第十一章 后殖民主义
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《当代西方文艺理论》笔记—后殖民主义195.后殖民主义是什么?(1)后殖民主义是19世纪后半叶萌发在1947年印度独立之后出现的一种新的意识和声音。
(2)理论自觉与成熟的标志是1978年赛义德《东方主义》的出版。
(3)主要的理论家有斯皮瓦克、霍米•巴巴、汤林森、阿什克罗夫特等。
新马克思主义的伊格尔顿和杰姆逊对后殖民批评也有重要贡献。
(4)理论主张:①后殖民主义旨在研究殖民时期之后宗主国与殖民地之间的文化话语权力的关系,以及有关种族主义和文化帝国主义等新问题。
②其研究方法大多采用解构主义、女权主义和后现代主义的方法,揭露帝国主义对第三世界文化霸权的实质,探讨后殖民时期东西方之间从对抗到对话的新型关系。
③至今不少第三世界的文化学家和文学理论家仍在以一种深广的民族精神和对人类文化远景的思考介入这场深入持久的国际性后殖民主义问题的讨论,有一大批从事文学文化和哲学研究的学者在探讨后殖民主义问题和前景,检视殖民主义与后殖民主义的区别和联系,弄清非边缘化和重建中心的可能性和现实性,分析传统流失的失语尴尬现象,寻找自我的文化身份和在世界多元文化中的位置。
(5)评价与影响:①后殖民主义理论对东西方之间殖民性的文化关系的揭示将有助于中国知识界对现实语境的再认识,并将对中国文化价值重建的方向定位保持清醒的头脑。
②在东方主义语境下打破殖民文化的危险就必须打破二元对峙的东西方理论,倡导东西方之间的真实对话,以更开放的心态、多元并存的态度、共存互补的策略面对东方和西方,任何文化压抑和意识权力的强加,任何取媚西方和全盘西化的做法都是不可取的,在实践中也是行不通的。
③让中国更好的了解世界,让世界更好的了解中国是中国参与世界性话语并破除文化霸权话语的基本前提。
我们要在新的历史文化话语转型时期对潜历史形式加以充分关注,并在反思和对话中重新进行学术文化的再符码化和人文精神价值的重新定位。
196.爱德华•赛义德的后殖民主义理论是什么?(1)赛义德不仅将文本与世界和批评家联系起来,而且将文学经验与文化政治联系起来,进而强调政治和社会意识与文学研究之间的关系,推行文化政治批评并强调跨学科研究对后殖民主义文学研究的重要性。
Much valuable work has been done in terms of theme study. Both the international and domestic scholars have given out insightful explanations such as the contrasts between love and hatred,humanity and inhumanity, the inevitable death, and anti-heroism proposed by Marek Vit; other themes such as anti-war, illogicality of human beings, fatalism, alienation and desolation, destructiveness of war, etc. have been carefully studied, presented by several literary websites such as and . Besides, in “Thoughts in Slaughterhouse-Five” written by Wu Congju, the author reveals one of the themes-war. Zhao Xiulan digs into the text and gives a systematic research to the theme of absurdity. In terms of the novel’s structure, many efforts have been given to the fragmentary and circular structures represented by the scholars such as Jason Dowley and Wayne McGinnis. Except all these, the postmodern techniques employed in the novel also have been heavily explored. Black humor, destruction of traditional novel structure and reconstruction of a new one have been analyzed by many scholars, both internationally and domestically. Professor Yang Renjing and other Chinese scholars set us an good example in their book “ The American Postmodern Fiction”. However, I do not think they have covered all the critical perspectives concentrating the study of Slaughterhouse-Five. And there is still much to be explored. After a hard reading and a preliminary research of Slaughterhouse-Five, I have developed a position which enables me to approach the work from the perspective of modern tragedy. This thesis will try to dig into the text and find the tragic elements. Besides, the creation of those tragic elements will also be systematically studied. Before the argumentation, the views of modern tragedy are to be carefully analyzed. It is just according to the views of modern tragedy that we can prove that there do be tragic elements in the novel and gives a reasonable study of those tragic elements.ConclusionFrom the discussions above, we know that tragedies have gone through profound changes with the social, historical and cultural changes. Entering the modern period, thematically, the tragedies of lofty heroes are changed into the living tragedies of small figures; the expressions of the tragic meanings changes from internal conflict to the tragic feeling of the subject to the living alienation; irony is changed into the theme. The carrying of this modern concept of tragedies makes the whole western modern literature tragic. The tragic elements are aesthetic qualities in all literary forms. The tragic atmosphere can also permeate in novels.Vonnegut’s novel Slaughterhouse-Five is just a good example of modern tragedy. As a novel finished in 1960s, it deeply exposes the tragic essence of modern civilization. Vonnegut, a veteran from World War II, fully discloses the destructive forces of war caused by the inhumanity among human beings. He worries about man’s alienation and desolation. Moral decline and spiritual crisis are t he tragic characteristics of modern western world. Man’s life is absurd.In order to expose all these, Vonnegut combines two kinds of nonlinear structures to stress the tragic elements. His use of two metaphors for death strengthens the tragic atmosphere. Besides, two analogies with The Children’s Crusade and The Pilgrim’s Progress deepen the tragic themes of the novel.As a postmodern fiction, Slaughterhouse-Five is not only an antiwar novel but also a tragedy in which moral decline, spiritual crises, inhumanity, destruction of the war, and destruction of the technological progress are deeply revealed.当代文化研究1970年代之后,西方的“文化研究”从早期对工人阶级及其亚文化的关注扩展开来,把注意力集中到性别、种族、阶级等文化领域中复杂的文化身份、文化认同等问题上,关注大众文化和消费文化,以及媒体在个人、国家、民族、种族、阶级、性别意识中的文化生产和建构作用,运用社会学、文学理论、美学、影像理论和文化人类学的视野与方法论来研究工业社会中的文化现象。
第八章阐释—接受批评D1.阐释—接受批评,兴起于(D.德国)。
A2.伽达默尔属于(A.阐释—接受批评)。
B3.《存在与时间》的作者是(B.海德格尔)。
C4.“康斯坦茨学派”属于(C.阐释—接受批评)。
A5.接受美学的“双子星座”是(A.尧斯/伊瑟尔)。
C6.(C.尧斯)将接受美学用于文学史研究。
A7.最早提出阐释学中“阐释循环”问题的是(A.狄尔泰)。
B8.(B.尧斯)提出了期待视野范畴。
C9.(C.伊瑟尔)将“隐含读者”作为一个重要范畴提了出来。
B10.“语言是存在的家”出自(B.海德格尔)。
第九章西方马克思主义批评B1.《历史与阶级意识》的作者是(B.卢卡契)。
D2.《乌托邦精神》的作者是(D.布洛赫)。
A3.阿尔都塞属于(A.“结构主义的马克思主义”)。
A4.《马克思的幽灵》的作者是(A.德里达)。
A5.西方马克思主义的产生的标志是(A.《历史与阶级意识》)的发表。
C6.(C.阿尔都塞)倡导“症候式阅读”。
A7.后现代文化批判的马克思主义的代表是(A.詹姆逊)。
A8.被称为“精神分析的马克思主义”的是(A.马尔库塞、弗洛姆)。
A9.主张交往诗学批评的是(A.哈贝马斯)。
A10.提出“文化工业”概念的是(A.法兰克福学派)。
第十章新历史主义批评A1.(A.葛林伯雷)第一次提出了“新历史主义”这一称谓。
A2.新历史主义兴起于(A.20世纪70年代、80年代)。
A3.新历史主义兴起的标志是一批研究(A.文艺复兴)的论文。
C4.提出“知识范式”的是(C.福柯)。
D5.《作为文学虚构的历史文本》的作者是(D.海登·怀特)。
A6.新历史主义批评家的批评实践主要集中在(A.英国文艺复兴研究和当代文化研究)两个领域。
B7.新历史主义引自文化人类学的批评方式是(B.“厚描”)。
B8.《文艺复兴时期的自我造型》的作者是(B.葛林伯雷)。
A9.文化诗学又称(A.新历史主义批评)。
A10.新历史主义是从批判(A.新批评)入手的。