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human resource management阅读理解【题目】阅读下面的文章，根据文章内容，完成相应的选择题。

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENTHuman Resources Management(HRM)is the process of managing people and their relationships in an organization.These two processes are important in the success and growth of a business.In managing people, staffing is the most important component of HRM.It needs to make guidelines and procedures for hiring and placement.Staffing also involves the management of employees on matters like monitoring of holidays,absences,health and safety,disciplinary action,and dismissal. Another important element of HRM in managing people is keeping the employees in the company.The training of employees to enable them to improve their career development is very important.Good HRM policies ensure that there are clear regulations which show the pay levels for the different positions in an organization.It is important for the staff to know the career path,pay,training and other opportunities that are available to them.Performance management is another important component of HRM. The reason for this is that many employers use it to evaluate career improvement and to determine pay increases.The secondary role of HRM is the management of the relationships among people in an organization.This includes staff within departments as well as across the whole organization.The relationship between staff and management is animportant factor in the success of an organization.It decides how fast an organization will realize their goals.The focus of HRM is the people within an organization.Regular planning,monitoring and evaluation are important for the success of HRM.Successful management ensures that all employees know their role,career development and also feel part of an organization.操作提示：通过题干后的下拉框选择题目的正确答案。

Time management is a crucial skill in our fastpaced world.It is the art of organizing and planning how to devote your time to effectively accomplish your personal or workrelated tasks.Here are some key points to consider when crafting an English essay on the new chapter of time management:1.Importance of Time Management:Begin by discussing why time management is essential.It can lead to increased productivity,reduced stress,and a better worklife balance.2.Understanding Time Wasters:Identify common time wasters such as procrastination, constant interruptions,and multitasking.Discuss how these can be detrimental to ones productivity.3.Setting Goals:Explain the importance of setting clear,achievable goals.Goals provide direction and help in prioritizing tasks effectively.4.Prioritization:Discuss how prioritizing tasks can help in managing time better.This includes understanding the difference between urgent and important tasks.5.Planning and Scheduling:Elaborate on the benefits of creating a daily or weekly schedule.This can include using calendars,todo lists,and timeblocking techniques.6.Technological Tools:Mention the role of technology in time management,such as apps and software designed to help with organizing tasks and reminders.7.Breaking Down Tasks:Discuss the strategy of breaking down large tasks into smaller, manageable parts.This can make complex projects seem less daunting and more achievable.8.Avoiding Procrastination:Offer tips on how to overcome procrastination,such as setting deadlines,rewarding oneself for completing tasks,and understanding the root causes of procrastination.9.Learning to Say No:Emphasize the importance of setting boundaries and learning to say no to nonessential tasks that can distract from more important goals.10.Flexibility and Adaptability:Discuss the importance of being flexible and adaptable in time management.Unforeseen circumstances may require adjustments to schedules and plans.11.SelfReflection and Continuous Improvement:Encourage the practice of selfreflection to identify time management strengths and weaknesses.Continuous improvement is key to mastering time management.12.Conclusion:Conclude by summarizing the importance of effective time management and how it can lead to a more successful and fulfilling life.Remember to provide examples and perhaps personal anecdotes to illustrate your points. This will make your essay more engaging and relatable to the reader.。

Money management is a crucial skill in todays world,where financial literacy can significantly impact ones quality of life.Here are some key points to consider when writing an essay on money management:1.Importance of Money Management:Start by emphasizing the importance of managing money effectively.It helps individuals to meet their needs,plan for the future,and achieve financial stability.2.Budgeting:Discuss the concept of budgeting as a fundamental aspect of money management.Explain how creating a budget involves listing all sources of income and expenses,and then allocating funds to different categories such as housing,food,utilities, savings,and entertainment.3.Savings:Highlight the importance of saving money.Saving is not just about putting money aside for emergencies its also about building financial security and creating a fund for future investments or large purchases.4.Debt Management:Address the issue of debt and how to manage it wisely.This includes understanding the difference between good debt e.g.,student loans,mortgages and bad debt e.g.,credit card debt,and strategies for reducing and repaying debt.5.Investing:Talk about the role of investing in longterm money management.Explain how investing can help grow wealth over time and provide for retirement.Include different types of investments such as stocks,bonds,mutual funds,and real estate.6.Financial Goals:Discuss the importance of setting financial goals.Whether its buyinga home,starting a business,or planning for retirement,having clear goals can guide money management decisions.7.Emergency Funds:Stress the necessity of having an emergency fund.This is a separate savings account that covers unexpected expenses,such as medical bills or car repairs, without resorting to debt.8.Financial Education:Emphasize the role of continuous learning in money management. Staying informed about personal finance,taxes,and investment opportunities can help individuals make better financial decisions.9.Avoiding Impulsive Spending:Discuss the pitfalls of impulsive spending and the benefits of mindful consumption.This includes recognizing the difference between needs and wants and practicing delayed gratification.10.Technology and Money Management:Mention how technology can aid in money management through apps and software that track expenses,create budgets,and offer financial advice.11.The Role of Credit:Explain the importance of understanding credit scores and how they affect borrowing costs.Discuss responsible credit use and the impact of timely payments on ones financial health.12.Retirement Planning:Discuss the importance of starting to plan for retirement early. Include the benefits of compound interest and the role of pension plans,401ks,and IRAs in retirement savings.13.Estate Planning:Briefly touch on the topic of estate planning,including wills and trusts,to ensure that ones assets are distributed according to their wishes after their death.14.Conclusion:Conclude by summarizing the key points and reiterating the importance of effective money management for achieving financial independence and security. Remember to use clear,concise language and provide examples to illustrate your points. An essay on money management should be informative,engaging,and practical,offering readers actionable advice they can apply to their own financial lives.。

综合管理试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "management" is:A) manegmentB) manegmentC) managemnetD) management答案：D2. Which of the following is not a function of management?A) PlanningB) OrganizingC) LeadingD) Innovating答案：D3. The process of setting goals and deciding on actions to achieve these goals is known as:A) OrganizingB) LeadingC) ControllingD) Planning答案：D4. Who is considered the father of scientific management?A) Henry FordB) Frederick Winslow TaylorC) Peter DruckerD) Max Weber答案：B5. What is the term used to describe the process of making things happen in an organization?A) MotivationB) CoordinationC) ExecutionD) Delegation答案：C6. In management, "span of control" refers to:A) The number of employees a manager can effectively manageB) The number of products a company producesC) The number of departments in an organizationD) The number of years a manager has been in their position答案：A7. Which of the following is a characteristic of an effective team?A) Clear communicationB) Lack of trustC) Poor leadershipD) Conflict avoidance答案：A8. What is the process of making decisions in an organization?A) PlanningB) OrganizingC) LeadingD) Decision-making答案：D9. The management concept that emphasizes the importance of employee satisfaction and motivation is known as:A) Scientific managementB) Administrative managementC) Human relations movementD) Systems theory答案：C10. In the context of management, "feedback" is:A) Information about the results of a decision or actionB) The process of setting goalsC) The process of organizing resourcesD) The process of motivating employees答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The four main functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and ________.答案：controlling2. The management theory that focuses on the importance ofthe social and psychological aspects of work is known as the________ theory.答案：human relations3. A management style that involves providing employees with the freedom to make decisions is known as ________ leadership. 答案：autonomous4. The process of ensuring that activities are carried out as planned is called ________.答案：monitoring5. The management principle that states that managers should focus on the most important tasks is known as the ________ principle.答案：80/206. A management technique that involves breaking down a large task into smaller, more manageable parts is known as ________. 答案：task analysis7. The process of identifying the causes of a problem and determining the best course of action to solve it is called________.答案：problem-solving8. The management concept that suggests that organizations should be structured in a way that reflects their goals and objectives is known as ________.答案：organizational design9. The process of measuring the performance of anorganization against its goals is called ________.答案：performance evaluation10. The management theory that suggests that organizations should be viewed as a whole, with each part interacting with the others, is known as ________ theory.答案：systems三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between leadership and management.答案：Leadership is about inspiring and motivating a team to achieve a common goal, while management involves planning, organizing, and coordinating the efforts of a team to accomplish tasks efficiently.2. What is the significance of delegation in management?答案：Delegation is significant in management as it empowers employees, improves productivity, and allows managers tofocus on strategic tasks. It also helps in developing theskills of subordinates and fostering a sense ofresponsibility.3. Describe the role of communication in effective management. 答案：Effective communication is crucial in management as it ensures that information is accurately and timely conveyed, facilitates collaboration among team members, and helps in resolving conflicts. It also aids in setting clearexpectations and feedback mechanisms.4. How can a manager ensure ethical behavior in an organization?答案：A manager can ensure ethical behavior by setting a good example, establishing clear ethical guidelines, providing training on ethical practices, encouraging open communication, and implementing a system for reporting unethical behavior without fear of retaliation.。

Quality management systems are essential for organizations to ensure they consistently meet customer and regulatory requirements.Training in quality system processes is crucial for employees to understand and implement these systems effectively. Here is an essay on the importance of quality system process training.Title:The Significance of Quality System Process TrainingIn the contemporary business landscape,the implementation of a robust quality management system QMS is indispensable for organizations aiming to excel in their respective industries.The ISO9001standard,for instance,provides a framework for establishing,implementing,maintaining,and continually improving a QMS.However, the true effectiveness of such a system hinges on the employees understanding and adherence to its processes.This essay will delve into the significance of training in quality system processes and how it contributes to organizational success. Understanding the Quality SystemThe first step in quality system process training is to ensure that employees have a comprehensive understanding of what a quality system entails.This includes the principles of quality management,the organizations quality policy,and the specific processes and procedures that are in place to meet quality objectives.Training should cover the following aspects:The importance of customer satisfaction and how the QMS is designed to meet and exceed customer expectations.The role of top management in creating and maintaining a qualityfocused culture.The significance of continuous improvement and its integration into daily operations. RoleSpecific TrainingEmployees must be trained according to their specific roles within the organization.For example,while a production manager may need to understand the entire scope of the QMS,an assembly line worker might only require training on the processes directly related to their tasks.Tailoring training to the needs of each role ensures that everyone is equipped with the knowledge necessary to contribute effectively to the QMS. Compliance and Regulatory RequirementsTraining should also focus on compliance with industryspecific regulations and standards. Employees must be aware of the legal and regulatory requirements that impact their workand understand how the QMS helps the organization meet these obligations.This includes training on:Relevant laws and regulations that apply to the industry.The role of documentation in demonstrating compliance.The process for identifying and addressing nonconformities.Risk ManagementA critical component of quality system process training is the ability to identify and manage risks.Employees should be trained to recognize potential risks in their work processes and understand the steps to mitigate these risks.This includes:The process for risk identification,assessment,and control.The importance of proactive risk management in preventing quality issues.The role of risk management in the overall QMS.Continuous ImprovementTraining should instill a culture of continuous improvement within the organization. Employees should be encouraged to seek out opportunities for process optimization and efficiency gains.Training in this area might include:Techniques for process mapping and analysis.Methods for identifying areas for improvement.The process for implementing and validating changes to the QMS.ConclusionIn conclusion,quality system process training is a vital investment for any organization seeking to maintain a competitive edge through highquality products and services.By providing employees with the knowledge and skills to effectively implement and improve the QMS,organizations can ensure that they are wellpositioned to meet customer expectations,comply with regulations,and achieve sustainable success in the marketplace.。

关于营养师的英语作文Title: The Crucial Role of Nutritionists in Modern HealthcareIn the ever-evolving field of healthcare, nutritionists occupy a pivotal position, bridging the gap between medical science and dietary practices. Their expertise lies in understanding the intricate relationship between food and the human body, and how dietary choices can either promote or hinder optimal health. This essay delves into the significance of nutritionists, their responsibilities, and the impact they have on individuals and communities.Firstly, it is crucial to appreciate the scope of nutritionists' work. Their role is not merely about advising on what to eat and what to avoid. Instead, they delve into the nuances of individual dietary requirements, taking into account factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, medical history, and even cultural preferences. This holistic approach ensures that nutritional advice is tailored to each individual, promoting personalized healthcare.Moreover, nutritionists are at the forefront of educating the public about the importance of a balanced diet. In an era where processed foods and unhealthy snacks are abundant, it is increasingly difficult to make informed dietary choices. Nutritionists, through their workshops, seminars, and online platforms, disseminate knowledge about the nutritional value of various foods, the role of micronutrients in maintaining health, and the harmful effects of unhealthy eating habits.In addition to their educational role, nutritionists also play a crucial part in the management of chronic diseases. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases are often linked to unhealthy dietary habits. Nutritionists work closely with patients and their healthcare providers, devising meal plans that not only control the symptoms of these diseases but also improve the overall quality of life. They monitor the progress of their patients, making necessary adjustments to the diet plan as the patient's condition improves or deteriorates.Furthermore, nutritionists are actively involved in research, contributing to the advancement of nutritionalscience. They collaborate with researchers, studying the effects of various dietary interventions on human health. This research helps to refine nutritional recommendations, making them more effective and relevant to modern-day lifestyles.The impact of nutritionists is not confined to individuals but extends to entire communities. In developing countries, malnutrition is a major health concern, affecting millions of people. Nutritionists, through their community-based programs, work tirelessly to address this issue. They provide nutritional education to local communities, distribute fortified foods, and monitor the nutritional status of vulnerable groups such as children and pregnant women.Moreover, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of nutritionists has become even more pronounced. The pandemic has underscored the importance of maintaining a strong immune system, which is largely dependent on a healthy diet. Nutritionists have been instrumental in providing dietary advice to help individuals strengthentheir immune systems and reduce the risk of contracting the virus.In conclusion, nutritionists are invaluable members of the healthcare team, playing a pivotal role in promoting optimal health and preventing chronic diseases. Their expertise in understanding the intricacies of nutrition and their commitment to personalized healthcare make them invaluable resources for individuals seeking to improve their dietary habits. As the field of nutrition science continues to evolve, the role of nutritionists will become even more critical in ensuring the health and well-being of individuals and communities.。

The terminology of quality management Quality certificationIt is a quality certification is an externally provided acknowledgement(by accredited certification bodies) that the quality management system is adequate in its provision and operation.The ISO 9000:2000 and 2008 series of standards Types of primary standardsa.ISO 9001:2000 and 2008. They contain the current quality managementsystem requirements of ISO. They are used for certificationpurposes.b.ISO 9000:2005 and ISO 9004:2009. They contain the quality managementguidelines of ISO. ISO 9000:2005 presents definitions while ISO9004:2009 is a set of guidelines for improving performance.c.ISO 19011:It covers quality auditing standards.d.ISO 14001:It relates to environmental management systems.The ISO 9000:2000 and 2008 series of standards ISO certified/registered or ISO complianta.ISO certified or registered means that an independentregistrar has audited an company’s processes and certifiedthat the ISO requirements are met. A written assurance isgiven to the company.b.ISO compliant means a company has met ISO’s qualitysystem requirements but has not been formally certified by anindependent registrar.*The ISO 9000 standards are process standards rather thanproduct standards.The ISO 9000:2000 and 2008 series of standards Criticisms of quality accreditationa.It is time consuming to produce documentsb.Rigid policies and procedures discourageinnovationc.The schemes encourage bureaucracyd.The formal methods may not be consistent withways of working in small and medium-sizedorganisations.Modern Japanese business practices and techniques Total quality management (TQM)a.DefinitionTQM is the process of applying a zero defects philosophyto the management of all resources and relationshipswithin the organisation as a means of developing andsustaining a culture of continuous improvement whichfocuses on meeting customers’ expectations.TQM means getting things right first time andcontinuous improvement.Modern Japanese business practices and techniquesTotal quality management (TQM)b.CharacteristicsI.The only thing that matters is the customerII.The all-pervasive nature of the customer-supplierrelationship including internal customerIII.The cause of defect should be prevented in the first place.IV.Employees have to be personally responsible for detect-free production or service in their domainV.Any level of defects must be unacceptableVI.Getting things right first time obsessivelyVII.Introduction of quality certification programmesVIII.The cost f poor quality should be emphasizedModern Japanese business practices and techniques Just-in-time (JIT) systema.DefinitionsI.JIT is a system whose objective is to produce products asthey are required by a customer rather than for inventory.II.JIT production is a system which is driven by demand for finished goods whereby each component on a productionline is produced only when needed for the next stage.III.JIT purchase is a system in which material purchases arecontracted so that the receipt and usage of material, to themaximum extent possible, coincide.。

Chapter One: Managers and ManagementMultiple Choice Questions1. When we classify managers according by their level in the organization they are described as _______.a. functional, staff and line managersb. top managers, middle managers and supervisorsc. high level and lower level managersd. general managers and administrative managers2. Conceptual skills relate to a manager’s ability toa. take a strategic view of how the parts of the organization function.b. solve detailed problems in groups.c. correctly evaluate organizational problems.d. understand and interact effectively with others in the organization.3. The ability to build networks and power bases that increase one’s power in the organization is referred to as _____.a. influence skillb. political skillc. controllingd. strategic skill4. A manager is someone whoa. actually performs the service or produces the product.b. works anonymously behind the scenes.c. sets the goals of the organization.d. supervises the work of others.5. Which of the following skills is most important for top managers (CEO’s)?a. Interpersonalb. Technicalc. Functionald. Conceptual6. A manager who has a reputation for being open and honest and understands how to motivate employees and customers is said to have good ________ skills.a. salesb. politicalc. Interpersonald. technical7. Annie’s Pies produces cakes and pies that come in 207 different flavors that are shipped across theUSA. Each week, 3 or 4 new flavors are added. Annie’s produces high quality cakes and pies using the best ingredients, it wastes little, and few employees work overtime because the business operatesa. effectively.b. reliably.c. efficiently.d. flexibly.8. Doing a job in a way that achieves results without wasting any resources is referred to as being ______.a. effective.b. efficientc. conservatived. Both a and b.9. The importance of managerial roles varies depending on the _____.a. manager’s salaryb. manager’s acceptance by the employeesc. size of the organizationd. length of time the manager has worked in the organization10. According to Mintzberg, which management category includes the roles of figurehead, leader, andliaison?a. interpersonalb. informationalc. decisionald. planning11. Which of the following roles is categorized as a decisional role?a. Monitorb. Disseminatorc. Resource allocatord. Leader12. An organization must contain all except which of the following characteristics?a. purposeb. peoplec. structured. product13. An organization is commonly considered aa. systematic arrangement of people to sell goods or services.b. structural grouping of people to accomplish a set of objectives.c. structural grouping of managers and subordinates who are attempting to increase profits.d. systematic grouping of people to establish procedures, rules, and regulations.14. Operatives can BEST be described asa. Those who actually do the tasks of an organization.b. Those who work anonymously behind the scenes.c. Manual laborers.d. Those who supervise others.15. The managers who work most closely with the operatives are known asa. top management.b. middle management.c. first-line managers.d. operative managers.16. The level of management that translates the goals of the organization into specific plans that lower-level managers can perform is known asa. top management.b. middle management.c. first-line managers.d. operative managers.17. _____ are responsible for making decisions about the direction of the organization and establishingpolicies that affect all organizational members.a. Operativesb. Top managersc. Middle managersd. First-line supervisors18. Performing the task right and considering the relationship between inputs and outputs isa. effectiveness.b. goal attainment.c. efficiency.d. a management characteristic.19. If you get more output for a given input, you havea. decreased effectiveness.b. increased effectiveness.c. decreased efficiency.d. increased efficiency.20. In an organization, _____ translate(s) into goal attainment.a. effectivenessb. efficiencyc. resource minimizationd. managerial functions21. If a college cuts the cost of an education by using mostly part-time faculty and at the same time failsto adequately educate its students, it can be said to be doing the wrong things well. In other words, the college isa. efficient and effective.b. efficient but not effective.c. effective but not efficient.d. neither efficient nor effective.22. Tim's Tire Shop is concerned only with using the least amount of labor possible as it repairs/replaces the tires of its customers. Its primary goal isa. effectiveness.b. goal attainment.c. efficiency.d. management characteristics.23. All of the following are included in the four components of the management process excepta. planning.b. organizing.c. leading.d. delegating.24. Mintzberg grouped the ten managerial roles into three primary headings. Which of the following isnot one of these headings?a. interpersonal relationshipsb. transfer of informationc. planningd. decision making25. As managers move up the organization, they do lessa. leadingb. controllingc. planningd. organizing26. Which of the following roles is most important for managers in small firms?a. disseminatorb. leaderc. spokespersond. figurehead27. Katz developed four critical skills that managers must possess. Which of the following is not one ofthose four skills?a. conceptualb. interpersonalc. technicald. connection28. Angelo is well known for his skills in using the advanced programming software of the engineeringfield. In fact, it was his specialized knowledge that led to his promotion as manager. Which managerial skill is Angelo demonstrating?a. conceptualb. interpersonalc. technicald. political29. Nancy’s strength as a manager lies in her ability to work with people. She is able to work with,motivate, and lead others easily. Nancy is demonstrating which managerial skill?a. conceptualb. interpersonalc. technicald. political30. Which of the following is not true about operatives?a. They have no responsibility for overseeing the work of others.b. They work directly on a job or task.c. They have no more than four employees who report directly to them.d. A person on an assembly line could be described as an operative.31. The managerial concept that focuses on task completion isa. efficiency.b. of little concern for first-line managers.c. mostly the job of top managers.d. effectiveness.32. Which one of the following best demonstrates the concept of efficient management?a. Getting activities completed.b. Maximizing output.c. Maintaining output with fewer resources.d. Increasing output and input.33. When a manager fails to complete the department's tasks but has used the resources sparingly andwisely, the results are said to bea. efficient and effective.b. efficient and ineffective.c. inefficient and effective.d. inefficient and ineffective.34. The planning function of management includesa. directing the activities of others.b. monitoring an organization's performance.c. comparing actual results with plans.d. establishing an organization's goals.35. The organizing function of management includesa. how tasks are to be grouped.b. conflict resolution among subordinates.c. comparison of actual results with a budget.d. definition of an organization's goals.36. The activities of motivating employees, directing others, selecting the most effective communicationchannels, and resolving conflicts refer to which management function?a. planning.b. organizing.c. leading.d. controlling.37. When a famous speaker, Such as the President of the United States, addresses a college graduatingclass, he or she is exhibiting Mintzberg's role ofa. liaison.b. disturbance handler.c. disseminator.d. figurehead.38. Concerning Mintzberg's managerial roles, which of the following statements is MOST accurate?a. Managers perform essentially different roles in different types of organizations.b. Managers perform essentially different roles at different levels of an organization.c. The emphasis managers give the various roles differs with various organizational levels.d. Roles of figurehead, disseminator, and liaison seem to be most appropriate for first-line managers.39. Which of the following statements is LEAST correct?a. Regardless of the organizational level, managers perform essentially the same functions.b. Most managerial functions are the same throughout the world.c. Small or large organizations perform essentially the same functions.d. The entrepreneurial role is more prevalent in small organizations than in large ones.40. Management is BEST described as the process ofa. personally completing tasks in an efficient manner.b. efficiently completing tasks with the help of others.c. using scarce resources to minimize output.d. organizing activities over a long period of time.Chapter Three: Foundations of PlanningMultiple Choice Questions1. Which of the following is not included in the definition of planning?a. Define the organization’s objectives or goals.b. Establish an overall strategy for achieving these objectives or goals.c. Allocate resources and develop a chain of communication.d. Develop a hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities.2. Which of the following is an argument against formal planning?a. Planning focuses on the future.b. Planning may create rigidity.c. Planning replaces creativity.d. Planning ignores prior successes.3. Which of following is not one of the reasons why managers should engage in planning as that wasstated in the text?a. Planning reduces cost.b. Planning minimizes waste and redundancy.c. Planning provides direction.d. Planning facilitates control.4. Plans that determine specific details about organizational objectives that are to be achieved arecalleda. strategic plans.c. long-term plans.d. detailed plans.5. Successful plans may providea. a false sense of security.b. only success.c. increased awareness of the environment.d. increased awareness of change.6. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?a. Many studies confirm the positive relationship between planning and performance.b. All organizations that plan extensively outperform those that plan less formally.c. All organizations that plan outperform those that do not.d. Many studies confirm that planning does not lead to greater performance because labor unionsare weak.7. _____ plans are differentiated by their breadth.a. Directional and specificb. Single use and standingc. Strategic and tacticald. Long-term and short-term8. Which of the following is not a popular way to describe plans?a. breadthb. time framec. specificityd. length9. Tactical and strategic plans differ in all of the following ways excepta. time frame.b. scope.c. known set of organizational objectives.d. environmental effects.10. The greater the uncertainty, the more plans should be of the _____ variety.a. long-termb. short-termc. intermediate in lengthd. rigid11. When uncertainty is high and management must maintain flexibility, which of the following types ofplans are preferable?a. long-term plansb. no plansc. directional plansd. specific plans12. Which type of plan is used to meet a particular or unique situation?b. operational planc. single-use pland. standing plan13. Which of the following is not a step in objective setting?a. Specify deadlines.b. Allow the employee to actively participate.c. Link rewards to effort.d. Prioritize goals.14. Each MBO objective must havea. a percentage change specified.b. a concise time period.c. a reference to quality.d. a specified dollar amount.15. MBO advocates participative goal setting. Research comparing participative set and assigned goalson performancea. shows consistently higher performance with participatively set goals.b. shows consistently lower performance with participatively set goals.c. has not shown any strong or consistent relationships.d. has been biased by the researchers.16. Which of the following is not an ingredient in MBO programs?a. goal specificityb. participative decision makingc. performance feedbackd. general time period17. According to the philosophy of MBO,a. Feedback occurs at the annual performance reviewb. Goals follow a top-down approachc. Goals typically are broad, general statements of intentd. Constant feedback is provided18. MBO assists in answering "What's in it for me as an employee" bya. Linking rewards to goal attainmentb. Identifying employees' key job tasksc. Allowing employees to participate activelyd. Prioritizing goals19. Managers can overcome the criticisms of management by objectives bya. ensuring that employees have multiple goals.b. treating MBO as a single-event activity.c. punishing employees who fail to achieve goals.d. rewarding employees for setting easy goals.20. Which of the following is not a component of the MBO process?a. Objectives are determined jointly by subordinates and supervisorb. Progress towards objectives is reviewed every three months.c. Employees are given ratings based on reaching specific targetsd. Rewards are based on progress towards achieving objectives.21. Which of the following is a nine-step process that involves strategic planning, implementation, andevaluation?a. decision-making processb. strategic management processc. tactical management processd. long-range planning process22. In environmental SWOT analysis, the external organizational position is analyzed according to itsa. strengths and weaknesses.b. opportunities and weaknesses.c. strengths and threats.d. opportunities and threats.23. The starting point in strategic management process is usuallya. analyzing current mission, strategies and objectives.b. identifying opportunities and threats.c. conducting an environmental scan.d. identifying opportunities and weaknesses.24. After analyzing and learning about the environment, management needs to evaluate opportunitiesand threats. Opportunities area. internal resources.b. unmet needs.c. positive external environmental factors.d. internal competitive strategies.25. Which of the following is NOT a grand strategy that an organization can use for defining its all-encompassing focus?a. Stability strategyb. Market gain strategyc. Growth strategyd. Combination strategy26. Tim's Company is analyzing the technology that allows it to produce wireless communication equipment for less money. This technological breakthrough for Tim's Company is which of the following?a. strengthb. weaknessc. opportunityd. threat27. SWOT analysisa. Matches the organization's competencies with its environmental forcesb. Sometimes involves industrial espionage tacticsc. Occurs during the mission statement formulationd. Is most useful for helping an organization sustain its competitive28. The type of organizational strategy that emphasized increasing market share or the level of anorganization's operations is calleda. Stability Strategyb. Combination strategyc. Market gain strategyd. None of the above29. When Northwest Airlines began serving its own in-flight meals, which of the following strategies wasit pursuing?a. growthb. stabilityc. retrenchmentd. combination30. Larry's Company is in the process of buying a smaller competitor and incorporating that company'sresources into his business. This is an example of which of the following types of strategies?a. mergerb. stabilityc. retrenchmentd. acquisition31. Strategy formulation involves__________.a. developing and evaluating a set of alternative strategiesb. evaluating a set of alternative strategies and selecting the best for each levelc. selecting a strategy that will increase the level of operationsd. completing a SWOT analysis32. Susan's Ceramics is expanding the size of its unfinished products while decreasing the amount offiring and finishing of products it does. This is known as which of the following strategies?a. growthb. stabilityc. retrenchmentd. combination33. A company states that its product is reliable, even to the extent of never needing a service call, suchas Maytag, is practicing which of the following competitive strategies?a. cost-leadership strategyb. differentiation strategyc. focus strategyd. retrenchment strategy34. Lila's Luscious Lips produces a cherry flavored lipstick and is targeting the "teen" girl who is between 12 and 14 years old. The strategy pursued isa. cost leadership.b differentiation.c. focus.d. segmentation.35. The premise behind _____ is to design in quality as the product is being made.a. six sigmab. TQMc. reengineeringd. benchmarking36. A large discount store, like Wal-Mart, whose primary goal is to have the lowest prices in the industry,is using which of the following strategies to maintain a competitive advantage?a. cost-leadership strategyb. differentiation strategyc. focus strategyd. retrenchment strategy37. According to Michael Porter, the goal of the focus strategy is toa. exploit a narrow segment of the market.b. seek competitive advantages in large market segments.c. use technological innovation to target customers more accurately.d. bring suppliers and distributors together and combine efforts.38. Who determines employee goals in MBO?a. employeesb. managersc. managers and employeesd. managers and the CEO39. The basic idea in _____ is that management can improve quality by analyzing and copying the methods of the leaders in the field.a. reengineeringb. benchmarkingc. TQMd. six sigma40. Which of the following is not a competitive strategy that a business may use in order to gaina distinctadvantage, according to Michael Portera. retrenchmentb. cost-leadershipc. focusd. differentiationChapter Four: Foundations of Decision MakingMultiple Choice Questions1. __________ is not one of the eight steps in the decision making process.a. Identifying the problemb. Analyzing alternative solutionsc. Implementing the decisiond. Delegating the decision making2. Which of the following sequences is correct for the decision-making Process?a. Identify decision criteria, analyze alternatives, allocate weights to criteriab. Analyze alternatives, select an alternative, implement the alternativec. Select an alternative, evaluate decision effectiveness, weight the criteriad. Analyze alternatives, develop alternatives, allocate weights to criteria3. Once a problem is formulated, the next step is toa. Select an alternativeb. List all possible Solutionsc. Observe a discrepancyd. Decide what is critical in the decision4. When a manager who is contemplating all the features a new purchase should have prioritizes themost important, he or she is practicinga. selection of criteriab. problem formulationc. weighting of criteriad. analyzing alternatives5. After implementation has been accomplisheda. The decision-making process is completeb. The control function of management become importantc. The alternatives are rankedd. The manager must complete written evaluation forms6. When a plant manager who is trying to reduce turnover of production workers notices that turnoverhas decreased by 10 percent four months after he instituted a new training program, at which step in the rational decision-making process is this manager?a. Identify the problem.b. Evaluate the decision criteria.c. Analyze the alternatives.d. Evaluate the results.7. According to the concept of bounded rationality, decision makers are limited by _______.a. less than complete informationb. environmentc. timed. All of the above.8. __________ is selecting the first minimally acceptable alternative.a. Bounded rationalityb. Unbounded rationalityc. Satisficingd. Rational decision-making9. Suppose that you need a math elective to take in order to graduate. There are five different courses you could take. You call one friend and, on the basis of her terrific experience in onecourse, you choose that one. What would Herbert Simon call what you have just done?a. Bounded rationalityb. Unbounded rationalityc. Escalation of commitmentd. Rational decision-making10. ______________ occurs when a manager purchases stock in a company and refuses to sell it evenafter it has dropped 40 percent in value over the past 6 months.a. Optimizingb. Satisficingc. Bounded Rationalityd. Escalation of Commitment11. ____________ is one of the disadvantages of group decisions that typically results in groups thatare very cohesive.a. Conflictb. Groupthinkc. Dominationd. Compromise12. Which of the following is an advantage of group decision-making when compared to individualdecision-making?a. The group process takes less time.b. Groupthink may occur.c. More decision alternatives are generated.d. One person can dominate the group.13. Bounded rationality refers to the idea thata. Managers are bound by ethical considerations to be rationalb. Managers will promote rationalization as an aid to decision makingc. Managers employ model construction to simplify decision makingd. Managers are to behave according to rational guidelines within the bounds of their authority inthe workplace14. The tendency for decision makers to base their judgments on information that is readily accessibleto them is best described asa. Escalation of commitmentb. Representative heuristicc. Bounded rationalityd. None of the above15. “Decision making under risk” means ____________.a. the decision has no data on which to base his or her decisionb. the decision maker is used to dealing with high-risk situationsc. the decision maker knows all of the risks involved in the situationd. the decision maker can estimate the risk involved in making a decision16. How do managers know when they have a disparity or discrepancy in the decision-making process?The best way is to compare their current state and some standard. Which of the following would not be a relevant standard?a. previously set goalsb. past performancec. the performance of some unit in or out of the organizationd. use future projections17. Putting a decision into action and conveying the decision to the persons who will be affected by it isknown asa. problem identification.b. decision implementation.c. rational decision making.d. irrational decision making.18. When decisions must be made with limited information because full knowledge of the problem isunavailable and the probability of outcomes is unknown, the condition of __________ exists.a. uncertaintyb. certaintyc. riskd. bounded rationality19. Which of the following is not an assumption of the rational decision-making model?a. The problem is clear and unambiguous.b. A single well-defined goal is to be achieved.c. Preferences change slowly.d. Final choice will maximize economic payoff.20. Creativity is formed when the elements of creative skills, expertise, and _____ intersect.a. personalityb. experiencec. task motivationd. None of the above.21. In the decision-making process known as bounded rationality,a. the final choice maximizes economic payoff.b. the final choice minimizes economic payoff.c. the first choice that is "good enough" is chosen.d. all "good enough" choices are selected.22. Jane just conducted the performance appraisals of five of her employees. Her appraisal was heavilyinfluenced by the performance of the individuals during the last month. Jane's bias is an example ofa. availability heuristic.b. representative heuristic.c. escalation of commitment.d. optimal decision making.23. The decision-making process concludes witha. analysis of alternatives.b. identification of a problem.c. identification of decision criteria.d. evaluation of decision effectiveness.24. Problems where information is ambiguous or incomplete are which type of problem?a. well-structuredb. ill-structuredc. programmedd. nonprogrammed25. Well-structured problems area. Newb. Closely aligned with the assumptions of perfect rationalityc. Ambiguousd. Characterized by limited information26. When a decision maker relies on a programmed decision, he or Shea. may fall back on rules, procedures, or policiesb. will develop many alternatives from which to select a solutionc. will spend considerable time on the decisiond. must be dealing with a unique or unusual problem27. A procedure can be defined as aa. method to guide a manager's thinking in one general direction.b. hierarchy of authority relationships in an organization.c. series of interrelated sequential steps for problem solving.d. collection of explicit statements about what a manager can or cannot do.28. A rule is BEST described by which of the following?a. A general guideline designed to direct a manager's focus.b. A series of interrelated sequential steps.c. A prohibition against desired activity.d. An explicit and specific statement of correct behavior.29. A policy typically containsa. parameters to constrain behavior, not specific rules.b. nothing but explicit, unambiguous terminology.c. a sequence of steps to follow for approved decision making.d. specific rules.30. "Whenever possible, we promote from within" is an example of which of the following?a. ruleb. procedurec. policyd. nonprogrammed decision31. "Only employees with top-secret clearance may enter the sealed room," is an example of aa. rule.b. procedure.c. policy.d. nonprogrammed decision.32. As managers move up the organizational hierarchy, problems are more likely to becomea. well-structured.b. ill-structured.c. programmed.d. nonprogrammed.33. A conceptual style of decision-making reflects an individual whoa. thinks intuitively and has a low tolerance for ambiguity.b. thinks rationally and has a high tolerance for ambiguity.c. thinks intuitively and has a high tolerance for ambiguity.d. thinks rationally and has a low tolerance for ambiguity.34. Peggy Juarez uses a decision-making style characterized by low tolerance for ambiguity and a rational way of thinking. They generally turn out to be fast decisions of a short run nature. What style does Peggy use?a. analyticb. conceptualc. directived. behavioral35. Which of the following is not true about group decisions?a. Group decisions are faster.b. Group decisions tend to be more accurate.c. Group decisions are more creative.d. Group decisions are more widely accepted.36. Group decisions will usually be Superior to individual decisions whena. speed is a concern.b. accuracy is critical.c. minimizing the tendency of groupthink is importantd. flexibility is needed.37. Which of the following is NOT an example of a situation in which groupthink occurs?a. Group members rationalize any resistance to the assumptions they have made.b. Group members apply direct pressure on those who express doubts.c. Group members avoid openly showing lack of consensus.d. Group members question those who are silent and try to sway them.38. Bounded rationality differs from the rational model in that decision makers:a. act irrationally.b. focus on easy-to-find choices.c. seek advice from employees.d. act outside the boundaries set by their organizations.。

新职业英语课后参考答案Unit 1: Introduction to the Workplace1. Vocabulary- Ambitious: Having a strong desire and determination to succeed.- Collaborate: To work jointly on an activity in order to achieve or do something.- Deadline: A time or date by which something should be completed.2. Grammar- Present Simple Tense: Used to describe habits, general truths, and routines.Example: She always arrives at work early.3. Reading Comprehension- Main Idea: The article discusses the importance of punctuality and professionalism in the workplace.- Supporting Details: The article mentions that being on time for meetings and deadlines is crucial for building trust and a good reputation.4. Listening Comprehension- Key Points: The speaker talks about the benefits of teamwork and how it can lead to innovative solutions.5. Speaking Activity- Role Play Scenario: You are a new employee and need to introduce yourself to your colleagues.6. Writing Task- Write a short paragraph about why communication skills are essential in a professional environment.Unit 2: Effective Communication1. Vocabulary- Assertive: Expressing feelings, beliefs, or attitudes in a way that is open, honest, and respectful of other people's rights.- Convey: To express something in speech or writing.2. Grammar- Modal Verbs: Used to express ability, permission, obligation, or advice.Example: You should always double-check your work before submitting it.3. Reading Comprehension- Main Idea: The text explains the different types of communication styles and their impact on the workplace.- Supporting Details: The text describes how active listening and clear expression of ideas can improve team dynamics.4. Listening Comprehension- Key Points: The dialogue between two colleagues highlights the importance of clear communication to avoidmisunderstandings.5. Speaking Activity- Group Discussion: Discuss the role of feedback in the workplace and how it can be given constructively.6. Writing Task- Write an email to a colleague, providing constructive feedback on a recent project.Unit 3: Time Management1. Vocabulary- Prioritize: To decide the order in which tasks should be done, based on their importance.- Procrastinate: To delay or postpone action.2. Grammar- Future Simple Tense: Used to talk about future actions or events.Example: We will meet at the conference room at 10 a.m. tomorrow.3. Reading Comprehension- Main Idea: The article provides tips on how to manage time effectively in a busy work environment.- Supporting Details: The article suggests using to-do lists and setting realistic goals to improve time management.4. Listening Comprehension- Key Points: The speaker shares personal strategies forstaying organized and meeting deadlines.5. Speaking Activity- Interactive Discussion: Share your own time management techniques with the class.6. Writing Task- Create a weekly schedule for a hypothetical work week, including meetings, deadlines, and personal time.Unit 4: Professional Development1. Vocabulary- Networking: Building and maintaining relationships with others in the same industry or area of interest.- Seminar: A meeting or class for the discussion of a particular topic.2. Grammar- Present Perfect Tense: Used to describe actions that have occurred at an unspecified time before now or actions that began in the past and continue to the present.Example: She has attended several seminars on professional development.3. Reading Comprehension- Main Idea: The text emphasizes the importance of continuous learning and professional development in today's fast-paced work environment.- Supporting Details: The text lists various ways to enhance professional skills, such as attending workshops andseeking mentorship.4. Listening Comprehension- Key Points: The interviewee talks about the benefits of networking and how it has helped advance their career.5. Speaking Activity- Presentation: Give a short presentation on aprofessional development opportunity you would like to pursue.6. Writing Task- Write a reflective essay on how you plan to continueyour professional development in your chosen career.Unit 5: Teamwork and Collaboration1. Vocabulary- Synergy: The interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.- Conflict Resolution: The process of resolving disagreements or disputes within a team.2. Grammar- Past Perfect Tense: Used to describe an action that was completed before another past action.Example: By the time the team arrived, the project had already been completed.3. Reading Comprehension- Main Idea: The article explores the concept of synergy and how it can be achieved through effective teamwork.- Supporting Details: The article provides examples of successful collaboration and the benefits it brings to。