2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语真题答案

2011年全国硕士研究生考试英语一及其答案The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hir e Alan Gilbert as its next music director has bee n the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” w rote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment ca me as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert i s comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, w ho had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Ti mes, calls him “an unpretentious musician with n o air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an or chestra that has hitherto been led by musicians l ike Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times reader s as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of intere sting compositions, but it is not necessary for m e to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my comp uter and download still more recorded music fro m iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordin gs are no substitute for live performance are mis sing the point. For the time, attention, and mone y of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalis ts must compete not only with opera houses, da nce troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the g reat classical musicians of the 20th century. Ther e recordings are cheap, available everywhere, an d very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they c an b e “consumed” at a time and place of the listene r’s choosing. The widespread availability of suchrecordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical perform ers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a ma n who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organizatio n.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic a re to succeed, they must first change the relatio nship between America’s oldest orchestra and th e new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appoi ntment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist w ho is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted con certgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performance s.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performance s.[D]overestimate the value of live performanc es.24. According to the text, which of the follow ing is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambitio n was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Wi thin two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Gr oup, which named him CEO and chairman on Se ptember 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of com pany he wanted to run. It also sent a clear mes sage to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move o n. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronoun cements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take h old, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CE O turnover was down 23% from a year ago as n ervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, a ccording to Liberum Research. As the economy p icks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring lea ders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years ex ecutives and headhunters have adhered to the r ule that the most attractive CEO candidates are t he ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a si ngle search I’ve done where a board has not ins tructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t alw ays landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, sayingshe wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before s he became head of a tiny Internet-based commo dities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally t ook that post at a major financial institution thre e years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has mad e it more acceptable to be between jobs or to le ave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safe r to stay where you are, but that’s been fundam entally invert ed,” says one headhunter. “The peo ple who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, hi s manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executiv es’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their post s.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-da ted.[C]top performers care more about reputatio ns.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title fo r the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used t o be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media –such as television commercials and print advertisements –still pl ay a major role, companies today can exploit ma ny alternative forms of media. Consumers passio nate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sal es to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by mar keters promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one market er’s owned media become another marketer’s pai d media –for instance, when an e-commerce ret ailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define s uch sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their con tent or e-commerce engines within that environ ment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its i nfancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone medi a property that promotes complementary and ev en competitive products. Besides generating inco me, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunitie s to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help ex pand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes tha t have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increa sed the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and muc h more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or camp aign becomes hostage to consumers, other stake holders, or activists who make negative allegatio ns about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they ca n hijack media to apply pressure on the business es that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putt ing the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may no t be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the lear ning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for ex ample, alleviated some of the damage from its r ecall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quic k and well-orchestrated social-media response ca mpaign, which included efforts to engage with co nsumers directly on sites such as Twitter and th e social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media wh en they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails se nt to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote qualit y products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their fa vorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feat ure[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate c onsumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects i n marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competitio n.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting pro ducts.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned me dia.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned mediaText 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightf ul, provo cative magazine cover story, “I love MyChildren, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chat ter –nothing gets people talking like the sugges tion that child rearing is anything less than a co mpletely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rathe r than concluding that children make parents eit her happy or miserable, Senior suggests we nee d to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment -to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-cru shingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive m other holding a cute baby is hardly the only Mad onna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –an d newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. P ractically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstan ds.In a society that so persistently celebrates pr ocreation, is it any wonder that admitting you re gret having children is equivalent to admitting yo u support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fa ir, then, to compare the regrets of parents to th e regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothere d with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously thei r misery must be a direct result of the gaping b aby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that cele brity magazines like Us Weekly and People prese nt is hugely unrealistic, especially when the pare nts are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are t he least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a p artner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britne y tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are du mb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most a dults understand that a baby is not a haircut. Bu t it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing p arenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious wa y contributing to our own dissatisfactions with th e actual experience, in the same way that a sma ll part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Anisto n.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source fo r gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greate r attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertai ning.[D]having children is highly valued by the pu blic.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childle ss folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their lif e.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message co nveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred fro m the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the gl amour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitu de towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfacti on with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent tex t by choosing from the list A-G to filling them in to the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G hav e been correctly placed. Mark your answers on A NSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professional ism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawy er in three years and a medical doctor in four. B ut the regular time it takes to get a doctoral deg ree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisin gly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanitie s: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. T hese are disciplines that are going out of style:22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have be en read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half en d up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to pr oduce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English department s awarded more bachelor’s de grees in 1970-71 t han they did 20 years later. Fewer students requ ires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leav e the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across t he insistence by top American universities that li beral-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different scho ols. Many students experience both varieties. Alt hough more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doc tors and lawyers must study a non-specialist libe ral-arts degree before embarking on a profession al qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities hav e professionalised the professor. The growth in p ublic money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching ho urs fell by half as research took its toll. Professio nalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral d egree into a prerequisite for a successful academ ic career: as late as 1969a third of American pro fessors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is th at “the knowledge and skills needed for a particu lar specialization are transmissible but not transf erable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not jus t over the production of knowledge, but also ove r the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, c oncludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in whic h “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Oth erwise, academics will continue to think dangero usly alike, increasingly detached from the societi es which they study, investigate and criticize.”Ac ademic inquiry, at least in some fields, may nee d to become less exclusionary and more holisti c.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in t he American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral d egree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in Am erican Universities, and Louis Menand, a professo r of English at Harvard University, captured it ski llfully.G →41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then tra nslate the underlined segments into Chinese. You r translation should be written carefully on ANSW ER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master wea ver,” creating our inner character and outer circu mstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central id ea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assu mption we all share-that because we are not rob ots we therefore control our thoughts-and revealits erroneous nature. Because most of us believ e that mind is separate from matter, we think th at thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mi nd generates as much action as the conscious m ind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain t he illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the pr esence of thoughts that do not accord with desir e, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what w e want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external a chievement; you don’t “ get” success but becom e it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its co nte ntion that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justificationfor neglect of those in need, and a rationalizatio n of exploitation, of the superiority of those at t he top and the inferiority of those at the botto m.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for gr owth. If circumstances always determined the lif e and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” the n we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early li fe and its co nditions are often the greatest gift to an individu al.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that w e have no one else to blame for our present con dition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the p ossibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies a nd2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSW ER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of th e leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you shoul d1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2011年考研英语答案1-5 ACDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 BCACA 16-20 BCADB21-25 DBCAA 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC41-45 BDCAE翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。

2011考研英语真题及答案Introduction:The 2011 Graduate Entrance Exam (GEE) in English, commonly known as the "考研英语", is an important and highly competitive examination in China that tests students' English language proficiency. This article will provide an overview of the 2011 GEE and present the actual exam questions and their corresponding answers.Section I:Part A: Reading Comprehension1. Passage 1Questions:1. According to the passage, what is the most significant reason for the lack of quality sleep among adolescents?Answer: Academic stress and irregular schedules.2. What is the main purpose of the passage?Answer: To discuss the impact of inadequate sleep on adolescent development.2. Passage 2Questions:1. What is the author's view on the role of money in achieving happiness?Answer: Money alone cannot guarantee happiness, but it is an important factor in improving the overall quality of life.2. According to the passage, what is the primary difference between the perspectives of the rich and the poor on the importance of money?Answer: The rich focus on the potential for obtaining more money, while the poor are more concerned with basic survival needs.Part B: Cloze TestQuestions:1. Answer: elimination2. Answer: pronounced3. Answer: imitate4. Answer: significance5. Answer: undergoingSection II:Translation and Writing1. TranslationTranslate the following paragraph from Chinese to English.原文：中国传统文化源远流长，有着丰富的内涵和智慧。

2011年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇说明性的文章，主要讨论了互联网上的身份验证问题。

作者首先提出，由于网络用户的匿名现象带来的隐私泄露和网络犯罪问题，然后针对这些问题介绍了一种称为“自愿信任身份识别”系统的解决方法，并对这种方法做了评述。

二、试题解析1.【答案】A【解析】本题目考生需要关注两点：（1）空格前的主语（2）空格后的介词短语。

鉴于此，考生需要从四个选项中选出一个不及物动词，能与空格前的主语that（指代the explosion of cyber crime 网络犯罪的激增）构成主谓逻辑，并与空格后的介词短语across the Web 构成动宾逻辑。

A 项swept（打扫，席卷）可以做不及物动词，并能与空前的主语和空后的介词短语构成顺畅的逻辑关系，即在文中表示“匿名制是造成网络犯罪席卷互联网的原因”，故A为正确答案。

B 项skip 意为“跳过，掠过”；C 项walk 意为“走，步行”；D 项ride 意为“骑，乘，驾”虽可做不及物动词，但与空前主语和空后介词短语不构成完整的主谓搭配和动宾搭配，都是干扰项。

2.【答案】C【解析】本题目考生需要重点关注空格后的状语从句，状语从句引导词的选择主要考虑从句与主句之间的语意关系。

空格所在句子的主句是privacy be preserved（隐私得以保护），从句是省略了主语和助动词的bringing safety andsecurity to the world（带来网络世界的安全），由此可以推断本句是要表达“在给世界带来安全保障的同时，隐私是否能够得以保护呢？”，C 项while 意为“在……的同时，当……的时候”，可以表示伴随关系，故为正确答案。

A 项for 表示因果关系；B 项within 表示“在……里面，不超出”；D 项though 表示让步关系；在搭配上与doing并无典型用法，此外带入空格，整个句子逻辑也很不通顺，故为干扰选项。

2011 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But -__1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of l aughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Ant hony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “a n unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The wi despread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Par a.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in r evitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspira tions. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expa nd user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as apast-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampe n our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a littl e bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want theirundergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the kn owledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reform ing higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and crit icize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing. (46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Alle n’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendation Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explai n it’s intended meaning, and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余”2011年考研英语一真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1.C解析：语义逻辑题。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题答案Section I1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADACSection IIPart A21-25 CBDBA 26-30 BDCAC 31-35 DCBAA 36-40 CDADBPart B41-45 BDACFPart C46. 艾伦的贡献在于研究了一个大家都认可的假设，即：因为我们不是机器人，所以我们能控制我们的思想，并且揭示了这一假设的错误本质。

47.尽管我们能够只通过有意识的思维来维持控制这种幻觉，但实际上我们不断面临这样一个问题：“为什么我自己不能够做到这件事情或者完成那件事情？”48. 这近乎是在为忽视那些需要帮助的人做辩护，以及对剥削现象、对那些处于顶层人的优越感以及底层人的自卑感所做出的一种合理解释。

49. 环境似乎是为了激发我们的最大潜能，而且如果我们感觉上天对我们不公平，那么我们不可能开始有意识地努力去摆脱我们当时的处境。

50. 好的一面是，我们了解既然万事都取决于我们，那么就有无限可能。

以前我们是好手，熟练地应付诸多限制；现在我们成为主宰，决定“什么将是可能”。

Section IIIPart ADear my friend,Recently I have watched an amazing film Avatar, and I couldn’t wait to recommend it to you.At first, I was attracted to the theater only because it is directed by James Cameron, whose another masterpiece Titanic is also my favorite. Then, when I sat down and began to enjoy the movie, I was deeply moved and touched by the story. It talks about humans’ greed for a special mineral in the Planet Pandora and the consequent, inevitable conflicts between man and the local Na’vi. Avatar is not just a love story between a human and a Na’vi princess, but also an educational film, from which we all learn that we must live in harmony with the nature. At last, I have to mention that the 3D technology applied in this film is so amazing and incredible. You shouldn’t miss it.Do not hesitate, and go to the theater for Avatar right now! I am sure you will love it, just as I do！Love,Li MingPart BAs is vividly depicted in the given drawing, there is a boat rowing in the center of a lake. Sitting aft and enjoying their sightseeing, a couple of youngsters were dumping rubbish into thelake, with abundant trash floating behind. How shocking!What the painter wants to convey in this picture can be elaborated in terms of environmental protection and social morality. As the national tourism gets thriving, numerous people throng to the scenic spots for weekends and holidays. However, while appreciating the natural beauty, most of the visitors tend to throw away wastes everywhere for their own convenience. Fishes are choked and suffocated by the plastic bags deserted to lakes or rivers, the charming scenery is destroyed by ubiquitous litter, and the fresh air is fouled by the rotting leftovers; as a consequence, the ecological balanced is inevitably greatly shaken and influenced.In my opinion, to serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must promote and popularize the sense of environmental protection, and regulate people’s behaviors in public. What should be done first is to make more people aware of the significance of environment protection. Otherwise, what we have enjoyed at those resorts today will be hardly seen years later. Moreover, relative laws and regulations are supposed to be set up and enforced so as to protect the fragile natural world and punish those who violate the law. Only in these ways can we fully appreciate the wonderful nature and keep it to our descendents.。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the na tion’s cyber-czar, offered the federal governmenta 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’slicense 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “sing le sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward whatwould 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. A. swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2. A. for B. within C. while D. though3. A. careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4. A. reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposal5. A. information B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6. A. by B. into C. from D. over7. A. linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8. A. dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9. A. recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10. A. released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11. A. carry on B .linger on C. set in D. log in12. A. In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13. A. trusted B. modernized c. thriving D. competing14. A. caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15. A. on B. after C. beyond D. across16. A. divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17. A. frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18. A. skepticism B. relevance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19. A. manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20. A. invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is.[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspa pers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007.Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lak e Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the bui ldings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleader’s talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is s tuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial counc ils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigors; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different:”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, eIt is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At it s best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers.[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds[B] strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C] loans will be readily available to rich countries[D] rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.[A] pessimistic[B] desperate[C] conceited[D] hopefulPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text（41-45）. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play acentral role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes – by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements" such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front."He also urged councils to impose "fast-food-free zones" around schools and hospitals – areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the lastDirections:In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines d o-roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart ADirection: Suppose your cousin, Liming, has just been admitted to a university, write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.Your should write about 100 words on ANSER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part BDirections:Write a short essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANWER SHEET 2.(15 points)2011英语二参考答案1．A2．C3．B4．D5．D6．B7．A8．C9．C10．B11．D12．B13．A14．C15．A16．A17．D18．A19．C20．D21-25 BDCAB 26-30 DBCAA31-35 CDCDB 36-40 BCBAD参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)答案Section I Use of English1．C2．D3．B 4．B5．A 6．B7．A8．D9．C10．A11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C15．B 16．D 17．A18．D19．A 20．CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C22.B23.D24.B25.A 26.B27.D 28.C29.A30.B31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.D 38.A 39.D 40.BPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.FPart C Translation46. 我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想；爱伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。

47. 我们或许只通过意识就能维持这种控制的幻觉，但事实上，我们却总是面临一个问题：我们为什么不能让自己去做这件事情，实现那个目标呢？48. 这种说法似乎为忽视需要帮助的人找到了借口，使剥削合理化，令上层人优越，底层人卑微。

49. 环境似乎旨在激发我们的最大潜能，如果我们总感觉“上天不公”，那么不太可能会自觉地努力脱离现状。

50. 积极的一面是，既然万事都取决于我们，那么就有无限可能。

以前，我们能够熟练应对种种局限；现在，我们把握着未来的可能。

Section III Writing51．小作文参考范文小作文范文一：Dear John,I am writing, without hesitation, to share one of my favorite movies, Forest Gump, with you, which is not only conducive to your study, but also beneficial to your life.For one thing, the beautiful language in this original English movie may contribute to your study of English in listening, speaking, reading and writing. For another thing, the profound cultural elements implicit in the scene will equip you with foreign cultural background and, above all, enrich your daily life.Would you like to see this movie after my recommendation? Remember to tell me your opinion about the movie. I am looking forward to your early reply.Yours,Li Ming小作文范文二：Dear Tom,Recently, a lot of new movies are on show, among which I love If You Are The One most. Now I am recommending this movie to you for the reasons listed below.First of all, it has powerful cast which appeals to my attention. In addition, the classic and thought-provoking language makes it irresistible to all fans. Above all, the deep revelation of love touches my soul opens my mind.I am convinced that you are willing to see this movie after my enthusiastic recommendation. Remember to write and tell me how you feel. I am looking forward to your early reply.Yours sincerely,Li Ming52．大作文参考范文The terrible scene depicted in the cartoon shows that some people in our life still lack the awareness of environmental protection. The picture illustrates thattwo tourists are chatting and eating happily on a boat and casually throwing their rubbish into the lake which is full of litter and waste. The drawing sets us thinking too much due to its far-reaching influence.Nowadays, though the awareness of protecting environment is being accepted by more and more people, we can still see many unpleasant scenes especially in scenic spots. Why does this phenomenon arise? Many factors are accounting for it. First and foremost, to some people, the consciousness of protecting environment is still not so strong. They may not think it is a big deal to throw rubbish everywhere. In addition, the environmental management system isn’t so satisfying. For example, in some places there’re few regulations or the implementation is seldom performed actually.From what has been discussed above, it is urgent to take some effective and relative measures. In the first place, we should continue to conduct more propaganda in communities and schools so as to let people realize the importance of protecting environment. In the second, more rules should be made and carried out by the government to restrain the conduction of destroying environment. People should work together to create clean and beautiful surroundings.。

2011年考研英语真题及答案1. Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary in English of about 150 words, paying attention to the key points in your summary. You should base your summary on the contents of the passage, but not on the exact words or phrases in the passage.Title: "The Benefits of Outdoor Activities"Outdoor activities have numerous benefits for both physical and mental health. In today's society, where people spend more time indoors and lead sedentary lifestyles, engaging in outdoor activities becomes crucial.Firstly, outdoor activities promote physical health. Activities such as hiking, cycling, and swimming not only improve cardiovascular fitness but also contribute to weight loss and muscle toning. Being exposed to sunlight allows the body to synthesize vitamin D, essential for healthy bone development.Secondly, outdoor activities have a positive impact on mental well-being. Spending time in nature helps reduce stress levels and increase feelings of calmness and happiness. Studies have shown that being in green spaces can improve concentration, creativity, and cognitive function. Moreover, outdoor activities provide opportunities for social interaction and building relationships, which can help reduce loneliness and depression.In conclusion, participating in outdoor activities can have a wide rangeof positive effects on individuals' physical and mental health. It is essentialfor individuals to make time for outdoor activities and incorporate them into their daily routines.(Note: The summarized passage should not exceed 150 words.)2. Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Title: "The Global Impact of Climate Change"Climate change is an urgent global issue that affects all countries and ecosystems. The rise in global temperature due to greenhouse gas emissions has resulted in numerous consequences.One of the main impacts of climate change is the melting of polar ice caps. As temperatures increase, the ice caps in the Arctic and Antarctica are rapidly melting, leading to rising sea levels. This not only poses a threat to coastal areas but also affects marine life and biodiversity.Another consequence is the increase in extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves. These events have devastating effects on communities, leading to loss of lives, displacement, and economic losses.Furthermore, climate change disrupts ecosystems and threatens plant and animal species. Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can disrupt the natural balance of ecosystems, leading to the extinction of certain species and the spread of invasive species.In conclusion, climate change has far-reaching global impacts, including the melting of polar ice caps, increased extreme weather events, and disruption of ecosystems. It is crucial for countries to work together to address this issue and implement sustainable solutions.3. Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then answer the questions below. Your answers should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Title: "The Importance of Time Management"Time management is the practice of planning and organizing one's activities to make the most efficient use of time. It is an essential skill that can lead to increased productivity and reduced stress.Why is time management important?1. Increased productivity: By effectively managing time, individuals can prioritize tasks and allocate sufficient time to each task. This helps in completing tasks efficiently and meeting deadlines.2. Reduced stress: Poor time management often leads to a feeling of being overwhelmed and stressed. By managing time effectively, individuals can create a schedule that allows for breaks and relaxation, reducing stress levels.3. Improved decision-making: Time management allows individuals to make better decisions by providing them with a clear overview of theirresponsibilities and available time. This helps in setting realistic goals and making informed choices.4. Work-life balance: Effective time management helps individuals maintain a healthy work-life balance. By allocating time for work, personal tasks, and leisure activities, individuals can lead a more fulfilling and balanced life.In conclusion, time management is crucial for increased productivity, reduced stress, improved decision-making, and maintaining a healthy work-life balance. It is a skill that individuals should prioritize and develop in order to achieve success in various aspects of life.(Note: The answers should be in complete sentences and not exceed 10 words for each question.)。

2011年考研英语答案Part I：词汇选项A)commerceC)clarifyD)eagerlyB)sketchD)elaborateC)contemporaryA)immerseB)investedC)ultimatelyA)competenceB)abandonC)implyA)enormousD)prosperityB)interdisciplinaryPart II：阅读理解Passage 1B)Many primitive artists painted independently.A)It is a school of American painting known for its realist style.D)They explored emotional and subconscious areas.C)They aimed to depict the inner nature of things.D)He did not want his art to be reduced to a set of formalconventions.Passage 2C)They got involved in domestic work.D)The relationship between women’s work and economicindependence.B)They married at a later age.A)They saw themselves as exploited and oppressed.B)They were aware of their social position and sought to improveit.Passage 3A)They possess certain skills.D)It symbolizes cultural diversity and democracy.C)It provides an intense sensory experience.B)They help to enhance tourism and create jobs.D)They may have negative effects.Passage 4D)Dense traffic can have an impact on mental health.A)Rise of luxury homes and improved living conditions.C)Noise pollution has been neglected and needs more attention.B)They made her feel unhappy and frustrated.C)Discuss the potential links between noise pollution and mentaldisorders.Passage 5A)Their limited access to education.C)The role education plays in gender equality.B)Providing girls with equal educational opportunities.A)The importance of investment in girls’ education.D)Mobilizing funds to support girls’ education.B)Improve the educational environment for girls.Part III：概括大意与完成句子E)ways of tapping into their creative potential.G)case study of an incredible natural mathematician.C)intelligence is not determined solely by genetics.A)dedicated to nurturing children’s creativity.D)guide children correctly to a fulfilling life.B)stimulating their creative intelligence.Part IV：填空题48.accrued49.controversial50.counterpart51.pursuit52.counterparts53.radical54.spectrum55.collaboration56.renowned57.virtuallyPart V：补全短文H)inspiredB)specializedF)reliedI)advocatedG)consumeD)RepresentsE)acquireJ)attachA)enabledPart VI：完形填空B)potentialD)futureC)barelyA)lettingA)thatB)BesidesD)strengthsC)notA)ifB)are makingD)yourselfB)haveD)motivatingC)importantPart VII：阅读理解C)the process of forgettingA)encoding a new memory is fasterC)the hippocaumpusD)the location of weak memoriesB)Retrieval cues can reinstate the memory Part VIII：补全短文J)boundariesL)organizationE)brainstormingK)implementationG)prioritizingB)collaborateC)feasibleH)evaluationI)deadlineF)resourcesA)analyzePart IX：完形填空C)necessarilyB)losingD)rootedA)IfD)drivenB)givingC)ToA)inC)attainB)leadsPart X：翻译107.Irish literature108.ecological balance109.molecular biology110.global warming111.gravitational force112.social interactions113.cultural diversity114.economic recession115.democratic society116.climate change以上是2011年考研英语答案。