《英语国家概况》-_Chapter_5_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_British_Empire

第五章The Rise and Fall of the British Empire （1688-1990）⼤英帝国的兴衰I. Whigs and Tories辉格党⼈和托利党⼈These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution （1688）。

这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣⾰命。

The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.辉格党⼈是指那些反对绝对王权，⽀持新教徒宗教⾃由权利的⼈。

辉格党⼈在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党⼈组盟组成⾃由党。

The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利党⼈是指那些⽀持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的⼈。

托利党是保守党的前⾝。

I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century18世纪末的农业⾰命During the late 18th and early 19th centuries， the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results：18世纪末、19世纪初的农业⾰命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的“开放⽥地”制结束。

英语国家概况课后答案英语国家概况课后答案【篇一：英语国家概况课程习题(附答案)】>英语国家概况（1）模拟试题1i. fill in the blanks:1. britain consists of _4___ nations, includingengland,_scotland____,_wales______ and northern ireland______.2. the anglo-saxons began to settle in britain in __5th______ century.3. the capital of britain is ___london___ which has great influence on the uk inall fields including______government_, _finance______ and __culture_____4. the capital of scotland is _edinburgh_____, which is well-known for itsnatural5. _egbert______, the ancestor of the present queen, elizabeth 11, united englandunder his rule in 829.6. in britain, the official head of state is the queen_______ while the real centre ofpolitical life is in the house of commoms______7. the british constitution consists of _statute law______,__common law_____,and ___conventions____.8. the most important function of the parliament is to ___pass laws____._______,9. strictly speaking, the parliament today consists of thequeen _______, thehouse of lords_______and the house of commons_______.10. life peers should be nominated by _the primeminister______ and appointedby _the sovereign______.11. the uk is divided into __651_____ constituencies with each of themrepresented by a member in _the parliment________12. the party which wins the majority seats in parliament forms _thegoverment______and its party leader becomes _primeminister________13. normally, a government can be in power for __5_____ years, and then it has toresign and hold a general election.14. there are three major parties in the uk: _theconservative__party____ theliberal anddemocratic party_______ and thelabourparty_______.15. from 1979 to 1997, ___the _conservatuve party___ won 4 consecutiveelections and was in power for quite a long time.16. the two oldest universities in britain are__cambridge_____ and_oxford______.17. australia, as the worlds _smallest______ continent and .largest_______island, has a population which is__small_____ in relation to its size.18. geologically, australia can be divided into three parts: _the easternhighlands______ , which is also know as the_great dividingrange______ , and which runs almost parallel to the eastern coast from northern queens land to southern tasmania; the central eaetern lowlands_______, which extends from the gulf of carpentries in the north to _easternsoutharstralia______ and the western victorian coast; and the great western plateau, which covers most of western australia_______, much of the northern territory_______ and south australia, and part of __western queenlands_____.19. new zealand is in the ____south-west pacific___ ocean.___australia____ is itsnearest neighbour. the __north island_____ and the __south island_____ are its two main land masses. they are separated by __cook strait_____20. the head of state of new zealand is _queen elizabeth2______. she isrepresented in new zealand by a __covernor-general_____ whose most important task is to call upon the leader of the _majority_party_____ to form a government after an election.21. columbus discovered the new world in the year of_1492_______22. the first permanent settlement in north america was established in todaysvirginia_______ in the year of ___1607____23. a federal system is one in which _power______ is shared between __a centralauthority_____andits constituent parts _______with some rights reserved to each.24. the u.s. federal government consists of the following three branches: theexecutive_______, __the legislative_____ and __thejudiciary_____25. the congress is divided into the house ofrepresentatives_______ with_435______ members who serve two-year terms, _thesenate_______ with_100_ lawmakers who serve six-year terms.26. groups who try to persuade congressmen to vote for or against a bill are knownas __lobbies_____27. the supreme court is composed of _one______ chief justice and 8~ associatejustices.28. wasp, stands for _white anglo saxon__protesant____.29. in area, canada is the _second_______ country on earth.30. canada consists of ___10_______ provinces and____3____territories. 第一卷选择题答案bdacabbcdd acbcbadaca baaba dccbc bbdad bcdcc bdabb d 【篇二：英语国家概况答案】it 1Ⅰ.read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are true orfalse.1. the island of great britain is geographically divided into three parts: england, scotlandand wales. (t)英伦三岛包括英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

第四章 Transition to the modern Age 1 The Wars of the Roses broke out shortly after_______.A the Black DeathB the Watt Tyler's UprisingC the Hundred Year's WarD the Glorious Revolution 答案：C 2 In the reform of the Church Henry VIII dissolved all of England's monasteries and nunneries because they were much more loyal to _________then to their English kings.A. the PopeB. Jesus ChristC. Roman CatholicD. the bishops 答案：A 3 Thanks to Mary， Protestantism and _________ were now forever synonymous in Britain.A. CatholicismB. prosecutionC. the Reformation D nationalism 答案：D 4 For nearly thirty year， Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers at the time，_________， and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict.A. Spain and GermanyB. France and SpainC. Spain and DenmarkD. France and Italy 答案：B 5 _________was regarded as the second Magna Carta.A. The Petition of RightB. The Provision of OxfordC. The Grand RemonstranceD. The Militia Bill 答案：A 6 The Renaissance began in north ______in the early ______century.A. France；14thB. Italy； 16thC. Italy； 14thD. England； 14th 答案：C 7 In December 1653， by an Instrument of Government， Oliver Gromwell became _______of the Commonwealth of England.A. Prime MinisterB. KingC. Lord ProtectorD. Emperor 答案：C 8.In foreign affairs. Henry VIII was aided by ________ ， Archbishop and Lord Chancellor.A. Thomas MoreB. Thomas BecketC. Thomas WolseyD. Martin Luther 答案：C 9 The Armada was defeated by England in ________.A. 1587B. 1588C. 1558D. 1540 答案：B 10 After the Glorious Revolution came the Age of ______ ， a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament.A. the CommonwealthB. the Federal RepublicC. the Constitutional MonarchyD. the special monarchy 答案：C 11 Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years， ordinary people were _______affectedand went about their business as usual.A. littleB. a littleC. muchD. greatly 答案： A 12 It was during the reign of ______， the name Great Britain came into being in 1707.A. Elizabeth IB. Henry VIII.C. Charles ID. Anne 答案：D 13 The last battle of the Wars of Roses was at ______in 1458.A. HastingsB. Bosworth FieldC. NasebyD. Oxford 答案：B ⼀句话解释： 1 What was Queen Mary know as？ 答：She was known as “ Bloody Mary”。

名词解释：1.the dominant American cultureThe dominant American culture is English-speaking, Western European, Protestant and middle-class in character, with the basic cultural values as freedom, equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living.美国的主流文化是讲英语的、西欧的、新教的和中产阶级的，他们的基本文化价值观是自由、平等和渴望为更高水平的生活而努力工作。

2.the Bill of Rights in 1791 (USA)When the constitution was first drawn up in 1787, nothing was mentioned about the rights of individuals. Then, in 1791, the first10 amendments, the well-known Bill of Rights, were created, toguarantee citizens of America specific individual rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech and press and so on.1787宪法第一次起草时，没有提到个人的权利。

然后，在1791，最初的10项修正案，即著名的权利法案成立，以保障美国公民的具体个人权利和自由，如言论自由和新闻自由等。

3.the implication of “melting pot”and “salad bowl”In the early years the United States is often called a “melting pot”for that various racial and ethnic groups are assimilated into the American culture. However, it is regarded as a “salad bowl”nowadays which means that immigrants of different backgrounds mix harmoniously while at the same time keep their distinct culture and customs.在早期，美国经常被称为“熔炉”，因为各种种族和族裔群体都被同化到美国文化中。

英国概况1. Land and People 国土与人民Different names for Britain and its parts 英国的不同名称及其区域正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

简称：联合王国，或UK。

首都伦敦。

它包括不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。

不列颠诸岛：包括不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛和几百个小岛。

爱尔兰岛：岛的北部地区，即北爱尔兰属于联合王国；岛的南部地区，称为爱尔兰共和国或爱尔兰，1949年独立，首都是都柏林。

三个政治区域：英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士。

由于帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国。

两次世界大战后，其殖民地不断独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦取代。

英联邦：是由原英国殖民地组成的一个自由联合体，各独立成员国间，根据贸易协议实行经济合作。

英联邦没有特别的权力，目前有50个成员国。

2. Origins of the Nation 英国的起源Arrival and settlement of the Celts 凯尔特人的到来和迁居自公元前700年不断迁入，来自东欧及中欧，即现在的法国，比利时和德国南部。

三次入侵高潮：第一次是公元前600年，盖尔人。

第二次是公元前400年，布立吞（不列颠）人。

第三次是公元前150年，贝尔盖人。

强大的酋长卡西弗洛诺斯，莎士比亚剧本中的辛白林。

技艺：农耕，沼泽地排水，修建房屋，铁匠。

后裔：山地苏格兰人，爱尔兰人，威尔士人。

语言：是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础。

宗教：德鲁伊德教。

德鲁伊德指智者，占星家和占卜者。

采用活人祭祀。

Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons 现代英格兰民族的基础：盎格鲁--撒克逊人三支日尔曼（条顿）部落的入侵：朱特人：来自朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）。

酋长亨及斯特和霍塞，帮助肯特国王伏泰根驱逐皮克特人和苏格兰人后，转而攻击伏泰根，最终亨及斯特成为肯特国王。

撒尔逊人：来自德国北部。

建立了埃塞克斯，苏塞克斯，威塞克斯。

英语国家概况复习笔记Chapter 1 Land and People 英国的国土与人民Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰.2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands—Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛［大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛］及成千上万个小岛组成.4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政区:英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士.①England is in the southern part of Great Britain.It is the largest, most populous section. 位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区.②Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh. 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区：北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府：爱丁堡.③Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部.首府：加的夫④Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府：贝尔法斯特5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading agreements.The Commonwealth has no special powers.The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英联邦是一个自由联合体,由曾是英国殖民地而现在已经独立的国家构成.成员国之间实行经济合作,有一定的贸易协议.英联邦没有特别的权利,是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定.它成立于1931年,到1991年止已有50个成员国.Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066) 英国的起源1.Arrival and settlement of the Celts At about 700 BC the Celts began to arrive in Britain and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.They may come originally from eastern and central Europe,now France,Belgium and southern Germany.约公元前700年,凯尔特人来到不列颠岛并一直陆续到来直到罗马人的入侵.他们可能源自东欧和中欧,即现在的法国,比利时和德国南部. They came in three main waves:the Gaels~about 600 BC;the Brythons~about 400 BC;the Belgae~about 150 BC.凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮:第一次是约公元前600年的盖尔人;第二次是约公元前400年的布立吞人;第三次是约公元前150年的贝尔盖人. The Celtic tribes are the ancestors of the Highland Scots,the Irish and the Welsh,and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic.凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人,爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先,他们的语言是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础. The Celts’ religion was Druidism. 凯尔特人的宗教为德鲁伊德教. The Belgae were the most industrious and vigorous of the Celtic tribes.贝尔盖人是最勤奋,最精力充沛的. The Celts were practised farmers. 凯尔特人是有经验的农民.2.Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons现代英国人的基础:盎格鲁—萨克逊(446-871) In the mid-5th century Jutes,Saxons, and Angles came to Britain.They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jutes,who fished and farmed in Jutland(now southern Denmark),came to Britain first.Then the Saxons came.They came from northern Germany,established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex. In the second half of the 6th century,the Angles who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. 五世纪中叶,朱特人,撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到不列颠岛.这是三支日耳曼部落.居住在朱特兰岛(现丹麦南部)从事打渔农耕的朱特人先到达不列颠;接着是撒克逊人,他们来自德国北部,在埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国;六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部把自己名字给了英国人的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚,麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居.Heptarchy:During the Anglo-Saxon’s time,Britain was divided into many kingdoms,among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.They were given the name for Heptarchy. 在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,英国被划分为许多王国,其中有七个主要王国:肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚和诺森伯利来.他们被合称为七王国.The Anglo-Saxon tribes were constantly at war with one another,each trying to get the upper hand,so that the kingdoms were often broken up and often pieced together again. 盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间不断交战,彼此都想占上风,因此王国总是分了合,合了又分The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. 盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国.Although the Anglo-Saxons were ferocious people,they laid the foundations of the English state.Firstly,they divided the country into shires;Secondly,they devised the narrow-strip,three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century;Thirdly,they also established the manorial system.Finally,they created the Witan(council/meeting of wisemen)to advise the king,the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 虽然盎格鲁-撒克逊人是凶猛的民族,但他们为英国国家的形成打下了基础.首先他们把国家划分为郡;其次他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪;他们还建立了采邑制;最后他们还创立了议会(贤人会议),向国王提供建议,这是现存的枢密院基础.3.The Viking and Danish invasions The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.The Danes gained control of the north and east of England—the Danelaw.从8世纪末起,挪威海盗和丹麦人就不断袭击英格兰各地方.丹麦人控制英格兰北部和东部丹麦法区. After Alfred’s death,his s uccessors reconquered the Danelaw.King Ethelred the Unready tried paying the invaders to stay away.But the Danes didn’t go away but invade again. 亚尔弗雷德死后,他的继任者们重新征服了丹麦地区."未准备好者"埃塞尔雷德国王进贡给丹麦人以免被侵略,但丹麦人又再度进犯. After Ethelred’s death,Canute,the Danish leader was made English king in 1016.He proved to be a wise ruler.After his death in 1035,his sons Harold and Hardicanute reigned successively.After Hardicanute’s death the succession passed to the successor Edward the Confessor. 埃塞尔雷德死后,丹麦首领喀奴特在1016年成为了英国国王.他是位英明的通知者.1035年他死后,他的儿子哈罗德和哈迪喀奴特先后统治王国.哈迪喀奴特死后,王位传给了"忏悔者"爱德华.4.King Alfred and his contributions亚尔弗雷德国王和他所做出的贡献(849-899) ①Alfred was the king of Wessex and defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879亚尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王.他打败了丹麦人,并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议;②He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy”他因为建立了强大舰队,而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世;③He reorganized the Saxon army,making it more efficient他改组了撒克逊军队,使之更为高效;④He is said to have taught himself Latin and translated a Latin book into English据说他自学了拉丁语并将一本拉丁语书译成英语⑤He encouraged learning in others,established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great”他鼓励向他人求知并修建学校,并且制订法律制度.5.The Norman Conquest and its consequences诺曼征服及其影响(1066) It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, William defeated Harold in the battle of Hastings.On Christmas Day William was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey. 爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉,但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王.公元1066年10月,在哈斯丁斯战役中威廉打败了哈罗德军队.圣诞节这天在威斯敏斯特大教堂,威廉被加冕为英格兰国王. The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government.The Norman Conquest ended the English history of being invaded, the feudal system was completely established in England . Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced.The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 公元1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件.征服者威廉没收了几乎所有土地,将其分发给他的诺曼追随者.他用强大的诺曼政府取代软弱的撒克逊人统治.诺曼征服结束了被侵略的英国历史,英格兰完全确立了封建制度:扩展了与欧洲大陆的关系;文明和商业都得到发展;引进了诺曼—法国文化、语言、举止和建筑.教会与罗马的联系更为密切,教会法庭从世俗法庭中单独分离出来.Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation 英国的形成（公元1066-1381）1.England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William,the feudal system in England was completely established在威廉统治下,英国的封建制度得到完全确立;②In this system,the King owned all the land personally根据此制度,国王拥有全国所有土地;③William gave his barons large estate s in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族,条件是贵族保证服役和交租;④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country,so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king贵族的这些地产分散于各处,这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王;⑤The barons parceled out his land to the lesser nobles,knights and freemen,also in return for goods and services贵族又把土地分配给小贵族,骑士和自由民,同样要他们交租和服役;⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs在封建等级底层的是农奴;⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance,not only to their immediate lord,but also to the king英国封建制独有的特色就是,无论是土地承租人还是二佃户,都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主,而且要效忠于国王.William replaced the Witan with the Grand Council. 威廉用大议会取代了贤人会议. In order to have a reliable record of all his lands,his tenants and their possessions,William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book,which was completed in 1086. 为了使所有的土地,佃户和他们的财产记录可靠,威廉派官员编了一本财产清册,称为«末日审判书»2.Contents and the significance of the Great Charter«大宪章»的内容及意义Also known as the Magna Carta,Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons.«大宪章»是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的. It consists of 63 clauses. Its important provisions are as follows«大宪章»共有63条:①no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council没有大议会批准不得征税;②no freeman should be arrested,imprisoned,or deprived of his property except by the law of the land除依照法律,不得随意逮捕,拘禁自由民,不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产;③the Church should possess all its rights,together with freedom of elections教会拥有的权利和选举自由不受侵犯;④London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges伦敦和其它城市应保留其古老的权利和特权;⑤there should be the same weight and measures throughout the country全国应统一度量衡. Although the Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties,it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons,a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king.The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king,keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.尽管长期普遍认为«大宪章»是英国自由的基础,但它只是国王与贵族之间的封建与法律关系,保证教会的自由,限制国王的权力.«大宪章»的精神是限制王权,置王权于封建法律的约束下.3.The origins of the English Parliament英国议会的起源In 1258,the barons,under Simon de Montfort,forced Henry Ⅲand his son Prince Edward to swear to accept the Provisions of ter,Henry refused to confirm to the Provisions of Oxford,thus a civil war brake out between the king’s suppor ters and the baronial army led by Simon de Montfort. 1258年,贵族们在西蒙•德•孟福尔的领导下迫使国王和他的儿子爱德华王子宣誓接受"牛津协定".亨利拒绝批准牛津协定,国王的支持者和西蒙•德•孟福尔领导的封建主组成的军队之间爆发了内战.The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265,Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council,together with two knights from each country and two citizens from each town.,a meeting which has seen as the earliest parliament.It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Common as a parliament. 大议会是当今英国议会的原型.1265年,西门德孟福尔召开大议会,各县有两名骑士,各镇有两名市民参加,此次会议被看作是最早的议会.大议会发展到后来演变成议会.分为上议院和下议院Its main role was to offer advice,not to make decisions.There were still no elections,no parties,and the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. 其作用是咨询而非决定,也没有选举和政党.议会的最重要的部分是上议院4.The Hundred Years' War with France and its consequences百年战争及其结果When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize,the war broke out. 爱德华三世宣布要继承法国王位,但法国人民拒绝承认,于是引发了百年战争. The Hundred Years’ War with France refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453.The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine,while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争.战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素.领土起因尤其是与英国国王拥有法国阿奎丹大片的公爵领地有密切关系,随着法国国王势力日增,他们日益渴望占领这片从他们领土内被分割出去的土地.经济原因则与弗兰德斯有关.弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口地,但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王.其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国帮助苏格兰人,以及不断觉醒的民族意识.When the war ended,Calais was the only part of France that still in the hands of English. 战争结束的时候只有加来港还被英军占领.Consequences:The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries:had they remained,the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered the development of a separate English national identity,while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. 战争的结果:把英国人赶出了法国对两个国家都是幸事:若英国人继续留在法国,那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍英国作为一个独立民族的发展;而法国如被外国势力占领了大量的领土,其民族特性的发展也要长期受阻.HenryⅤrenewed the war in 1415 and won a crushing victory at Argencourt.He was recognized to the French throne in 1420.After his death,the French,encouraged by Joan of Arc,finally drove the English out of France. 亨利五世在1415年重新发动战争.在阿根科特战役中大胜.他在1420年成为法国国王.亨利死后,法国人民在圣女贞德的鼓舞下,最终把英军驱逐出法国.5.Consequences of the Black Death黑死病的影响The Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century.It swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning and,most importantly,without any cure.It reduced England’s population from four million to two million(about one half and one third of the population was killed) by the end of the 14th century. 黑死病是现代名称,指老鼠身上的跳蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫引起的传染性疾病.14世纪传播了到欧洲.1348年夏天横扫全英国,事先毫无预兆,而更重要的是无药可救.英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万. The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching.As a result of the plague,much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of ndowners tended to change from arable to sheep-farming,which required less labour.The surviving peasants had better bargainning power and were in a position to change their serfdom into paid labour.So some landlords,unable or unwilling to pay higher wages,tried to force peasants back into serfdom.In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace. 黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远.鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏.地主只得把耕地改成对人力需求较少的牧场.幸存的农民处于有利的可以讨价还价的地位,他们从农奴变为雇佣劳动力。

英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

Chapter 1 The Land and History英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。

面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。

英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。

受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。

公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。

随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。

公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。

罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。

到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。

1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。

不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。

1688年，“光荣革命”爆发，确立了君主立宪制。

18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。

19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。

到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。

第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。

随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。

I. General IntroductionMap of British Isles1. Location and the Four NationsThe full name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the English Channel. Geographically, it is an island country, covering an area of about 244,019 km2, and consists of Great Britain and northeastern part of Ireland, together with many small islands of British Isles.Great Britain accounts for over 90% of the country’s tota l landmass. It is the largest island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe with England, Scotland and Wales on it. Ireland is the second largest island of British Isles located to the northwest of Great Britain. It is divided into two parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (an independent country).England is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. The total area of England is 130,410 km2 with a population of around 53.9 million (Mid-2013 estimated), which covers more than 84% of the total UK population. It is the most populous and highly urbanized part of the UK. London, the capital of the UK and England, as well as the seat of government, is located in its southeastern part.Scotland is the second largest and most mountainous part of the UK in the north of Great Britain. Compared with that of England, the population density is quite low. There are only 5.3 million people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinburgh, its largest city, is the capital of Scotland. Scotland is famous for its beautiful natural scenery, such as Scottish Highlands1and Loch Ness2, as well as many historical places, like the Edinburgh Castles.Wales is on the western side of central southern Great Britain. The total area of Wales is 20,779 km2, which accounts for 1/4 parts of the UK. It is also a mountainous part of Great Britain, particularly in the north and central regions. The southeast region is the most built up region of Wales, and the majority of its population live there and a large proportion of its industry is based there. Its capital city, Cardiff, is also in this region.Northern Ireland lies in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering14,139 km2, which constitutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smallest part among the four nations of the UK, as well as the second sparsely populated part after Scotland. The capital is Belfast, the largest city in Northern Ireland both in population and in area. It is the center for government, economic, arts, higher education, business, law of Northern Ireland. Additionally, it is the birthplace of Titanic, and voted one of the world’s top destinations.2. ClimateThe overall climate in the UK is temperate maritime, which means that it is mild with temperatures neither much lower than 0℃in winter nor much higher 32℃in summer. Generally, the UK has warm summers and cool winters, with July and August as the warmest month, and January and February as the coldest. However, due to the influence of Gulf Stream3, the summers are cooler than those in continent while the winters are milder. Normally, the temperature in summer is around 20℃，with the high rarely going above 30℃. The average temperature in winter is around 0℃and seldom go below -10℃even in the most northern part of the country.Meanwhile, since Britain is an island country and surrounded by the sea, the climate is considerably changeable compared with other countries. Since the variable climate changing day to day, it is hard for people to predict what the weather will be like the next day. Additionally, the unique geographical position is also the reason for the dampness of the climate. The rainfall is fairly distributed throughout the year. Although it does not rain every day, it is always advisable for people to bring an umbrella or waterproof clothing every day.II. History1. The Founding of the NationThe recorded history of the UK begins with the Roman invasion in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britain was twice invaded by Julius Caesar and his Roman troops. However, it was not until 43AD that the Roman led by Claudius I finally successfully invaded and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The native Celtic were driven to the mountain regions of Scotland and Wales, which remained unconquered by the Romans.The Romans have great impact on many aspects of the British culture. The Roman civilization was introduced to the Britain during this period. For example, Roman style baths and temples were built, cities like London and towns were constructed, and the system of government was also introduced. With the decline of the Roman Empire, when the Germanic troops attacked Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdraw in order to protect their own nation, which led to the end of Roman occupation.After the leave of the Romans, three groups of Germanic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britain from the European continent in the mid-4th century. They conquered different regions of Britain:1Scottish Highlands：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。