翻译方法与原则chapter4

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翻译方法与原则cha

4.1.2 Choice of Word Meanings.
2
1
Some common-used ways available to find an equivalent in the TL.
Special Techniques Employed in Translating a Word.
02
Approach
Method1
Method2
Technique A
Technique B
etc.
Generally speaking, the translation techniques include the followings: 4.1 Diction （遣词用字） 4.2 Repetition （重译法） 4.3 Amplification （增译法） 4.4 Omission (减译法) 4.5 Conversion (转换法) 4.6 Inversion （词序调整法） 4.7 Negation (正说反译，反说正译法) 4.8 Change of voices (语态变换法) 4.9 Division（分译法） 4.10 Combination（合译法）
Approach: we mean that an idea or theory is being applied: that whatever the translator does, certain theoretical principles are always borne in mind. The word much more general and has the implication that whatever methods or techniques that the translator uses, he/she does not feel bound by these, but only by theory in which he/she believes. But he/she will adopt these if he/she find new and better methods or techniques which fit in with his/her approach.

英语专业翻译Chapter 4 3

Chapter IV. 3 转句译法
E to C
(一）副词的分译
The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.
中国人似乎为他们经济建设上取得的巨大成就感到自豪，这是合乎情理的。
Jerry quickly ordered everyone to put on life jackets, and tried unsuccessfully to put out the fire.
• 可以预料，目前对电的最大需要量在十年内可望增加一倍。

（四）短语的分译
• To be scientific, we must test the formulas and the conclusions by experiments.（不定式短语）
• 要使之具有科学性，我们必须用实验来验证这些公式和结论。
杰里立即叫大家穿上救生衣，并且奋力灭火，但却无济于事。
But, occasionally, through haste carelessness, mistakes were made, so that at the end of the business day one teller would be short on cash, the other long. 但是，偶尔也有这种情况：仓促匆忙或者粗心大意造成了一些错误，结果当天停业结算时，一个出纳会短了现金，而另一个却会多了现金。
• That region was the most identifiable trouble place. • 那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家很容易看出来的。
• He had long been held in cordial contempt by his peers; now that contempt was no longer cordial.

汉英比较与翻译chapter 4

如果说她早已失掉了那蔚蓝色眼睛的、花儿般的魅力，也失掉了她脸儿和身段的那种玉洁冰清、苗条多姿的气质和那苹果花似的颜色——二十六年前这种花容月貌曾那样迅速而奇妙地影响过艾舍斯特——那么在四十三岁的今天，她依旧是个好看而忠实的伴侣，不过两颊淡淡地有点儿斑驳，而灰蓝色的眼睛也有了岁月的沉淀。
17
English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt（麦芽）. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack. …
英语国家沿袭了古代希腊人非常严格和规范的语词系统。古代希腊人认为,语词系统与思维系统是相一致的,要表达一个清晰合理的思想就离不开清晰合理的词形和句法。而在一个毫无条理的陈述结构中,思想肯定也是杂乱无章的,而杂乱无章的思想是没有意义的。英语形合的特征正是在这样一种背景之下形成的。
与之相反,中国人重直觉,强调意念流, 只要能够达意,词的形式是无关紧要的, 词语之间的关系常在不言中,语法意义和逻辑关系常隐藏在字里行间。正所谓‚子曰:辞,达而已矣‛(《论语.卫灵公》)。(The master said, in official speeches, all that matters is to get one’s meaning through.)

第四章汉译英的标准及译文

那男孩大约八九岁。例6.那男孩大约八九岁。那男孩大约八九岁
译文：译文： The boy was about eight or nine years old. 改译：改译：The boy was eight or nine years 他一两个星期后来。例7.他一两个星期后来。他一两个星期后来译文：译文：He will come after a week or two. 改译：改译：He will come in a week or two.
例2. 你们谁想参加春游就在星期五之前报名并交费。原译：You whoever wants to go spring outing please sign up your name and pay dues before Friday.
译文1：Whoever wants to join the spring outing should sign up and pay the expenses before Friday. 译文2：Those of you who want to go on the spring outing are required to sign up and hand in the payment before Friday. 译文3：If any of you wants to take part in the spring outing, please sign up and pay for it before Friday.
第四章汉英翻译的基本原则和译文评估第一节翻译的原则
1. 忠实：忠实于原文忠实： 2. 通顺：流畅的外文通顺：
翻译原则之一：忠实
★忠实，译文必须忠实原文，即译文要准确表达原文的思想，意义和文化信息，对原文不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏或任意增删的现象。无论什么体裁和内容，翻译都必须在完全正确理解和把握原文的语言和深层含义的基础上，准确无误地反映原文的内容实质。 ★忠实还指保持原作风格即原作的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者的个人风格等。

科技英语翻译-第4章详解

Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions

代词的翻译第1节代词的一般译法
五、转译转译就是将英文原文句子的代词在汉译时翻译成其他词性的词，如转译为名词或副词，以使译文流畅，更符合汉语的表达习惯。如： What a motor does is to change electrical energy into mechanical driving power. 电动机所起的作用就是把电能转化成机械能。（连接代词what转译为名词） All of the heat lost by the warmer object in cooling is gained by colder object. 温度较高的物体冷却时所失去的热量都被温度较低的物体吸收。（不定代词all转译成副词）
Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions

代词的翻译代词是用来代替名词、名词词组甚至整个句子的词。为了清楚地表达代词本身的意义以及所代替的词、词组或句子的意义，翻译时，首先要辨明代词所代替的先行词，以便正确地理解原文；其次要在译文中采用适当的翻译方法给予正确的表达，避免引起歧义。英语的代词久类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词、连接代词。其中，相互代词，反身代词和疑问代词的翻译比较容易、直观，以直译为主，本书不做专门讨论；连接代词和关系代词将在本书的第七章重点讨论。本书将重点讨论人称代词、物主代词、指示代词和不定代词。
Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions

代词的翻译第1节代词的一般译法
二、还原所谓还原，就是把代词所代替的名词、名词词组的意思翻译出来，如： If the bearing were not lubricated ,they would rapidly overheat. 假如轴承未加润滑油的话，轴承很快就过热了。 The construction of the diesel engine is quite similar to that of the gasoline engine . 柴油机的构造与汽油机的构造十分相似。（代词that还原为名词“构造”）

chapter 4翻译教程

The phatic function of language is used for maintaining friendly contact with the addressee rather than for impairing foreign information. Some phaticisms are “universal”, others are cultural, and they should be rendered by standard equivalents, which are not literal translations.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The core of the informative function of language is external situation, the facts of topic, reality outside language, including reported ideas or theories. The format of an informative text is often standard: a textbook, a technical report, an article in a newspaper or a periodical, scientific paper, a thesis, minutes or agenda of a meeting.
073010234 Ana
Expressive
Informative Vocative
The
core of the expressive function is the mind of the speaker, the writer, the originator of the utterance. Characteristic “expressive” text-types are: serious imaginative literature, authoritative statements, autobiography, essays, personal correspondence. It is essential that the translator should be able to distinguish the personal components of these texts.

Chapter 4 -2句子翻译之语序调

• 一霎那，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛苦起来. • In no time, I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the world and could not help crying my heart out.
• 1. 句内主要成分位置的调整 • 2. 状语位置的调整 • 3. 一系列表示时间、地点、方式状语位置的调整 • 4. 定语位置的调整
中国批评界怎样பைடு நூலகம்趋势，我却不大了解，也不很注意。 • I am not too clear, not too interested,either, regarding current trends in China’s literary criticism. 父亲母亲的形象还能回忆一点儿，但很模糊。 Even today I can recollect what my own parents looked like but, of course, my impression is blurry.
五．原文若是形容词、名词、数量词或介词短语作谓语，译文中常常采用系表结构
你们一定知道，这种打字机轻便高效，经久耐用又经济实惠，适合高中学生使用。 You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and high-efficient, economical and practical for high school students.
• 救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。 • Heal the wounded, rescue the dying, practice revolutionary humanitarianism.

大学实用翻译教程(英汉双向)第四章词语翻译技巧

We have decided to place a trial order for the following on the terms stated in your letter.
2、动词转为形容词
她父母为她的健康不佳而发愁。
Her parents were anxious about her poor health．获悉贵国遭受地震，我们极为关切。 We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake．她没有意识到自己犯了一个严重的错误。 She was not aware that she had made a serious mistake．
译文：我们大脑的“程序”非常复杂，所以也许我们喜欢从文学、艺术、科学和技术角度的创造力来定义“思考”这个概念。
该例原文选自有关人脑功能方面的一篇科技性文章。根据整个语篇以及相关语境，可以推断出这里的“our program”指大脑程序，因为我们自己本身并没有什么程序可言。因此，译成汉语时要增加失当词汇，才能更确切地表达原文所要传达的意思。
我们对待世界大战这个问题的态度是：第一，反对；第二，不怕。
Our attitude on the question of world war is, first, we are against it；second, we are not afraid of it．他们不顾一切困难和挫折，坚持战斗。 They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks．
1、冠词的省译
A teacher should have patience in his work. 教师在工作中应当有耐心。

chapter four-商务英语英汉翻译教程

CISISU-Business English for the Seniors 3
Part 1. Relationship between the meaning of English and Chinese words
Differences: Chinese-相比英文，汉语词义严谨固定，词的含义范围较窄，词义上下的依赖性比较小。 English-英文词义灵活多变，词的含义范围比较窄，词义上下的依赖性较大，英语一词多义的现象较汉语多。
CISISU-Business English for the Seniors 16
Part 3. Characteristic meaning in Business Discourse
CISISU-Business English for the Seniors 12
Part 2. Cultural meaning of words
2.英汉语中都有但文化内涵不同的词 1)There are only five minutes left, I need to go to the rest room. 译文：只剩五分钟了，我需要去下卫生间。 2)To reduce loss and increase overall profits, the CEO told his product managers to get rid of all the dogs. 译文：为了减少亏损，全面增加利润，公司的首席执行官告诉产品部经理们要销毁所有的次品。
CISISU-Business English for the Seniors 15
Part 3. Characteristic meaning in Business Discourse

翻译常用技巧练习,2010.12.,Chapter+4,+

3. If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always. 施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。（省略表条件的连词）
• 4. 她（黄河）奔腾不息，勇往直前，忽而黄河）奔腾不息勇往直前不息，直前，惊涛裂岸，势不可挡，群山动容动容；惊涛裂岸，势不可挡，使群山动容；忽而安如处子，风平浪静，波光潋滟，安如处子，风平浪静，波光潋滟，气象万千。 • It tears and boils along turbulently through the mountains and, at some place, flows on quietly with a sedate appearance and glistening ripples. (修修辞性省译) 辞性省译
• 2. Beggars can’t be choosers. • 叫花子不可挑三拣四。（n---v）叫花子不可挑三拣四。（。（）
• 3. After two years with a bad woman a good man becomes a bad man. • 两年交坏女，好男也变坏。两年交坏女，好男也变坏。 (prep.--v.)
英语形容词转译成汉语动词
英语中作表语和定语的部分形容词用来表物质属性或知觉情感、欲望、或知觉、示物质属性或知觉、情感、欲望、信念等心理状态时心理状态时，可以和汉语中表示同类概念的动词相互转换。这类形容词有：的动词相互转换。这类形容词有：
able, afraid, angry, ashamed, aware, anxious, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant, sorry, thankful等 thankful等

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2.1 Conceptual Meaning .
Conceptual meaning is often described as dictionary meaning or literal meaning of a word. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.

4.1 Diction （遣词用字）
4.1.1 Word Meaning: 4.1.2 Choice of Word Meanings.
4.1.1 Word Meaning:
1. Grammatical Meaning. 2. Lexical Meaning.

1. Grammatical Meaning.

Technique: we mean a procedure used in the
translation. A technique then is the narrowest term, meaning one single procedure.

Method: a method is a set of procedures or a

2. Lexical Meaning.

Lexical Meaning is composed of conceptual meaning and associative meaning. Lexical meaning is relatively stable.
2.1 Conceptual Meaning . 2.2 Associative Meaning .
4.1.2 Choice of Word Meanings.

In the practice of translation, what perplexes us most frequently is how to find an equivalent in the TL (target language). Great care is called for in the translation of “familiar” English words into Chinese, as their meanings vary with the change in collocation or context: (see P100-101) 1) The meaning of a word is its use in the language. And each word, when used in a new context, is a new word. 2) A Chinese word or phase may have a variety of English equivalents to different situations.

2.2 Associative Meaning

Associative meaning is that part of meaning which has been supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It is the meaning which arises of the associations a word acquires. It is open-ended, unstable and indeterminate, because it varies with culture, time, place, class, individual experiences, etc. Associative meaning includes connotative, stylistic, affective and collocative meanings.

Approach: we mean that an idea or theory is
being applied: that whatever the translator does, certain theoretical principles are always borne in mind. The word much more general and has the implication that whatever methods or techniques that the translator uses, he/she does not feel bound by these, but only by theory in which he/she believes. But he/she will adopt these if he/she find new and better methods or techniques which fit in with his/her approach.
Grammatical Meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships or functions, such as tense meaning, singular meaning, etc.. Words with the similar lexical meaning can have different grammatical meanings, and words with different lexical meanings can have the same grammatical meaning. Grammatical meaning is in use.

1)Connotative meaning 2)Stylistic meaning

3) Affective meaninganing
Connotative meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. Connotations are apt to vary from age to age and from society to society. Talking about connotation is in fact talking about the real world experience one associates with an expression when one uses or hears it.
1.Some common-used ways available to find an equivalent in the TL.
Chapter 4
Translation
Techniques

（110214134 杨倩)

In this chapter, we are going to study different translation techniques in details. Therefore, first of all, it’s worthwhile discussing briefly the difference between the three words, which are often used in translation: approaches, methods, techniques.
collection of techniques used in a systematic way which it is hoped will result in successful translation. Namely, it will consist of a number of techniques, probably arranged in a specific order.

2)Stylistic meaning
Language use can be formal, neutral and casual in style. The stylistic features of words, which make words appropriate for appropriate situations, constitute stylistic meanings of words.
Approach Method1 Method2
etc.
Technique A
Technique B

Generally speaking, the translation techniques include the followings: 4.1 Diction （遣词用字） 4.2 Repetition （重译法） 4.3 Amplification （增译法） 4.4 Omission (减译法) 4.5 Conversion (转换法) 4.6 Inversion （词序调整法） 4.7 Negation (正说反译，反说正译法) 4.8 Change of voices (语态变换法) 4.9 Division（分译法） 4.10 Combination（合译法）
4.1.2 Choice of Word Meanings.
1.Some common-used ways available to find an equivalent in the TL. 2. Special Techniques Employed in Translating a Word.

翻译方法与原则chapter4

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