桂林理工大学1001英语2017年考博真题考博试题博士研究生入学试题

2019考试科目代码：1001考试科目名称：英语Part I Reading Comprehension (45%)Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Less than two months into her breast cancer treatment, Alexandra Jn-Charles was called into a new room at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, where two treating physicians, the chief medical officer and an attorney representing the hospital told her that mistakes had been made.The skin lesions (病变) on her chest, they said, had been caused not by her illness but by the machine that was supposed to cure her. The 32-year-old had received nearly 30 radiotherapy sessions, but at this point it didn’t really make sense to count them, because a programming error had caused each installment to deliver at least three times the prescribed amount of radiation.Jn-Charles, who died two and a half years after this meeting in 2005, would eventually come to exemplify the emergence of accidental over-radiation in U.S. hospitals. The worst off have reported skin damage, inexplicable hair loss and ribs(肋骨) buckling beneath their chests — debilitating injuries suffered while undergoing screening or treatment for something that would otherwise kill them. A steep price for survival.These tragedies go to the core of an issue as pressing as it is uncomfortable to think about: Have advances in technology, improved treatment methods and more comprehensive screening protocols led to systematic, excessive irradiation of patients?The answer, according to a growing number of health experts, is yes. For example, the CT scan, which has become commonplace in response to rising cancer rates, is itself thought to increase the likelihood that a person develops cancer. The scans deliver several hundred times more radiation than an X-ray — even when guidelines and dosages are followed precisely. “What we do as physicians arguably harms people,” James Ehrlich, a clinical associate professor at the University of Colorado and an adviser for Premier Micronutrient Corp., told Newsweek.A jarring example of that came in 2010, when Walt Bogdanich published an extensive review in The New York Times that listed numerous patients whose lives had been destroyed by mistakes in hospital imaging and radiotherapy. Shortly after the article series went to press, the Food and Drug Administration began to ramp up its efforts to limit excessive exposure, eventually launching its Initiative to Reduce Unnecessary Radiation Exposure From Medical Imaging.Along with organizations like the American College of Radiology, the FDA now supports a number of so-called dose registries that allow facilities to compare radiation dose indexes to regional and national values. To date, hundreds of facilities across the U.S. have enrolled.But the FDA’s regulatory authority is generally focused on equipment manufacturers, and compliance on the state level is never guaranteed. And even compliant facilities run the risk of over-radiating patients: A 2012 paper bythe Institute of Medicine found that medical imaging is one of the leading environmental causes of breast cancer.1. The skin damage on Jn-Charles’ chest was caused by ______.A) breast cancerB) advanced technologyC) over-radiationD) treatment methods1. What does the author want to explain by exemplifying Jn-Charles?A) There is no need to waste so much money for to treat breast cancer.B) Until now, breast cancer is still an incurable illness around the world.C) There is an increasing number of young people suffering from cancer.D) There are incidents of excessive irradiation of patients in America.3. What can be learnt about the CT scan?A) It is a double-edged sword in the term of cancer.B) It has been argued in the medical profession.C) It is much safer to be used to treat breast cancer.D) The radiation dosages can be controlled easily.4. What does the word “ramp up” (Para. 6) mean?A) Heat up.B) Draw out.C) Intensify.D) Put up.5. The author thinks FDA’s solution to reduce radiation exposure is ______.A) ineffectiveB) looseC) harmfulD) unnecessaryPassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Like a tired marriage, the relationship between libraries and publishers has long been reassuringly dull. E-books, however, are causing heartache. Libraries know they need digital wares if they are to remain relevant, but many publishers are too wary of piracy and lost sales to co-operate. Among the big six, only Random House and HarperCollins license e-books with most libraries. The others have either denied requests or are reluctantly experimenting. In August, for example, Penguin will start a pilot with public libraries in New York.Publishers are wise to be nervous. Owners of e-readers are exactly the customers they need: book-lovers with money (neither the devices nor broadband connections come cheap). If these wonderful people switch to borrowing e-books instead of buying them, what then?Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient. Unlike printed books, which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live, book files can be downloaded at home. Digital library catalogues are often browsed at night, from a comfy sofa. The files disappear from the device when they are due (which means no late fees, nor worry about lost or damaged books).Awkwardly for publishers, buying an e-book costs more than renting one but offers little extra value. You cannot resell it, lend it to a friend or burn it to stay warm. Owning a book is useful if you want to savour（品尝）it repeatedly, but who reads “Fifty Shades of Grey” twice?E-lending is not simple, however. There are lots of different and often incompatible e-book formats, devices and licences. Most libraries use a company called OverDrive, a global distributor that secures rights from publishers and provides e-books and audio files in every format. Some 35m titles were checked out through OverDrive in 2011, and the company now sends useful data on borrowing behaviour to participating publishers. Yet publishers and libraries are worried by OverDrive’s market dominance, as the company can increasingly dictate fees and conditions.Library boosters argue that book borrowers are also book buyers, and that libraries are vital spaces for readers to discover new work. Many were cheered by a recent Pew survey, which found that more than half of Americans with library cards say they prefer to buy their e-books. But the report also noted that few people know that e-books are available at most libraries, and that popular titles often involve long waiting lists, which may be what inspires people to buy.So publishers keep tweaking（对……稍作调整）their lending arrangements in search of the right balance. Random House raised its licensing prices earlier this year, and HarperCollins limits libraries to lending its titles 26 times. Penguin plans to keep new releases out of libraries for at least six months, and each book will expire after a year. The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.6. What can we learn about the big six publishers?A) They know they need to cooperate with libraries.B) They have recently sold e-books to most libraries.C) Most of them hesitate in cooperation with libraries.D) They stand out against selling e-books to libraries.7. What is the advantage of electronic borrowing?A) There is no need to worry about deadlines.B) It can pay for the late fees automatically.C) Readers can lend the book files to their friends.D) It is much cheaper than traditional printed books.8. Why are publishers and libraries worried about OverDrive’s market dominance?A) Publisher and libraries will lose their market shares of e-books.B) OverDrive provides various format of e-books and audio files.C) OverDrive will increasingly divide their profit of e-books.D) E-readers will not lend e-books or audio files from libraries.9. What was shown in Pew survey?A) The desire to collect popular books inspires people to buy them.B) E-readers in America prefer to buy their e-books from libraries.C) More than half of Americans are book borrowers and book buyers.D) People with library cards usually have to wait for popular e-books.10. What does the author mean by saying “The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.” (Para. 7)?A) Many problems about e-book lending need to be solved.B) It is wise for publishers to cooperate closely with libraries.C) Cooperation between publishers and libraries is a win-win strategy.D) Libraries will dominant the book market by lending e-books.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Across the board, American colleges and universities are not doing a very good job of preparing their students for the workplace or their post-graduation lives. This was made clear by the work of two sociologists, Richard Arumand Josipa Roksa. In 2011 they released a landmark study titled “Academically Adrift,” which documented the lack of intellectual growth experienced by many people enrolled in college. In particular, Arum and Roksa found, college students were not developing the critical thinking, analytic reasoning and other higher-level skills that are necessary to thrive in today’s knowledge-based economy and to lead our nation in a time of complex challenges and dynamic change.Arum and Roksa placed the blame for students’ lack of learning on a watered-down college curriculum and lowered undergraduate work standards. Although going to college is supposed to be a full-time job, stu- dents spent, on average, only 12 to 14 hours a week studying and many were skating through their semesters without doing a significant amount of reading and writing. Students who take more challenging classes and spend more time studying do learn more. But the priorities of many undergraduates are with extracurricular activities, playing sports, and partying and socializing.Laura Hamilton, the author of a study on parents who pay for college, will argue in a forthcoming book that college administrations are overly concerned with the social and athletic activities of their students. In Paying for the Party, Hamilton describes what she calls the “party pathway,” which eases many students through college, helped along by various clubs that send students into the party scene and a host of easier majors. By sanctioning this watered-down version of college, universities are “catering to the social and educat ional needs of wealthy students at the expense of others” who won’t enjoy the financial backing or social connections of richer students once they graduate.These students need to build skills and knowledge during college if they are to use their degrees as a stepping-stone to middle-class mobility. But more privileged students must not waste this opportunity either. As recent graduates can testify, the job market isn’t kind to candidates who can’t demonstrate genuine competence, along with a well-cultivated willingness to work hard. Nor is the global economy forgiving of an American workforce with increasingly weak literacy, math and science abilities. College graduates will still fare better than those with only a high school education, of course. But a university degree unaccompanied by a gain in knowledge or skills is an empty achievement indeed. For students who have been coasting through college, and for American universities that have been demanding less work, offering more attractions and charging higher tuition, the party may soon be over.11. What is Arum and Roksa’s finding about higher education in America?A) It aims at stimulating the intellectual curiosity of college students.B) It fails to prepare students to face the challenges of modern times.C) It has experienced dramatic changes in recent years.D) It has tried hard to satisfy students’ various needs.12. What is responsible for the students’ lack of higher-level skills?A) The diluted college curriculum.B) The boring classroom activities.C) The absence of rigorous discipline.D) The outdated educational approach.13. What does Laura Hamilton say about college administrations?A) They fail to give adequate help to the needy students.B) They tend to offer too many less challenging courses.C) They seem to be out of touch with society.D) They prioritize non-academic activities.14. What can be learned about the socially and financially privileged students?A) They tend to have a sense of superiority over their peers.B) They can afford to choose easier majors in order to enjoy themselves.C) They spend a lot of time building strong connections with businesses.D) They can climb the social ladder even without a degree.15. What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?A) American higher education has lost its global competitiveness.B) People should not expect too much from American higher education.C) The current situation in American higher education may not last long.D) It will take a long time to change the current trend in higher education.Part II Translation (25%)Directions: For this part, you are to translate a passage from Chinese into English.西安是我国黄河流域古代文明的重要发源地之一，与雅典、罗马、开罗并称为世界四大古都。

武汉理工大学2017年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Unit 1 SchoolingPassage OneVocabulary1.striking2.slender impeccable3.discernible4.sloppy5.sagacity6.arrogance7.vow8.homonym9.glistening10.fix the blame onPassage TwoVocabulary1. A2. B3. C4. A5. B6. D7. A8. D9. D10.CTranslation1. 我曾经遇到过这样一位管弦乐指挥严师。

当有人弹错时，他怒骂他为白痴”；当有人弹走音时，他暂停指挥，怒吼。

他就是杰瑞·卡帕琪斯基——乌克兰移民。

2. 传统的观念认为老师应该为学生梳理知识，而不是一味的把知识塞进他们的脑袋里。

作业和小组学习都是备受青睐的学习手段。

传统的方法，如讲授和背诵，都被讥讽为“钻杀”，被人反对，被贬为是用正确的方法来蚕食年轻一代的创造力和积极性。

3. 死记硬背现在被作为解释来自印度（印度人的记忆力让人赞不绝口）家庭的孩子在全国拼字比赛中大胜对手的一个原因。

4. 当然，我们也担心失败会给孩子造成精神创伤，削弱他们的自尊。

5. 研究人员曾以为，最有效的老师会通过小组学习和讨论带领学生学习知识。

Unit 2 MusicPassage OneVocabulary1. molecular2. hyperactive3. integrated4. retention5. condense6. clerical7. alert8. aesthetically9. compelling10. undeniablyPassage TwoVocabulary1. B2. D3. A4. B5. C6. D7. A8. B9. D 10. C Translation1.一项新的研究消除了某些美国人所珍视的观点，即音乐能够提高孩子的智力。

2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）(总分：126.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.（分数：2.00）A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate3.An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneousB.negativeC.adverseD.prompt4.Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent5.Generally, vaccine makers______the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate6.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate jointsand______toxins and impurities.（分数：2.00）A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out7.Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotels of______standards.（分数：2.00）A.equivalentB.likelyC.alikeD.uniform8.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.（分数：2.00）A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful9.According to the Geneva______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（分数：2.00）A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.（分数：2.00）A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn11.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately12.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________13.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.（分数：2.00）A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed14.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up .（分数：2.00）A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained15.Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.（分数：2.00）A.localB.unfamiliarC.goodD.unfavorablerm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy .（分数：2.00）A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery17.The period from 3, 000 to 1, 000 B. C. E. , when the use of bronze became common , is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.（分数：2.00）A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread18.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread19.Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.（分数：2.00）A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of20.Many questions about estrogen's effects remain to be elucidated , and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.（分数：2.00）A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated21.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.（分数：2.00）A.faultB.deviationC.discretionD.discrepancy22.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.（分数：2.00）A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable三、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 version's sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】______could provide clues to【C2】______the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】______H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】______humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 【C5】______occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 【C6】______cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】______compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according toa 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace — and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now — is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】______its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】______the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】______to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.interactB.interfaceC.connectionD.contamination(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.stoppingB.stoppedC.have stoppedD.stop(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.contactedB.contractedC.concentratedD.infected(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.onB.inC.ofD.with(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.breakoutB.take placeC.happenD.outbreak(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.accountsB.numbersC.countsD.takes(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.MoreoverB.StillC.FurthermoreD.Thereafter(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.givenB.givingC.to giveD.speaking of(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.parsingB.parsedC.to parseD.having parsed(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.presentlyB.potentiallyC.potentlyD.importantly四、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable havethese one-time wonder drugs become. Modern medicine relies on antibiotics — not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past we've always developed new ones that killed them again. Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25, 000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic. Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world — not just in medical facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica (南极洲) . How did we reach this point without viable successors to today's increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isn't much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but can't reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them. This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics — although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market. One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but don't otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance. Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D. If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author is trying to______.（分数：2.00）A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics(2).The warning from health authorities implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow(3).The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage, ______.（分数：2.00）A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries(4).The market failure refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics(5).During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of______.（分数：2.00）A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessnessWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD.always feels the world around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child's happinessFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun's mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments registered a 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output. Some scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max's observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to______.（分数：2.00）A.sunspot activityB.unusual weather patternsC.increased levels of dustD.fluctuations in the Earth's temperature(2).Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?（分数：2.00）A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.D.The Earth's atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.(3).Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?（分数：2.00）A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.Solar Max's instruments were getting old.C.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max's instruments.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's detectors.(4).The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.an ongoing research effortB.a question that can never be answeredC.an issue that has been resolvedD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns(5).What does this passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The components of the Earth's atmosphere,B.The launching of a weather satellite.C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Optical illusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But there's more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy. What they reveal, he says, is that the whole world is the creation of our brain. What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. It's a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains. The world is literally shaped by our pasts. Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes it's a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. "Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality, " says Dr. Lotto. "What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history, " This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the "R" and the "L" sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. "Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. It's not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference. " Dr. Lotto's experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. "Yes, my work is idea-driven, " he says. "But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I don't believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology. "（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word "them" in the first paragraph refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.(2).According to the passage, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto?（分数：2.00）A.Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.B.Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines such as art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.C.Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitions in the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.(3).Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr. Lotto's study?（分数：2.00）A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world, to a great measure, is created and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see, hear, feel, and the truth may be contrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporary forms of the world, which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actually created by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.(4).According to Dr. Lotto, what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter againsta dark background than being against a light background?（分数：2.00）A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against a light one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.(5).Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?（分数：2.00）A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment and the brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study in neuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated from human body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the research is carried out in proper natural context.The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400, 000 surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldn't let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table. Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm? Some doctors say yes, concerned that the "wow" factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot. The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robothands don't shake. Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions. But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now "is the increase in number of reports received" about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths. Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn't quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren't required to report such things; device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don't train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it's up to hospitals and surgeons to decide "if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. " A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system. But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed. New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon's many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.(2).According to some doctors, which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasm for da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.(3).What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn't finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.(4).What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?（分数：2.00）A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training on the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to used robots.(5).What is the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by。

2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷1、The two pens are the same, but the red one cost _____________ that one.A．as much twice as B．twice as much asC．much as twice as D．as twice much as2、________ two hours daily has made considerable difference to my physical condition.A．To walk B．WalkingC．Walked D．Having walked3、—How about his design?—Well, to tell the truth, it is ______ but satisfactory. So you’ll have to try your best to betterit.A．something B．anythingC．everything D．nothing4、—I'm sorry. I shouldn't have been so rude to you.—You ________ something not very nice to me, but that's OK.A．have said B．had said C．were saying D．did say5、After ________________ a sandstorm warning on Sunday evening, meteorologists forecastthat dusty weather will continue in parts of the country on Monday.A．breaking off B．calling off C．leaving off D．putting off6、The Oxford English Dictionary is necessary for learning English，so you'd better buy__________．A．this B．that C．it D．one7、_______, the dancers practise hard to make their dreams come true.A．Instead of being disabled B．Being disabledC．Disabled as they are D．In case of being disabled8、Hard work and lack of sleep have _____ her beauty and youth in recent years.A．worn out B．tried outC．made out D．sent out9、These remarkable findings suggest the elephants have ________ a memory capacity to make distinctions between human voices.A．built up B．packed up C．brought up D．took up10、Y ou don’t need an invitation to help others. Give help _____you are asked.A．if B．asC．though D．before第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编33(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．India’s internal structure can never be ______ with Europe’s.A．sameB．similarC．identicalD．equal正确答案：C解析：identical(with)a.同一个：完全相同的(如：That is the identical pen I lost．The fingerprints of no two persons are identical．This copy is identical with the ones you bought last week．)。

same a.相同的，一样的(习惯上与定冠词the连用)。

similar(to)a.相似的，类似的。

equal(to／with)a.相等的，同样的：平等的；胜任的。

2．Louis was asked to ______ the man who stole her purse.A．identifyB．recognizeC．claimD．confirm正确答案：A解析：identify vt．认出，鉴定(身份)；认为……等同于(with)(如：She identified him as her attacker．I cannot identify this signature．Wealth cannot be identified with happiness．)。

recognize vt．认出，识别；承认。

claim vt．声称，主张；说……是自己的，索取。

confirm vt．确定，批准，使巩固，使有效。

3．There was snow everywhere, so that the shape of things was difficult to ______. (2010年四川大学考博试题)A．identifyB．authorizeC．justifyD．rationalize正确答案：A解析：在给出的选项中：identify“识别，鉴定，认明，认同，感同身受”：authorize“授权给，全权委托，允许，认可，批准”；justify“替……辩护，证明合法”：rationalize“使合理化，使有理化”。

桂电考博英语In the realm of higher education, the pursuit of a doctoral degree represents a significant milestone. AtGuilin University of Electronic Technology (Guidian), the English proficiency requirement for doctoral candidates poses a unique challenge, offering both obstacles and opportunities for aspiring scholars. This article explores the nuances of this requirement, its impact on candidates, and the strategies that can be employed to overcome the hurdle.The significance of English in the academic worldcannot be overstated. As a global language of communication, English facilitates the exchange of ideas and knowledge across borders. In the context of doctoral studies, proficiency in English is not just a requirement but also a tool for accessing a vast repository of research and scholarship. At Guidian, this proficiency is assessed through a comprehensive English examination, which tests candidates' reading, writing, listening, and speaking abilities.The challenges posed by this examination are numerous. Firstly, the exam requires a high level of language proficiency, which can be a daunting task for non-native speakers. Secondly, the exam format and content can be unfamiliar to many, requiring a significant amount of preparation. Lastly, the pressure of performing well inthis exam can add to the already stressful process of pursuing a doctoral degree.However, despite these challenges, the English proficiency requirement at Guidian presents numerous opportunities. Firstly, it encourages candidates to develop their English skills, which are invaluable in the international academic community. Secondly, the exam helps candidates identify areas of weakness in their language skills, allowing them to focus on improvement. Finally, the exam prepares candidates for the rigors of academic research and publication, where English is often the primary language of communication.To overcome the hurdle of the English examination, candidates can adopt a variety of strategies. Firstly, regular practice is essential. Candidates should aim toimprove their English skills through reading, writing, listening, and speaking activities. Secondly, familiarizing oneself with the exam format and content is crucial. Candidates should review sample questions and past exams to understand the types of questions they will encounter and the expected level of proficiency. Finally, seeking professional help can be beneficial. Candidates can seek guidance from teachers, mentors, or language experts to address areas of concern and improve their language skills. In conclusion, the English proficiency requirement at Guidian University of Electronic Technology, while posing challenges, also offers valuable opportunities for doctoral candidates. By embracing the challenge, candidates can develop their English skills, prepare for the rigors of academic research, and enhance their chances of success in the international academic community. With the right strategies and perseverance, the English examination can be overcome, leading to the fulfillment of a doctoral degree and a new horizon of academic achievements.**桂电考博英语：挑战与机遇并存**在高等教育领域，攻读博士学位是一个重要的里程碑。

2017年医学博士考试《外语》真题(总分100, 考试时间90分钟)Section A1. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.A affiliateB alleviateC aggravateD accelerate答案:B解析：风湿病学家建议，那些持续疼痛和痛苦的人首先应该借助医疗来缓解问题。

affiliate"接纳，为……工作"，alleviate"减少，减缓"，aggravate"增加"，accelerate"加速"。

根据题意，正确答案为B。

2. An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.A spontaneousB negativeC adverseD prompt答案:C解析：当身体对某种外来物质产生不良反应时，就会出现过敏现象。

spontaneous"同时的"，negative"负面的"，adverse"不利的"，prompt"立刻的"。

在有关过敏的语境里，一般"不良反应"用an adverse reaction，而不用negative，正确答案为C。

3. Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A crucialB virulentC colossalD prevalent答案:D解析：糖尿病是世界上最普遍的潜在危险疾病之一。

装备学院2012 年博士研究生入学考试英语（1001）试题（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分 100 分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1.He was a medal for his outstanding contribution to science.A.rewardedB. awardedC. promisedD. admitted2.Tall and , with close-cropped hair, Austin looks like anyone else on the track t eam.A.allergicB. confusedC. slenderD. splendidinjury and sickness received a good deal of publicity and3.The problem ofattention this year.A.careerB. professionalC. occupationalD. employment4.Three of workers produce machines that reduce tree branches to wood chips.A.shiftsB. shuttlesC. treatiesD. treads5.It is well known that the first can only work hard planting young trees for a new business,while the following people may obtain the successful fruits.A.practitionersB. amateursC. forerunnersD. managers6.The between direct and non-direct investment is thus meant to focus on the issueof control.A.distinctB. distinguishC. discriminationD. distinction7.The old gentleman to be an old friend of his grandfather's.A.turned inB. turned overC. turned upD. turned out8.With its share of the market falling sharply, Vermeer opened a plant in Beijing, taking aChinese partner and drawing help for the from the Chinese.A.adventureB. ventureC. featureD. fractureC. withheldD. deprived10.His casual clothes were not for such a formal occasion.A.appropriateB. grantedC. conspicuousD. noble11.The focus of the conference was the application of computer-game technologies andenvironments to real -world business problems.A.properB. outsideC. virtualD. inside12.The most explanation is that professors are not particularly interested in students'welfare.A.plausibleB. clarifiedC. respectfulD. indifferent13.The manufacturers rely increasingly on governments, here and abroad, to andexpand.A.profoundB. prosperC. extractD. conquer14.The Obama hasn’t tried to formulate policy that far into the future.A.managementB. governmentC. administrationD. parliament15.While the cause of the accident to one part, the commission also raised broaderconcerns about quality control.A.exploringB. consultingC. completingD. narrowing16.The commission recommended that the space agency a better quality-controlprogram for engine parts.A.put into actionB. put into effectC. take into actionD. take into action17.The significance of the new fossils is that Australopithecus sediba is the directancestor of the human genus.A.principleB. effectiveC. principalD. affective18.The analysis is not complete and Dominion no numbers to the public.A.releasedB. publishedC. confessedD. dominated19.The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not for re-election.A.admirableB. eligibleC. reliableD. capable20.The rocks above the cave have gradually away, bringing the fossils to the surface.A.trackedB. tracedC. emergedD. erodedPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 21 an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets to the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reports are on the spot to 22 the news.Newspapers have one basic 23 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to know it. Radio, telegraph, television, and other inventions brought competition for newspapers. 24 did the development of magazines and other means of communication. However, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 25 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Competition also led newspapers to branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers 26 of the latest news, today's newspapers 27 and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 28 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 29 . Newspapers are sold at a price that fails to 30 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 31 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 32 in selling advertising depends on a newspaper's value to advertisers. This 33 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 34 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment offered in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information about the community, city, country, state, nation, and world, and even 35 space.21.A. Mean while B. Just when C. Soon after D. Before then22.A. gather B. spread C. carry D. bring23.A. reason B. cause C. purpose D. problem24.A. How B. So C. More D. What25.A.value B. ratio C. rate D. speedrm B. be informed C. to be informed D. informed27.A.entertain B. encourage C. educate D. edit28.A. on B. through C. with D. of29.A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose30.A. spend B. cover C. earn D. realize31.A. source B. origin C. course D. finance32.A. way B. means C. chance D. success33. A. measures B. is measured C. measured D. was measured34. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something35. A. far B. farther C. out D. outerPart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury. Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity (湿度), into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurricane will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.36.The eye of the hurricane is .A.the powerful center of the stormB.the relatively calm center of the stormC.the part that determines its directionD.the center of low pressure37.Which of the following statements is true?A.A storm surge is a dramatic increase in wind velocity.B.A hurricane watch is more serious than a hurricane warning.C.Falling air pressure is an indicator that the storm is increasing in intensity.D.It is safe to go outside once the eye has arrived.38.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A.How to Avoid Hurricane damageB. Forecasting HurricanesC. The dangerous HurricaneD. Atlantic Storms39.The low-lying areas refer to those regions that .A.close to the ground levelB. one-storey flatC. flat housesD. near to the lowest level of hurricane40.Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting one's house from a hurricane?A.taking out heavy thingsB. moving in light-weight furnitureC. covering windowsD. equipping the house with stonesPassage 2On the morning of September 11th, I boarded the train from Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan just as usual and went to the Body Positive office in the South Street Seaport of Lower Manhattan. While I was leaving the subway at 8:53 am, a man ran down the street screaming, "Someone just bombed the World Trade Center." Those around me screamed and shouted "No!" in disbelief. However, being an amateur photographer, and thinking that I might be able to help out, I ran directly toward the WTC. I stopped just short of the WTC at a corner and looked up. There before me stood the gaping hole and fire that had taken over the first building. I stood there in shock taking pictures, wanting to run even closer to help out, but I could not move. Soon I saw what looked like little angels floating down from the top of the building. I began to cry when I realized that these "angels" -- in fact, desperate office workers - - were coming down, some one-by-one, some even holding hands with another. Could I actually be seeing this disaster unfold with hundreds of people around me crying, screaming and running for safety?As I watched in horror, another white airliner came from the south and took aim at the South Tower. As the plane entered the building, there was an explosion and fire and soon debris ( 碎片) began to fall around me. It was then that I realized that we were being attacked and that this was just not a terrible accident. Yet, I still could not move, until I was pushed down by the crowd on the street, many now in a panic running toward the water, as far from the WTC as they could possibly get. All around me were the visual reminders of hundreds of people running in panic. There were shoes, hats, briefcases, pocketbooks, newspapers, and other personal items dropped as hundreds of people ran for safety.Much has been written about the disaster already. We have learned so much in such a small amount of time about appreciating life. In some way we must move forward, bury the dead, build a memorial for those lost, and begin the coping and healing process for the survivors. Buthealing takes time. Some have been able to head right back to work, others seek counseling,while others remain walking through the streets with expressionless faces. However, we are all united in our grief.41.According to paragraph 1, the author’s office was .A.at Washington HeightsB.just beside the World Trade CenterC.in the South Street SeaportD.far from the WTC42.The passage tells us that the author .A.was a social workerB.worked in the Body Positive office near the WTCC.was asked to take some pictures of WTCD.ran toward WTC because he wanted to make out what was happening43.What was his first reflection when he stood at the corner?A.People were floating down from the top of the building as if they wanted to break a world record.B.A terrorist attack against America had begun. .C.There was a terrible accident in which an airliner struck the first building.D.He was just at a loss and could not make out what had happened.44.What was the immediate reaction of the man on seeing all this?A.He watched in horror and cried, but couldn’t move.B.He ran nearer to help out.C.He ran nearer to take pictures.D.He ran away to try to find a shelter.45.In the last paragraph, the author’s attitude is that .A.different people have different ideasB.people shouldn’t walk with expressionless facesC.people should go back to work immediatelyD.however difficult the situation is, people should unite and move forwardPassage 3We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it wasseldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood w ereespecially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 B.C. till approximately A.D. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world’s population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.46.Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thinpowder fuse analogy?A.A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B.A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.C.Too many people on earth and some rapid increase in the number added each year.D.A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period with higherfertility and lower mortality.47.During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinctionbecause .A.only one in ten persons could live past 40.B.there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.C.it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.D.our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children.48.Which statement is true about population increase?A.There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.B.About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.C.Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 personseach year.D.The population increased faster between 8000BC and 1650 than between 1650 and thepresent.49.The word “demographic” in the first paragraph means .A.statistics of humanB.surroundings studyC.accumulation of humanD.development of human50.The author of the passage intends to .A.warn people against the population explosion in the near futurepare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650C.find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent yearsD.present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growthPassage 4Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. ？The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, andthe English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is ,a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best au ctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one ofthemselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a‘knock-out’ comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.51.A candle used to burn at auction sales .A.because they took place at nightB.as a signal for the crowd to gatherC.to keep the auctioneer warmD.to limit the time when offers could be made52.An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers .A.the current market values of the goodsB.details of the goods to be soldC.the order in which goods must be soldD.free admission to the auction sale53.The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because .A.he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB.he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC.he wants to keep certain people waitingD.he wants to reduce the number of buyers54.An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because .A.then he earns more himselfB.the dealers are pleasedC.the auction-rooms become world famousD.it keeps the customers interested55. A ‘knock-out’ is arranged .A.to increase the auctioneer's profitB.to allow one dealer only to make a profitC.to keep the price in the auction room lowD.to help the auctioneerSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1.Chad Hurley and Steve Chen have some experience with turning a small Web site into Internet gold. In 2006 they sold their scrappy start-up YouTube to Google for $1.65 billion.2.More recently they picked an unlikely candidate to be their next Web sensation: a Yahoo castoff (丢弃物).3.The men are trying to inject new life into Delicious, a social bookmarking service that, in its time, was popular among the technorati, but failed to catch on with a broader audience.4.“What we plan to do,” Mr. Hurley said in an interview here last week, “is try to introduce Delicious to the rest of the world.”5.Created in 2003, Delicious lets people save links from around the Web and organize them using a simple tagging system, assigning keywords like “neuroscience” or “recipes.” It was praised for the way it allowed easy sharing of those topical links. The site’s early popularity spurred Yahoo to snap it up in 2005 — but in the years after that Yahoo did little with it.6.In December, leaked internal reports from Yahoo hinted that the company was planning to sell or shut down the service.7.At the same time, Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley, who had recently formed a new company called Avos and begun renting space a few blocks from the original YouTube offices in San Mateo, had been brainstorming ideas for their next venture. One problem they kept circling around was the struggle to keep from drowning in the flood of news, cool new sites and videos surging through their Twitter accounts and RSS feeds, a glut that makes it difficult to digest more thana sliver of that material in a given day.8.“Twitter sees something like 200 million tweets a day, but I bet I can’t even read 1,000 aday,” Mr. Chen said. “There’s a waterfall of content that you’re missing out on.”9.He added, “There are a lot of services trying to solve the information discovery problem, and no one has got it right yet.”10.When the men heard about Yahoo’s plans to close Delicious, their ears perked up, and they placed a personal call to Jerry Yang, one of the founders of Yahoo, and made him an offer. (They declined to disclose financial details of the transaction.)11.At heart, they say, the revamped service will still resemble the original Delicious when it opens to the public, which Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley said would happen later this year. But their blueprint involves an overhaul of the site’s design and the software and the systems used to tag and organize links.12.The current home page of Delicious features a simple cascade of blue links, the most recent pages bookmarked by its users, and it tends to largely be dominated technology news. But the new Delicious aims to be more of a destination, a place where users can go to see the most recent links shared around topical events, like the Texas wildfires or the anniversary of the Sept.11 attacks, as well as the gadget reviews and tech tips.13.The home page would feature browseable “stacks,” or collections of related images, videos and links shared around topical events. The site would also make personalized recommendations for users, based on their sharing habits. “We want to simplify things visually, mainstream the product and make it easier for people to understand what they’re doing,” Mr. Hurley said.14.Mr. Chen gives the example of trying to find information about how to repair a vintage car radio or plan an exotic vacation.15.“You’re Googling around and have eight to 10 browser tabs of results, links to forums and message boards, all related to your search,” he said. The new Delicious, he said, provides “a very easy way to save those links in a collection that someone else can browse.”16.They say they decided to buy Delicious rather than build their own service for a number of reasons.17.“We know how hard it would be to build a brand,” Mr. Hurley said. “Delicious lets us hit the ground running with its existing footprint.”18.A number of sites already have Delicious buttons as an option for sharing content — right alongside Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr, Mr. Hurley said.19.But Mr. Chen said the team also “liked the idea of saving one of the original Web 2.0 companies that started the social sharing movement on the Web.” He added: “There was some sense of history. We were genuinely sad that it would be shut down.”20.Both founders acknowledge that they were never diehard Delicious users. “I signed up in 2005 and I didn’t use it again until 2011,” Mr. Chen said with an embarrassed laugh.56.What is likely to be Chad Hurley and Steve Chen’s next web sensation according to thepassage?57.Why the author says in paragraph 2 that the sensation is an UNLIKELY candidate?58.How do you un derstand the sentence said by Mr. Hurley “Delicious lets us hit the groundrunning with its existing footprint” in paragraph 17?59.What does the word ‘diehard’ possibly mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?60.List no less than 10 words in the passage that are related with web or i nternet.Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each) Directions: Each of the following underlined part has an error. Find out the errors in the underlined parts and without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the Answer Sheet.To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use to start late in life to say: “I wi ll take an interest in this or that.”(61) Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledges of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief.(62) It is no use doing what you like; you have got to dislike what you do. Broadly speaking, human being may be divided as three classes (63): those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week’s sweating and effort, (64) the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the profession or business man, (65) who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, people whose work and pleasure are one. (66) Of these the former are the major. (67) They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, and a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. (68) But Fortune’s favored children belong to the second class. Their life is a naturally harmony. (69) For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vacation. Yet of both classes the need of an alternative outlook, (70) of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions: Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best。

浙江理工大学2013年博士研究生招生入学考试试题考试科目：英语代码：1001〔请考生在答题纸或答题卡上答题，在试题纸上答题无效〕Part I Vocabulary (20 marks, 1 mark each)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1. If you never do any work, you will only have yourself ____ if you fail your examination.A.to faultB. to reproveC. to mistakeD. to blame2. I’d like to study under your guidance, because I know you are a(n) ____ scientist in physics.A.prominentB. requisiteC. desperateD. impatient3. Before their skins were used, their feet were ____, leading to the misconception that the birds never had feet.A.cut downB. cut intoC. cut overD. cut off4. With the constant change of the conditions, the outcome is not always _____.A. favorableB. reasonableC. dependableD. predictable5. The television station is supported by ______ from foundations and other sources.A. pensionsB. accountsC. donationsD. advertisements6. We’ll all take a vacation in the mountains as soon as I finish w orking _____ my project.A. withB. onC. inD. about7. Her husband is interested in designing electronic _________.A. safetyB. managementC. routineD. devices8. Gestures are an important means to _______ message.A. studyB. conveyC. keepD. exploit9. ________ preparations were being made for the Prime Minister's official visit to the four foreign countries.A. ElaborateB. WiseC. NeutralD. Optional10. ____ adults, young children find little difficulty in imitating sounds in foreign languages.A.Not likeB. UnlikeC. Being notD. Not asSection BDirections: In this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrases underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.11. The financial pressure will bring about enormous psychological discomfort.A. denseB. distinctC. doubtfulD. great12. It is the unique satisfaction they can derive from the work they accomplished.A. inheritB. obtainC. ignoreD. accompany13. The managers are working hard to transform their entire organizations.A. foundB. rankC. reformD. destroy14. The most terrible disputes are those about matters as to which there is no goodevidence.A. agreementsB. discussionsC. conversationsD. arguments15. You should be cautious about what you are going to say.A. politeB. prevailingC. internalD. careful16. They consulted their tutor about this difficult issue and got what they needed.A. asked advice ofB. got benefit fromC. kept an eye onD. made up of17. It is necessary to contrast China’s education system with in USA.A. overcomeB. compareC. admitD. celebrate18. He mentioned that kind of happiness which most people have lived through.A. concealedB. proposedC. complainedD. experienced19. It must be clear that these problems must be tackled before Friday.A. existedB. solvedC. rememberedD. assumed20. My friend unexpectedly dropped in, and I had no time to entertain them.A. visitedB. stepped inC. dropped offD. metPart II Cloze Test (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the one that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. 21 the crops were good, the 22 was good; when the crops failed, there was 23 . People on city streets 24 the yields and the price of wheat with almost as much 25 as if they were growers. The 26 of wheat became an increasingly 27 topic of conversation.War set the stage for the most 28 events in marketing the western crop. For years farmers 29 speculative (投机的) grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg grain Exchange. Wheat 30 were generally low in the autumn, 31 farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often 32 they sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm 33 were coming due only to see prices rising and speculators 34 rich. On various 35 , producer groups asked for firmer controls, but governments had no wish to become involved, at least 36 wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising living cost, the federal government appointed a 37 of grain supervisors to handle deliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was 38 , and farmers sold at prices 39 by the board. To handle the crop of 1919, the government 40 the first Canadian Wheat Board, with full authority to buy, sell, and set prices.21. A If B. Since C. When D. But22. A. economist B. economical C. economics D. economy23. A. depression B. deprivation C. description D. depletion24. A. looked B. watched C. saw D. noticed25. A. thought B. feeling C. idea D. mind26. A. growing B. purchasing C. keeping D. marketing27. A. favourable B. favourite C. favour D. frequent28. A. dramatic B. amusing C. dreadful D. interesting29. A. misunderstood B. mistook C. mistrusted D. misjudged30. A. values B. worth C. prices D. sales31. A. so B. because C. and D. but32. A. which B. what C. that D. because33. A. debts B. savings C. taxes D. duties34. A. being B. getting C. became D. grew35. A. conditions B. situations C. occasions D. positions36. A. when B. because C. if D. not until37. A. board B. group C. committee D. organization38. A. suspended B. sustained C. suspected D. delayed39. A. setting B. fixed C. deciding D. determining40. A. disappointed B. assigned C. entrusted D. appointedPart III Reading Comprehension (25 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Passage 1There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rules by ancient writers, who relate how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that the one without the other is not durable.A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox can not defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But itis necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.41. The writer does not believe that _________.a. the truth makes men freeb. people can protect themselvesc. princes are humand. leaders have to be consistent42. “Prince〞in the passage designates __________.a. anyone in powerb. elected officialsc. aristocratsd. sons of kings43. The lion represents those who are __________.a. too trustingb. reliant on forcec. strong and powerfuld. lacking in intelligence44. The fox, in the passage, is ____________.a. admired for his trickeryb. no match for the lionc. pitied for his wilesd. considered worthless45. The writer suggests that a successful leader must _______.a. be prudent and faithfulb. cheat and liec. have principle to guide his actionsd. follow the truthPassage 2The ballad and the folk song have long been recognized as important keys to the thoughts and feelings of a people, but the dime novel, though sought by the collector and referred to in a general way by the social historian, is dismissed with a smile amusement by almost everyone else. Neither folk songs nor dime novels were actually created by the plain people of America. But in their devotion to these models of expression, the people made them their own. The dime novel, intended as it was for the great masses and designed to fill the pockets of both author and publisher, quite naturally sought the lowest common denominator: themes that were found to be popular and attitudes that met with the most general approval became stereotyped. Moreover, the dime novel, reflecting a much wider range of attitudes and ideas than the ballad and the folk song, is the nearest thing we have had in this country to a true “proletarian〞literature, that is, a literature written for the great masses of people and actually read by them.Although a study of our dime novels alone cannot enable anyone to determine what are the essential characteristics of the American tradition, it can contribute materially to that end. Sooner or later, the industrious researchers who have mined so many obscure lodes of American literary expression will almost certainly turn their attention to these novels and all their kind. Let no one think, however, that the salmon-covered paperbacks once so eagerly devoured by soldiers, lumberjacks, trainmen, hired girls, and adolescent boys now make exciting or agreeable reading even for the historian, much as the social and historical implications may interest him. As for the crowds today who get their sensational thrills from the movies and the tabloids, I fear that they would find these hair-raisers of an earlier age deadly dull.46. The principal intention of the author of a dime novel was to __________.a. explore a segment of American society.b. promote the American political philosophy.c. raise the level of intelligence of the great masses of people.d. make money.47. The “lowest common denominator〞refers to _________.a. the poorer classes.b. themes and attitudes that would be accepted by the greatest number of people.c. attitudes accepted by the American intellectuals.d. the character of the authors of the dime novel.48. “Proletarian〞literature is _________.a. written for and read by the great masses of people.b. distinguished by its devotion to pornography.c. distinguished by its elegant style.d. written for, but not actually read by, most people.49. The author believes that a study of our dime novels __________.a. is a waste of time.b. would be sufficient in itself to determine the essential characteristics of theAmerican tradition.c. would be a valuable contribution in determining the essential characteristics of theAmerican tradition.d. would be amusing but unimportant.50. Which of the following is implied in the passage?a. The attitudes of the masses of people are best expressed by sociology texts.b. The nearest thing we have had to a proletarian literature is the dime novel.c. The study of the formal literature alone will not enable the historian to understandthe attitudes and interests of the common people.d. Because the themes in the dime novels were not good, they could no longer belegally distributed.Passage 3When we say somebody touches us emotionally, it means he or she has gone to the core of our being. Physical touch, too, is more than skin-deep. Skin is the human body’s largest organ, containing millions of receptors --- about 8,000 in a single fingertip --- that send messages through nerve fibers to the spinal cord and then to the brain. A simple touch --- a hand on a shoulder, an arm around a waist --- can reduce the heart rates and lower blood pressure. Even people in deep comas may show changes in their heart rates when their hands are held. Positive, nurturing touch appears to stimulate the release of endorphi ns, the body’s natural pain suppressors. That may explain why a mother’s hug can literally “make it better〞when a child skins his knee.According to TRI research, message boosts immune function --- even in HIV positive patients --- and lower levels of stress hormones cortical and nor epinephrine.Also, massaged preemies were discharged from the hospital six days sooner on average. With hundreds of thousands of premature births each year, one might think hospital nurseries would be falling all over themselves to establish massage programs. Yet they are still not widespread.Perhaps one reason is cultural. Some countries are more tactile than others. When psychologist Sidney Jourard observed rates of causal touch among couples in cafes around the world, he reported the highest rate in Puerto Rico (180 times per hours). Field found that French adolescents demonstrate significantly more casual touching --- learning on afriend, putting an arm around another’s shoulder. “American teenagers were more like ly to fiddle with their rings, crack their knuckles or engage in other forms of self-stimulation. French parents and teachers are more physically affectionate, and the kids are less aggressive,〞says Field.First and last: touch is the first sense to develop in humans, and it may be the last to fade. TRI set up a study in which volunteers over age 60 were given three weeks of massage and then were trained to massage toddlers at the preschool. Giving massage proved even more beneficial than getting them: The elders exhibited less depression and loneliness and lower levels of stress hormones. They had fewer doctor visits, drank less coffee and made more social phone calls.51.When we say somebody touches us emotionally, it means ____________A.he or she has known what we are thinking aboutB.we have got in touch with him or herC.he or she has moved usD.he or she can understand us52. A positive touch may ________A. make a patient recoverB. relieve the painC. make a child skin his kneeD. stimulate a patient53. Preemies were discharged from hospital _________A. six days sooner on averageB. when they were in good healthC. after they had stayed in hospital for six days on averageD. sooner than the others if they had been massaged54. Why are French children less aggressive than their American counterparts?A. Because French parents and children touch each other more frequently.B. Because American kids are more likely to fiddle with their rings.C. Because French kids are less aggressive by nature.D. Because American kids like self-stimulation.55. The study with volunteers over 60 proved that physical touch ________A. may do good to both who touches the others and who are touchedB. may be more beneficial to the one who are touchedC. may be more beneficial to elders.D. may be more beneficial to babiesPassage FourA few years ago a young mother watched her husband diaper their firstborn son. “You do not have to be unhappy about it,〞she protested. “You can talk to him and smile a little.〞The father, who happened to be a psychologist, answered firmly, “He has nothing to say to me, and I have nothing to say to him.〞Psychologist now know how wrong that father was. From the moment of birth, a baby has a great deal to say to his parent and they to him. But a decade or so ago, these experts were describing the newborn as a primitive creature who reacted only by reflex, a helpless victim of its environment without capacity to influence it. And mothers accepted the truth. Most thought (and some still do) that a new infant could see only blurry shadows, that his other senses were undeveloped, and that all he required was nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet.Today university laboratories across the country are studying newborns in their first month of life. As a result, psychologists now describe the new baby as perceptive, with remarkable learning abilities and an even more remarkable capacity to shape his or her environment including the attitudes and actions of his parents. Some researchers believe that the neonatal period may even be the most significant four weeks in an entire lifetime.Far from being helpless, the newborn knows what he likes and rejects what he doesn’t. He shut out unpleasant sensations by closing his eyes or averting his face. He is a glutton for novelty. He prefers animate things over inanimate and likes people more than anything.When a more nine minutes out, an infant prefers a human face to a head-shaped outline. He makes the choice despite the fact that, with delivery room attendants masked and gowned, he has never seen a human face before. By the time he’s twelve hours old, his entire body moves in precise synchrony to the sound of a human voice, as if he were dancing. A non-human sound, such as a tapping noise, brings no such response.56. The author points out that the father diapering his first-born son was wrong because _______.A. he thought the baby was not capable of any responseB. he thought the baby didn’t have the power of speechC. he was a psychologist unworthy of his professionD. he believed the baby was not able to hear him57. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. A new infant can see only blurry shadows.B. A new infant is actually able to influence his or her environment.C. All a new infant requires is nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet.D. A new infant’s senses are undeveloped.58. What does the sentence “He is a glutton for novelty〞probably mean?A. The newborn is greedy for new food.B. The newborn tends to overeat.C. The newborn always loves things that are new to him.D. The newborn’s appetite is a constant topic in novels.59. According to the passage, it’s groundless to think that newborns prefer ________.A. a human face to a head-shaped outlineB. animate things to inanimate onesC. human voice to non-human soundsD. nourishment to a warm bassinet60. What is the passage mainly discussing about?A. Why the first month of life is the most significant four weeks in a lifetime.B. How wrong parents are when they handle their babies.C. How much newborns have progressed in about a decade’s time.D. What people know about newborns.Passage FiveThe interview is an important event in the job-hunting process, because the 20 or 30 minutes you spend with the interviewer may determine whether or not you get the particular job you want. Therefore ,it is important to remember that your objective during the interview may differ from the objective of the potential employer. You want to makeyourself stand out as a whole person who has personal strengths, is well qualified, and should be considered the right person for the job. It is encouraging to know that the interview’s task is not to embarrass you or to trip you up, but t o hire the right person for the job.Remember, job hunting is very competitive. Anything you can do to enhance your interview techniques will be to your advantage. The following suggestions may help you land the most important job.Your goal in this interview is to make sure your good points get across. The interviewer won’t know them unless you point them out, so try to do this in a factual and sincere manner.Do not make slighting references to former employers or professors. If you have been fired from a job and the interviewer asks about it, be frank in your answer.Show the interviewer that you are interested in the company by asking relevant questions. Ask about responsibilities, working conditions, promotion opportunities and fringe benefits of the job you are interviewing for.If at some point you decide the interview is not going well, do not let your discouragement show. You have nothing to lose by continuing a show of confidence, and you may have much to gain. It may be real, or it may be a test to see how you react to adverse conditions.Some interviewers may bring up salary early in the interview. At this time, you may indicate that you are more interested in a job where you can prove yourself than a specific salary. This politely passes the question back to the interviewer. If possible, you should negotiate for salary after you have been offered a job and when you are ready to complete the paperwork.61. To get the job you want, during the interview you should ________.A. avoid the interviewer’s questions that are designed to trip you upB. remember that you are the best qualified candidateC. keep in mind that it determines whether or not you get the particular job you wantD. make yourself stand out as the right person for the job62. If you did not get along with your former employer, you _______.A. should tell the interviewer franklyB. should refer to him in a factual mannerC. should not speak ill of himD. should never mention it63. When you find the interview is not going well you should ________.A. bring it to an end as soon as possibleB. keep up your confidenceC. tell you interviewer how you react to adverse conditionsD. tell yourself you have much to gain and nothing to lose64. The best time to discuss your salary is________.A. when the interviewer brings this matter upB. at the end of the interviewC. after you have completed the paperworkD. keep up your confidence65. The most important thing to do during an interview is________.A. to make your strengths understoodB. to show your intense interest in the job you are applying forC. to be frank and sincereD. to be natural and confidentPart IV Translation (35 marks)Section A Directions: Translate the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet II.(15 marks)66. The 18th Party Congress opened a new chapter in China's reform and opening-up drive that will have wide-ranging effects and a global impact. China's development will be scientific, democratic, civilized, harmonious and peaceful. First of all, the congress informed the world that the China engine will continue to move forward at a steady and relatively fast speed, generating even more investment and development opportunities to fuel the growth of other economies. Second, the congress affirmed China will maintain its development strategy of mutual benefit. It will never resort to trade protectionism against other countries, and it will join hands with other countries to promote vigorous, sustainable and balanced development of the global economy. Third, the congress also sent the message that China will adhere to the path of peaceful development, will pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, and seek to safeguard world peace and development. For all its exposure to the international climate, China has neither wavered from its principled stand of resolutely safeguarding its national sovereignty, security and development interests, nor given up its basic belief that peace and development are the dominant themes of the time. China has vowed to play a bigger role in international affairs as a responsible major power, and to join hands with rest of the world to meet global challenges.Section BDirections: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet II. (20 marks)67. 在教育改革初期，教委就中小学课时、作业、考试、比赛、补课和课外阅读等发布了专门规定，以减轻学生负担。