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Social drama—American beauty 一．Basic elements of social drama（社会问题片）1.Definition（定义）:1)It’s an adverse condition affecting a significant number of people.(这个问题必须是对规模较大的一群人产生负面影响的某种环境)2)It is something that can only occur if those concerned about the problem haveenough power and influence to bring it to public attention.（它必须足以构成一个问题，即关心这个问题的人必须有足够的权利和影响力来吸引公众注意）3)If the appropriate measures are taken—the problem can be solved.（人们必须相信，只要采取合理的措施就能解决问题）2.Characteristics（特点）:1）Identify a social ill(发现一种社会疾病)2）Find a method to cure the disease(找到治愈这种顽症的方法)3.Typical example(典型影片):1）One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest(飞越疯人院)—探讨精神治疗制度2）Philadelphia(费城)—探讨艾滋病问题3）American history X(野兽良民)—探讨种族歧视的原因4）Traffic(毒品网络)—探讨毒品问题5）American beauty(美国丽人)—探讨男性危机问题二．Film report—American beauty1.General introductionType ：S ocial dramaShow time ：O ct.1 1991Main award ：T he 72th OscarChinese name：美国丽人English name：American BeautyRegion：AmericaDirector：Sam Mendes2.Detonator(引线): Lester (main role) was dying……Question:Why was he dead? How did he dead?Who killed him?3.Synopsis(故事梗概):American beauty tells the story of Lester, a middle-aged man who lives a sedated(平静的) life with his family in American suburbia(市郊)。
1. Young people may find going abroad appealing because they really enjoy it. (空洞句) Young people may find going abroad appealingbecause we can learn a lot and broad oue view ina different counties.2. The reason I like surfing the Internet because it is my favorite hobby. （句子碎片）The reason why is that ………It is widely accepted/ believed thatIt goes without saying that3. Mobile phone is very common in our society, about 1/3 of city dwellers have become accustomed to using it.Mobile phone is very common in our society and about 1/3 of city dwellers have become accustomed to using it（标点）4. Some students did not choose their courses wisely, consequently, their credits for college admission were inadequate.Some students did nit choose their course wisely ,consequently; (分号)5. I kept on thinking about failing in NINEM for MA/MS in last year. Why? Because of the time.Because of the time is limited. （从句不可以成为主句）6. I am going to have a lot of activities during the summer vacation. For example playing in the field, climbing the mountain, and traveling by train.for example 后一般只跟一样东西such as 可以在后面加许多7. College students doing part-time jobs is good to his family, himself and the society.to their family theirselves and the society(错误指代)8. I will meet with lots of difficulties, but I think I can overcome it. (faulty reference)9. Finding a good apartment is as difficult as to pay the rent.10. The canteen should setup several televisions. Improvement of the Sentence Writing1. Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China.2. Many Chinese people have gone to the United States in the past 15 years.3. Such belief is wrong and dangerous.As a matter of fact ,such belief is unfortunately wrong and possible dangerous (副词)4. There are two reasons for the effect.There are two possible resons fot the this dangerous effect (形容词)5. I think we can take three measures to solve the problem.Three measure , I think can be taken to solve the problem. （插入语）6. It seems that the first part is better written than the other parts.the first part ,it seem s is better than the other parts（插入语）7. We are making great efforts to improve our English. Great efforts are being made to improve （多用被动语态)8. Because of social demands, there appear many evening schools.Many eveing schools are made called to existence by social demands(多用被动语态)9. Diplomas are very attractive because it is demanded by our society.Why are these diplones so attractive and charming ?The reason for this is that it is (无中生有)10. English studying is very common because it is widely used in our society.11. Living in the countryside is the best thing for me.Nothing could be better for me than living in the countryside(反问陈述)12. Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements.It is impossible to pick up an newspaper without fing ads13. We can see from the above graphs that from 1990 to 1995 the price of meat was on the rise, while consumption increased.14. Although we hold different attitudes towards opportunity, no one should neglect its importance.Different as the attitudes one ,no one (as的作用)15. As is shown by the two graphs, from 1800 to 1900, with the rapid growth of U.S. population, the number of species no longer existing shot up, adding up to 70 in 1990.During the period of the time from16. Pollution is an extremely serious problem：the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.17. Beijing has won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Game! Many college students could not sleep that night because they were so excited.18. Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. But sometimes they feel a little guilty.19. The style of living has become more and more popular and accepted by more and more young people.20. More and more people agree (realize/are aware) that women should enjoy full equality with men.21. Teachers are called “engineers of human soul”.22. Does television have more advantages than disadvantages?23. I am in favor of equal rights for women. I think women should especially have the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms. They should get the same pay as men for the same job. They should also have equal opportunities for promotion.24. True friends will be very proud of your progress. If you face difficulties true friends will encourage you.①空洞句②句子碎片③标点④分号⑤从句不可成为主句⑥破折号⑦错误指代⑨平行结构⑩被动⑾要用人做主语⑿形容词和副词⒀插入语⒁无中生有⒂⒃陈述⒄冗余结构⒅反面绪论的句型————文章的开头段部分第一类：选择题型的开头For most people today, ____________has become their main source of__________, but as forme, __________should be regarded as a better source.There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of____________. Somepeople suggest that, while others argue that____________, l agree with the latter.It is a quite controversial argument whether_____________. In my opinion, l think that____________is a better idea because of_____________.It is often difficult for some people to decide whether ___________. But for others, the advantages of__________ always outweigh the disadvantages.From my point of view it is more advisable to choose______________ rather than____________.People differ greatly in their attitudes towards this problem. Some people hold the opinion that____________. Others, on the contrary, maintain that ____________. Personally, I stand on the side of____________.Despite the fact that most of them like____________, I would like to choose to_____________. 第二类：判断题型的开头赞成类l agree with the statement to some extent that ___________.I can see both advantages and disadvantages to_____________. Overall, l think it is a good idea. Consequently I agree with the title statement that________________.I fully support the statement above because I am very sure that______________.Many people advocate that___________, they claim that_______________, my opinion is the same as theirs in the following reasons.At first glance, it seems very difficult for us to draw a definite concIusion that_______________is right or wrong, because it has both advantages and disadvantages.However, after serious considerahons we can see that under most cireumstances _____________ will do more good than harm.Two different opinions obviously exist to support and to oppose. After pondering theopinions from several aspects, personally, I agree with the idea that____________.反对类Nowadays, the problem of _____________has aroused public attention. Some peoplecriticize that. They believe that____________. However, I firmly objectto this argument.Until recently, ______________ was viewed as the prime argument, but people are taking a fresh look at it.Although it is an admirable idea, ____________ is not always a realistic option.Thinking logically, I can only say that this statement is valid because.Some people think that_______________, frankly speaking, I cannot agree with their opinion for the reasons below.To make it an extreme, the majority would argue that __________．It is essentialFor______________.第三类：论述题型的开头One of the hottest topics many People talk about now is___________.It has become apparent to us that______________.____________ plays a vital part in everyone's daily work and life.In the past few years, there has been a growing trend that____________.One of the universal issues thet draw growing concern is_____________._______________. This view has been shared now by more and more people.____________ is known as one of the most serious problems in today's society. We can see it almost everywhere. This phenomenon is the result of several reasons.With the development of society, _____________.In recent years, many cities have been faced with the serious problem of___________.One of the great writers once said that__________. Now it still has a realisticsignificance.When asked about ___________,people have al1 kind of views concerning it. From mypoint of view, ____________.本论的句型————文章的理由段部分承上启下的过渡句型In my opinion, the phenomenon __________is mainly due to several factors.A number of reasons may help at this point.This quite different view is based on the propensity of following points.Putting too much emphasis on ___________ may result in obscuring other facts.To assume that ________ is destined to miss the following points.The reasons and examples 1isted below will strengthen my point of view.阐述理由的句型The main problem with this argument is that ___________.The root cause for __________ is____________.The most immediate reason for ___________ is ___________.One of the factor accounts for is that _____________.举例This offers a typical instance of ____________.Take __________ for example.We may cite a common example of ___________.结论的句型——文章的结论部分In short,___________. In sum,___________.In summary, ___________. In a word, __________.Taking into account of all these factors, I think that ___________.Based on the points discussed above, we can see ___________.With the improvement of ___________, ___________ will prove to hold great superiority over ____________.From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that _________. There are a lot of details to consider, but al1 in all, I support the idea that _________.While it is true that the argument I disagree hold a little bit of water, I think that ____________. 问题解决提出解决方案Measures must be taken toIt is high time we had toIt is pressing/indispensable/essential that proper actions/effective measures should be taken to Great efforts should be put into/focused onWe need to take a fresh/clear look/view at this matter/problem/situation /in a new perspective/ from a new standpoint.最佳、最重要解决方案的句型What we can do is simply toThe best approach/solution to … isIt is urgent/pressing/significant/practical/feasible to应用文常用句型常见辩论话题理由1．SmokingFor：1．it is pleasurable and relaxing2．it is one's right3．it is difficult to stop smoking4．it is an old custom going back hundreds of years5．it is not always dangerous to one's health6．it makes socializing easier7．it is an important source of tax revenue8．intoxication is a natural drive (e.g., coffee, drugs, alcohol)Against:1．it is harmful to one's health (e.g., heart disease, bronchial trouble, lung cancer )2．it is harmful to those nearby3．it is a dirty and expensive habit4．it is addictive (i.e., nicotine)5．it is quickly being banned in public areas6．it lives off deceptive advertising2．School UniformsFor：1．they build character2．they eliminate class differences3．they allow students to better concentrate on their studies4．they are popular with parents and administrators5．they are inexpensive6．they are attractive and neat7．they eliminate the need to choose what to wear every day8．many countries have themAgainst：1．they lead to conformity2．they are disliked by students (students like to primp)3．they create a military mentality4．they are an infringement on our freedom (different strokes for different folks) 5．they are ugly and childish6．they deprive youths of an important choice: what to wear7．they are losing popularity everywhere3．Legalized GamblingFor：1．it reduces taxes2．it is a source of government revenue3．it is gaining popularity in the world4．it is an old practice dating back thousands of years5．it is pleasurable (e.g., horse racing, casinos)6．it is voluntary7．many people play poker and mahjongAgainst：1．it is banned in most countries2．it is condemned by most religions3．it can become addictive4．it encourages people to throw away their hard-earned savings5．it teaches people not to work for money6．it can destroy happy families7．it can lead to suicide8．it is easily controlled by the Mafia (e.g., bookmakers )4．City LifeFor：1．it is exciting2．it attracts people from the countryside3．it offers the best schools, hospitals, and stores4．it offers many amenities (e.g., swimming pools, bowling alleys, and sports stadiums ) 5．it offers many chances of employment6．its noise and overcrowding are hardly noticeable7．cities have an efficient public transportation system8．city planners can create a good living environment 9．crime can be found in the countryside as wellAgainst ：1．it is unhealthy (e.g., water and air pollution )2．it is not a good environment for children3．it is devoid of Nature and distinct seasons4．it is noisy and dangerous5．it makes people nervous and even neurotic6．it has created awful slums7．cities are overcrowded and expensive8．many city dwellers long to return to the countryside 9．city housing projects are unpopular5．Informing Patients Of CancerFor：1．patients want to know2．it is wrong to hide the truth3．it is not a shock for the patient but for his family4．it gives the patient a chance to plan his last days5．it is the patient' s body, not the doctor' s6．doctors are for it (in the U. S.)7．it allows a person to choose alternate means of treatment Against：1．it is heartless and cruel2．it may make the patient give up3．it causes depression4．it can lead to suicide5．most relatives are against it6．a white lie can save undue suffering7．doctors are against it (in Japan)6．Social SecurityFor：1．the state should help the poor, aged, unemployed, and sick 2．the state should provide good health care for its citizens 3．the strong must help the weak4．Social Darwinism is outdated5．there will always be social misfits that need help6．all religions stress charity7．all advanced countries have some form of social securityAgainst ：1．it costs too much2．it encourages laziness and destroys the work ethic3．it does not work efficiently4．people should look after themselves5．it results in heavy taxes6．Social Darwinism tells us that life is the "survival of the fittest" 7．there are no freebies in life7．CoeducationFor ：1．it is natural (i.e., adult society is not segregated )2．it gives men and women a chance to better understand one another 3．it gives men and women a chance to compete with one another 4．it is the modern trend5．it has many practical advantages (e.g., school plays, music groups) 6．it produces well-adjusted adults7．most parents prefer coeducation.8．separate schools foster sexual rivalry9．women become neurotic in all-women' s schoolsAgainst ：1．women do better academically in their own colleges2．women are in college to get an education, not a husband 3．women have their own values to develop4．it can lead to intimacy and promiscuity5．it is still rare in some countries6．it is opposed by some parents7．it robs women of their self-confidence8．separate schools have existed for centuries9．marry great men and women attended separate schools8．Corporal PunishmentFor ：1．children are not adults2．children respect discipline3．it is a check on excessive permissiveness4．it does no permanent damage because children are hardy creatures 5．it is opposed only by mixed-up psychologists6．it is a form of training7．it builds real character8．it reinforces the authority of teachers and parents9．it works to control juvenile delinquency10. there is the saying: Spare the rod and spoil the childAgainst ：1．it is barbarous2．Freud said it is wrong3．love is better than physical punishment4．it can cause psychological problems5．it is not necessary if children are raised correctly6．it is an emotional, irrational response7．it can result in a lawsuit8．beatings have been known to result in death9．there is the saying : Violence begets violence9．Organ TransplantsFor ：1．they prolong life2．they are supported by the medical profession3．they enhance medical science4．they are a challenge to surgeons5．critically ill people want transplants in order to live6．costs will come down as the surgery becomes routine7．there is no "time" to die8．death is defined as brain death9．the drugs cyclosporine and FK-506 have helped eliminate the problem of rejection Against ：1．they are too expensive2．they favor the rich3．they encourage the poor in Third World countries to sell their organs4．they are unnatural as seen by the body' s rejection5．they are often unsuccessful6．the idea is sinister7．Nature has decided when we should die8．the process of deciding who gets the next available organ is unfair9．there is as yet no agreement on what constitutes death (brain -dead versus heart-dead)10．Civil DisobedienceFor ：1．it draws attention to unjust of unconstitutional laws2．it is a matter of religious or moral convictions3．it is the only way to fight oppression4．it is usually nonviolent5．it is used only in extreme circumstances6．it goes back to the time of Jesus Christ7．it is common, like cheating on taxes and illegal parking8．God' s laws take precedence over man' s laws9．protestors are ready to accept punishment for their beliefs10．many famous people have engaged in civil disobedience (e.g., Mahatma Gandhi and Andrei Sakharov)11．there are many famous examples such as the Boston Tea Party and conscientious objectors during the Vietnam WarAgainst ：1．no one is above the law2．it can quickly destroy law and order3．it leads to anarchy4．it leads to contempt for all laws5．protestors are cowards trying to escape punishment6．protestors often resort to violence7．the democratic process should be used to effect change11．AbortionFor ：1．it is a woman' s fundamental right, say abortion-rights advocates2．it is necessary for unwed mothers3．it is necessary for rape victims4．it is necessary in some cases to save a mother' s life5．procreation is a couple' s choice6．it is a form of birth control7．poor, illiterate women want it8．most women support it9．it is necessary to prevent overpopulation10．it prevents unwanted babies from coming into the world11．it is not murder because a fetus is not yet a human beingAgainst：1．it is murder (infanticide), say anti-choice groups2．life begins at conception3．it is an unnatural practice4．it is immoral because only God can take a life5．a fetus is a human being-unborn but viable6．the rights of a fetus must be protected7．it is painful for the fetus-a barbaric practice8．it is not the same as other modern birth-control devices9．it causes many women to have guilt feelings10．unwanted babies can be put up for adoption12．CensorshipFor ：1．it is for the good of society2．it protects children3．every society has some form of censorship4．the individual is less important than the community 5．absolute freedom leads to anarchy6．many adults are not mature enough to make their own decisions 7．it can be carried out wisely8．pornography is not art9．pornography is in the hands of unscrupulous people 10．obscene works should be banned11．it is necessary in times of warAgainst ：1．it limits the individual' s freedom and human rights2．it is not consistent with democracy3．it is subjective and not objective4．it creates the problem of who will censor5．it is disappearing in advanced countries6．it deprives adults of their right to make decisions7．it can be applied to all aspects of our lives8．it is the first step toward totalitarianism9．it draws attention to banned works and increases sales 10．voluntary censorship is better13．Equality Of the SexesFor ：1．we all have the same Creator2．matriarchal societies go back thousands of years3．all advanced societies have given women equal rights 4．most companies have adopted equal pay for equal work 5．there are no skills women cannot master6．there are even women body builders7．men have a basic inferiority complex8．women are more interested in peace than men9．some world leaders are women (e.g., Margaret Thatcher )10．women are superior to men in some fields11．no scientific studies back up the stereotypes men have of women Against ：1．women have a different biological function2．women are physically weaker than men3．women can' t be mothers and career women at the same time 4．many women want to depend on men5．most women want to stay at home and be mothers6．women haven' t been given the vote in some countries 7．women are emotional and irrational8．women think intuitively (no famous women philosophers) 9．hormones cause women to behave differently14．Foreign AidFor ：1．it is humane2．the rich should help the poor3．all religions teach charity4．it seeks to end poverty, disease, and illiteracy5．it can be used to help refugees and combat slavery6．it is given by all advanced countries7．it is supported by the Red Cross and the United Nations8．it helped rebuild Japan and Germany9．it increases world trade10．it achieves political objectives11．it promotes national securityAgainst ：1．it is degrading to the recipient2．it is never appreciated3．it leads to feelings of inferiority4．it limits the independence of developing countries5．it subsidizes laziness6．it often goes into the pockets of corrupt officials7．it supports Third World dictatorships8．it can be culturally damaging9．it has divided the United Nations10．the money should be spent at home for one' s own people15．DivorceFor ：1．it is the logical solution to a bad marriage2．it allows both persons to seek happiness in a second marriage3．it dates from as early as ancient Babylonia4．it is legally recognized by most countries5．it is accepted by most people6．remarriage is a right7．it is necessary in cases of adultery, alcoholism, desertion, drug addiction, and mental and physical cruelty8．children are better off living with one parent than with both in an unhappy environment 9．feminists support itAgainst ：1．it breaks up the family2．it makes it too easy for two persons to walk out of their marriage3．it is opposed by various religions4．it is banned by some countries5．it was uncommon until fifty years ago6．marriage is a serious responsibility7．it is a sign of immaturity8．counseling is the solution9．it harms children emotionally10．children need both parents11．child custody decisions are messy16．Compulsory Military ServiceFor ：1．it aims to strengthen national defense2．it teaches young men discipline3．it builds character and physical fithess4．it teaches valuable skills5．it nurtures a spirit of comradeship an equality6．it offers opportunities for overseas travel7．it exists in many countries (e.g., Switzerland, Singapore)8．it reduces unemployment9．it instills a sense of patriotismAgainst：1．it is unnecessary in view of today' s professional armies2．it is a step away from peace3．some countries have abolished it (e. g., the U.S., Japan)4．today' s armies do not need unskilled manpower5．it interrupts young men' s studies and careers6．it is a useless experience7．it is a source of slave labor8．it results in bullying and conformity9．it does not build character10．it can cause mental disorders11．military skills are useless in private industry17．V oluntary EuthanasiaFor ：1．it is a basic right-the right to die2．the Greek origin of the word euthanasia means "good death "3．it allows one to die with dignity4．it allows one to choose the time and place of death5．it is logical and humane6．it can be regulated with safeguards (e.g., the person must be rationally lucid) 7．it is painless8．it is the solution to a terminal illness with suffering9．the dying want it10．some doctors will assist the patient to end his life11．it recognizes death as a natural, biological process12．doctor-assisted suicide is legal in Holland, under certain guidelines Against ：1．it is murder or suicide2．it is illegal in most countries3．most doctors oppose it4．it is a first step to killing the old and infirm5．it is irreversible in the event of a new cure6．only God can end a life7．most religions oppose it8．suicide is always irrational9．the dying are too sick to know what they want10．the dying should look to hospices that dispense painkillers11．it can be abused by greedy persons seeking an inheritance18．Capital PunishmentFor：1．it frightens would-be criminals (acts as a deterrent )2．it serves as a just reward for killers3．it lowers crime rates4．it is more economical than a life sentence (saves the state money)5．in rare cases it may lead to the death of an innocent person, but this cannot be helped 6．most countries practice it7．killers should not be allowed to become hero-figures8．a life sentence is never for life but for only a few years9．killers are heartless and cruel and should not be protected by sociologistsAgainst ：1．it frightens no one2．it is motivated by revenge and not justice3．it does not lower crime rates4．it can lead to the death of an innocent person (a mistake)5．it is a barbaric practice (hanging, electric chairs, gas chambers)6．it is unjust because only God can take away life7．the real solution to crime is the elimination of social injustices and rehabilitation 8．killers are often mentally ill and in need of medical treatment9．the death penalty is being abandoned by many countries19．Trade ProtectionismFor ：1．industries need government protection2．no nation can allow its industries to be destroyed3．agriculture must be protected for national security reasons4．real free trade doesn' t exist and never has5．national security is more important than idealistic trade principles6．it has made Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan prosperous7．every nation ' s economy is shaped by its own culture8．there are various forms of free-market economy9．every nation should have an industrial policy10．governments must provide jobs for their workers by whatever meansAgainst ：1．it invites retaliation2．it invites reciprocity based on a quid pro quo basis3．it impedes world trade and prosperity4．it hurts poor, underdeveloped countries5．it leads to trade wars6．it makes industries less competitive7．it costs taxpayers large sums of money8．it gives consumers less choice9．it is denounced by most nations10．it is based not just on high tariffs but also on government regulations, inspections, certification, and distribution20．Nuclear PowerFor：1．it provides huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel2．it is the best source of energy for countries without oil3．the world' s supply of oil will be exhausted in 90 years4．it already produces most of the energy needs of some countries5．it could supply all the world' s electricity for millions of years if fully developed6．it is safe if properly supervised7．nuclear power plants create less air pollution than fossil-fuel power plants8．the issue has become far too emotionalAgainst ：1．it is too dangerous (e.g., Chernobyl accident)2．most people are afraid of it3．the world' s supply of uranium is fast decreasing4．it is better to develop other sources of energy (e.g., fusion)5．radioactive wastes cannot be disposed of6．it can produce nuclear weapons for warfare7．certain radical world leaders are trying to buy nuclear weapons8．nuclear plants are expensive to build9．the U.S. is slowly closing down its nuclear power plants10．nuclear wastes can cause cancer。
反腐败与反商业贿赂管理制度一、概述 Overview本制度为预防公司经营管理过程中的腐败行为，切实做好反商业贿赂和腐败工作，加强企业内控机制，强化制度监督和制度反腐，加强对重点部门、岗位人员的监督和管理力度，确保治理商业贿赂长效机制，防止各种不正当行为的发生。
This procedure aims to prevent corrupt behavior in the company's business management process, effectively carry out anti commercial bribery and corruption work, strengthen the internal control mechanism of the enterprise, strengthen institutional supervision and anti-corruption, strengthen the supervision and management of key departments and positions, ensure a long-term mechanism for controlling commercial bribery, and prevent the occurrence of various improper behaviors.适用于XX股份有限公司（以下简称“公司”）及其分/子公司、中心、各事业部（以下统称“各单位”）一切经营管理活动或对外接触的活动。
这些活动包括但不限于与政府部门接触、产品销售、原辅材料采购与验收、工程施工、设备采购和维护、质量监督等经济活动。
公司及下属各单位全体员工（包括全职员工和兼职员工），所有与集团有业务来往的客户、供应商、服务商、承包商，均在本程序管制范围内。
Applicable to all business management activities or external contact activities of XX CO.,LTD. (hereinafter referred to as the "Company") and itsbranches/subsidiaries, centers, bases, and business units (hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Units"). These activities include but are not limited to economic activities such as contact with government departments, product sales, procurement and acceptance of raw and auxiliary materials, engineering construction, equipment procurement and maintenance, and quality supervision. All employees (including full-time and part-time employees) of the company and its subordinate units, as well as all customers, suppliers, service providers, and contractors who have business dealings with the group, are within the control scope of this procedure.二、定义 Definition本程序所规定的腐败、商业贿赂行为是指公司内、外人员采用欺骗等违法、违规手段，谋取个人不正当利益，损害公司正当经济利益的行为；或谋取不当的公司经济利益，同时可能为个人带来不正当利益的行为。
八年级英语议论文论证方法单选题40题1. In the essay, the author mentions a story about a famous scientist to support his idea. This is an example of _____.A.analogyB.exampleparisonD.metaphor答案：B。
本题主要考查论证方法的辨析。
选项A“analogy”是类比；选项B“example”是举例；选项C“comparison”是比较；选项D“metaphor”是隐喻。
文中提到一个关于著名科学家的故事来支持观点，这是举例论证。
2. The writer uses the experience of his own life to prove his point. This kind of method is called _____.A.personal storyB.example givingC.case studyD.reference答案：B。
选项A“personal story”个人故事范围较窄；选项B“example giving”举例；选项C“case study”案例分析；选项D“reference”参考。
作者用自己的生活经历来证明观点，这是举例论证。
3. The author cites several historical events to strengthen his argument. What is this method?A.citing factsB.giving examplesC.making comparisonsing analogies答案：B。
选项A“citing facts”引用事实，历史事件可以作为例子，所以是举例论证；选项B“giving examples”举例；选项C“making comparisons”比较；选项D“using analogies”使用类比。
英文合同的通用条款（定义与解释条款Definition and Interpretation）1. Definition. In this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following meaning unless the context clearly requires otherwise:“TERM 1”means …refers to …shall have the (same) meaning defined in …shall be construed as …includes…In relation to means …For the purpose of “TERM 2”refers to …In connection with shall have the (same) meaning defined in …In respect of shall be construed as …“TERM 3”means …+ *** which,refers to1) ………………………………………………………………;2) ………………………………………………………………;…2. Interpretation. Unless the context otherwise requires:a. words singular and plural in number shall be deemed to include the other;b. all references to include a reference to any measures amending, supplementing or repealing any relevant from time to time;c. the terms “XYZ”shall be being at all times construed as unless the content specially indicates otherwise, whether or not the words “XYZ” are expressly stated in any particular instance in this Agreement;….3. XXX Meaning. Words not otherwise defined herein that have well known and generally accepted adj. meanings are used herein in accordance with such recognized meanings. Unless otherwise agreed to by the Parties, all units of measurement shall be stated in the system.4. Headings; Sections References. Section headings are for convenience of reference only, do not form part of this Agreement, and shall not be deemed to limit or otherwise affect any of the provisions hereof.5. Precedence. In case of express conflict between provisions of the of this Agreement, the order of precedence in construction and interpretation of such provisions shall be as follows:a. ; andb. .Subject to the foregoing, if any requirements specified in any 1 conflict with those of any other 2 , or if any requirement specified in any 1 conflict with any other requirements in such 2 , the requirements shall prevail. Notwithstanding the above, the provisions of this Agreement, including all Schedules, shall be wherever possible construed as complementary rather than conflicting.例：1. Definition. In this Agreement the following terms shall have the following meaning unless the context clearly requires otherwise:1. 定义。
Definition and Interpretation（定义及解释规则翻译）翻译实践1. "Affiliate" means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party, including a Party's parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party. For the purpose of this Agreement, "control" shall mean either the ownership of fifty per cent (50%) or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company.2. "Proprietary Know-how" shall mean processes, methods and manufacturing techniques, experience and other information and materials including but not limited to the Technical Information and Technical Assistance supplied or rendered by the Licensor to the Licensee hereunder which have been developed by and are known to the Licensor on the date hereof and/or which may be further developed by the Licensor or become known to it during the continuance of this Agreement excepting, however, any secret know-how acquired by the Licensor from third parties which the Licensor is precluded from disclosing to the Licensee.3. "Proprietary Information" means the information, whether patentable or not, disclosed to the CJV by either Party or its Affiliates or disclosed by the CJV to either Party or its Affiliates during the term of this Contract, including technology, inventions, creations, know-how, formulations, recipes, specifications, designs, methods, processes, techniques, data, rights, devices, drawings, instructions, expertise, trade practices, trade secrets and such commercial, economic, financial or other information as is generally treated as confidential by the disclosing Party, its Affiliates, or the CJV, as the case may be; provided that when such information is in unwritten or intangible form, the disclosing Party, its Affiliates or the CJV shall, within one month of making the disclosure, provide the other Partyand/or the CJV with a written confirmation that such information constitutes its Proprietary Information.4. "Encumbrances" include any option, right to acquire, right of preemption, mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, hypothecation, title creation, right of set-off, counterclaim, trust arrangement or other security or any equity or restriction (including any relevant restriction imposed under the relevant law).5. In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires:a) headings are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation - 27 -of this Agreement;b) words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa; c) words importing a gender include any gender;d) an expression importing a natural person includes any company, partnership, joint venture, association, corporation or other body corporate and any governmental agency;e) a reference to any law, regulation or rule includes all laws, regulations, or rules amending, consolidating or replacing them, and a reference to a law includes all regulations and rules under that law;f) a reference to a document includes an amendment or supplement to, or replacement or novation of, that document;g) a reference to a party to any document includes that party's successors and permitted assigns;h) a reference to an agreement includes an undertaking, agreement or legally enforceable arrangement or understanding whether or not in writing;i) a warranty, representation, undertaking, indemnity, covenant or agreement on the part of two or more persons binds them jointly and severally; andj) the schedules, annexures and appendices to this Agreement shall form an integral part of this Agreement.参考译文:定义、解释1. “关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方(包括其母公司或子公司)或受一方直接或间接控制，或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。
opinion的名词解释Opinion: A Reflection of Perspectives and SubjectivityIntroductionOpinion, a term that permeates our daily lives, plays a crucial role in shaping how we perceive the world and interact with others. It is a powerful reflection of our perspectives and subjectivity. In this article, we will delve into the multifaceted nature of opinion, examining its origins and influences on decision-making processes, societal dynamics, and personal growth.The Subjectivity of OpinionOpinions, by their very nature, are subjective. They are influenced by a myriad of factors, such as personal experiences, cultural background, education, and social environment. Each individual possesses a unique set of opinions that forms the lens through which they interpret and understand the world.The Formation of OpinionOpinions develop through a complex process, often a culmination of conscious and subconscious factors. They can be formed through exposure to various sources of information, including media, social interactions, and personal research. However, the emotional and psychological aspects also play a crucial role in shaping our opinions. Emotions like empathy, fear, anger, or joy can greatly influence our perspectives.The Role of Bias in OpinionBiases are inherent in human nature and can heavily impact the formation and expression of opinions. Confirmation bias, for example, refers to the tendency to seek out information that supports our existing beliefs, while disregarding evidence to the contrary. This can limit our ability to consider alternative viewpoints and hinder critical thinking.Societal Implications of OpinionOpinions have far-reaching implications for society, as they shape our interactions and influence decision-making processes. They define public discourse, fuel debates, and drive social change. In democratic societies, the aggregation of diverse opinions forms the foundation for governance, encouraging a balanced representation of public interests.The Influence of Opinion in Decision-MakingIn both personal and professional contexts, opinions play a crucial role in decision-making processes. Whether it is selecting a product to purchase or forming policies at the highest level of government, opinions guide our choices. But it is important to recognize that decisions should not solely rely on opinions; a healthy balance of evidence-based research, expert advice, and critical analysis is equally vital.Challenges of Opinion DiversityWhile opinion diversity can enrich our perspectives and enhance collective decision-making, it can also lead to conflicts and polarization. When opinions clash, and individuals fail to engage in respectful dialogue and empathy, it can result in societal divisions. Learning to navigate and appreciate diverse opinions is crucial for fostering a harmonious and inclusive society.The Evolving Nature of OpinionOpinions are not static; they evolve over time as individuals gain new experiences and encounter different perspectives. It is essential to remain open-minded and receptive to change. By actively seeking out new information and engaging in constructive dialogue, we can broaden our horizons and challenge our existing opinions.Personal Growth through OpinionOur opinions are integral to our personal growth and development. By critically examining our beliefs and seeking to understand opposing viewpoints, we expand our understanding of the world. Embracing diverse opinions fosters intellectual humility and encourages empathy, promoting personal growth and enhancing our ability to engage meaningfully with others.ConclusionOpinion, a reflection of perspectives and subjectivity, is a complex and powerful force that influences our lives and society. Understanding the multifaceted nature of opinion can help us appreciate the diversity of perspectives, engage in respectful dialogue, and foster personal as well as societal growth. As we navigate the intricacies of opinion, let us strive for open-mindedness, critical thinking, and empathy in our interactions and decision-making processes.。
Definition of terms: measurement, test, evaluationMeasurement: the process of quantifying the characteristics of persons according to explicit procedures and rules. 测量是根据明确的程序和规则量化研究对象特征的过程。
Three distinguishing features: quantification，characteristics，explicit rules and proceduresTest: a procedure designed to elicit certain behavior from which one can make inferences about certain characteristics of an individual.测试是用来获取某些行为的方式、方法，其目的是从这些行为中推断个人具有的某些特征Evaluation: the systematic gathering of information for the purpose of making decis ions.评价指为做出某种决策而收集资料，并对资料进行分析，作出解释的系统过程。
”与测量、测试相比其含义更广，综合性更强。
An example of evaluation that does not involve either tests or measures (area 1) is the use of qualitative descriptions of student performance for diagnosing learning problems.An example of a non-test measure for evaluation (area 2) is a teacher ranking used for assigning gradesAn example of a test used for purposes of evaluation(area 3) is the use of an achievement test to determine student progress. The most common non-evaluative uses of tests and measures are for research purposes.An example of tests that are not used for evaluation (area 4) is the use of a proficiency test as a criterion in second language acquisition research.Finally, assigning code numbers to subjects in second language research according to native language is an example of a non-test measure that is not used for evaluation (area 5).In summary, then, not all measures are tests, not all tests are evaluative, and not all evaluation involves either measurement or tests.Approaches to language testingThe essay-translation approach:the subjective judgment of the teacher is considered to be of paramount importance. Tests usually consist of essay writing, translation, and grammatical analys is; have a heavy literary and cultural bias.写作翻译法的特点：①对测试技能或专长没有专门要求，主要依靠老师的主观判断力；②试卷主要包括写作、翻译、语法分析等项目；③试卷内容有较浓厚的文学和文化色彩；④试题需要书面回答形式，需要人工阅卷。
