水果英文介绍大全

苹果：

The apple is a tree and its pomaceous fruit, of the species Malus domestica in the

rose family Rosaceae. It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. It is a

small deciduous tree reaching 5-12 m tall, with a broad, often densely twiggy crown.

The leaves are alternately arranged, simple oval with an acute tip and serrated margin,

slightly downy below, 5-12 cm long and 3-6 cm broad on a 2-5 cm petiole. The flowers

are produced in spring with the leaves, white, usually tinged pink at first, 2.5-3.5

cm diameter, with five petals. The fruit matures in Autumn, and is typically 5-8 cm

diameter (rarely up to 15 cm).

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Apple tree in flower

Botanical origins

Wild Malus sieversii apple in KazakhstanThe wild ancestor of Malus domestica is Malus

sieversii. It has no common name in English, but is known where it is native as "alma";

in fact, one major city in the region where it is thought to originate is called

Alma-Ata, or "father of the apples". This tree is still found wild in the mountains

of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China.

For many years, there was a debate about whether M. domestica evolved from chance

hybridization among various wild species. Recent DNA analysis by Barrie Juniper,

Emeritus Fellow in the Department of Plant Sciences at Oxford University and others,

has indicated, however, that the hybridisation theory is probably false. Instead,

it appears that a single species still growing in the Ili Valley on the northern slopes

of the Tien Shan mountains at the border of northwest China and the former Soviet

Republic of Kazakhstan is the progenitor of the apples we eat today. Leaves taken

from trees in this area were analyzed for DNA composition, which showed them all to

belong to the species M. sieversii, with some genetic sequences common to M.

domestica.

Some individual M. sieversii, recently planted by the US government at a research

facility, resist many diseases and pests that affect domestic apples, and are the

subject of continuing research to develop new disease-resistant apples.

Other species that were previously thought to have made contributions to the genome

of the domestic apples are Malus baccata and Malus sylvestris, but there is no hard

evidence for this in older apple cultivars. These and other Malus species have been

used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing in

climates unsuitable for M. domestica, mainly for increased cold tolerance.

Apple cut horizontally, showing seedsThe apple tree was probably the earliest tree

to be cultivated, and apples have remained an important food in all cooler climates.

To a greater degree than other tree fruit, except possibly citrus, apples store for

months while still retaining much of their nutritive value. Winter apples, picked

in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in Asia

and Europe for millennia, as well as in Argentina and in the United States since the

arrival of Europeans.

The word apple comes from the Old English word aeppel, which in turn has recognisable

cognates in a number of the northern branches of the Indo-European language family.

The prevailing theory is that "apple" may be one of the most ancient Indo-European

words (*abl-) to come down to English in a recognisable form. The scientific name

malus, on the other hand, comes from the Latin word for apple, and ultimately from

the archaic Greek mālon (mēlon in later dialects). The legendary placename Avalon

is thought to come from a Celtic evolution of the same root as the English "apple";

the name of the town of Avellino, near Naples in Italy is likewise thought to come

from the same root via the Italic languages.

橘子:

Orange—specifically, sweet orange—refers to the citrus tree Citrus sinensis and

its fruit. The orange is a hybrid of ancient cultivated origin, possibly between

pomelo (Citrus maxima) and tangerine (Citrus reticulata). It is a small tree, growing

to about 10 m tall, with thorny shoots and evergreen leaves 4-10 cm long. Oranges

originated in southeast Asia, in either India or modern day Pakistan, Vietnam or

southern China. The fruit of Citrus sinensis is called sweet orange to distinguish

it from Citrus aurantium, the bitter orange.

Oranges are widely grown in warm climates worldwide, and the flavors of orange vary

from sweet to sour. The fruit is commonly peeled and eaten fresh, or squeezed for

its juice. It has a thick bitter rind that is usually discarded, but can be processed

into animal feed by removing water using pressure and heat. It is also used in certain