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Molecular Biology双语教学大纲课程编号：A0620059学分：3.5学时：56（其中：讲课学时： 40 实验学时：16 上机学时：先修课程：生物化学、遗传学、微生物学适用专业：生物工程（本科）教材：《基础分子生物学教程》（第三版）赵亚华编著科学出版社 2011一、课程的性质与任务课程的性质：分子生物学是一门近年来发展迅速并且在生命科学领域里应用越来越广泛、影响越来越深远的一个学科。
本课程是生物科学专业主干课。
分子水平的生物学研究，正在越来越多地影响各个传统生物科学领域。
课程的任务：通过学习本课程，要求学生能进一步加深对生命本质的认识，引导他们进入生物科学发展的前沿，并理解有关基础理论的实践意义和应用前景，使学生的学科知识由广度向纵深延伸。
为今后从事研究或教学工作打好基础。
要求学生掌握基因概念在分子水平上的发展与演变、基因的分子结构和特点、基因的复制、基因表达（在转录、翻译水平）的基本原理、基因表达调控的基本模式、分子生物学技术等。
另外，将介绍人类基因组计划、基因芯片、分子杂交等分子生物学前沿知识。
Molecular biology is an important course for the students majoring in biotechnology as one of main specialized basic courses. Its previous courses are general biology, biochemistry and genetics. And its following courses are gene engineering, microbiological engineering, cell engineering, evolutinary biology and comprehesive experiment of biotechnolgy.Molecular biology seeks to explain the relationships contrbute to the operation and control of biochemical processes. Of principal interest are the macromolecules and macromolecular complexes of DNA, RNA and protein and the processes of replication, transcription and translation. Rapid advances in these fields ask teachers for the course to deliver the core of the subject in a concise, easily assimilated form in their teaching. Because of large contents of the textbook and the limit lesson hours of the course, it necessary for the teachers to carefully select.二、课程的基本内容及要求Chapter 1 Introduction1．Contents（1）A retrospect to life science on the 19th and 20th century（2）Concept of molecular biology（3）prospect of molecular biology in the 21st century2．Key points分子生物学的概念、研究内容和发展历史3．Requirements（1）理解分子生物学研究的内容；（2）掌握分子生物学领域一些具有里程碑意义的事件。
最喜欢的学科分子生物学英语作文Molecular Biology: Unlocking the Mysteries of Life。
Molecular biology stands as a cornerstone in the realm of biological sciences, illuminating the intricate mechanisms governing life at its most fundamental level. Through the lens of molecular biology, we peer into the very essence of existence, unraveling the mysteries encoded within the strands of DNA, the building blocks of life itself.At its core, molecular biology delves into the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules, particularly nucleic acids and proteins. By dissecting these molecules with precision, scientists elucidate the mechanisms underlying essential biological processes, from replication and transcription to translation and beyond.Central to the field of molecular biology is the study of DNA, the iconic double helix that harbors the blueprint of life. Within its elegant structure lies the code that dictates the traits of every living organism, from the simplest bacterium to the most complex multicellular organism. Through groundbreaking techniques such as DNA sequencing and genome editing, researchers unlock the secrets embedded within the genetic code, paving the way for revolutionary advancements in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.In tandem with the study of DNA, molecular biologists scrutinize the myriad proteins that orchestrate the myriad functions of living systems. Proteins serve as the workhorses of the cell, catalyzing reactions, transmitting signals, and providing structural support. Through techniques like X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry, scientists elucidate the three-dimensional structures of proteins, offering invaluable insights into their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic targets.Moreover, molecular biology transcends the confines of individual molecules, exploring the complex networks that underpin cellular function and organismal development. From signal transduction pathways to gene regulatory networks,researchers uncover the intricate web of interactions that governs biological processes at every scale. By deciphering these networks, scientists gain a deeper understanding of health and disease, laying the groundwork for precision medicine and personalized therapies.In the quest to unravel the mysteries of life, molecular biology embraces interdisciplinary collaboration, drawing upon insights from genetics, biochemistry, biophysics, and computational biology. By integrating diverse perspectives and methodologies, researchers tackle complex biological questions with unparalleled depth and breadth, driving innovation and discovery across the scientific landscape.In conclusion, molecular biology serves as a beacon of enlightenment in our quest to understand the fundamental principles of life. Through meticulous experimentation and rigorous analysis, scientists illuminate the inner workings of biological systems, unraveling the mysteries that have captivated humanity for centuries. As we continue to push the boundaries of knowledge, molecular biology will undoubtedly remain at the forefront of scientific inquiry, guiding us toward new frontiers of discovery and innovation.。
《分子诊断学》课程教学大纲课程名称：分子诊断学（Molecular Diagnose）主讲教师：杨晶（教授），申鹤云（副教授）课程编号：学时：24学分：1.5预修课程：生物化学、细胞生物学、微生物学课程简介：分子诊断学是建立在分子生物学和免疫学基础上的医学诊断技术，在充分借鉴现代基因组学与蛋白质组学的研究成果基础上，通过建立各种适用的检测技术将疾病相关基因、蛋白与临床诊断紧密结合，为疾病预防，疾病预警和疗效评价服务，其核心是基因诊断和以单抗为基础的免疫学诊断。
分子诊断技术以其显著优势和巨大潜力，成为保障人类健康的最重要的生物技术之一。
本课程主要介绍分子诊断的常用技术及在科研和临床上的应用，包括ELISA 技术、免疫胶体金层析技术、化学发光技术、时间分辨技术、分子杂交技术、荧光定量PCR技术以及各种芯片技术等，掌握临床常见感染性疾病、单基因疾病和多基因疾病分子诊断策略和方法。
教材：临床分子诊断学郑芳陈昌杰华中科技大学出版社2014.7第一章绪论（2 学时）shen一、主要内容：(一) 分子诊断学的定义及其研究范畴(二) 分子诊断学的发展简史(三) 分子诊断学在医学中的应用二、学习重点和难点：重点：掌握分子诊断学的定义，了解分子诊断学经历了 3 个阶段的发展历史。
难点：一些新型分子诊断技术在医学中的应用。
第二章免疫学诊断技术（6 学时）shen一、主要内容：(一) 抗原抗体反应(二) 免疫浊度测定(三) 放射免疫分析技术(四) 酶免疫分析技术(五) 荧光抗体分析技术(六) 时间分辨免疫荧光技术(七) 荧光偏振免疫分析技术(八) 化学发光免疫分析技术(九) 金标免疫分析技术(十) 标记免疫分析的质量控制二、学习重点和难点：重点：放射免疫分析、酶免疫分析技术、荧光抗体分析技术和免疫浊度检测等技术原理，各种反应模式的原理及应用。
难点：一些新型示踪物的示踪原理（要求一定的物理学和化学知识）。
第三章分子生物学诊断技术（基因诊断技术）（6 学时）一、主要内容：(一)PCR 及衍生技术 1. PCR 技术的基本原理 2. PCR 衍生技术 3. 荧光定量PCR 技术 4. PCR 方法的标准化(二)核酸分子杂交技术 1. 核酸杂交的基本原理 2. 核酸探针 3. 核酸分子杂交技术二、学习重点和难点：重点：FQ-PCR、原位PCR、PCR-RFLP、PCR-ELISA、PCR-SSCP、Southern blot、 Northern blot、原位杂交等技术的原理及其在临床检测中的实际应用。
Chapter19Detection and Quantitative Analysis of Small RNAs by PCR Seungil Ro and Wei YanAbstractIncreasing lines of evidence indicate that small non-coding RNAs including miRNAs,piRNAs,rasiRNAs, 21U endo-siRNAs,and snoRNAs are involved in many critical biological processes.Functional studies of these small RNAs require a simple,sensitive,and reliable method for detecting and quantifying levels of small RNAs.Here,we describe such a method that has been widely used for the validation of cloned small RNAs and also for quantitative analyses of small RNAs in both tissues and cells.Key words:Small RNAs,miRNAs,piRNAs,expression,PCR.1.IntroductionThe past several years have witnessed the surprising discovery ofnumerous non-coding small RNAs species encoded by genomesof virtually all species(1–6),which include microRNAs(miR-NAs)(7–10),piwi-interacting RNAs(piRNAs)(11–14),repeat-associated siRNAs(rasiRNAs)(15–18),21U endo-siRNAs(19),and small nucleolar RNAs(snoRNAs)(20).These small RNAsare involved in all aspects of cellular functions through direct orindirect interactions with genomic DNAs,RNAs,and proteins.Functional studies on these small RNAs are just beginning,andsome preliminaryfindings have suggested that they are involvedin regulating genome stability,epigenetic marking,transcription,translation,and protein functions(5,21–23).An easy and sensi-tive method to detect and quantify levels of these small RNAs inorgans or cells during developmental courses,or under different M.Sioud(ed.),RNA Therapeutics,Methods in Molecular Biology629,DOI10.1007/978-1-60761-657-3_19,©Springer Science+Business Media,LLC2010295296Ro and Yanphysiological and pathophysiological conditions,is essential forfunctional studies.Quantitative analyses of small RNAs appear tobe challenging because of their small sizes[∼20nucleotides(nt)for miRNAs,∼30nt for piRNAs,and60–200nt for snoRNAs].Northern blot analysis has been the standard method for detec-tion and quantitative analyses of RNAs.But it requires a relativelylarge amount of starting material(10–20μg of total RNA or>5μg of small RNA fraction).It is also a labor-intensive pro-cedure involving the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,electrotransfer,radioisotope-labeled probes,and autoradiogra-phy.We have developed a simple and reliable PCR-based methodfor detection and quantification of all types of small non-codingRNAs.In this method,small RNA fractions are isolated and polyAtails are added to the3 ends by polyadenylation(Fig.19.1).Small RNA cDNAs(srcDNAs)are then generated by reverseFig.19.1.Overview of small RNA complementary DNA(srcDNA)library construction forPCR or qPCR analysis.Small RNAs are polyadenylated using a polyA polymerase.ThepolyA-tailed RNAs are reverse-transcribed using a primer miRTQ containing oligo dTsflanked by an adaptor sequence.RNAs are removed by RNase H from the srcDNA.ThesrcDNA is ready for PCR or qPCR to be carried out using a small RNA-specific primer(srSP)and a universal reverse primer,RTQ-UNIr.Quantitative Analysis of Small RNAs297transcription using a primer consisting of adaptor sequences atthe5 end and polyT at the3 end(miRTQ).Using the srcD-NAs,non-quantitative or quantitative PCR can then be per-formed using a small RNA-specific primer and the RTQ-UNIrprimer.This method has been utilized by investigators in numer-ous studies(18,24–38).Two recent technologies,454sequenc-ing and microarray(39,40)for high-throughput analyses of miR-NAs and other small RNAs,also need an independent method forvalidation.454sequencing,the next-generation sequencing tech-nology,allows virtually exhaustive sequencing of all small RNAspecies within a small RNA library.However,each of the clonednovel small RNAs needs to be validated by examining its expres-sion in organs or in cells.Microarray assays of miRNAs have beenavailable but only known or bioinformatically predicted miR-NAs are covered.Similar to mRNA microarray analyses,the up-or down-regulation of miRNA levels under different conditionsneeds to be further validated using conventional Northern blotanalyses or PCR-based methods like the one that we are describ-ing here.2.Materials2.1.Isolation of Small RNAs, Polyadenylation,and Purification 1.mirVana miRNA Isolation Kit(Ambion).2.Phosphate-buffered saline(PBS)buffer.3.Poly(A)polymerase.4.mirVana Probe and Marker Kit(Ambion).2.2.Reverse Transcription,PCR, and Quantitative PCR 1.Superscript III First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR(Invitrogen).2.miRTQ primers(Table19.1).3.AmpliTaq Gold PCR Master Mix for PCR.4.SYBR Green PCR Master Mix for qPCR.5.A miRNA-specific primer(e.g.,let-7a)and RTQ-UNIr(Table19.1).6.Agarose and100bp DNA ladder.3.Methods3.1.Isolation of Small RNAs 1.Harvest tissue(≤250mg)or cells in a1.7-mL tube with500μL of cold PBS.T a b l e 19.1O l i g o n u c l e o t i d e s u s e dN a m eS e q u e n c e (5 –3 )N o t eU s a g em i R T QC G A A T T C T A G A G C T C G A G G C A G G C G A C A T G G C T G G C T A G T T A A G C T T G G T A C C G A G C T A G T C C T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T V N ∗R N a s e f r e e ,H P L CR e v e r s e t r a n s c r i p t i o nR T Q -U N I r C G A A T T C T A G A G C T C G A G G C A G GR e g u l a r d e s a l t i n gP C R /q P C Rl e t -7a T G A G G T A G T A G G T T G T A T A G R e g u l a r d e s a l t i n gP C R /q P C R∗V =A ,C ,o r G ;N =A ,C ,G ,o r TQuantitative Analysis of Small RNAs299 2.Centrifuge at∼5,000rpm for2min at room temperature(RT).3.Remove PBS as much as possible.For cells,remove PBScarefully without breaking the pellet,leave∼100μL of PBS,and resuspend cells by tapping gently.4.Add300–600μL of lysis/binding buffer(10volumes pertissue mass)on ice.When you start with frozen tissue or cells,immediately add lysis/binding buffer(10volumes per tissue mass)on ice.5.Cut tissue into small pieces using scissors and grind it usinga homogenizer.For cells,skip this step.6.Vortex for40s to mix.7.Add one-tenth volume of miRNA homogenate additive onice and mix well by vortexing.8.Leave the mixture on ice for10min.For tissue,mix it every2min.9.Add an equal volume(330–660μL)of acid-phenol:chloroform.Be sure to withdraw from the bottom phase(the upper phase is an aqueous buffer).10.Mix thoroughly by inverting the tubes several times.11.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for5min at RT.12.Recover the aqueous phase carefully without disrupting thelower phase and transfer it to a fresh tube.13.Measure the volume using a scale(1g=∼1mL)andnote it.14.Add one-third volume of100%ethanol at RT to the recov-ered aqueous phase.15.Mix thoroughly by inverting the tubes several times.16.Transfer up to700μL of the mixture into afilter cartridgewithin a collection bel thefilter as total RNA.When you have>700μL of the mixture,apply it in suc-cessive application to the samefilter.17.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for15s at RT.18.Collect thefiltrate(theflow-through).Save the cartridgefor total RNA isolation(go to Step24).19.Add two-third volume of100%ethanol at RT to theflow-through.20.Mix thoroughly by inverting the tubes several times.21.Transfer up to700μL of the mixture into a newfilterbel thefilter as small RNA.When you have >700μL of thefiltrate mixture,apply it in successive appli-cation to the samefilter.300Ro and Yan22.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for15s at RT.23.Discard theflow-through and repeat until all of thefiltratemixture is passed through thefilter.Reuse the collectiontube for the following washing steps.24.Apply700μL of miRNA wash solution1(working solu-tion mixed with ethanol)to thefilter.25.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for15s at RT.26.Discard theflow-through.27.Apply500μL of miRNA wash solution2/3(working solu-tion mixed with ethanol)to thefilter.28.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for15s at RT.29.Discard theflow-through and repeat Step27.30.Centrifuge at12,000rpm for1min at RT.31.Transfer thefilter cartridge to a new collection tube.32.Apply100μL of pre-heated(95◦C)elution solution orRNase-free water to the center of thefilter and close thecap.Aliquot a desired amount of elution solution intoa1.7-mL tube and heat it on a heat block at95◦C for∼15min.Open the cap carefully because it might splashdue to pressure buildup.33.Leave thefilter tube alone for1min at RT.34.Centrifuge at12,000rpm for1min at RT.35.Measure total RNA and small RNA concentrations usingNanoDrop or another spectrophotometer.36.Store it at–80◦C until used.3.2.Polyadenylation1.Set up a reaction mixture with a total volume of50μL in a0.5-mL tube containing0.1–2μg of small RNAs,10μL of5×E-PAP buffer,5μL of25mM MnCl2,5μL of10mMATP,1μL(2U)of Escherichia coli poly(A)polymerase I,and RNase-free water(up to50μL).When you have a lowconcentration of small RNAs,increase the total volume;5×E-PAP buffer,25mM MnCl2,and10mM ATP should beincreased accordingly.2.Mix well and spin the tube briefly.3.Incubate for1h at37◦C.3.3.Purification 1.Add an equal volume(50μL)of acid-phenol:chloroformto the polyadenylation reaction mixture.When you have>50μL of the mixture,increase acid-phenol:chloroformaccordingly.2.Mix thoroughly by tapping the tube.Quantitative Analysis of Small RNAs3013.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for5min at RT.4.Recover the aqueous phase carefully without disrupting thelower phase and transfer it to a fresh tube.5.Add12volumes(600μL)of binding/washing buffer tothe aqueous phase.When you have>50μL of the aqueous phase,increase binding/washing buffer accordingly.6.Transfer up to460μL of the mixture into a purificationcartridge within a collection tube.7.Centrifuge at10,000rpm for15s at RT.8.Discard thefiltrate(theflow-through)and repeat until allof the mixture is passed through the cartridge.Reuse the collection tube.9.Apply300μL of binding/washing buffer to the cartridge.10.Centrifuge at12,000rpm for1min at RT.11.Transfer the cartridge to a new collection tube.12.Apply25μL of pre-heated(95◦C)elution solution to thecenter of thefilter and close the cap.Aliquot a desired amount of elution solution into a1.7-mL tube and heat it on a heat block at95◦C for∼15min.Open the cap care-fully because it might be splash due to pressure buildup.13.Let thefilter tube stand for1min at RT.14.Centrifuge at12,000rpm for1min at RT.15.Repeat Steps12–14with a second aliquot of25μL ofpre-heated(95◦C)elution solution.16.Measure polyadenylated(tailed)RNA concentration usingNanoDrop or another spectrophotometer.17.Store it at–80◦C until used.After polyadenylation,RNAconcentration should increase up to5–10times of the start-ing concentration.3.4.Reverse Transcription 1.Mix2μg of tailed RNAs,1μL(1μg)of miRTQ,andRNase-free water(up to21μL)in a PCR tube.2.Incubate for10min at65◦C and for5min at4◦C.3.Add1μL of10mM dNTP mix,1μL of RNaseOUT,4μLof10×RT buffer,4μL of0.1M DTT,8μL of25mM MgCl2,and1μL of SuperScript III reverse transcriptase to the mixture.When you have a low concentration of lig-ated RNAs,increase the total volume;10×RT buffer,0.1M DTT,and25mM MgCl2should be increased accordingly.4.Mix well and spin the tube briefly.5.Incubate for60min at50◦C and for5min at85◦C toinactivate the reaction.302Ro and Yan6.Add1μL of RNase H to the mixture.7.Incubate for20min at37◦C.8.Add60μL of nuclease-free water.3.5.PCR and qPCR 1.Set up a reaction mixture with a total volume of25μL ina PCR tube containing1μL of small RNA cDNAs(srcD-NAs),1μL(5pmol of a miRNA-specific primer(srSP),1μL(5pmol)of RTQ-UNIr,12.5μL of AmpliTaq GoldPCR Master Mix,and9.5μL of nuclease-free water.ForqPCR,use SYBR Green PCR Master Mix instead of Ampli-Taq Gold PCR Master Mix.2.Mix well and spin the tube briefly.3.Start PCR or qPCR with the conditions:95◦C for10minand then40cycles at95◦C for15s,at48◦C for30s and at60◦C for1min.4.Adjust annealing Tm according to the Tm of your primer5.Run2μL of the PCR or qPCR products along with a100bpDNA ladder on a2%agarose gel.∼PCR products should be∼120–200bp depending on the small RNA species(e.g.,∼120–130bp for miRNAs and piRNAs).4.Notes1.This PCR method can be used for quantitative PCR(qPCR)or semi-quantitative PCR(semi-qPCR)on small RNAs suchas miRNAs,piRNAs,snoRNAs,small interfering RNAs(siRNAs),transfer RNAs(tRNAs),and ribosomal RNAs(rRNAs)(18,24–38).2.Design miRNA-specific primers to contain only the“coresequence”since our cloning method uses two degeneratenucleotides(VN)at the3 end to make small RNA cDNAs(srcDNAs)(see let-7a,Table19.1).3.For qPCR analysis,two miRNAs and a piRNA were quan-titated using the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix(41).Cyclethreshold(Ct)is the cycle number at which thefluorescencesignal reaches the threshold level above the background.ACt value for each miRNA tested was automatically calculatedby setting the threshold level to be0.1–0.3with auto base-line.All Ct values depend on the abundance of target miR-NAs.For example,average Ct values for let-7isoforms rangefrom17to20when25ng of each srcDNA sample from themultiple tissues was used(see(41).Quantitative Analysis of Small RNAs3034.This method amplifies over a broad dynamic range up to10orders of magnitude and has excellent sensitivity capable ofdetecting as little as0.001ng of the srcDNA in qPCR assays.5.For qPCR,each small RNA-specific primer should be testedalong with a known control primer(e.g.,let-7a)for PCRefficiency.Good efficiencies range from90%to110%calcu-lated from slopes between–3.1and–3.6.6.On an agarose gel,mature miRNAs and precursor miRNAs(pre-miRNAs)can be differentiated by their size.PCR prod-ucts containing miRNAs will be∼120bp long in size whileproducts containing pre-miRNAs will be∼170bp long.However,our PCR method preferentially amplifies maturemiRNAs(see Results and Discussion in(41)).We testedour PCR method to quantify over100miRNAs,but neverdetected pre-miRNAs(18,29–31,38). 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Chapter 3 Nucleic Acid1. Physical and chemical structure of DNA●Double-stranded helix● Major groove and minor groove● Base pairing● The two strands are antiparallel● G+C content (percent G+C)● Satellite DNASatellite DNA consists of highly repetitive DNA and is so called because repetitions of a short DNA sequence tend to produce a different frequency of the nucleotides adenine, cytosine， guanine and thymine， and thus have a different density from bulk DNA — such that they form a second or ’satellite’ band when genomic DNA is separated on a density gradient。
2。
Alternate DNA structureTwo bases have been extruded from base stacking at the junction. The white line goes from phosphate to phosphate along the chain。
O is shown red, N blue， P yellow and C grey.3. Circular and superhelical DNADNA can also form a double-stranded, covalently-closed circle。
