水果英文介绍大全[修订]

水果英文介绍大全 苹果：

The apple is a tree and its pomaceous fruit, of the species Malus

domestica in the rose family Rosaceae. It is one of the most

widely cultivated tree fruits. It is a small deciduous tree

reaching 5-12 m tall, with a broad, often densely twiggy crown.

The leaves are alternately arranged, simple oval with an acute

tip and serrated margin, slightly downy below, 5-12 cm long and

3-6 cm broad on a 2-5 cm petiole. The flowers are produced in

spring with the leaves, white, usually tinged pink at first,

2.5-3.5 cm diameter, with five petals. The fruit matures in

Autumn, and is typically 5-8 cm diameter (rarely up to 15 cm).

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Apple tree in flower

Botanical origins

Wild Malus sieversii apple in KazakhstanThe wild ancestor of

Malus domestica is Malus sieversii. It has no common name in

English, but is known where it is native as "alma"; in fact,

one major city in the region where it is thought to originate

is called Alma-Ata, or "father of the apples". This tree is

still found wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China.

For many years, there was a debate about whether M. domestica evolved from chance hybridization among various wild species.

Recent DNA analysis by Barrie Juniper, Emeritus Fellow in the

Department of Plant Sciences at Oxford University and others,

has indicated, however, that the hybridisation theory is

probably false. Instead, it appears that a single species still

growing in the Ili Valley on the northern slopes of the Tien

Shan mountains at the border of northwest China and the former

Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan is the progenitor of the apples

we eat today. Leaves taken from trees in this area were analyzed

for DNA composition, which showed them all to belong to the

species M. sieversii, with some genetic sequences common to M.

domestica.

Some individual M. sieversii, recently planted by the US

government at a research facility, resist many diseases and

pests that affect domestic apples, and are the subject of

continuing research to develop new disease-resistant apples.

Other species that were previously thought to have made

contributions to the genome of the domestic apples are Malus

baccata and Malus sylvestris, but there is no hard evidence for

this in older apple cultivars. These and other Malus species

have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop

apples suitable for growing in climates unsuitable for M.

domestica, mainly for increased cold tolerance.

Apple cut horizontally, showing seedsThe apple tree was

probably the earliest tree to be cultivated, and apples have

remained an important food in all cooler climates. To a greater degree than other tree fruit, except possibly citrus, apples

store for months while still retaining much of their nutritive

value. Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just

above freezing, have been an important food in Asia and Europe

for millennia, as well as in Argentina and in the United States

since the arrival of Europeans.

The word apple comes from the Old English word aeppel, which

in turn has recognisable cognates in a number of the northern

branches of the Indo-European language family. The prevailing

theory is that "apple" may be one of the most ancient

Indo-European words (*abl-) to come down to English in a

recognisable form. The scientific name malus, on the other hand,

comes from the Latin word for apple, and ultimately from the

archaic Greek mālon (mēlon in later dialects). The legendary

placename Avalon is thought to come from a Celtic evolution of

the same root as the English "apple"; the name of the town of

Avellino, near Naples in Italy is likewise thought to come from

the same root via the Italic languages.

橘子:

Orange—specifically, sweet orange—refers to the citrus tree

Citrus sinensis and its fruit. The orange is a hybrid of ancient

cultivated origin, possibly between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and

tangerine (Citrus reticulata). It is a small tree, growing to

about 10 m tall, with thorny shoots and evergreen leaves 4-10

cm long. Oranges originated in southeast Asia, in either India

or modern day Pakistan, Vietnam or southern China. The fruit

of Citrus sinensis is called sweet orange to distinguish it from

Citrus aurantium, the bitter orange.

Oranges are widely grown in warm climates worldwide, and the