A TEMPLATE-ORIENTED AUTHORING TOOL BY USING MPEG-4 BIFS TECHNOLOGIES TO GENERATE INTERACTIV

© 2018 Autodesk, Inc.Jens Luetzelberger Advanced BIM Workflows forLinear Infrastructure ModellingJens WachterEngineering & Consulting Implementation Consultant BIMTeam LeadBuilding Information ModelingModeling Concepts Dynamo BasicsIntroWhat is perfection?Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, french writer and aviator3 key-experiences I had to makeNo.1Data: When in doubt, leave it outSufficient data for main purposeNo.2 Minimizing staff means neglecting roles BIM isn`t just about technicNo.3 Throw away existing workModel concept Revit-Dynamo in practical useSec 1tunnel RastattSec 7Sec 8 ⏹Ca. 83 km line (Upgrade + New line) ⏹6 stations and 2 stop points ⏹61 existing buildingsExtent ⏹Existing conditions modeling⏹Comparison of alignment and routing variationsMain use casesRheintalbahn (Upgrade)Offenburg Lahr 7.37.2 7.4The railway-projectIntegration of Karlsruhe-Basel / Pilot project of the “Stufenplan ”Freiburg New lineModeling of the existing conditions •61 bridges •LOG of 1cm •Minimum 75% demolition →Level of accuracy →Time needed5 month completion→Motivation of teamMuch work, no real benefitSufficient data for main purposeSpecificationof the EIR ▪Modeling of the existing conditions ▪Modeling without planning •Lack of coordinationSufficient data for main purposeSpecification of the EIR ▪Modeling of the existing conditions ▪Irregular scan with 2cm distance •Use heliscan•Combine with stationary scan•No minimizing→No experience in offending→Overload for later models▪Modeling without planningSufficient data for main purposeSpecification of the EIR ▪Modeling of the existing conditions → LOD follows purpose▪Irregular scan with 2cm distance →set a well performing baseinstead of useless detailsGAINED EXPERIENCEGIVES SELF-CONFIDENCEFOR FUTURE CONSULTING▪Modeling without planning→ Status: Pilot projectNo. 2 Neglecting roles Unite roles means increases role conflicts Manager CoordinatorProduct Owner Scrum Master Dev.-Team Data Drop Desgin Review Incremtental Working LESSONS LEARNED ▪Who is in charge of providing a model-structure? ▪Who defines sprint-backlog? ▪Who collects user stories for the the next sprint ? ▪When is the right time to confirm the model?Unexperienced teams = Concentrated methodNo. 3 Throw away existing work Unite roles means increases role conflicts 1 2 3 Start Development Alignment choice 5 Month Existing conditions LOD 100 3 Month Version modeling LOD 2005 Month Modeling team 1 2 M. Modeling team 2 M.+▪Lack of fundamental specifications ▪Mature planning base to model it▪Well-rehearsed team modeling with interactingsoftwareFacing technical challenges Tool set for main benefitalignement Overall model visualisation and surfaceevaluation LOD 200Revit Navisworks Infraworks▪Modeling existing bridges/under-pass based onpoint cloud ▪Assembley ofcoordinationmodel▪Model LOD 100 forsupport of thealignment choice(conventional process)▪Modeling newalignment▪Clash detection▪Inspection of theexisting buildingscompared wirtpoint cloudCDE of the employer: At frist (Adv. processing)Infraworks Generating a new LODInfraWorks for trendsetting decision Requirement fulfillment1 ▪Bridges constructed by Infraworks / dimension from point cloud▪Digital terrain model included (only helicopter)▪Main buildings included▪Surface use included (e.g. protective areas)▪Alignment includedMain use:▪Mass calculation +/- 10%▪Visual clash detectionFacing technical challengesTool set for main benefit▪Modeling existingbridges/under-pass based on point cloud ▪Assembley ofcoordination model▪Modeling new alignement▪Clash detectionOverall model visualisationand surfaceevaluation LOD 200▪Inspection of theexisting buildings compared wirt point cloud▪Overall model visualisation and surfaceevaluation LOD200 CDE of the employer: At frist (Adv. processing) ProVI Dynamo Revit NavisworksInfraworks▪Conversion & editingAlignement data▪Visual script of the Revit workflow▪Modeling existing bridges/under-pass based on point cloud ▪Assembley of coordination model ▪Model LOD 100 for support of the alignement choice (conventional process)▪Output oflisted points extracted from cross sections▪Modeling new alignement ▪Clash detection ▪Inspection of the existing buildings compared wirt point cloud CDE of the employer: At frist (Adv. processing), at last BIM 360 (Adv. AD compatibility)Dynamo basics and why it is used Modeling Concepts▪What is Dynamo?▪Open-source platform▪Visual interface to construct logic routines▪Geometry creation▪Workflow automation▪Interface for multiple software tools▪Resources▪/(Download, Blog, Forum…)▪/de/(Online-Manual in different languages)Do I have to watch all the …spaghettis“?Dynamo BasicA Dynamo script can be viewed and used directly, but also via the Dynamo Player. The Dynamo Player automatically generates an input mask based on the structure of the Dynamo script.Applications / Use Cases Modeling ConceptsExcel Interoperability Modeling ConceptsOverview of the Modeling ConceptsWorkflow OverviewTask Revit Families Dynamo script Noterail track •2x rail profiles•2x sleepers•rail track solid geometry, placement of sleepers existing and new rail track modelling purposes•bedding•subgrade•placing of bedding and subgrade families along therail trackdeviations in input make it necessary to revise the script forrail tracks next to train stationsequipment •1x power pole U140 with 29x Types•cantilever•overhead lines•placement of power poles, cantilever and overheadlines according defined rulesexisting conditions modeling; new in preparation•automated creation of Revit family types by usingExcel input data (steel power pole types)-•KS-Signal•placement of existing signals•placement of new signalsexisting conditions modeling; new in preparationtrain platform(existing conditions; LOD100) •precast concrete element BSK55•foundation•placement of BSK55 & foundation•solid from boundary (DWG)existing conditions modeling LOD100; new currently not infocusnoise barrier (existing conditions) •noise protection elements•joint-forming profile family•precast concrete base element•column cap•foundation•noise barrier script 1(calculation of top of nb and Excel export)•noise barrier script 2(automated modeling based on Excel import)•noise barrier script 3(replacement of base element(s))existing conditions modeling; new in preparationdrainage culvert •round profile•rectangular profile•placement according rail track axis parameter for rotation in Revit family includedPilot project …Karlsruhe –Basel“WorkflowsThere are different workflows for existing conditions modeling and the modeling of a newly planned track section. The major difference is the structure of the input data for automated and semi-automated processes provided by the main authoring tool(s).▪Existing Conditions Modelling(e.g. overhead lines)▪track data per track and per IVL-section (1 km section of whole track)▪pylon data read from existing DWG or PDF files▪no automatic assignment to rail track available (rotation)▪no z-height, no pylon-height, no pylon type etc.▪point clouds are used to detail and verify the Revit model▪manual task▪New▪track data per track and per IVL-section existing▪spreadsheets of all relevant information for new pylons available▪automated control of parameters such as e-value and others possibleWorkflowsRail Profile▪RFA Template▪Generic model adaptive▪Structure of the RFA▪two adaptive points are placed in a side view at a distance of 1500 mm▪the rail profile is placed under one of these points▪rail profile with reduced detailing▪Idea / Concept▪to make rotation easy, you have to work with one RFAfor SO left and one for SO right (SO = top of rail)▪placement of 2-point AC takes care of the cant▪Level of automation▪100% - placement of the profiles and rail solids which are created by Dynamo ▪Dynamo script to be used in project environment of RevitSleeper▪RFA Template▪Generic model adaptive▪Structure of RFA▪two adaptive points are placed in a side view at a distance of 1500 mm ▪depending on the adaptive points, the shape of the sleeperis modeled including a parameter to control the distance to the SO▪Idea/ Concept▪placement of 2-point AC takes care of the cant▪the parameter controlling the distance from SO to sleeper ensures usability with different rail profiles (different heights)▪Level of automation▪100% - placement of the sleepers▪Dynamo script to be used in project environment of RevitRail Track EquipmentSignal existing conditions▪RFA Template▪Generic model adaptive▪Structure of RFA▪2x adaptive points ensure coordinate-correct placement and rotation to the track▪Parameters control the position of the light spot to the track axis, the extension of the mast to the ground and the length of the arm ▪Idea / Concept▪Signaling is required both in inventory and in planning,so two placement methods are needed▪the signal is placed over a coordinate list and automatically rotated to the track axis▪Level of automation▪90-100% - placement and rotation are automated, the extension to the ground is partially manual to solveJens Luetzelberger © 2018 Autodesk, Inc.Rail Track EquipmentSignal 2.0 - detailed▪RFA Template▪Generic model adaptive (1-Point)▪face-based Revit families included, carrying the shrink-wrap geometry from inventor files▪Structure of RFA▪1x adaptive point ensure coordinate-correct placement on the rail track axis; rotation provided from authoring tool (parameter driven) ▪all standardized signal types are provided by Revit families▪Idea / Concept▪the signal is placed over a coordinate list and automatically rotated to the track axis▪relevant signal types are provided by the authoring tool (ProSig)▪exported FBX files of the RFAs can be reused as InfraWorks content▪Level of automation▪100% - placement, rotation and type selection are automatedSignal Placement 2.0Highly flexible Revit-FamilySignal Family 2.0▪1-point adaptive▪offset and rotation all axis▪made out of Inventor fileswith a minimum of effortDocumentation of the WorkflowsInsight into the Documents Documentation of the WorkflowsPractical Example: Noise Barrier …Herbolzheim“Modeling of a Noise Barrier Practical ExampleModeling of a Noise Barrier - Drawings Practical ExampleModeling of a Noise Barrier - BOM Practical ExampleEmergency solution to first choice Using Infraworks1 2 3 ▪Model LOD 100 for support of the alignement choice(conventional process)▪Import the high-detailed Revit model ofthe hole alignment created by dynamo▪Attaching LOD 200-Revit models of brigdes▪Developing details for visualisation▪Export surface-model with airial image to NavisworksInefficientmodelstructureQ&AEngineering & ConsultingAutodesk and the Autodesk logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., and/or its subsidiaries and/or affiliates in the USA and/or other countries. All other brand names, product names, or trademarks belong to their respective holders. Autodesk reserves the right to alter product and services offerings, and specifications and pricing at any time without notice, and is not responsible for typographical or graphical errors that may appear in this document.© 2018。

SummaryIn legacy software development environments, different point solutions are often used to manage application lifecycles. As a result, disparate silos of devel-opment information can adversely affect collaboration, transparency, data integrity and your company’s ability to drive innovation.Polarion ALM software can help you consolidate your real-time management information and drive project transparency. By using Polarion ALM, you can synchronize information exchange and testing while giving your development teams the ability to more quickly and accurately respond to new business oppor-tunities and customer demands.Unifying dataPolarion ALM allows you to unify data on a secure platform that uses the latest web technologies. You can deploy the software on a physical and/or virtual single server or cluster of servers. The software allows you to start small with the option to easily and affordably scale the solution to meet your needs.Benefits• Enhances collaboration for greater transparency• Supports traceability and versioning requirements for regulatory compliance • Helps significantly cut cost of ownership • Reduces risks through audits and quality monitoring• Leverages open APIs for custom extensions• Reduces overall costs and increases qualityDIGITAL INDUSTRIES SOFTWAREPolarion ALM unified solutionUnifying application lifecycle management functions to enhance collaboration, transparency and traceability/polarionManaging requirementsRequirements management includes documenting, analyzing, tracing and prioritizing requirements with a process to control and communicate changes to your stakeholders. By using Polarion ALM, your document-oriented domain experts and project team members can collaborate using familiar Microsoft® Word and Excel® spreadsheet software to create and edit requirements. After importing the information into Polarion ALM, you can use Polarion LiveDoc™Features• Unified data repository• Browser-based with 24/7 portal or cloud-based network access• Extensive requirements management options• Extensive support for various workflow methodologies• Built-in ReqIF functionality and online authoring/editing• Supports test management for quality assuranceComplete availability ALM-enhancing functionality Upgrade optionALMOnline authoring with LiveDocs™.Round-trip for Word and/or Excel to collaborate with participants who use those formats. The software also includes built-in Requirements Interchange Format™ (ReqIF) functionality that allows you to provide lossless require-ments exchange with your customers and suppliers.Testing for quality assuranceQuality assurance includes the process of testing for preventing errors and faults. By using Polarion ALM, you can create quality assurance test cases and map them back to your requirements. After establishing the test cases, you can plan manual and automated test runs, using third-party test automation tools as needed, and report the results to your project members. Quality assurance and testing processes can help you reduce costs and improve overall quality.Addressing risk managementPolarion ALM software includes built-in project templates with capabilities that help you manage potential risks following the standard failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) approach. The software also gives you the flexibility to create and adapt custom work-flows to meet your specific needs.Customizing project planningWith Polarion ALM, you have access to a number of preconfigured and fully customiz-able project templates including options for project and iteration scheduling. The software helps you provide automatic project updates, showing potential delays and workload scenar-ios in real time.Implementing workflow-driven change managementEfficient workflow-driven change manage-ment can help you ensure that no critical steps are missed or bypassed in your application development process. Polarion ALM gives you out-of-the-box project templates with precon-figured workflows to help you automate yourprocesses and use a central repository for all Live project planning.relevant data. The software supports standard environments, such as Agile/Lean, traditional and hybrid, and custom environments includ-ing: Feature Driven Development (FDD), extreme programming (XP), Rational Unified Process (RUP), Scrum and Kanban frameworks and/or methodologies for process management.Accelerating collaborationPolarion ALM uses a browser-based platform that allows 24/7 project access for geographi-cally distributed teams. Members can access the portal over your network or through cloud-based networks anywhere/anytime using a web browser and plugins for selected third-party software or mobile applications. Live dashboards, reports and activity streams allow you to provide real-time delivery of key information and metrics, as required. Access-controlled, threaded commenting and email change alerts help you speed up collaboration while protecting data integrity. The Polarion LiveDoc solution provides the functionality you need to support collaboration with external teams.Extending ALM capabilitiesAn open architecture with application programming interfaces (APIs) lets you extend the Polarion ALM solution to meet your needs.A 10,000+ Polarion member community has contributed nearly 200 extensions for Polarion products. Ready-made plug-ins for popular third-party tools such as Hewlett Packard Enterprise Quality Center, Jira, Simulink and more make it easy to set up an integration for internal and external teams using those options while removing adoption obstacles and ensuring a smooth transition.Polarion ALM is built on top of Apache Subversion, a leading software configuration management (SCM) system. Beyond source code management, Polarion ALM providesfunctionality for managing all of your Workflow driven collaboration on Wiki.application lifecycle elements: system require-ments and specifications, verification proce-dures, project plans and tasks. You can store relevant data in version-controlled repositories and track each process change. Optional support for electronic signatures ensures compliance with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 21 code of federal regulations (CFR) Part 11 and other standards.Responding faster to changesDevOps is a methodology that combines development and operations as a practice to emphasize collaboration and communication to help facilitate process automation. The DevOps-oriented capabilities in Polarion ALM can help you increase collaboration, reduce production risks and release your products or services in less time. Sharing information, plans and requirements helps your project teams respond faster to frequent changes, automate repeated cross-team tasks andreduce deployment errors.Achieving traceabilityCross-project semantic linking and workflow controls can help ensure comprehensive traceability for your company. The robust reporting capabilities of Polarion ALM can make it easy for your company to certify compliance with regulatory governing bodies including: Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI); Communications and Power industries (CPI); Federal Aviation Administration (FAA); FDA; International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); International Organization of Standards (ISO); Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination (SPICE). Polarion ALM includes a certified ISO 26262 project template.Software re-use and branching Branching, in revision control and software configuration management, is the duplication of an object under revision control so that modifications can happen in parallel alongboth branches. Polarion LiveBranch™ anddocument re-use provide easy yet robust waysto manage commonalities in your productvariants without the use of copy/paste.Propagate changes in “master” specs tobranched specs instantly or on demand.AdvantagesApplication lifecycle management can helpyour company achieve a number of advan-tages. By using Polarion ALM, you can increaseoverall efficiencies by creating process stan-dards and facilitating proper resource alloca-tion. Through enhanced collaboration,Polarion ALM can help you provide completeand timely insight into all elements of theproject lifecycle. It can also help you automateand streamline processes to achieve a fastertime-to-market with higher quality productsthat meet your requirements andspecifications.© 2016 Siemens. A list of relevant Siemenstrademarks can be found here. Othertrademarks belong to their respectiveowners.56100-D11 7/16 HSiemens DigitalIndustries Software/softwareAmericas180****5351Europe00 800 70002222Full traceability from requirements to source code.。

templater parse errors obsidian 在Obsidian中，Templater是一款常用的插件，它允许用户使用模板生成动态内容。

然而，在Templater中遇到解析错误可能有多种原因。

以下是一些Templater在Obsidian中解析错误的可能原因和解决方法：
1. 模板语法错误：Templater依赖特定的语法来正确处理模板。

如果模板中存在语法错误或不匹配的标记，就会导致解析错误。

仔细检查模板语法，并确保所有开放和闭合标记都正确匹配。

2. 缺少或无效的变量：Templater使用变量将动态内容插入模板中。

如果缺少变量、拼写错误或格式不正确，就会导致解析错误。

验证模板中使用的所有变量是否已定义，并且格式正确。

3. 数据格式问题：Templater依赖数据源填充模板。

如果数据源包含格式错误或意外的值，就会导致解析错误。

确保数据源格式正确，并且与所使用的模板兼容。

4. 插件兼容性：有时，Templater解析错误可能是由于与其他插件的冲突或Templater本身版本过旧引起的。

确保已安装最新版本的Templater，并检查是否与其他插件存在兼容性问题。

5. 调试模式：如果仍然遇到解析错误，可以在Templater设置中启用调试模式。

这将提供更详细的错误信息，帮助您确定问题的确切原因。

如果以上解决方法都无法解决解析错误，可以考虑向Obsidian社区或Templater 开发者寻求进一步的帮助。

1。

《动作脚本》，摘自自维基百科，自由的百科全书《ActionScript》Designed by Gary Grossman英文译文：动作脚本ActionScript是Macromedia（现已被Adobe收购）为其Flash产品开发的，最初是一种简单的脚本语言，此刻最新版本3.0，是一种完全的面向对象的编程语言，功能壮大，类库丰硕，语法类似JavaScript，多用于Flash互动性、娱乐性、有效性开发，网页制作和RIA应用程序开发。

ActionScript 是一种基于ECMAScript的脚本语言，可用于编写Adobe Flash动画和应用程序。

由于ActionScript和JavaScript都是基于ECMAScript语法的，理论上它们相互能够很流畅地从一种语言翻译到另一种。

只是JavaScript的文档对象模型（DOM）是以阅读器窗口，文档和表单为主的，ActionScript的文档对象模型（DOM）那么以SWF格式动画为主，可包括动画，音频，文字和事件处置。

历史在Mac OS X 10.2操作系统上的Macromedia Flash MX专业版里，这些代码能够创建一个与MAC OS X启动进程中看见的类似的动画。

ActionScript第一次以它目前的语法显现是Flash 5版本，这也是第一个完全可对Flash编程的版本。

那个版本被命名为ActionScript1.0。

Flash 6通过增加大量的内置函数和对动画元素更好的编程操纵更进一步增强了编程环境的功能。

Flash 7(MX 2004)引进了ActionScript2.0，它增加了强类型（strong typing）和面向对象特点，如显式类声明，继承，接口和严格数据类型。

ActionScript1.0和2.0利用相同的编译形式编译成Flash SWF文件（即Shockwave Flash files，或'Small Web Format'）.时刻表Flash Player 2：第一个支持脚本的版本，包括操纵时刻轴的gotoAndPlay, gotoAndStop, nextFrame和nextScene等动作。

国外游戏引擎一览.txt恢复默认设置登录注册搜索风格博客(Boke)论坛状态论坛展区道具中心我能做什么>> Doom unreal Quake Origo gmaker等游戏引擎交流！搜一搜更多此类问题游戏兵工厂论坛→游戏技术专区→游戏引擎技术→[转帖]国外游戏引擎一览您是本帖的第 256 个阅读者树形打印标题：[转帖]国外游戏引擎一览天堂飞鱼头衔：少林方丈等级：版主文章：344积分：2539门派：无门无派注册：2006年3月21日楼主 QQ[转帖]国外游戏引擎一览Slam Software - Amp IIHome of the Amp II 3D engine.Fairy Engine Homepage & Articles/3D engine and article site.RoleWorld Delphi Game Engine/marcalvaprojectsDelphi game programming engine.The Flat Four Engine/f4/An open source 3D engine project.BlackTube 2D Enginehttp://www.unitedbytes.de/A 2D game engine.Cycon Online Gaming Engine/introduction.htmlOnline game engine in the works.NPRQuake Rendering Project/graphics/Gallery/NPRQuake/Non-photorealistic Quake renderer.Recent 3DE Engine/3D engine project.NeoEngine Game Engine/projects/realityengine"A platform independent Open Source 3D game engine written in C++."aEmber Painterly Rendering/siggraph/eoh_proje...ts/eoh2000.htmlA painterly rendering engine, released under the GPL.Orion 3D Enginehttp://orion3d.fr.st/3D engine project.Cipher Game Engine/cipher-overview.htmCommercial game engine.Destiny 3D Engine/Formerly the genesis3D sdk.The HZ Engine/~jeske/Projects/HZ/Real-time strategy game engine.LightCube 3D gxSDK/pages_xhtml/A 3D development SDK.Demeter Terrain Engine/Terrain engine project.Java Terrain Engine/products/jfc/tsc/articles/jcanyon/ A Java terrain engine.The Fly3D SDK / Engine.br/A 3D engine, featuring various demos and an SDK.TrueVision3D VB Engine/A Visual Basic 3D engine.The Titan Engine.es/~titan/An open source 3D engine.Ginus Development Kit/ginus/A free, open source 3D engine library.Panard Vision SDK/Panard Vision is a free, portable, real-time 3D engine.Zen-X Direct3D Engine/DirectX8/Index.htmA public domain dx8 3D engine.Tachyon Visualization Engine/tachyon.htmlAccording to the site, "It is set of C++ classes that simply the task of writing an OpenGL application."Inertia 3D Rendering System/~achalfin/Graphics/inertia.htmAccording to the site, "Inertia is a realtime 3d rendering programming library which you can incorporate into your own programs."AURAN Jet Game Engine/jet/According to its web site, "AURAN Jet is a comprehensive 3D media authoring system. It is a 3D application engine, an authoring system and an operating environment. "JTGame - 3D Game EngineAccording to the author, "JTGame is a C++ 3D game engine framework with an object-oriented architecture integrating 3D graphics, sound, input, and networking."Particle Systems API/~davemc/Particle/Description from the site: "The Particle System API allows programs to easily include dynamic simulations of groups of moving objects."World Foundry GDK/According to the site, "World Foundry is a 3D level game engine and asset production pathway with over 170,000 lines of code."Jet3D Graphics EngineAccording to the site, "Jet3D offers advanced lighting features, 3D modeling support, seamless soft-skin polyonal characters and many other innovations."Engine_3D ADA Packagehttp://www.mysunrise.ch/users/gdm/e3d.htmA portal engine written in ADA.Grand Unified Game Engine/An ambitious 3D game engine project.Little3D C++ Libraryhttp://little3d.free.fr/english/i_english.htm3D scene management/rendering library.Serious Engine By Croteam/engine_overview.htmlThe engine behind the game Serious Sam.Vapor 3D EngineLuke Hodorowicz' 3D engine projects.Now3D Raytracerhttp://web.tiscalinet.it/GiulianoCornacchi...a/Eng/Index.htmA raytracer written with Visual Basic.Revolution 3D Engine (VB)www.revolution3d.deA 3D engine written with Visual Basic.The Prophecy SDK/products/prophecy/Described on its web site as "a full, thoughtfully written and rewritten framework for building any kind of multimedia, games software, educational software, demos, visualization projects, etc. "Boom2 3D Engine/SiliconValley/Bay.../2234/boom2.htmHere's a description from its web site: "BOOM 2 is a 3D engine for creatingreal-time "corridor shooter" games."Twister 3D Enginemedia.it/twister/Here's a description from its web site: "Twister is a "Quake style" 3d engine by Stefano Lanza. It is based on the famous Bsp-tree technology. It works under Windows + Direct3D."Utopia 3D Visualization Engine/index.htmlAn open source 3D visualization/game engine.Digital Dawn Graphics Toolkit/~ddg/DDG is a collection of C++ for real-time 3D graphics programming.GridSlammer Game Engine/Here's a description from the web site: "GridSlammer is an object oriented game engine / API for creating cross platform video games. This tool kit does not try to embrace every type of video game. If you are interested in writing a 3Dfirst-person shooter type game, GridSlammer is NOT what you are looking for. If, on the other hand, you need a powerful game engine that renders in an isolinear, eye-in-the-sky manner (similar to Diablo or Mech Commander), then you've come to the right place. "FreeCraft RTS Game Engine/Here's a description from the web site: "FreeCraft is a free fantasy real-time strategy game engine. It is a clone of the real-time fantasy strategy gameW*rCr*ft II. It is cross platform and runs currently under LINUX or BSD with X11 or Console and Win32."DarkBASIC Language/home.htmlHere's a description from the web site: "Blending together the almighty power of DIRECTX and the remarkable ease of BASIC, prepare for a language that gives absolute beginners unprecidented power to create professional software."The Nebula Devicehttp://www.radonlabs.de/The Nebula Device, by Radon Labs, is a professional quality 3D engine which is available for free download, including source code.Ninja 3D Engine/~tomnoddy/ninja/The Ninja 3D web site has code and development information about the Ninja 3D game engine currently in the works.Octant Engine/~brink/abstract.htmlOctant is a 3D engine project which currently includes features such asoctree/bounding box hidden polygon removal, collision detection, and 3DSMax .ase geometry support. The source code to the engine is available as well.Escape - The Fully Parametric Landscape Engine/~ajc116/Escape/Escape is a landscape rendering engine by Alex Champandard. Its features include or at some time included, adaptive quadtrees, perlin noise, and bezier curves. Demos and screenshots are available from the web site.!B - An Isosurface Engine/florin/b.htmlThis is an isosurface engine which uses OpenGL for rendering. The output as you can see from looking at the "blob" screenshots is pretty smooth.Legus 3D/Here's an introduction to the engine from their web site: "Legus3D is a full featured, high level 3D engine. Legus3D is created to meet today's 3D rendering standards and features. Cutting edge technology for the next generation 3Dapplication is the synonym for this 3D rendering software package."Oxygen3DOxygen3D is a real-time 3D engine. Here's a chunk of info from their web site: "Oxygen3D is a state of the art real-time rendering system. It can display any 3D environment you can imagine on your 2D screen. In other words : "Oxygen3D is a 3D engine". It however is not just a program which can display 3D worlds. The engine contains several things, including it's own world editor and SDK (software developers kit)."Venerium Enginehttp://www.elma.msk.ru/private/game.htmVenerium is a 3D game engine by Ivan Sheblucin. The web site features a demo available for download, and several screenshots for your viewing pleasure including the level editor. The engine features portal technology, colored lightmaps, sound, collisions, and much more.Zeditor / ZViewer/droyer/zeditor/index.htmlZeditor is an engine project by Dan Royer and Tauno. The editor part seems to have been put on hold, but the viewer is currently sporting some pretty nice features including leaf/node-based bsp trees, csg, pvs, radiosity lighting, and more. The engine does not include an sdk or source code (at this time anyway).Revolution Engine/enhanced/...evolution.shtmlThe Revolution 3D engine is described on the web site as "A flexible real-time 3D system that supports 3DSMAX .3ds (the current mid-level 3D standard) data files. Also provides a C based scripting language." Linux and Windows downloads are available.Focus Engine/focus/The Focus Engine is Jacco Bikker's experimental test bed for advanced 3d techniques. It includes source code, a truespace level compiler, and many advanced features that aren't found too often in other engines. Apparently development on this engine either stopped or is on hold.Crystal Space/The Crystal Space engine is a free, open-source, feature-packed 3D engine originally created by Jorrit Tyberghein. Crystal Space runs on just about every platform imaginable and makes use of various rendering APIs. If you're looking for a free engine for your project, CS is definitely worth a look.Blitz Engine/Blitz/The Blitz engine is a 3D project by Richard Turnbull with several advanced features such as curved surfaces, real-time shadows, and tons of eye-candy. The source code to a few early versions of the engine are available for download, and the sdk of the latest version is available as well.Genesis 3D Engine/Genesis is a commercial-quality open source 3D engine project by Eclipse Software. 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Jumpstart PLM solution delivery with prebuilt SOA assetsIBM Product Lifecycle Management Content Pack for WebSphere Business Process ManagementHighlights■Accelerates the deployment of innovative new products andservices by extending andtransforming product lifecyclemanagement (PLM) processes■Enables business users to rap-idly develop new businessprocesses and make concurrentchanges with governance thathave minimal impact on IT—while reusing and sharing cur-rent IT assets■Promotes reuse of IT technol-ogy by delivering pretested,precertified assets based onindustry standards for indus-tries such as automotive, elec-tronics, aerospace and defense,and industrial■Supports and maintains unique business needs because it isextensible and configurable ■Enables enterprise-wide policychanges to be replicated con-currently across all applicableprocesses by storing and actingupon formerly hard-codedindividual process attributes inan IT-governed, easily updata-ble database and runtimeenvironment■Helps decrease maintenancecosts by providing consistencyof process, services and datadefinitions across multipleprocesses■Uses business-defined vocabu-lary and tasks to enable theassembly of existing and new ITassets into business services—discrete business functionsbased on service orientedarchitecture (SOA)■Provides PLM process supportbased on leading industry stan-dards including product datamanagement, engineeringchange management, bill ofmaterial management and sup-plier collaborationCombating complexity in product lifecyclemanagementYou probably know that the ecosystemfor developing and delivering a productis complex. Therefore, a comprehensivesystem to support product develop-ment must include the tools, applica-tions, IT and manufacturing systems tosupport company business processesand data that span the full lifecycle of aproduct—from initial concept throughthe end of the product’s life.A well-implemented PLM system allowsyour company to create new and inno-vative products. It also allows you toassess functional capabilities and yourability to satisfy market demands—evenin the early stages of product develop-ment. It also helps you to createdetailed engineering and manufacturingdesigns and to support the mainte-nance and changes to the productthroughout its service life.How your company implements and manages PLM can affect your strategic ability to be competitive in the market-place. However, a complete PLM sys-tem is not something a company can buy off the shelf. Frequently, applica-tions and authoring tools used within the PLM system can be purchased from multiple software vendors. The same is true for the computing and net-working platforms on which they run. The PLM landscape typically grows through the introduction of different sys-tems or applications over many years. Some of these are developed within thecompany, and others are introduced through corporate acquisitions of other business units or companies.To compound this complexity, your PLM system must extend to your network of design and production partners—particularly as more original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) trans-fer up to 70 percent of the product design and manufacturing to partners or suppliers. Extending your product development processes through the extended value chain requires integra-tion of information and processes. Your company must align the overall IT land-scape to enable innovation from all the stakeholders involved in contributing to the product.Another contributor to the complexity ofPLM is that its scope has expandedbeyond engineering. Rather than simplydeveloping and selling a product, com-panies are achieving their performancetargets by capturing and addressing thefull range of customer requirements andmarket needs for a product across itscomplete lifecycle. Furthermore, gov-ernments have become more involvedin legislating responsibility for a productthrough retirement or disposal byimposing regulatory and environmentalconstraints.The need for a more integrated andcollaborative PLM environment is alsobeing driven by the increased electron-ics and software content of today’sproducts. The ever-increasing complex-ity of mechanical, electronics andsoftware content requires a systemsengineering approach to product devel-opment. The necessary business trans-formation needed to achieve a productdevelopment approach (based on sys-tems engineering practices andmethodology) requires that you managebusiness processes and information incontext from one end of the businessto the other. This requires an end-to-end collaborative and integrated PLMenvironment.In summary, PLM must address the fullscope of the product lifecycle, from theinitial idea in portfolio planning to struc-turing and development of the product,through testing and interacting withmarketing, sales and finance, through Figure 1: Product lifecycle management content packservice of the product in the field,until product retirement or disposal—implemented across a heterogeneous environment of worldwide stakeholders, all potentially using different product development and enterprise applications.How WebSphere Business Process Management can help you manage this complexityTo manage the complexity of distribut-ing product development within a glob-ally integrated enterprise, you must have an infrastructure that supports dis-tributing a complex business process across disparate enterprise applica-tions. Such an infrastructure is enabled by Services Oriented Architecture (SOA), which allows you to create software components (services) that perform business functions. These services can be combined to create composite applications that deliver PLM functionality.This SOA infrastructure is provided by IBM WebSphere®Dynamic Process Edition (WDPE), a dynamic platformfor delivering BPM (BusinessProcess Management) solutions.IBM WebSphere Business Services Fabric, at the core of WDPE, allows your business to adapt and respond dynamically to change with SOA-based business processes—while reusing and sharing existing IT assets. It also helpsyour IT infrastructure to respond at thespeed your business needs to solvepressing problems, take advantage ofchanging business conditions, andeven save IT effort and money.Added value with standards-based PLMSOA assetsThe IBM PLM Content Pack is a keyoffering of the Product DevelopmentIntegration Framework, an industry-specific architecture from IBM that pro-vides and enables reusable assets andguides users in performing tasks quicklyand reliably. By using the prebuilt SOAassets in the IBM PLM Content Pack,your business can accelerate theassembly, compliance and reuse ofPLM-specific business services.The IBM PLM Content pack providesadded value by:●Providing prebuilt industry contentfashioned on the WebSphere BPMplatform●Simplifying the consumption of industrystandards in an SOA environment●Offering reusable SOA assets based onPLM standards●Providing consistency across industrylines of businesses and processes●Supplying you with a governingarchitecture to manage and extend yourcontentThe assets within IBM PLM ContentPack are interoperable and share com-mon reference architecture to ensurecredible governance as you developSOA solutions. Beyond addressing ITconcerns, these assets are alsodesigned to align business objectiveswith IT efforts and include:●Capability and process maps:Thesemaps are based on the AmericanProductivity and Quality Center(APQC) process classification frame-work (PCF) model and PLM best prac-tices, and they can be customized toyour specific needs. The maps guide thedecomposition of your existing PLMbusiness functions into business capabil-ities and processes mapped to services.This mapping reveals how SOA solu-tions enable reuse and consistencyacross the business.●Business service templates:Once youhave decomposed your capabilities,you need to define the business func-tions to assemble reusable business serv-ices. These business service templateshelp you use your existing IT applica-tions to create new business processes.The definition and granularity of PLMbusiness service templates is based onthe capability and process maps, theapplication ecosystem, and applyingSOA principles and methodologies forgranularity of services.●Service interfaces:Now that you have identified the reusable building blocks or business services, you need service interfaces that can interoperate with the existing IT functions. The PLM service interfaces are based on Open Applications Group IntegrationSpecification (OAGIS) 9.1, Object Management Group (OMG) PLM Services 2.0, Visualization and Data Analysis (VDA) 4965.1 and 4965.2, and IBM’s best practices for the PLM industry.●Common services:In an SOA sce-nario, an enterprise needs a set of com-mon transaction functions that help process transactions such as bulking, de-bulking, validation, error identifica-tion, and transformation, and that can be reused across multiple solutions. Like the PLM service interfaces, PLM com-mon services are based on OAGIS 9.1, OMG PLM Services 2.0, VDA 4965.1 and 4965.2, and best practices for PLM.●Business object model:When you need to create new operational data stores or physical data models, a con-ceptual domain model, called a business object model (BOM), is needed. The PLM BOM is derived from OAGIS 9.1, OMG PLM Services 2.0, andVDA 4965.1 and 4965.2. ●Business glossary:SOA solutionsrequire business metadata such as defi-nitions of roles, channels, conditions,policies, rules, events and other infor-mation. All these definitions are typi-cally inconsistent across variousprojects. The business glossary ensuresreuse and consistency of PLM businessterms using a common vocabularythat is extensible. The PLM businessglossary is derived from OAGIS 9.1,OMG PLM Services 2.0, andVDA 4965.1 and 4965.2.●Knowledge assets:Additionalresources help you use and extend thecontent pack assets. These include a ref-erence architecture guide, a how-toguide, a developer’s guide and a PLMreference implementation.An open and customizable solutionThe IBM PLM Content Pack is extensi-ble and open for configuration andcustomization based on your organiza-tion’s key business processes. WithWebSphere Business Services Fabric,your company can optimize its busi-ness processes and maximize its effortsto provide unique value to your cus-tomers and partners.Start small and expand processtransformation at your own paceWhether the business outcome youseek involves small refinements to busi-ness processes—such as automation—or a complete reengineering of aprocess, IBM can support your goals.You can begin by focusing on a dis-crete business process area and thenreusing those processes within otherareas. Or, you can take dynamicprocess management a step further, toprocess transformation. The cohesiveset of capabilities and best practices indynamic process management canspur a quantum leap in your ability torespond quickly and effectively tochange and business needs, resultingin an agile enterprise. This support isavailable through the market-leadingoffering, IBM WebSphere DynamicProcess Edition, with WebSphereBusiness Services Fabric at its core.A cornerstone offering in theIBM Business Process ManagementSuite, WebSphere Dynamic ProcessEdition enables you to continuously—and dynamically—optimize yourbusiness processes. The software also helps you better align IT with the busi-ness, by sharing, discovering and reusing business processes to:●Provide powerful simulation and rapid-deployment capabilities to help you optimize processes and continuallyrefine them over time. Y ou can employ process best practices to reuse or share existing resources and simply configure necessary changes when needed.●Enable end-to-end process insights and make process changes in real time. This means increased process visibility, track-ing and monitoring that foster collabo-ration between your business and IT.●Facilitate process change through con-figuring business service policies instead of recoding applications—unlike offer-ings from other vendors.You can incrementally implement yourongoing business transformation andoptimization efforts with confidence,fully supported by IBM software, serv-ices, accelerators and deep industryknowledge. IBM offers unmatchedexpertise, complete with market-leadingbusiness process management andSOA methodologies, a wealth of con-sultants and services, and the industry’slargest business process managementpartner ecosystem. WebSphereDynamic Process Edition withWebSphere Business Services Fabricempowers business and IT to collabo-rate to achieve innovation, greater mar-ket share and a stronger competitivefoothold.For more informationTo learn more about IBM WebSphereBusiness Services Fabric, IBM PLMContent Pack and system require-ments, please contact your IBM mar-keting representative or IBM BusinessPartner, or visit the following Web site:/software/integration/wbsfTo learn more about IBM WebSphereDynamic Process Edition andsystem requirements, pleasecontact your IBM marketingrepresentative or IBM Business Partner,or visit the following Web site:/software/integration/wdpeAdditionally, IBM Global Financing cantailor financing solutions to your specificIT needs. For more information on greatrates, flexible payment plans and loans,and asset buyback and disposal, visit:/financing©Copyright IBM Corporation 2008.IBM CorporationSoftware GroupRoute 100Somers, NY 10589U.S.A.Produced in the United States of AmericaDecember 2008All Rights ReservedIBM, the IBM logo, and WebSphereare trademarks or registered trademarks ofInternational Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. Ifthese and other IBM trademarked terms aremarked on their first occurrence in thisinformation with a trademark symbol (®or ™), these symbols indicate U.S. registered orcommon law trademarks owned by IBM at the time this information was published. Suchtrademarks may also be registered or common law trademarks in other countries. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the Web at“Copyright and trademark information” at/legal/copytrade.shtml.Other company, product or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.References in this publication to IBM products or services do not imply that IBM intends tomake them available in all countries in whichIBM operates.WSD14033-USEN-00。

第七章The essential elements suggested by this framework include 1) speech community(言语社团), 2) situation(场景), event and act, and 3) mnemonic SPEAKING components(交际民族学模式)an important figure in American anthropological linguistics---Benjamin Lee Whorf and his famous hypothesis concerning language, thought, and culture: Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses(萨丕尔-尔夫假说)What this hypothesis suggests is this: Our language helps mould our way of thinking and,Consequently, different languages may probably express speakers’ uniqu e ways of understanding the world.two versions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis have been developed, a strong version and a weak version. The strong version of the theory refers to the claim the original hypothesis makes, emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns.The weak version of this hypothesis, however, is a modified type of its original theory, suggesting that there is a correlation between language, culture, and thought, but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative(相对), rather than categorical(绝对).some social factors that are believed to influence our language behavior in a social context. Among these factors, some major ones include a) class; b) gender; c) age; d) ethnic identity; e) education background; f) occupation; and g) religious belief.社会语言学(the sociolinguistics of language)cross-cultural communication1.When in Rome do as the Romans do 入乡随俗2.Put yourself in other’s shoes 换位思考3.One culture’s meat is another culture’s poison 萝卜青菜各有所爱Honesty and sincerity are key points to mutual understanding第八章If we divide meaning into two major sides: the side more closely related to the words used, the more constant, inherent side of meaning (which is studied under the heading of semantics) and the side more closely related to the context,themore indeterminate side, or something extra (which is studied under the heading of pragmatics)Speech Act Theory is the first major theory in the study of language in use Austin revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds (《言与行》)to How to Do Things with Words(《怎样用词做事》),Austin’s first shot at the theory is the claim that there are two types of sentences: performatives and constatives.Austin argues that sentences like the following do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentences is, or is a part of, the doing of an action. So they arc called PERFORMATIVES.Ex. 8-2 said by a chemistry teacher in a demonstration of an experiment is not a performative. It is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking.The speaker cannot pour any liquid into a tube by simply uttering these words. He must accompany his words with the actual pouring. Otherwise one can accuse him of making a false statement. Sentences of this type are known as CONSTATIVES.A Theory of the Illocutionary Act 行事行为理论In his(Austin) opinion, there are three senses in which saying something may be understood as doing something. The first sense is an ordinary one(普通意义). That is, when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning.For example, when somebody says “Morning!”, we can ask a question like “What di d he do?” instead of “What did he say?” And the answer could be that he produced a sound, word or sentence------“Morning!” The act performed in this sense is called a Locutionary Act (发话行为).Within this act, however, Austin suggests that there is another act. In other words, when we speak, we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood.In the example of “Morning!” we can say it has the force(语力) of a greeting, or it ought to have been taken as a greeting. This is the second sense in which to say something is to do something, and the act performed is known as an Illocutionary Act(行事行为).The third sense in which to say something can mean to do something concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer.By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, etc. Whether or not these effects are intended by the speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act that the speaker has performed. This act, which is performed through, by means of, a locutionaryact, is called a Perlocutionary Act (取效行为).The second major theory in pragmatics is t he theory of conversational implicature （会话含义理论）, proposed by another Oxford philosopher Herbert Paul Grice. This theory first became known to the public at Harvard in 1967. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of “Logic and Conversation”, on which we base our present introduction.The Cooperative Principle 合作原则Grice noticed that in daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them. In order to avoid the logical use of implication(蕴含), which we touched on in the section on logical semantics, Grice coined the term implicature(含义)Cooperative Principle, or CP Grice introduced four categories of maxims as follows: QUANTITY 数量QUALITY 质量RELATION 关系MANNER 方式Characteristics of Implicature 含义的特征(1)Calculability 可推导性(2)Cancellability 可取消性(3)Non-detachability 不可分离性(4)Non-conventionality 非常规性Relevance Theory 关联理论This theory was formally proposed by Dan Sperbe r (斯波伯) and Deirdre Wilson (威尔逊) in 1986.The definition of this theory: Every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance. 每一个明示交际行动，都传递一种假定：该行动本身具备最佳关联性。

What is Java technology and why is it important?Java technology is both a programming language and a platform.The Java programming language is a high-level, object-oriented language. Java programs are both compiled and interpreted. Compilation translates Java code into an intermediate language called Java bytecode. Bytecode is in turn parsed and run (interpreted) by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) — a translator between the language and the underlying operating system and hardware. A compiled Java program can run on any system that has a version of the JVM.The Java platform is a software-only platform that can run on top of most hardware platforms. It consists of the JVM and the Java API — a large collection of ready-made components (classes) that ease application development and deployment. The Java API spans everything from basic objects, to networking and security, to XML generation and web services. It is grouped into libraries — known as packages — of related classes and interfaces.Along with the Java API, every full implementation of the Java platform includes:(1)Development tools for compiling, running, monitoring, debugging, and documenting applications(2)Standard mechanisms for deploying applications to users(3)Toolkits for creating sophisticated graphical user interfaces (GUIs)(4)Integration libraries that let programs access databases and manipulate remote objectsThe platform comes in three versions:Java SE (Java Platform, Standard Edition) for desktop and server applications Java EE (Java Platform, Enterprise Edition) for web and enterprise applications Java ME(Java Platform, Micro Edition) for applications running on resource-constrained deviceswhy is Java important?Scalability, portability, versatility, and open standardsScalability is one of the standout features of the Java platform and language. Applications can be written easily (or adapted from Java desktop applications) for devices with limited resources. Scaling up beyond the desktop, Java technology is an ideal framework for secure server-side web programming. Web components are supported by runtime platforms called web containers, whose services include request dispatching, security, concurrency, life-cycle management, and access to APIs such as naming, transactions, and email. At the high end, Java application servers serve as web containers for Java components, XML, and web services that can interact with databases and provide dynamic web content. Java application servers also provide an application-deployment environment for enterprise applications, with capabilities for transaction management, security, clustering, performance, availability, connectivity, and scalability.By many measures, the Java language is the most popular programming language in use today. Its main benefit is the portability of Java applications across hardware platforms and operating systems —possible because the JVM installed on each platform understands the same byte code.How does java technology relate to SOA and web service?A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a component model that relates the functional units of an application (services) through well-defined interfaces and contracts between the services. The interface is defined independently of the hardware, operating system, and programming language in which the service is implemented, letting services constructed on different systems interact with one another in a uniform, universal manner. SOAs are a loosely coupled alternative model to more-traditional, tightly coupled, object-oriented models.The resulting web services let business rules and processes be defined in XML so software applications can communicate in a platform- and programming language-independent manner. XML technology makes data portable and facilitates the creation of messages, while Java technology makes code portable. The fact that XML and the Java language work well together makes them an ideal combination to build and deploy web services.Java Servlet Technology OverviewServlets are the Java platform technology of choice for extending and enhancing Web servers. Servlets provide a component-based, platform-independent method for building Web-based applications, without the performance limitations of CGI programs. And unlike proprietary server extension mechanisms (such as the Netscape Server API or Apache modules), servlets are server- and platform-independent. This leaves you free to select a "best of breed" strategy for your servers, platforms, and tools.Servlets have access to the entire family of Java APIs, including the JDBC API to access enterprise databases. Servlets can also access a library of HTTP-specific calls and receive all the benefits of the mature Java language, including portability, performance, reusability, and crash protection.Today servlets are a popular choice for building interactive Web applications. Third-party servlet containers are available for Apache Web Server, Microsoft IIS, and others. Servlet containers are usually a component of Web and application servers, such as BEA WebLogic Application Server, IBM WebSphere, Sun Java System Web Server, Sun Java System Application Server, and others.JSP technology is an extension of the servlet technology created to support authoring of HTML and XML pages. It makes it easier to combine fixed or static template data with dynamic content. Even if you're comfortable writing servlets, there are several compelling reasons to investigate JSP technology as a complement to your existing work.What is JSP?What exactly is JSP? Let's consider the answer to that question from two perspectives: that of an HTML designer and that of a Java programmer.If you are an HTML designer, you can look at JSP as an extension of HTML that gives you the ability to seamlessly embed snippets of Java code within your HTML pages. These bits of Java code generate dynamic content, which is embedded within the other HTML/XML content. Even better, JSP provides the means by which programmers can create new HTML/XML tags and JavaBeans components that offer new features for HTML designers without requiring you to learn how to program.Note: A common misconception is that Java code embedded in a JSP is transmitted with the HTML and executed by the user agent, such as a browser. This is not the case.A JSP is translated into a Java servlet and executed on the server. JSP statements embedded in the JSP become part of the servlet generated from the JSP. The resulting servlet is executed on the server. It is never visible to the user agent.If you are a Java programmer, you can look at JSP as a new higher-level way to write servlets. Instead of directly writing servlet classes and emitting HTML from your servlets, you write HTML pages with Java code embedded in them. The JSP environment takes your page and dynamically compiles it. Whenever a user agent requests that page from the Web server, the servlet generated from your JSP code is executed, and the results are returned to the user.what are C/S with B/SFor " C/S " with the technology of " B/S " develop change know , first,must make it clear that 3 problems.( 1 ) What is the structure of C/S.C/S ( Client/Server ) structure, the server structure and client computer that all know well. It is software systematic architecture, through it can hold hardware environment fully using two advantage, realize task reasonable distribution to Client end and Server end , have reduced systematic communication expense. Now, the most systems of application software are the two levels of structure of the form ofClient/Server , are developing to the Web application of distribution type since current software application is systematic, Web and the application of Client/Server can carry out same business handling , apply different modular to share logic assembly; Therefore it is systematic that built-in and external user can visit new and existing application , through the logic in existing application system, can expand new application system. This is also present application system develop direction. Traditional C ／S architecture though adopting is open pattern, but this is the openness that system develops a level , in specific application no matter Client end or Server end the software that need to still specify support. Because of the software software that need to develop different edition according to the different system of operating system that can not offer the structure of C/S and the open environment of user genuine expectation , besides, the renovation of product is very rapid, is nearly impossible to already meet the 100 computer above users of local area network at the same time use. Price has low efficiency high. If my courtyard uses , Shanghai exceed the orchid company's management software " statistics of law case" is typical C ／S architecture management software.( 2 ) What is the structure of B/S.B/S ( Browser/Server ) structure browser and server structure. It is along with the technology of Internet spring up , it is for the structure of improvement or a kind of change of the structure of C/S. Under this kind of structure, user working interface is to realize through WWW browser, lose the logic of general affairs very much in front( Browser) realization, but the major logic of general affairs in server end( Server) realization, form the three-layer claimed 3-tier structure. So, have simplified customer end computer load greatly , have alleviated system to defend workload and the cost with upgrading , have reduced the overall cost of user ( TCO ). With present technology see , local area network the network application that establishes the structure of B/S , and under the pattern of Internet/Intranet, database application is easy to hold relatively , cost also is lower. It is that oneness goes to the development of position , can realize different people, never same place, with difference receive the way of entering ( for example LAN, WAN, Internet/Intranet etc.) visit and operate common database; It can protect data platform efficiently withmanagement visit limits of authority, server database is also safe. Now in my courtyard, net ( Intranet ) , outer net ( Internet ) with Beijing eastern clear big company " law case and the management software of official business " is the structural management software of B/S , policemen each working station in local area network pass through WWW browser can realize working business. Especially in JAVA step platform language appearance after, the configuration management software of B/S is more facilitated , is shortcut, efficient.( 3 ) The management software technology of main stream.The technology of main stream of management software technology is as management thought , have also gone through 3 develop period. First, interface technology goes to Windows graph interface ( or graph user interface GUI ) from last century DOS character interface, till Browser browser interface 3 differences develop period. Secondly, today own the browser interface of computer, is not only visual and is easy to use , what is more major is that any its style of application software based on browser platform is as, make the requirement of choosing a person for the job for operating training not high and software operability is strong , is easy to distinguish; Moreover platform architecture the file that also goes to today from past single user development ／server ( F ／S ) system and client computer ／server ( C ／S ) system and browser ／server ( B ／S ) system.The comparison of C/S and B/SC/S and B/S is the now world two technologies of main stream of developing pattern technical configuration. C/S is that American Borland company researches and develop most early, B/S is that American Microsoft researches and develop. Now this two technologies with quilt world countries grasp , it is many that domestic company produce article with C/S and the technical development of B/S. This two technologies have the certain market share of self , is with customer crowd , each domestic enterprise says that own management software configuration technical function is powerful, advanced, convenient , the customer group that can lift , have a crowd scholar ink guest to shake flag self cry out , advertisement flies all over the sky , may be called benevolent to see kernel, sage sees wisdomC/S configures inferior position and the advantage of software( 1 ) Application server operation data load is light comparatively.The database application of the most simple architecture of C/S is become by two partial groups, customer applies program and database server program. Both can be called as proscenium program and the program of backstage supporter respectively. The machine of operation database server program is also called as application server. Once server program had been started , waits the request concerning responding customer program hair at any time; Customer application program operation can be called as customer computer on the own computer of user, in correspondence with database server, when needs carry out any operation for the data in database, customer program seeks server program voluntarily , and sends request to it, server program is regular as basis intends to make to reply, send to return result, application server operation data load is lighter.( 2 ) Data store management function relatively transparent.In database application data store management function, is carried out respectively independently by server program and customer application program , is regular as proscenium application can violate , and usually those different( no matter is have known still unknown ) operations data, in server program, do not concentrate realization, for instance visit limits of authority, serial number can be repeated , must have customer talent establishment the rule order. It is these to own , for the last user that works on proscenium program is " transparent ", they need not be interest in ( can not usually also interfere ) the course of behind, can complete own all work. In the application of customer server configuration proscenium program not is very " thin ", troublesome matter is delivered to server and network. In the system of C/S take off , database can not become public really , professionally more competent storehouse, it gets independent special management.( 3 ) The inferior position of the configuration of C/S is high maintenance cost make investment just big.First, with the configuration of C/S, will select proper database platform to realize the genuine "unification" of database data, make the data synchronism that spreads in two lands complete deliver by database system go to manage, but the logically twooperators of land will directly visit a same database to realize efficiently , have so some problems, if needs establishment the data synchronism of " real time ", the database server that must establish real time communication connection between two places and maintains two lands is online to run , network management staff will again want to defend and manage for customer end as server defends management , maintenance and complex tech support and the investment of this high needs have very high cost, maintenance task is measured.Secondly, the software of the structure of C/S of tradition need to develop the software of different edition according to the different system of operating system , is very rapid because of the renovation of product, price is working needs high with inefficient already do not meet. In JAVA step platform language appearance after, the configuration of B/S is more vigorous impact C/S , and forms threat and challenge for it. .The advantage of B/S configuration software( 1 ) The Maintenance of inferior position and upgrading way are simple.Now upgrading and the improvement of software system more and more frequently, the product of the configuration of B/S embodies more convenient property obviously. For one a little a little bit big unit , if systematic administrator needs , between hundreds of 1000 even last computers round trip run , efficiency and workload is to can imagine, but the configuration of B/S software needs management server have been all right , all customer ends are browser only, need not do any maintenance at all. No matter the scale of user has , is what , has how many branch will not increase any workload of maintenance upgrading , is all to operate needs to aim at server to go on; If need differently only, net server connection specially , realize long-range maintenance and upgrading and share. So client computer more and more " thin ", and server more and more " fat " is the direction of main stream of future informative development. In the future, software upgrading and maintenance will be more and more easy , and use can more and more simple, this is for user manpower , material resources, time and cost save is obvious , it is astonishing. Therefore defend and escalate revolutionary way is the client computer " it is thin ", " is fat " server.( 2 ) Cost reduction, it is more to select.All know windows in the computer of top of a table on nearly one Tong world, browser has become standard disposition, but on server operating system, windows is in absolute dominance position not. Current tendency is the application management software that uses the configuration of B/S all , need to install only in Linux server on , and safety is high. The so server option of operating system is many, no matter choosing those operating system, can let the most of ones use windows in order to the computer of top of a table of operating system does not get influence, this for make most popular free Linux operating system develop fast, Linux except operating system is free besides, it is also free to link database, this kind of option is very pupular. Say, many persons on daily, "Sina website" nets , so long as having installed browser for can , and what need not know the server of " Sina website " to use is that what operating system, and in fact the most of websites do not use windows operating system really, but the computer of user is most of as installing to be windows operating system.( 3 ) Application server operation data load value comparatively. Since B/S configures management, software installation in server end ( Server ) on, it is been all right that network administrator need to manage server only, the user interface major logic of general affairs in server ( Server ) end pass through WWW browser completely realization, lose the logic of general affairs very much in front( Browser) realization, all customer ends has only browser, network administrator need to do hardware maintenance only. But application server operation data load is heavier, once occuring " server collapse " to wait for problem, consequence is unimaginable. Therefore a lot of units have database to stock server , are ready for any eventuality.。