尔庄园的房客》①The Professor《教授》(based on her Brussels experience; not published until her death)②Jane Eyre《简爱》(masterpiece)③Shirley,《雪莉》1849④Villette,《维莱特》1853II Jane EyreIII. Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte①one of the great works of genius in English fiction②Emily drew equally on her own emotional, introverted nature and on the wild and mysterious moorland around for the story of Heathcliff.③the title: wuthering, a yorkshire dialect for “weathering”④the plotTwo families and an instruderThe Earnshaw family—Wuthering HeightsHindley (Hareton)Catherine (cathy)The Linton family—Thrushcross GrangeEdgarIsabellaThe instruder Heathcliff (Linton)Alfred, Lord Tennyson1809-1892I statusThe most representative, if not the greatest, Victorian poetII Major works①In Memoriam 1833-1850 悼念集131 short poemsA powerful expression of the poet’s philosophical and religious thoughts②Idylls of the king 1850-1855•12 books of narrative poems, based on the Celtic legend of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table• A modern interpretation of the classic mythIII Tennyson’s best-known short poems①Ulysses②Break, Break, BreakSadness over the loss of a dear friend, combiningnature and his inner world③Crossing the BarIV Writing features （理解）Robert BrowningI Dramatic monologueII His major works①Pauline②Paracelsus 1835 帕拉塞尔萨斯③Sordello 索尔戴洛④Pippa passes 比芭走过⑤Dramatic Lyrics 1842⑥Dramatic Romances 1845⑦Men and Women 1855⑧The Ring and the Book 1868-1869III Artistic features①The name of Browning is often associated with the term "dramatic monologue." Although it is not his invention, it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity and perfection.its maturity and perfection.②Browning's poetry is not easy to read. His rhythms are often too fast, too rough & unmusical③The syntax is usually clipped & highly compressed. The similes & illustrations appear too profusely. The allusions & implications are sometimes odd & far-fetched. All this makes up his obscurity.On the whole, Browning's style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets.His poetic style belongs to the 20th-century rather than to the Victorian age.IV Selected Reading:“My Last Duchess”Best example of dramatic monologuePart IX Twentieth Century Literature The transition from 19th to the 20th Century in English LiteratureBackground of history•Imperialism•Social reformLiterature①A period of struggle between realistic and anti-realist trendsRealistic writersGeorge Meredith（1828-1909）乔治·梅瑞迪斯Samuel Butler （1865-1902）萨缪尔·巴特勒Thomas Hardy (1840-1828) 托马斯·哈代George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) 乔治·巴纳德·萧Herbert George Wells(1866-1946) 赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯John Galsworthy 约翰·高尔斯华绥（1867-1833）Features:P 310 –p311 (5 paragraphs )Anti-realistic writersRobert Louis Stevenson 斯蒂文森(1850-1894)新浪漫主义Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德(1856-1890)唯美主义Joseph Rudyard Kipling 吉卜林(1865-1936)帝国主义诗人（the first English-language writer to receive the Nobel Prize)②ModernismBackground (philosophical ideas)(1)Karl Marx：scientific socialism(2)Darwin’s theory of evolutionThe Social Darwinism, “survival of the fittest”(3) Einstein’s theory of relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space.(4)Freud’s analytical psychology(5) Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.(6) Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.(7) Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)English poet and novelistThe Wessex Novelspessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.I His Major WorksHardy himself divided his novels into three groups:1) Novels of Character & Environment （性格与环境小说）2)Novels of Romances & Fantasies3)Novels of Ingenuity1) Novels of Character and EnvironmentUnder the Greenwood Tree(1872) 《绿荫下》Far from the Madding Crowd(1874) 《远离尘嚣》The Return of the Native (1878) 《还乡》The Trumpet Major（1880）《号兵长》The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886) 《卡斯特桥市长》The Woodlanders（1887）《林地人》Tess of the d'Urbervilles(1891) 《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure(1895) 《无名的裘德》II features①Past & Modern②Determinism③Critical realismIII Writing features①Hardy is not an analyst of human life or nature like George Eliot, but a meditative story-teller or romancer.②He tells very good stories about very interesting people but seldom stops to ask why.③He is a great painter of nature.④His heroes and heroines, those unfortunate young men and women in their desperate struggle for personal fulfillment and happiness, are all vividly and realistically depicted.⑤They all seem to possess a kind of exquisitely sensuous beauty.⑥And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor.⑦In style, Hardy is a traditionalist, although there are obvious traits of modernism in thematic matters.John Galsworthy 高尔斯华绥Major works①his first book，From the Four Winds（a volume of short stories）1897②The Forsyte Chroniclesthe first trilogy：The Forsyte SagaThe Man of Property (1906)In Chancery（1920）To Let（1921）the second trilogy: A Modern Comedy 1929the third : End of the Chapter1934③playsThe Silver Box (1906)Strife (1909)Justice (1910)Oscar Wilde•Irish poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist• A spokesman for Aestheticism (the school of “Art for Art’s sake”AestheticismWorks①The Picture of Dorian Gray (a novel) 1891道连·格雷的画像②Lady Windermere’s fan③A Woman of No Importance④An Ideal Husband⑤The Importance of Being Earnest(②- ⑤Comedies)⑥The Ballad of Reading Gaol《雷丁监狱之歌》1898 （poem)⑦De Profoundis 1905 《从深处》(prose)。

Part VII The Romantic Period1.When is the Romantic Period in England ?Romantic Period in England is early in the latter half of the 18th century,that is, during 1798 to 1832.What is its background?One is the Industrial Revolution and the other one is the French Revolution.After the Industrial Revolution, England became the biggest country in the world.It pushed the bourgeoisie to the dominant position. It became the ruling class.The classes changed.The French Revolution affected all over the Europe. It principle is liberty,equality and fraternity.2.What are the spirit and characteristics of Romanticism in England?1)A rebellion against neoclassicism: passion VS. Reason2)More emphasis on individual feelings3)A deep-rooted love for nature4)The use of everyday language of the common people3.What kind of poet is William Wordsworth?He is a romantic poet.He was a passionate lover of nature and his description of lakes and rivers ,of meadows and woods, of skies and clouds are exquisite.What are the subject and style of lyrical ballads?The subjects are the common laboring people and the beauty of nature.The styles are the simplicity and purity of the language and the exquisite description.4.In She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, what is the speaker …s view of L ucy?He thinks that Lucy is very beautiful and lovely like as fair as a star shining in the sky.What great difference does Lucy‟s death make to the speaker?Lucy is in her grave now, which means that the speaker can never see her .So he feels very painful and heartbroken.5.In the poem I Travelled Among Unknown Men, when did the speaker realize his love for England?When he is in lands beyond the sea, the speaker realized his love for England.What has his love for England to do with Lucy?Lucy, the girl that the speaker love, lived in England and buried in England after she was dead as well.6.In I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, how are the daffodils described?They are continuous as the stars that shine and twinkle on the milky way.When do they flash upon the speaker‟s mind?When the speaker on his couch he lie in vacant or in pensive mood, they flash upon his mind. What is the result?It is the bliss of my solitude and my heart is filled with pleasure.7.In Sonnet Composed upon Westminster Bridge, in what way is the sight seen on Westminster Bridge majestic?It uses the simile to describe the touching sight “the city now doth, like a garment”What is the fundamental atmosphere of the scene?It displays a magnificent and grand picture of nature.It builds the atmosphere of majesty ,silence and pleasure which touches,and it affects and attracts people.8.In Sonnet London, what is wrong with Wordsworth‟s England?Wordsworth’s England is in a mess. The society decays and vanity floods the whole England. What good qualities does Milton have so that Wordsworth …s England has need of him? He is pure, noble,powerful and he pursues freedom.9.In She Walks in Beauty, in what way is the woman graceful and beautiful?It uses simile to describe the woman as the night of cloudless climes and starry skies.What is the speaker‟s feeling about her?The speaker feels that she is graceful,elegant and simple, different from hypocritical and vain women.So he has an affection for her.10.In Sonnet On Chillon , what is Chillon?Chillon is a prison.Who are in it?Sons who remained true to the ideals of freedom even when persecuted by their oppressors. Why does the speaker say that liberty is the brightest in dungeons?Because they are trapped in the prison, but there habitation is the heart which love of them alone can bind.And they appeal from tyranny to God.11.In Ozymandias, who is Ozymandias?A sculpture that has two vast and trunkless legs of stone.What is his boast?He boasted that he is the King of Kings, looks on his works, you Mighty, and despair.What happens to his statue?The hands that mocked them and the heart that fed were reduced to ashes.What is the theme of the poem?Tyranny and arrogance can not last long. They will be condemned by history.12.In A song: Men of England, what is wrong with the man‟s life in England?They are under violent unrest.They plough for the Lords who oppress them, weave with toil and care the rich robes their tyrants wear , feed and clothe and save from the cradle to the grave those who will drain their sweat,even more, drink their blood.What does the speaker advise the man to do?Sow seed,but let no tyrant reap.Find wealth,let no impostor heap.Weave robes, let not the idle wear.Forge arms, in your defence to bear.What wil l happen to the man if they do not follow the speaker‟s advice?They will trace their own grave,build their own tomb and weave their winding-sheet till fairEngland will be their huge grave.13.In Ode to the West Wind, why does the poet say that “the west wind is the destroyer and preserver”?Because the west wind drives the dead leaves away and quickens the new birth ,and wings seeds until they blow in spring.What is the symbolic meaning of the west wind?The west wind symbolizes the revolution.Why does the poet want to be the west wind?The poet want to be free,uncontrollable,swift and proud like the west wind.He wants to destroy old things and quicken the new things.What does the last line of the poem indicate?It expresses the poet’s love for nature.It indictaes that the hardest time will be gone, and the brighter days will come soon.What is the form and style of the poem?The form is interlaced three-line units of the Italian terza rima.It uses metaphor to describe different scenery. The style is lyric and romantic.14.In On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer, are the first eight lines of the sonnet about poet‟s travel or about his reading?His readingIn the last six lines, how does the poet describe his great pleasure and excitement after read Chapman‟s Homer?The poet uses simile to describe his great pleasure as the feelings of some watcher of the skies when a new planet swims into his sight or stout Cortez when with eagle eyes stares at the Pacific.15.In Ode to a Grecian Urn, what can we see on the urn and what can we hear from it? We can see reliefs of Dionysian ecstasies, bold lovers surrounded with forest branches and the trodden weed, a pastoral piper under spring foliage and the quiet celebration of communal pieties. We can hear the sweet melodies from soft pipes and timbrels.What does the poet compare it to?The poet compares the urn to the unravished bride of quietness, foster-child of silence, slow time and sylvan historian.What does the poet mean by saying “Beauty is truth,truth beauty”?Truth stands for the reality and eternity and the reality is eternal because of art. Beauty stands for the charm of art and it is art that makes the truth eternal.So the art itself can keep beauty and remain the beauty in reality.What has Grecian Urn to do with eternity?The art of the Grecian Urn expresses the beauty of eternity, that is , the beauty of mystery.The art of the lovers on the urn becomes the eternal beauty and no one knows who they are. The beauty of the art and mystery will exist in our mind forever.16.How many marriages are described in Pride and Prejudice?Four marriagesWhat is the nature of each marriage?Jane and Bingley’s marriage is ideal and happy.Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage is romantic and realistic.Lydia and Wickham’s marriage is irresponsible.Charlotte and Collins’s love is practical.According to the author, what is the basis for true love and successful marriage?The basis of true love is the mutual understanding, respect and have common interests.17.What does the first sentence of the novel imply?It implies that Mrs. Bennet wants one of her daughters marry the wealthy single man. What role does it play in the novel?It is an irony.It euphemistically mocks that Mrs Bennet approves this view while Mr. Bennet disapproves. And it brings the readers to the essence.Why is the novel entitled “Pride and Prejudice”?At first, Darcy ,the male lead is very pride, and the female lead treat him with prejudice. Who stands for pride?DarcyWho stands for prejudice?ElizabethWhat has happened between the two young people?At the beginning, Elizabeth dislikes Darcy and think he is very arrogant and grasping.Then, after they put themselves in each other’shoes, they finally understand each other and get married.Part VII The Victorian Age18.When is the Victorian Age?It began from the Reform Bill in 1832 to the end of the Boer War in 1902.What are the four achievements of the progressive reform during this age? Democracy became the order of the day.It was an age of popular education.It was an age of comparative peace.It was an age of rapid progress in arts, sciences and mechanical inventions.19.What is the chartist movement about?It was the first proletarian revolutionary movement.It is about the contradiction between labor and capital.What is the general theme of the chartist literature?The general theme is about the criticism of capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality20.What is realism?The purpose of art and literature is to depict life with complete and objective honesty --- to show things “as they really are.”What is critical realism?It applies the method of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.Who are the major critical realists in England?Dickens,Thackeray,Charlotte Brontё and GaskellWhat are the characteristics of their works?The satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling class.The profound humanism and sympathy for the laboring people.Humor and satire in the realistic novels.The limitation:failure to find a way to eradicate social evils.21.What are Dickens‟s major works?Major works are Pickwick Papers,Oliver Twist,David Copperfield, Hard Times,A Tale of Two Cities and Great Expectation.What is his writing style?He concerns for the oppressed poor and he has warm sentiment.He has a flair for narrative and invention of comic characters.22.In Oliver Twist, what kind of life does Oliver live in the workhouse?He is always hungry.He had only one porringer and no more and polished the bowl with the spoon till the bowl shone again.Why is he punished and confined?Because he asked for more after he had eaten the supper.How does Dickens criticize the system of the workhouse with the description of Oliver‟s life in it?He criticizes the underworld of London by describing the abuse and crulty of the hypocritical charity.They pretend to be kind but torture the kids.23.What does Thackeray want to convey by this novel?He wants to exposes the vices of this society with scathing irony : hypocrisy,money-worship and moral degradation.In Chapter XXX VI of V anity Fair, how does Crawley win money by playing gambling game?When he roused to action and awaken to caution by repeated small losses, it was remarked that Crawley’s play became quite different and that defeated his enemy by his brilliant and overpowering skills.What role does Rebecca play in the games?She is the one who comforts the loser in the games and persuades her husband to remit the debt and burn the acknowledgment .How do Crawley and Rebecca get out of debts in Paris and London?They compromise with their creditors by offering them a dividend of ninepence or a shilling in the pound to secure a return for them into their own country.What does Thackeray want to criticize by describing the people who live well or nothing a year?He criticizes the greasiness and crulty of the people who are penetrated by vanity and money in England. It a society that follows the law of the jungle.24.Is Charlotte‟s Jane Eyre somewhat autobiographical?Yes,it reflects the real life of Charlotte Brontё.What are its themes?Criticism of the strict social hierarchy in the Victorian Period.Criticism off the abuse of educational system;the emphasis on the position of women; the spirit of fighting for independence,dignity and equality;true love based on equality and mutual understanding and support.25.In Chapter VII of Jane Eyre, what kind of life does the pupils live in the Lowood School?They suffer starvation ,endure the cold and tolerate the mean famished great girls.How did Jane suffer there?She shared her food with claimants but she was also very hungry. She was afraid that Mr. Brocklehurst apprised Miss Temple her vicious nature. After she insulted by Mr. Brocklehurst, she was punished and expoed to general view on a pedestal of infamy.In what way was Mr.Brocklehurst a hypocritical manager of the school ?He ostensibly care about the pupils but in fact he is very strict and stingy to the pupils.He thinks that the abuse is good for them and their immortal souls.How does Charlotte criticize the social hierarchy and the abuse of educational system in England at that time?At that time, the status of women is very low and they need to depend on their husbands or fathers. Charlotte shape the model of Jane to criticize the equality and oppressor’s control and abuse of pupil’s education which leads to the wrong direction of life.。