2017年上海市高三物理一模试卷 黄浦区

黄浦区2018年高中学业等级考调研测试物理试卷2018.4.12考生注意：1、答题前，务必在试卷与答题纸上填写学校、姓名、准考证号。

2、试卷满分100分，考试时间60分钟。

3、本考试分设试卷和答题纸。

试卷包括三大部分，第一部分为单项选择题，第二部分为填空题，第三部分为综合题。

4、作答必须涂或写在答题纸上相应的位置，在试卷上作答无效。

一、单项选择题（共40分，1至8题每小题3分，9至12题每小题4分。

每小题只有一个正确选项） 1．下列射线中，属于电磁波的是（ ）（A ）阴极射线 （B ）α射线 （C ）β射线 （D ）γ射线2．白光通过双缝后产生的干涉条纹是彩色的，其原因是不同色光具有不同的（ ） （A ）传播速度 （B ）光强 （C ）振动方向 （D ）波长3．在一个23892U 原子核衰变为一个20682Pb 原子核的过程中，释放出的α粒子个数为（ ） （A ）5 （B ）8 （C ）10 （D ）164．三束单色光①、②、③的频率分别为ν1、ν2、ν3（已知ν1<ν2<ν3）。

某种金属在光束②照射下，能产生光电子。

则该金属（ ）（A ）在光束①照射下，一定能产生光电子 （B ）在光束①照射下，一定不能产生光电子 （C ）在光束③照射下，一定能产生光电子 （D ）在光束③照射下，一定不能产生光电子5．2017年4月“天舟一号”货运飞船与“天宫二号”空间实验室完成了首次交会对接，对接形成的组合体仍沿天宫二号原来的轨道（可视为圆周）运行。

与天宫二号单独运行时相比，组合体运行的（ ） （A ）周期变大 （B ）动能变大 （C ）速率变大 （D ）向心加速度变大6．电场中有a 、c 两点，一正电荷由a 点运动到c 点电势能减少，由此可知（ ） （A ）a 点的场强大于c 点的场强 （B ）a 点的电势高于c 点的电势（C ）电场线的方向由a 沿直线指向c （D ）该正电荷在a 点的动能大于在c 点的动能7．一个质点做简谐运动，其位移随时间变化的s-t 图像如右图。

2017年上海市黄浦区中考物理一模试卷学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单选题(本大题共8小题，共16.0分)1.家用电能表上显示当前用电示数的单位是（）A.千瓦时B.千瓦/时C.瓦秒D.瓦/秒2.首先通过实验测定了大气压强数值的科学家是（）A.帕斯卡B.托里拆利C.阿基米德D.牛顿3.下列原子模型按照建立的先后顺序排列正确的是（）A.①②③B.③②①C.②①③D.③①②4.额定功率最接近800瓦的是（）A.白炽灯 B.电风扇 C.洗衣机 D.微波炉5.家庭电路中使用的用电器越多（）A.总电阻越大B.总电阻越小C.总电压越大D.总电压越小6.在图所示的电路中，将电流表A1，A2正确接入电路，闭合电键S，电路正常工作，各电表的示数均不为零，移动滑动变阻器R2的滑片P，电压表V与电流表A1示数的比值不发生变化，电压表V与电流表A2示数的比值发生变化，则（）A.电流表A1一定测量通过R2的电流B.电流表A1可能测量通过R1和R2的电流C.电流表A2一定测量通过R2的电流D.电流表A2可能测量通过R1和R2的电流7.在图所示的电路中，电源电压保持不变，当电键S由断开到闭合时（）A.电压表的示数变小B.电压表的示数不变C.电流表的示数变小D.电流表的示数不变8.如果所示，甲、乙为两个实心均匀正方体，它们对水平地面的压力相等，现分别沿水平方向或竖直方向将两个正方体切去一部分，它们剩余部分对地面压强为p甲和p乙，下列判断正确的是（）A.若沿水平方向切去相同质量，p甲可能大于p乙B.若沿水平方向切去相同体积，p甲一定小于p乙C.若沿竖直方向切去相同质量，p甲可能大于p乙D.若沿竖直方向切去相同体积，p甲一定小于p乙二、填空题(本大题共8小题，共26.0分)9.用电器与控制它的电键是______ 的（选填“串联”或“并联”），它工作时将电能转化为______ 能，其所消耗的电能是远方的发电站通过______ 输电线输送至用电区的（选填“高压”或“低压”）．10.生活和生产中的很多物品都运用了物理学的知识，在图a中，金属锥的头部尖细锋利，是为了能产生很大的______ ；在图b中，“乳牛自动喂水器”利用的是______ 原理．在图c中新型材料“气凝胶”被称为“最轻材料”是因为其______ 极小．11.原子中不带电的粒子是______ ．在太阳系中，地球是______ 星，宇航员在太空中通过______ 把信息传输到地面指挥中心（选填“无线电波”或“声波”）．12.某导体两端电压6伏，10秒内通过该横截面的电荷量为2库，这段时间内电流做的功为______ 焦，通过它的电流为______ 安．当该导体两端电压变为12伏时，它的电阻为______ 欧．13.在图中，重为4牛的金属块静止在水面下，弹簧测力计的示数为3牛，金属块受到浮力的大小为______ 牛，方向______ ．当剪断连接金属块与测力计的细线时，金属块所受合力将______ 3牛（选填“大于”、“等于”或“小于”）．14.如图所示，置于水平地面上的实心均匀正方体甲、乙质量分别为2m和m，边长分别为2a和a．它们对地面的压强之比为______ ，实心均匀正方体丙、丁的密度和边长分别如表所示，若在丙或丁中选择一个叠放在甲或乙上方中央，使上方物体对下方物体的压强p与下方物体对地面的压强增加量△p的比值最大，应将______ ．15.在图所示的电路中，电源电压保持不变，电阻R1，R2出现断路故障，闭合电键S后，①若三个电表中只有一个电表有示数，则有示数的电表是______ 表，故障是______ ．②若三个电表中只有一个电表的示数发生变化，则示数发生变化的电表是______ 表，故障是______ ．（电表均选填符号）16.小明和小华用相同的实验器材，验证电与磁的关系，实验过程分别如图所示．①小明：如图一根据小明的实验现象，可验证：______ 周围存在磁场，且______ ．②小华：如图二指出小华的实验验证过程中的不足之处（写两条）：Ⅰ．______ Ⅱ．______ ．小华的实验过程中，小磁针静止时N极所指方向未发生改变的原因可能是______ ．三、作图题(本大题共1小题，共3.0分)17.根据右图中通电螺线管的S极，标出磁感线方向、小磁针的N极，并在括号内标出电源的正、负极．四、计算题(本大题共5小题，共27.0分)18.在图中的○里填上适当的电表符号，使之成为并联电路图．19.小球浸入水中，排开水的体积为1×10-3米3，求：小球受到的浮力F浮．20.标有“220V 100W”字样的用电器，正常工作5小时，求需用电多少度？21.在图a所示的电路中，电源电压为16伏且保持不变，电阻R1的阻值为10欧，滑动变阻器R2上标有“50Ω2Α”字样．所用电压表的表盘如图b所示，闭合电键S后，电路中的电流为0.4安．求：①电压表V1的示数U1．②通电10秒，电流通过变阻器R2所做的功W2．③在各电路元件均安全工作的条件下，移动变阻器的滑片，电路中电流的最大变化量△I．最大22.如图所示，金属圆柱体甲的高度为d，底面积为S；薄壁圆柱形容器乙的底面积为2S，且足够高，其中盛有深度为H（H＞d）的液体，置于水平面上．①若甲的体积为1×10-3米3，密度为2×103千克/米3，求它的质量m．②若乙所受重力为G1，其中所装液体重为G2，求乙对水平面的压强p．③现将甲浸入乙的液体中，其下表面所处深度为h，求液体对甲下表面压强p甲与液体对乙底部压强p乙的比值及其对应h的取值范围．五、填空题(本大题共1小题，共4.0分)23.实验室中测量质量的仪器叫天平，将它放在水平桌面上，游码移到零刻度后，发现指针如图所示，此时应向______ 移动______ ，并通过观察指针是否对准分度盘的______ ，判断天平横梁是否在水平位置平衡．六、实验探究题(本大题共2小题，共8.0分)24.如图所示的实验过程，可验证______ 原理，其中“步骤B”的目的是：测出______ ，若图中弹簧测力计的四个示数值F1，F2，F3，F4满足关系式______ 时，则可以验证该原理．25.在“测定小灯泡的电功率”实验中，电源由两节新干电池组成，小灯泡标有“2V”字样，滑动变阻器标有“20Ω 1A”字样．①本实验的原理是______ ．②请用笔画线代替导线，将图中食物电路正确连接完整，要求：闭合电键S前，移动变阻器的滑片P至左端时，变阻器连入电路的阻值最大．______ ．③连接好电路，闭合电键，观察到灯泡L不发光，电压表示数为零，将电压表分别正确并联在AB，AC，AD两端，发现AB=U AC=0，U AD＞0，请判断，发生故障的是______ ．④排除故障后，继续实验，测定灯泡L的额定功率，当移动变阻器的滑片P时，眼睛应先观察______ 表的示数，然后读出另一个电表的示数．当灯泡L正常发光时，电流表的示数如图所示，则灯泡L的额定功率为______ 瓦，此时变阻器接入电路中的电阻为______ 欧．七、计算题(本大题共1小题，共16.0分)26.某小组同学研究盛有足够多液体的柱形容器在放入物体前、后（液体未溢出），容器对水平桌面的压力增加量△F容和液体对容器底部的压力增加量△F液的大小关系，他们先后将质量m物和体积V物不同的物体放入盛有酒精的柱形容器中，并测得△F容和△F，相关数据见表一、表二．液①分析比较试验序号______ 中的相关数据及相关条件，可得出的初步结论是：盛有足够多液体的柱形容器在放入物体前、后（液体未溢出），△F容与V物无关．②分析比较表一或表二中m物和△F容的数据其相关条件，可得出的初步结论是：盛有足够多液体的柱形容器在放入物体前、后（液体未溢出），______ ．③请进一步分析比较表一、表二中的数据及相关条件，可得到的合理猜想是：盛有足够多液体的柱形容器在放入物体前、后（液体未溢出），当______ 时，△F容和△F液的大小相等．请在表三中填入拟进行实验的数据及相关条件，以达到能结合表一、表二验证上述猜想．。

上海市黄浦区2017年中考物理一模试卷（含解析）编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（上海市黄浦区2017年中考物理一模试卷（含解析））的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。

本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为上海市黄浦区2017年中考物理一模试卷（含解析）的全部内容。

2017年上海市黄浦区中考物理一模试卷一、选择题(共16分）下列各题均只有一个正确选项，请将正确选项的代号用2B铅笔填涂在答题纸的相应位置上，更改答案时,用橡皮擦去，重新填涂．1．首先用实验测定大气压强值的科学家是（）A．托里拆利B．阿基米德C．帕斯卡 D．牛顿2．滑动变阻器实现变阻是利用了改变接入电路中电阻线的（）A．材料B．长度C．粗细D．温度3．铁轨铺设在枕木上是为了( )A．减小压力B．增大压力C．减小压强D．增大压强4．冰熔化成水后,不变的物理量是（)A．质量B．密度C．比热D．体积5．下列用电器额定功率最大的是（）A．电视机 B．手电筒 C．电饭锅 D．电冰箱6．实心均匀正方体静止在水平面上．若在其右侧，按图所示方式,沿竖直方向截去一部分后，则其质量、密度、对水平面的压力和压强四个物理量中，不变的有（）A．一个B．二个C．三个D．四个7．在如图中，重为G的金属块A静止在水面下，弹簧测力计的示数为F．当剪断连接金属块与测力计的细线时，金属块所受合力的大小（）A．大于G B．等于G C．大于F D．等于F8．在图所示的电路中，将电压表V正确连入电路，闭合电键s,电路正常工作．若将滑动变阻器R1的滑片P从一端移到另一瑞的过程中，电压表V的示数变小，且始终大于零,则正确的判断是( )A．电压表V并联在R1两端，滑片P由a端向b端移动B．电压表V并联在R1两端,滑片P由b端向a端移动C．电压表V并联在R2两瑞，滑片P由a端向b端移动D．电压表V并联在R2两瑞，滑片P由b端向a端移动二、填空题（共26分）请将结果填入答题纸的相应位置9．家庭电路中．电视机与电灯是的(选填“串联”或“并联")；电灯工作时,消耗的是能；耗电量用表测量．10．物理知识在生产和生活中有着广泛的应用．在图（a）中,根据饮料瓶上所标的容积．利用知识开可估算饮料的质量；打开瓶盖，用吸管吸取饮料利用的是的知识．在图（b）中，牲畜自动饮水机右侧水位较低，左侧水会自动补入，利用的是的知识．（均填写物理概念或装置的名称）11．科学家通过实验发现了电流与电压的关系．将阻值为的两个导体并联后，总电阻R1（选填“大于”、“等于"或“小于"）,若R1不变、R2变大，总阻值将（选填“变大”“不变”或“变小”）．12．某导体两端电压为3伏,10秒内通过其横截面的电荷量为2库，这段时间内电流做的功为焦,通过它的电流为安．当该导体两端电压变为0伏时,它的电阻为欧．13．如图（a)所示，长度相同、横截面积不同的同种金属棒AB和CD连接在一起后接在电源两端．用电压表测得导体AB和CD两端的电压如图（b）所示,则AB两端的电压为伏，CD两端电压为伏,通过AB的电流通过CD的电流（选填“小于"、“等于”或“大于”)．14．水面下0。

2017学年高三第一次六校联考物理试卷一．单项选择题(共16分，每小题2分。

每小题只有一个正确选项。

)1．某同学通过以下步骤测出了从一定高度落下的排球对地面的冲击力：将一张白纸铺在水平地面上，把排球在水里弄湿，然后让排球从规定的高度自由落下，并在白纸上留下球的水印．再将印有水印的白纸铺在台式测力计上，将球放在纸上的水印中心，缓慢地向下压球，使排球与纸接触部分逐渐发生形变直至刚好遮住水印，记下此时测力计的示数即为冲击力的最大值．下列物理学习或研究中用到的方法与该同学的方法相同的是（）（A）建立“合力与分力”的概念（B）建立“质点”的概念（C）建立“瞬时速度”的概念（D）研究加速度与合力、质量的关系2．在真空中，将苹果和羽毛同时从同一高度由静止释放，下列频闪照片中符合事实的是 ( )3．若物体在运动过程中受到的合外力不为零，则( )．A ．物体的动能不可能总是不变的B ．物体的速度不可能总是不变的C ．物体的加速度一定变化D ．物体的速度方向一定变化4．人站在台阶式自动扶梯上不动，随扶梯向上匀速运动，下列说法中错误的是( )．A ．重力对人做负功B ．摩擦力对人做正功C ．支持力对人做正功D ．合力对人做功为零5．一个物体的机械能增大，究其原因可能是( )．A ．可能是重力对物体做了功B ．一定是合外力对物体做了功C ．一定是拉力对物体做了功D ．可能是摩擦力对物体做了功6．关于卡文迪许扭秤实验对物理学的贡献，下列说法中正确的是 （ ）A ．发现了万有引力的存在B ．解决了微小距离的测定问题C．开创了用实验研究物理的科学方法 D．验证了万有引力定律的正确性7．假设航天飞机在太空绕地球作匀速圆周运动。

宇航员利用机械手将卫星举到机舱外，并相对航天飞机静止释放该卫星，则被释放的卫星将（）A．停留在轨道的被释放处 B．随航天飞机同步绕地球作匀速圆周运动C．向着地球做自由落体运动 D．沿圆周轨道的切线方向做直线运动8．下面关于电场线的叙述正确的是( )A、电场线越密的地方场强越大B、电场线是仅受电场力作用从静止开始运动的电荷运动轨迹C、电场线是客观存在的，但任意两条电场线都不会相交D、沿电场方向，场强一定越来越小二．单项选择题(共24分，每小题3分。

上海市各区县2017届高三物理试题牛顿运动定律专题分类精编一、 选择题1、（2017崇明第2题）．升降机地板上放一木箱，质量为m ．当它对地板的压力0.8N mg 时，升降机可能做的运动是（ ）A ．加速上升B ．减速上升C ．静止D ．匀速下降2、（2017奉贤第3题）建筑塔吊如图所示向右上方匀速提升物体，忽略空气阻力，则物体受力图是（ ）3、（2017奉贤第11题）水平面上有质量不相等的a 、b 两物体，且m a >m b ，水平推力F 1、F 2分别作用在a 、b 上。

作用一段时间后撤去推力，撤去推力时两物体速度相等，它们的速度v -时间t 图像如图，图中AB∥CD。

则整个过程中（ ）（A ）水平推力F 1、F 2大小可能相等 （B ）a 的平均速度等于b 的平均速度 （C ）a 受到的摩擦力等于b 受到的摩擦力 （D ）两物体受到的摩擦力做功一定相等4、（2017黄浦第3题）质量为2kg 的质点仅受两个力作用，两个力的大小分别为3N 和5N 。

则该质点的加速度的值可能 为（ ） （A ）0.5m/s 2（B ）0.75m/s 2（C ）3.5m/s2（D ）4.5 m/s25、（2017黄浦第9题）如图所示，光滑水平面上的木块，在两水平力F 1与F 2的作用下，静止不动。

现保持F 1恒定不变，F 2方向不变、大小随时间均匀减小到零后再均匀增大到原来的大小。

下列图像中能正确描述这个过程中木块运动情况的是（6、（2017嘉定、长宁第8题）带电粒子仅在电场力作用下，从电场中a 点以初速度v 0进入电场并沿虚线所示的轨迹运动到b 点，如图所示，实线是电场线，关于粒子，下列说法正确的是（ ） （A ）在a 点的加速度大于在b 点的加速度 （B ）在a 点的电势能小于在b 点的电势能 （C ）在a 点的速度小于在b 点的速度 （D ）电场中a 点的电势一定比b 点的电势高7、（2017年静安第5题）竖直向上射出的子弹，达到最高点后又返回原处，若子弹运动受到的空气阻力与速度的大小成正比，则整个过程中，加速度大小的变化是（A ）始终变大 （B ）始终变小 （C ）先变大后变小 （D ）先变小后变大8、（2017年静安第6题）如图所示，光滑绝缘的水平桌面上有A 、B 两个带电小球，A 球固定不动，现给B 球一个垂直AB 连线方向的初速度v o ，使B 球在水平桌面上运动，B 球在水平方向仅受电场力，有关B 球运动的速度大小v 和加速度大小a ，不可能．．．发生的情况是 （A ）v 和a 都变小 （B ）v 和a 都变大 （C ）v 和a 都不变 （D ）v 变小而a 变大9、（2017年闵行第1题）教科书中这样表述牛顿第一定律：一切物体总保持匀速直线运动状态或静止状态，直到有外力迫使它改变这种状态为止。

2017 高三一模计算题1答案宝山 18．（12分） （1）（6分）0.521010f m g N μ==⨯⨯=，F f m a -=2301010/2F f a m s m --===212L a t =，t ＝2Lg＝2×2010s ＝2s （2）（6分） 解法一：设小车先以大小为a 1的加速度做匀加速运动，经位移s 1后撤去外力，再以大小为a 2，的加速度做匀减速运动，经位移s 2到达B 处，速度恰为0，那么在位移s 1内外力为使物体到达B 处做的功最少。

1c o s 37(s in 37)F m g F m a μ︒--︒=21(c o s 37sin 37)30(0.80.50.6)0.51011.5/2F a g m smμμ︒+︒⨯+⨯=-=-⨯=225/f a g m s mμ===由于匀加速阶段的末速度即为匀减速阶段的初速度，设这一速度大小为v ，则221222vvLa a +=，2220211.525vv+=⨯⨯，11.8/v m s ≈，221111.86.062211.5vs ma ==≈⨯W ＝Fs 1cos37°＝30×6.06×0.8≈145.4J解法二：设物体先在力Ｆ作用下物体通过位移s ，再撤去Ｆ，物体到达B 处时速度恰为0，由动能定理，得[co s 37(sin 37)]()0F m g F s m g L s μμ︒--︒--=0.521020 6.06()(c o s 37s in 37)30(0.80.50.6)m g Ls m F μμ⨯⨯⨯==≈︒+︒⨯+⨯W ＝Fs 1cos37°＝30×6.06×0.8≈145.4J崇明 19题12分（1）气体做等温变化 212v v =p 1=p 0 sg m P p 102+= (1分)p 1v 1= p 2v 2 (1分)p 2=2 p 1=2.0×105Pa (1分)m 1g =(p 2- p 1)s =20N m 1=2 kg (1分)(2)气体做等体积变化 T 2=273+27=300K T 3=273+177=450K (1分)2233T p T p = (1分)P 3=3.0×105Pa (1分)m 2g =(p 3- p 1)s =40N m 1=4 kg (1分)一共倒入了4kg 的砂子 (1分)（3）3分（画对一条线2分，全对3分）奉贤19、（1）设向上的方向为正方向，根据运动学公式，得到:02B B C BB C v a t a v →-=⇒=- ①（1分）222:(2)2 1.53B B A BBA B v v a Sa v →-=⇒=-②（1分）由①②：a =-2m/s 2（1分）方向：平行于斜面向下。

黄浦区2016学年度第一学期高三年级期终调研测试英语试卷（完卷时间： 120分钟满分： 150分）2016年12月9日上午第I卷（共100分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. Six years ago. B. Seven years ago.C. Eight years ago.D. Nine years ago.2. A. See a film with the woman. B. Attend a charity show.C. Get ready for a charity show.D. Make a new movie.3. A. She is going to b e the man’s neighbor. B. She has just moved into a new house.C. She is arranging a family trip.D. She arrived in Canada yesterday.4. A. How to pay the registration fee. B. Why to use a credit card.C. When to send a cheque.D. Where to pay cash.5. A. Film stars. B. Radio hosts.C. Pop singers.D. Composers.6. A. He drove her to the airport. B. He followed her to the airport.C. He bought her a map of the airport.D. He lined out the route to the airport on a map.7. A. The man should apply for a bank loan.B. The man should work in a bank to get money.C. The man should turn to someone available for help.D. The man should take other students’ approaches.8. A. Both the tennis courts and the table tennis tables are free.B. Neither of the tennis courts and table tennis tables are free.C. The table tennis tables are free, but the tennis courts are not.D. The tennis courts are free, but the table tennis tables are not.9. A. In a factory. B. In a school.C. In a gym.D. In a lab.10. A. A stationer’s. B. A paint shop.C. A bookstore.D. A drawing class.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear one short passage and two longer conversations. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passage and the conversations will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11.A. To arouse people’s interest in pop music. B. To provide more information about the music.C. To have it lined with the main building.D. To display a separate and different section.12.A. It once experienced serious damage. B. Its rebuilding was an easy job.C. It is owned by a rich family.D. It opens for 362 days every year.13.A. Museum visitors. B. Government workers.C. Music authors.D. Individual donators.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following conversation.14. A. 4:00 p.m. in the classroom. B. 7:00 p.m. in the classroom.C. 4:00 p.m. in the garden.D. 7:00 p.m. in the garden.15. A. He has classes at that time. B. He is travelling abroad.C. He doesn’t like barbeque.D. He hasn’t prepared a gift.16. A. A watch. B. A card. C. A ball. D. A headphone.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17.A. The tickets have to be booked in advance. B. It will be performed at 6 p.m.C. There will be two performances.D. It will be on at the theatre.18.A. The Piazza. B. The Concert Hall.C. The theatre.D. The Town Hall.19.A. $8. B. $10. C. $15. D. $20.20.A. Art Exhibition. B. Ballet Performance. C. Mask Party. D. Living Theatre.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Infant Day Care, Good or Bad?The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may influence a child’s personality and lead to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work (21) _________ children should not be sent to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation (22) _________ involves, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments (23) _________ such a strong conclusion.Firstly, experts point out that the isolated love affair between children and parents (24) _________ (find) in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not raise their infant alone – far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today (25) _________ parents and care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and they have regularly reported that d ay care had a slightly positive effect on children’s development. But tests (26) ________ have been used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibility that early day car e has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult (27) _________ (deal) with. Children under three are likely to protest at (28) _________ (leave) their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the change to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly (29) _________ more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence (30) _________ (indicate) early care is reasonable for infants.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.First Aid: Difference between Death and LifeFirst aid is emergency care for a victim of sudden illness or injury until more skillful medical treatment is available. It may save a life or improve certain ___31___ signs including pulse, temperature, and breathing. First aid must be ___32___ as quickly as possible. In the case of the critically injured, a few minutes can make the difference between complete recovery and loss of life.First-aid ___33___ depend upon a victim’s needs and the provider’s level of knowledge and skill. Knowing what not to do in an emergency is as important as knowing what to do. For example, ___34___ moving a person with a neck injury can lead to permanent health problems.Despite the variety of injuries possible, several ___35___ of first aid apply to all emergencies. The first step is to call for professional medical help. The victim, if conscious, should be reassured that medical aid has been requested, and asked for permission to provide any first aid. Next, ___36___ the scene, asking other people or the injured person’s family or friends about details of the injury or illness, any care that may have already been given, and ___37___ conditions such as heart trouble. Unless the accident scene becomes unsafe or the victim may suffer further injury, do not move the victim.First aid requires rapid assessment of victims to determine whether ___38___ conditions exist. One method for ___39___ a victim’s condition is known by the acronym ABC, which stands f or:A – Airway: is it open and clear?B – Breathing: is the person breathing? Look, listen and feel for breathing.C – Circulation: is there a pulse? Is the person bleeding ___40___? Check skin color and temperature foradditional indications of circulation problems.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Animal RightsEvery conscious being has interests that should be respected. No being who is conscious of being alive should be devalued to thinghood, dominated, and used as a resource or ___41___. The key point of the idea known as animal rights is a movement to extend moral consideration to all ___42___ beings. Nobody should have to demonstrate a specific level of intelligence or be judged beautiful to be given moral consideration. No being should have to be useful to humanity or capable of accepting “duties” in order to be extend ed moral consideration. ___43___, what other animals need from us is being free from duties to us.Animal rights is about letting animals live on their own terms. It can be written into our laws, but is not an actual list or bill of rights as we have for human society. It begins with our promises not to act like ___44___ of others. Animal rights is about justice ─ treating animals fairly.Why is animal rights ___45 ___? It is because we humans often act as though we are the only beings on the planet. Although we depend on other animals for our very survival, humans are the only animals that have upset the balance of nature. There are lots of ways that humans ___46___ animals. We domesticate them and use them for food, even though our nutritional needs can be completely supplied by a(n) ___47___ diet. Although other materials are available, we use animal’s skin and other body parts for clothing, furs, hats, boots, jewellery and even pet toys. Humans can talk about it but animals cannot. All animals wish to experience life in its fullness. Unlike many animals who have to kill to survive, humans do not. Why should humans cause ___48___ to other beings when it’s not necessary?As we do, animals protect their children; they feel fear; they warn each other of dangers; they play. We might differ from other animals in some ways, but that doesn’t give us the right to ___49___ them down, take their lands, pollute their waters, or use them for our conveniences. Animals also experience pain and it’s not difficult to observe ___50___ of pain in the way a conscious being reacts to it. We take advantage, cause distress, and act ___51___ when we use animals for amusement. Lots of pets are ___52___ on the streets when their owners no longer find it convenient or affordable to keep or care for them.Whether we admit it or not, it’s a prejudice to think we are ___53___ to animals and that it is our right to control them, which can only make people act mean, hateful or neglectful. However, each of us has within us the power to ___54___. We can adopt a different attitude, one that reshape our destiny. This will have wonderful effects on the planet’s other communities, for life is ___55___ avoiding suffering. It is interacting, singing, pursuing joy. We humans can learn to live responsibly, with respect, kindness and love.41. A. companies B. goods C. insects D. providers42. A. active B. conscious C. intelligent D. strange43. A. Indeed B. Moreover C. Nevertheless D. Otherwise44. A. followers B. friends C. masters D. tutors45. A. necessary B. neglected C. respected D. revolutionary46. A. distinguish B. eliminate C. exploit D. raise47. A. animal-free B. eco-friendly C. low-salt D. well-balanced48. A. conflict B. confusion C. isolation D. misery49. A. calm B. chase C. pull D. tear50. A. signs B. symbols C. symptoms D. performances51. A. differently B. enthusiastically C. gently D. unfairly52. A. abandoned B. chosen C. oppressed D. spoiled53. A. accessible B. appealing C. reasonable D. superior54. A. change B. dominate C. persist D. proceed55. A. contrary to B. more than C. owing to D. rather thanSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.(A)①Did English football finally find a new star? At the age of 19, Theo Walcott came onto the scene by scoring a hat-trick for England in a 4-1 victory over Croatia in 2010 World Cup.②Walcott’s lightning speed and accurate shooting turned the teenager into an overnight star. Many thought he was a new dawn for the England team. He was building his fame for his fast pace, with former Barcelona manager Pep declaring that “you would need a gun to stop him.” FIFA World Player of the Year winner Lionel Messi once also described Walcott as “one of the most dangerous players I have ever played against.” In addition to his speed, Walcott also possessed good balance, movement and technique.③It was symbolic that Walcott’s goals came from the right-wing. The position had been played by “golden boy” David Beckham for more than 10 years. No longer were the cheers for Beckham. The fans’ hopes now rested on the shoulders of Walcott.④Walcott was born in London to a black British Jamaican father and a white English mother. He grew up asa Liverpool fan due to his fa ther’s support of Liverpool. When Chelsea asked him to be a ball boy, he used the opportunity to meet his Liverpool idols.⑤The teenager’s rise to fame was not completely out of blue. He was part of England’s World Cup team in 2006, but he did not get to play a match. He also spent over two years at Arsenal, where he was fast becoming a key player.⑥But that year, few were expecting the wonderful performance between England and Croatia. The teenager was the first England player to score three goals in a game since Michael Owen did so seven years before.⑦Although England was full of superstars, they had a poor record in major tournaments. But things were beginning to change. The win against Croatia was sweet revenge. Croatia was the team which knocked England out of Euro 2008.⑧Walcott’s wonderful performance lighted England fans’ hope for World Cup victory in South Africa in 2010, since England had not lifted the cup since 1966.⑨But before England fans got too carried away, our reflection on the past history told us that placing a country’s hopes on one teenager was dangerous.56. Which of the following CANNOT account for Walcott’s increasing fame?A. Fast speed.B. Masterly skills.C. Positional sense.D. Unusual family.57. Why did the author mention David Beckham in the 3rd paragraph?A. To show that England football once had a glorious history.B. To illustrate that Walcott could be entitled “golden boy”.C. To indicate that England fans were difficult to please.D. To imply that people had high expectation on Walcott.58. In the 5th paragraph, the underlined phrase “out of blue” most probably means “________”.A. impoliteB. unexpectedC. impossibleD. unintentional59. What is the author most likely to agree with?A. Walc ott might not live up to fans’ expectation.B. Walcott might transfer from Arsenal to Liverpool.C. Croatia might change the history of the World Cup.D. England might be defeated by the opponent in the next round.(B)✓OverviewExplore Stewart Island and the surrounding bays in our modern mini-buses. Our guides enjoy sharing their local knowledge of the history and environment of Stewart Island. Highlights include Lee Bay, the gateway to✧♦Departure location: Oban Visitor Centre.♦What to bring: Comfortable walking shoes or boots, waterproof jacket, warm sweater or fleece jacket, sunscreen or sunglasses, insect repellent and camera.♦Car parking: Vehicle parking is available at Oban (extra cost—reservations recommended).♦Wheelchair access: Available.♦Children ticket: Children under ten go free for travel as long as they are accompanied by an adult.✧Reviews♦“There was so much to see and learn that it was hard to take everything in. The bays we stopped at were beautiful with golden sandy beaches, the forests were overpowering and we expected dinosaurs to appear at any time, the views from lookout point were splendid and the anchor point with Bluff broughta smile. Thank you to Chris and the experienced team for such an informative tour.”Ron P♦“Any visitor to Stewart Island could do no better than take one of the guid ed tours from the Oban Visitor Centre—especially if you only have limited time available. We had the delightful and extremely informative Kylie conduct a small number on one of the village tours. This is a beautiful place—a few fascinating shops and restau rants, wonderful walks and warm and friendly people.”Michael Mason“I love finding out about places and the guide was full of information and stories as we visited every interesting place and view in Oban (it didn’t take too long...). A great way to start a visit as it helps you know where everything is.”Kiwieric60. If a traveler plans to leave a car at Oban, he had better ________.A. refer to the guides firstB. use wheelchair accessC. make a reservationD. walk to the center in advance61. Herry, a six-year-old boy, wanted to have a sightseeing of the Stewart Island with his parents. How muchshould they pay for the mini-bus tour?A. $135.B. $90.C. $ 45.D. Free.62. If a traveler takes the guided tour, he can experience all the following EXCEPT ________.A. breath-taking sceneryB. charming walksC. dinosaur samplesD. detailed tour guide(C)①What does it say about the future of meat when the country’s largest processor of chicken, pork, and beef buys a stake(股份) in a start-up that aims to “perfectly replace animal protein with plant protein”?②Tyson Foods announced this week that it purchased a 5 percent stake in Beyond Meat, the Southern California-based food-tech start-up that made headlines earlier this year with its veggie burger that reportedly cooks and tastes like real beef.③To be sure, Beyond Meat’s meatless creations have yet to take the country by storm. Although the 100 percent plant-based burgers have achieved plenty of positive press since they appeared for the first time in May, so far the y’re only available at Whole Foods stores in seven states. Even though the company’s “chicken” strips, “beef” pies, and meatless frozen dinners are available nationwide, Beyond Meat is hardly a household name.④That may be what makes the news of Tyson’s in vestment all the more noteworthy. While the two companies declined to give details about the deal, it’s doubtful that Tyson’s 5 percent stake made much of dent(凹陷) in the meat giant’s coffers(金库). The company posted $41.4 billion in sales last year; prior to the deal with Tyson, Beyond Meat had reportedly raised $64 million in project capital funding—about what Tyson earns before lunch on any given day.⑤Tyson is doing pretty great. The company reported record third-quarter earnings per share in August and says that it expects overall meat production to increase 2 to 3 percent during the next financial year. But like a big oil company shelling out cash to invest in wind power, Tyson’s toe-in-the-water move to team up with a start-up devoted to bringing more plant-based protein to American dinner tables seems to suggest the meat industry is starting to see which way the winds are blowing.⑥Sales of plant-based protein, which totaled an estimated $5 billion last year, continue to pale compared with the market for meat in America—but vegetarian alternatives to meat are booming, with sales growing at more than double the rate for food products overall. The steady drumbeat of news about the negative health impacts, environmental problems, and animal welfare concerns associated with meat consumption appears to be sinking in. According to a survey released in April, more than half of Americans surveyed said they plan to eat more plant-based foods in the coming year.63. Beyond Meat’s veggie burger made headlines prob ably because __________.A. it makes perfect use of animal proteinB. it uses high tech in the making processC. it tastes as good as a genuine beef burgerD. it represents the diet trend in South California64. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the state of Beyond Meat?A. It is the creator of the country’s first 100 percent plant-based burgers.B. It has been well received as its products are available nationwide.C. It is far from being a match to real food processing giants like Tyson.D. It provides high-quality dining experience in selected Whole Foods stores.65. What can we infer from paragraph 4?A. The purchase of the stake barely costs a thing for Tyson.B. The 5 percent stake in Beyond Meat means a lot to Tyson.C. Tyson’s investment hasn’t caught the attention of the media as expected.D. Tyson is relying on this investment to raise more project capital funding.66. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. Meat will still take over the market in spite of other alternatives.B. A major American meat company is betting on plant-based protein.C. Tyson and Beyond Meat work together to build a global meat giant.D. Plants have been found to contain protein that does more good to human beings.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Would You B ully(欺负) a Driverless Car or Show It Respect?Say you’re driving down a two-way street and there’s a truck unloading a delivery in the opposite lane. The oncoming traffic needs to pull out into your lane to overtake.What do you do?___67___ Eventually one of us feels charitable and slows down to allow the oncoming car to overtake and give permission with a quick flash of headlights or a wave of the hand.But what if the car waiting patiently behind the parked truck is a driverless or autonomous vehicle (AV)? Will this robot car be able to understand what you mean when you flash your lights or wave your hands?Its sensors could decide that it’s only safe to overtake when there’s no oncoming traffic at all. On a busy road at school home time, this may be never, leading to increasingly angry drivers queuing behind. ___68___ This is one of the conclusions to be drawn from research carried out by Dr Chris Tennant of the psychological and behavioural science department at the London School of Economics.His Europe-wide survey finds that nearly two-thirds of drivers think machines won’t have enough common sense to interact with human drivers, and more than two-fifths think a robot car would remain stuck behind our assumed parked truck for a long time.Driving isn’t just about technology and engineering, it’s about human interactions and psychology. The road is a social space. ___69___ “If you view the road as a social space, you will consciously negotiate your journey with other drivers. People who like that negotiation process appear to feel less comfortable engaging with AVs than with human drivers,” says Mr Tennant in his report.___70___ A statistic often trotted out(动不动就搬出) is that human error is responsible for more than 90% of accidents, with our tendency to road anger, tiredness and lack of concentration.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Super Size MeFast food, otherwise known as junk food, is a huge passion for a large number of people across the Western world. But what would happen if you ate lots of junk food, every day? Would it seriously damage your health? These were the questions which led Morgan Spurlock, an independent film-maker, to do an experiment, which he made into a documentary film entitled Super Size Me.The main basis of his experiment was that Spurlock promised to eat three McDonald’s meals a day, every day, for a month. He could only eat food fr om McDonald’s and every time an employee asked if he would like to “super size” the meal, he had to agree. “Super sizing” refers to the fact that with this type of meal you get a considerable larger portion of everything.Spurlock knew that by eating thr ee McDonald’s meals a day, he would consume a lot of fat and a great deal of salt and sugar in each meal—much more than he needed. Although Spurlock knew he would put on a bit of weight, and that this diet was unhealthy, he wasn’t quite prepared for just h ow unhealthy it turned out to be. The changes in his body were horrifying in the first week, he put on 4.5 kilos and by the end of the thirty days he had gained nearly 14 kilos, bringing his total weight to a massive 98kg.Spurlock says “I’d love people to walk out of the movie and say, ’Next time I’m not going to “super size”. Maybe I’m not going have any junk food at all. I’m going to sit down and eat dinner with my kids, with the TV off, so that we can eat healthy food, talk about what we’re eating and have a relationship with each other.’” Food for thought indeed.第II卷（共40分）V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.这款手表不防水。

2017年上海市黄浦区中考物理模拟试卷（1）一、选择题（共16分）下列各题均只有一个正确选项，请将正确选项的代号用2B铅笔填涂在答题纸的相应位置上，更改答案时，用橡皮檫去，重新填涂．1．（2分）家用电能表上显示当前用电示数的单位是（）A．千瓦时B．千瓦/时 C．瓦秒D．瓦/秒2．（2分）首先通过实验测定了大气压强数值的科学家是（）A．帕斯卡B．托里拆利C．阿基米德D．牛顿3．（2分）下列原子模型按照建立的先后顺序排列正确的是（）A．①②③B．③②①C．②①③D．③①②4．（2分）额定功率最接近800瓦的是（）A．白炽灯B．电风扇C．洗衣机D．微波炉5．（2分）家庭电路中使用的用电器越多（）A．总电阻越大B．总电阻越小C．总电压越大D．总电压越小6．（2分）在图所示的电路中，将电流表A1，A2正确接入电路，闭合电键S，电路正常工作，各电表的示数均不为零，移动滑动变阻器R2的滑片P，电压表V 与电流表A1示数的比值不发生变化，电压表V与电流表A2示数的比值发生变化，则（）A．电流表A1一定测量通过R2的电流B．电流表A1可能测量通过R1和R2的电流C．电流表A2一定测量通过R2的电流D．电流表A2可能测量通过R1和R2的电流7．（2分）在图所示的电路中，电源电压保持不变，当电键S由断开到闭合时（）A．电压表的示数变小B．电压表的示数不变C．电流表的示数变小D．电流表的示数不变8．（2分）如果所示，甲、乙为两个实心均匀正方体，它们对水平地面的压力相等，现分别沿水平方向或竖直方向将两个正方体切去一部分，它们剩余部分对地面压强为p甲和p乙，下列判断正确的是（）A．若沿水平方向切去相同质量，p甲可能大于p乙B．若沿水平方向切去相同体积，p甲一定小于p乙C．若沿竖直方向切去相同质量，p甲可能大于p乙D．若沿竖直方向切去相同体积，p甲一定小于p乙二、填空题（满分26分）9．（3分）用电器与控制它的电键是的（选填“串联”或“并联”），它工作时将电能转化为能，其所消耗的电能是远方的发电站通过输电线输送至用电区的（选填“高压”或“低压”）．10．（3分）生活和生产中的很多物品都运用了物理学的知识，在图a中，金属锥的头部尖细锋利，是为了能产生很大的；在图b中，“乳牛自动喂水器”利用的是原理．在图c中新型材料“气凝胶”被称为“最轻材料”是因为其极小．11．（3分）原子中不带电的粒子是．在太阳系中，地球是星，宇航员在太空中通过把信息传输到地面指挥中心（选填“无线电波”或“声波”）．12．（3分）某导体两端电压6伏，10秒内通过该横截面的电荷量为2库，这段时间内电流做的功为焦，通过它的电流为安．当该导体两端电压变为12伏时，它的电阻为欧．13．（3分）在图中，重为4牛的金属块静止在水面下，弹簧测力计的示数为3牛，金属块受到浮力的大小为牛，方向．当剪断连接金属块与测力计的细线时，金属块所受合力将3牛（选填“大于”、“等于”或“小于”）．14．（2分）如图所示，置于水平地面上的实心均匀正方体甲、乙质量分别为2m 和m，边长分别为2a和a．它们对地面的压强之比为，实心均匀正方体丙、丁的密度和边长分别如表所示，若在丙或丁中选择一个叠放在甲或乙上方中央，使上方物体对下方物体的压强p与下方物体对地面的压强增加量△p的比值最大，应将．15．（4分）在图所示的电路中，电源电压保持不变，电阻R1，R2出现断路故障，闭合电键S后，①若三个电表中只有一个电表有示数，则有示数的电表是表，故障是．②若三个电表中只有一个电表的示数发生变化，则示数发生变化的电表是表，故障是．（电表均选填符号）16．（5分）小明和小华用相同的实验器材，验证电与磁的关系，实验过程分别如图所示．①小明：如图一根据小明的实验现象，可验证：周围存在磁场，且．②小华：如图二指出小华的实验验证过程中的不足之处（写两条）：Ⅰ．Ⅱ．．小华的实验过程中，小磁针静止时N极所指方向未发生改变的原因可能是．三、作图题（共6分）请将图直接画在答题纸的相应位置，作图题必须使用2B 铅笔．17．（3分）根据右图中通电螺线管的S极，标出磁感线方向、小磁针的N极，并在括号内标出电源的正、负极．18．（3分）在图中的○里填上适当的电表符号，使之成为并联电路图．四、计算题（共24分）请将计算过程和答案写入答题纸的相应位置．19．（4分）小球浸入水中，排开水的体积为1×10﹣3米3，求：小球受到的浮力F浮．20．（4分）标有“220V 100W”字样的用电器，正常工作5小时，求需用电多少度？21．（8分）在图a所示的电路中，电源电压为16伏且保持不变，电阻R1的阻值为10欧，滑动变阻器R2上标有“50Ω 2Α”字样．所用电压表的表盘如图b所示，闭合电键S后，电路中的电流为0.4安．求：①电压表V1的示数U1．②通电10秒，电流通过变阻器R2所做的功W2．③在各电路元件均安全工作的条件下，移动变阻器的滑片，电路中电流的最大变．化量△I最大22．（8分）如图所示，金属圆柱体甲的高度为d，底面积为S；薄壁圆柱形容器乙的底面积为2S，且足够高，其中盛有深度为H（H＞d）的液体，置于水平面上．①若甲的体积为1×10﹣3米3，密度为2×103千克/米3，求它的质量m．②若乙所受重力为G1，其中所装液体重为G2，求乙对水平面的压强p．③现将甲浸入乙的液体中，其下表面所处深度为h，求液体对甲下表面压强p甲的比值及其对应h的取值范围．与液体对乙底部压强p乙五、实验题（共18分）请根据要求在答题纸的相应位置作答．23．（4分）实验室中测量质量的仪器叫天平，将它放在水平桌面上，游码移到零刻度后，发现指针如图所示，此时应向移动，并通过观察指针是否对准分度盘的，判断天平横梁是否在水平位置平衡．24．（3分）如图所示的实验过程，可验证原理，其中“步骤B”的目的是：测出，若图中弹簧测力计的四个示数值F1，F2，F3，F4满足关系式时，则可以验证该原理．25．（5分）在“测定小灯泡的电功率”实验中，电源由两节新干电池组成，小灯泡标有“2V”字样，滑动变阻器标有“20Ω 1A”字样．①本实验的原理是．②请用笔画线代替导线，将图中食物电路正确连接完整，要求：闭合电键S前，移动变阻器的滑片P至左端时，变阻器连入电路的阻值最大．．③连接好电路，闭合电键，观察到灯泡L不发光，电压表示数为零，将电压表分别正确并联在AB，AC，AD两端，发现AB=U AC=0，U AD＞0，请判断，发生故障的是．④排除故障后，继续实验，测定灯泡L的额定功率，当移动变阻器的滑片P时，眼睛应先观察表的示数，然后读出另一个电表的示数．当灯泡L正常发光时，电流表的示数如图所示，则灯泡L的额定功率为瓦，此时变阻器接入电路中的电阻为欧．26．（16分）某小组同学研究盛有足够多液体的柱形容器在放入物体前、后（液体未溢出），容器对水平桌面的压力增加量△F容和液体对容器底部的压力增加量△F液的大小关系，他们先后将质量m物和体积V物不同的物体放入盛有酒精的柱形容器中，并测得△F容和△F液，相关数据见表一、表二．①分析比较试验序号 中的相关数据及相关条件，可得出的初步结论是：盛有足够多液体的柱形容器在放入物体前、后（液体未溢出），△F 容与V 物无关． ②分析比较表一或表二中m 物和△F 容的数据其相关条件，可得出的初步结论是：盛有足够多液体的柱形容器在放入物体前、后（液体未溢出）， ． ③请进一步分析比较表一、表二中的数据及相关条件，可得到的合理猜想是：盛有足够多液体的柱形容器在放入物体前、后（液体未溢出），当 时，△F容和△F 液的大小相等．请在表三中填入拟进行实验的数据及相关条件，以达到能结合表一、表二验证上述猜想．2017年上海市黄浦区中考物理模拟试卷（1）参考答案与试题解析一、选择题（共16分）下列各题均只有一个正确选项，请将正确选项的代号用2B铅笔填涂在答题纸的相应位置上，更改答案时，用橡皮檫去，重新填涂．1．（2分）家用电能表上显示当前用电示数的单位是（）A．千瓦时B．千瓦/时 C．瓦秒D．瓦/秒【解答】解：电能表是用来测量消耗电能多少的仪表，示数单位是kW•h，俗称“度”；故选A．2．（2分）首先通过实验测定了大气压强数值的科学家是（）A．帕斯卡B．托里拆利C．阿基米德D．牛顿【解答】解：A、帕斯卡发现了帕斯卡定律，研究了液体压强问题．不符合题意；B、历史上科学家托里拆利第一次测出了大气压值，为76cmHg．符合题意；C、阿基米德研究了物体受到的浮力与其排开液体重力的关系，得出了阿基米德原理．不符合题意；D、牛顿总结出来牛顿三定律、得出了万有引力定律．不符合题意．故选B．3．（2分）下列原子模型按照建立的先后顺序排列正确的是（）A．①②③B．③②①C．②①③D．③①②【解答】解：三种模型依次为②葡萄干蛋糕模型、①行星模型、③电子云模型，现在科学家普遍认为电子云模型能更好地解释我们观察到的有关电子的现象．故选C．4．（2分）额定功率最接近800瓦的是（）A．白炽灯B．电风扇C．洗衣机D．微波炉【解答】解：A、家庭用白炽灯大约40W左右，不符合题意；B、电风扇的额定功率约为60W左右，不符合题意；C、洗衣机的额定功率在400W左右，不符合题意；D、微波炉的额定功率约为800W，符合题意．故选D．5．（2分）家庭电路中使用的用电器越多（）A．总电阻越大B．总电阻越小C．总电压越大D．总电压越小【解答】解：因为家庭电路中各用电器是并联的，并且家庭电路电压为220V，因此家庭电路两端总电压不变；故CD错误；由并联电路特点知，并联电路总电阻的倒数等于各支路电阻倒数之和，并联电路支路越多，并联电路总阻值越小，故A错误，B正确．故选B．6．（2分）在图所示的电路中，将电流表A1，A2正确接入电路，闭合电键S，电路正常工作，各电表的示数均不为零，移动滑动变阻器R2的滑片P，电压表V 与电流表A1示数的比值不发生变化，电压表V与电流表A2示数的比值发生变化，则（）A．电流表A1一定测量通过R2的电流B．电流表A1可能测量通过R1和R2的电流C．电流表A2一定测量通过R2的电流D．电流表A2可能测量通过R1和R2的电流【解答】解：A、电流表A1如果测量通过R2的电流，必须与R2串联，当R2的滑片移动时，R2接入电路电阻变化，通过R2的电流相应变化，电流表示数变化，的比值发生变化．不符合题意；B、电流表A1如果测量通过R1和R2的电流，必须串联在干路中，当R2的滑片移动时，R2接入电路电阻变化，通过R2的电流相应变化；定值电阻两端电压和阻值不变，通过的电流不变，但干路电流发生变化，电流表示数变化，的比值发生变化．不符合题意；C、D、电流表A2如果测量通过R2的电流，必须与R2串联，当R2的滑片移动时，R2接入电路电阻变化，通过R2的电流相应变化，电流表示数变化，的比值发生变化．电流表A2如果测量通过R1和R2的电流，必须串联在干路中，当R2的滑片移动时，R2接入电路电阻变化，通过R2的电流相应变化；定值电阻两端电压和阻值不变，通过的电流不变，但干路电流发生变化，电流表示数变化，的比值发生变化．选项C不符合题意，选项D符合题意．故选D．7．（2分）在图所示的电路中，电源电压保持不变，当电键S由断开到闭合时（）A．电压表的示数变小B．电压表的示数不变C．电流表的示数变小D．电流表的示数不变【解答】解：当开关断开时，电阻和灯泡串联，电压表测量定值电阻两端电压，电流表测量总电流；当开关闭合时，电路中只有电阻，电流表和灯泡被短路，电流表示数变为零，即示数减小，电压表测量电源电压；因为串联电路两端电压等于各部分电压之和，所以电压表的示数变大．故选C．8．（2分）如果所示，甲、乙为两个实心均匀正方体，它们对水平地面的压力相等，现分别沿水平方向或竖直方向将两个正方体切去一部分，它们剩余部分对地面压强为p甲和p乙，下列判断正确的是（）A．若沿水平方向切去相同质量，p甲可能大于p乙B．若沿水平方向切去相同体积，p甲一定小于p乙C．若沿竖直方向切去相同质量，p甲可能大于p乙D．若沿竖直方向切去相同体积，p甲一定小于p乙【解答】解：已知它们对水平地面的压力相等，说明它们的重力相等，由p=可知，p甲＜p乙；两正方体的重力相等、质量相等，甲的体积大，由ρ=可知，甲的密度较小，即ρ甲＜ρ乙；A、若沿水平方向切去相同质量，则剩余部分的质量也相等，即剩余部分的重力相等；由图示可知，S甲＞S乙，由p=可知，p甲＜p乙，故A错误；B、若沿水平方向切去相同体积，由于甲的密度较小，所以甲切去部分的质量较小，则甲剩余部分的质量、重力较大，甲剩余部分对地面的压力较大，而甲的底面积较大，根据p=可知，甲、乙剩余部分的压强关系不能确定，故B错误；CD、沿竖直方向切去一部分，两物体仍然为柱体，柱体对水平面的压强为p=ρgL （L为柱体的高），无论沿竖直方向切去相同体积还是相同质量，柱体的密度、高度均不变，则它们的压强关系不变，还是p甲一定小于p乙，故C错误，D正确．故选D．二、填空题（满分26分）9．（3分）用电器与控制它的电键是串联的（选填“串联”或“并联”），它工作时将电能转化为其他形式的能，其所消耗的电能是远方的发电站通过高压输电线输送至用电区的（选填“高压”或“低压”）．【解答】解：①开关控制用电器时，用电器与控制它的电键是串联的．②用电器工作时，将电能转化为其他形式的能，比如白炽灯将电能转化为内能，电风扇将电能转化为机械能．③在输送功率一定时，电压越高，电流越小，输送过程中能量损失越小，所以从发电站到用电区采用高压输电．故答案为：串联；其他形式的；高压．10．（3分）生活和生产中的很多物品都运用了物理学的知识，在图a中，金属锥的头部尖细锋利，是为了能产生很大的压强；在图b中，“乳牛自动喂水器”利用的是连通器原理．在图c中新型材料“气凝胶”被称为“最轻材料”是因为其密度极小．【解答】解：增大压强的方法有增大压力和减少受力面积．在图（a）中，金属锥的头部尖细锋利，是利用减小受力面积的方法增大压强；上端开口，下部相连通的容器叫连通器；连通器内的液体不流动时，各容器中的液面就是相平的．茶壶、锅炉水位计、乳牛自动喂水器等都是利用连通器原理制成的．在图c中新型材料“气凝胶”被称为“最轻材料”是因为其密度极小．故答案为：压强；连通器；密度．11．（3分）原子中不带电的粒子是中子．在太阳系中，地球是行星，宇航员在太空中通过无线电波把信息传输到地面指挥中心（选填“无线电波”或“声波”）．【解答】解：（1）在原子中，质子带正电，电子带负电，原子核带正电是由于质子带正电，而中子不带电．（2）太阳系中有八大行星：水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星，地球是太阳系中的一颗行星．（3）太空中的信息是通过无线电波把信息传递到地面指挥中心．故答案为：中子；行；无线电波．12．（3分）某导体两端电压6伏，10秒内通过该横截面的电荷量为2库，这段时间内电流做的功为12焦，通过它的电流为0.2安．当该导体两端电压变为12伏时，它的电阻为30欧．【解答】解：通电时间t=10s，通过导体的电荷量Q=2C，通过该导体的电流：I===0.2A，电流做的功：W=UIt=6V×0.2A×10s=12J由I=可得，导体的电阻：R===30Ω，电阻是导体的一种属性，不随两端电压变化，所以电压变为12V时，导体的电阻仍为30Ω．故答案为：12；0.2；30．13．（3分）在图中，重为4牛的金属块静止在水面下，弹簧测力计的示数为3牛，金属块受到浮力的大小为1牛，方向竖直向上．当剪断连接金属块与测力计的细线时，金属块所受合力将等于3牛（选填“大于”、“等于”或“小于”）．【解答】解：（1）由题意可知，金属块的重力为4N，金属块浸没在水中弹簧测力计的示数为3N；金属块在水中受到水的浮力：F浮=G﹣F示=4N﹣3N=1N，浮力的方向是竖直向上的；（2）当重为4N的金属块静止在水面下，弹簧测力计的示数为3N，由于金属块静止，所以金属块受到的合力为零；当剪断连接金属块与测力计的细线时，金属块受到合力的大小等于弹簧测力计的示数，即大小为3N，方向竖直向下．故答案为：1；竖直向上；等于．14．（2分）如图所示，置于水平地面上的实心均匀正方体甲、乙质量分别为2m 和m，边长分别为2a和a．它们对地面的压强之比为1：2，实心均匀正方体丙、丁的密度和边长分别如表所示，若在丙或丁中选择一个叠放在甲或乙上方中央，使上方物体对下方物体的压强p与下方物体对地面的压强增加量△p的比值最大，应将丁叠放在甲上方中央．【解答】解：（1）由于物体置于水平地面上，所以对地面的压力：F甲=G甲=m甲g=2mg，F乙=G乙=m乙g=mg，而受力面积：S甲=（2a）2=4a2，S乙=a2，对地面的压强：p甲===，p乙==，所以：p甲：p乙=：1：2；（2）由G=mg和ρ=得丙丁的重力：G丙=m丙g=ρ丙V丙g=ρ×（2a）3g=8ρa3g，G丁g=m丁g=ρ丁V丁g=3ρ×a3g=3ρa3g，在丙或丁种选择一个叠放在甲或乙上方中央，为了使上方物体对下方物体的压强p与下方物体对地面的压强增加量△p的比值最大，则要求p最大、△p最小，共有四种方法：第一种情况：p1====2ρag，△p1====2ρag，==1；第二种情况：p2====3ρag，△p2====ρag，==4；第三种情况：p3====8ρag，△p3====8ρag，==1；第四种情况：p4====3ρag，△p4====3ρag，==1；可见，第二种情况的比值最大，即将丁叠放在甲上方中央．故答案为：1：2；丁叠放在甲上方中央．15．（4分）在图所示的电路中，电源电压保持不变，电阻R1，R2出现断路故障，闭合电键S后，①若三个电表中只有一个电表有示数，则有示数的电表是V表，故障是R1、R2均断路．②若三个电表中只有一个电表的示数发生变化，则示数发生变化的电表是A1表，故障是R2断路．（电表均选填符号）【解答】解：当闭合电键S后，电阻R1和R2并联，电键S控制R1所在的支路，电压表测量电源电压，电流表A1测量的是干路电流，电流表A2测量的是R2支路上的电流；当电阻R1断路时，电路为R2的基本电路，则电流表A2示数不变；由于并联电路中，干路电流等于各支路电流之和，所以电流表A1示数变小，电压表测量电源电压，故电压表示数始终不变．当R2断路时，电压表测量电源电压，故示数不变，电流表A2的示数零；电流表A1测量通过R1支路电流，由于并联电路中，干路电流等于各支路电流之和，所以电流表A1示数变小；当电阻R1、R2均断路时，电流表A1、电流表A2的示数始终为零，电压表测量电源电压，故示数不变．根据上述分析可知：①三个电表中只有一个电表有示数，则有示数的电表是电压表，并且故障为R1、R2均断路；②三个电表中只有一个电表的示数发生变化，则示数发生变化的电表是A1表，故障是R2断路．故答案为：①V；R1、R2均断路；②A1；R2断路．16．（5分）小明和小华用相同的实验器材，验证电与磁的关系，实验过程分别如图所示．①小明：如图一根据小明的实验现象，可验证：通电导体周围存在磁场，且磁场方向与电流方向有关．②小华：如图二指出小华的实验验证过程中的不足之处（写两条）：Ⅰ．只有一只小磁针，现象具有片面性Ⅱ．没有改变电流的方向，实验探究不完整．小华的实验过程中，小磁针静止时N极所指方向未发生改变的原因可能是小磁针所放的位置的磁场方向与地磁场方向恰好一致．【解答】解：①如图一所示，导体中没有电流通过时，小磁针偏转方向不变，当有电流通过时，小磁针发生偏转，当电流方向改变时，小磁针方向也改变．故可验证：通电导体周围存在磁场，且磁场方向与电流方向有关．②如图二所示，实验中只放了一只小磁针，且没有改变电流的方向进行多次探究，因此，实验的结论具有片面性，探究过程也不完整，甚至得出的结论有可能是错误的．读图可知，小华的实验过程中，小磁针静止时N极所指方向未发生改变，造成这一现象的原因是小磁针所放的位置的磁场方向与地磁场方向恰好一致．故答案为：①通电导体；磁场方向与电流方向有关；②只有一只小磁针，现象具有片面性；没有改变电流的方向，实验探究不完整；小磁针所放的位置的磁场方向与地磁场方向恰好一致．三、作图题（共6分）请将图直接画在答题纸的相应位置，作图题必须使用2B 铅笔．17．（3分）根据右图中通电螺线管的S极，标出磁感线方向、小磁针的N极，并在括号内标出电源的正、负极．【解答】解：（1）螺线管的右端为S极，则其左端为N极，在磁体周围磁感线从N极出发回到S极，由此可以确定磁感线的方向是向右的．（2）根据磁极间的作用规律可知，小磁针靠近螺线管的S极的一端是小磁针的N极．（3）螺线管的左端为N极，结合螺线管的线圈绕向，利用安培定则可以确定螺线管中的电流方向是从螺线管的右端流入，左端流出；在电源的外部，电流从电源的正极流出，回到电源负极，所以电源的右端为正极，左端为负极．答案如下图所示：18．（3分）在图中的○里填上适当的电表符号，使之成为并联电路图．【解答】解：要使两灯并联，从电源正极流出的电流应分别流入电阻，下边的“○”中应填入电流表，中间“○”中不能有电流通过，故为电压表，上边的“○”中应填入电流表，这样电流就分别经过电阻R1和R2，流过两电阻的电流应汇合共同流回负极，则见下图：四、计算题（共24分）请将计算过程和答案写入答题纸的相应位置．19．（4分）小球浸入水中，排开水的体积为1×10﹣3米3，求：小球受到的浮力F浮．【解答】解：F浮=ρ液gV排=1.0×103千克/米3×9.8牛/千克×1×10﹣3米3=9.8牛．答：小球受到的浮力为9.8牛．20．（4分）标有“220V 100W”字样的用电器，正常工作5小时，求需用电多少度？【解答】解：由P=可得，灯泡消耗的电能为W=Pt=0.1kW×5h=0.5kW•h=0.5度．答：需用电0.5度．21．（8分）在图a所示的电路中，电源电压为16伏且保持不变，电阻R1的阻值为10欧，滑动变阻器R2上标有“50Ω 2Α”字样．所用电压表的表盘如图b所示，闭合电键S后，电路中的电流为0.4安．求：①电压表V1的示数U1．②通电10秒，电流通过变阻器R2所做的功W2．③在各电路元件均安全工作的条件下，移动变阻器的滑片，电路中电流的最大变．化量△I最大【解答】解：①由图示电路图可知，两电阻串联，电压表V1测R1两端电压，电压表V2测R2两端电压，由I=可知，电压表V1的示数：U1=IR1=0.4A×10Ω=4V；②电阻R2两端电压：U2=U﹣U1=16V﹣4V=12V，通电10秒，电流通过变阻器R2所做的功：W2=U2It=12V×0.4A×10s=48J；③由图示电压表可知，最大量程为0～15V，则R1两端最大电压为15V，电路最大电流：I max===1.5A，当滑动变阻器阻值全部接入电路时，电路电流最小：I min==≈0.27A，电路中电流的最大变化量△I最大=I max﹣I min=1.5A﹣0.27A=1.23A；答：①电压表V1的示数U1为4V．②通电10秒，电流通过变阻器R2所做的功W2为48J．③在各电路元件均安全工作的条件下，移动变阻器的滑片，电路中电流的最大变化量△I最大为1.23A．22．（8分）如图所示，金属圆柱体甲的高度为d，底面积为S；薄壁圆柱形容器乙的底面积为2S，且足够高，其中盛有深度为H（H＞d）的液体，置于水平面上．①若甲的体积为1×10﹣3米3，密度为2×103千克/米3，求它的质量m．②若乙所受重力为G1，其中所装液体重为G2，求乙对水平面的压强p．③现将甲浸入乙的液体中，其下表面所处深度为h，求液体对甲下表面压强p甲与液体对乙底部压强p乙的比值及其对应h的取值范围．【解答】解：①由ρ=可得：m甲=ρ金属V甲=2.0×103kg/m3×2×10﹣3m3=2kg；②乙对水平面的压力F=G乙+G液=G1+G2，对水平面产生的压强：p==．③h≤d时，液体对甲下表面压强p甲底=ρgh；液体对乙底部压强p容底=ρg（H+），==；当h＞d时，液体对甲下表面压强p甲底=ρgh；。