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《中国书画》2019年总目录®学术•研究第1期4《董文敏画稿册》高士奇跋文及印鉴研究（上）应非儿8董其昌《仿郭恕先山水》轴探究鲁珊珊12张路生卒年新考张巨17宋代书籍刊刻对楷书字体的选择与改造周幼松第2期4《董文敏画稿册》高士奇跋文及印鉴研究（下）应非儿12燕文贵考皮佳佳16《听琴图》三疑黄杰19黄宾虹太极图秘诀及影响闷利明24《画引》与顾凝远的绘画品评观王广维28浅析佛教艺术对中国绘画的影响刘广忠弟3期4黄宾虹书法艺术思想寻绎一以黄宾虹与傅雷书信为考察对象杨钱任8清代士人学“碑”的用笔探索宋君碎12倪元璐“新理异态”探析董水荣16山景即园景—董邦达《盘山十六景》图卷的绘制、图像与画史意义张益嘉22幻境与实境：读龚贤《千岩万壑图》刘长康24古典文学名著的新视觉诠释一卜孝怀的工笔人物画和连环画吴晓欧张辉第4期4出土战国毛笔与侯马盟书王文超8再谈齐白石与吴昌硕的会面徐志慧13从苏轼“和陶诗”看中国画“影意象”的生成刘利波 18画中别调：兰之意象与审美表现毛文睿第5期4苏东坡与蜀僧宝月的佛事与艺事仇春霞9董其昌的禅悦顏晚军18《凤阿山房图》与侯大年、吴历之交谢君文22莱辛“诗画异质”论缘何失效于中国士人画梁建安张秋然 第ft期4清代画家张敔职官、籍贯考张耕9启功手抄本《倪氏杂记笔法》及相关问题考辨栾圣栋12 “八分”实非“汉隶”杨柳青16 “義之俗书趁姿媚”的审美意义王阁祥傅如明19清代“午瑞图”流变白宇第7期4由沈周《吴中山水册》《卧游图册》略说吴门风雅朱良志 8中国绘画中隐士造型的个性特征单亚梅14安徽歙县小溪村丛林寺壁画初探范立18董源《龙宿郊民图》的生成与合法性身份的建构巩秦羽22汉字书写与先秦纵横家初探何亮第S期4英宗出猎与《雪猎图》的政治意涵杨德忠8 “元气”论与书画家的个性气质和风格表现杨慧4S13许承尧旧藏敦煌文献探析李艳红18 «芥舟学画编》的画学史价值郭伟24 “拓而为大”—从笔墨角度看明末“三株树”大字行草的书写变异国腾飞济”期4《千里江山图》与《江山秋色图》的作者问题一以分析其背后的风水策略为路径黄杰10内与外的较量：齐白石人物画嬗变之诱因李文琪17明清自画像浅谈张怡21曰本美术对陈之怫工笔花鸟画风格的影响张鲁26性情激荡下的明代书法风格流变—从《秋江送别 诗并图》卷和《况苏州赠行倡和诗》卷谈起王友良第I"期4从高到远：宋元山水画空间表现的嬗变李永强10 “荷叶皴”与“自写小像”—赵孟頫两则绘艺创新戍论任道试14论李唐画风转变及其成因张爲20长发其祥：清代乾隆朝祥瑞图像的绘制越破仿26从与文人交往看晚清碑估的社会作用起秋嘉第H期4红尘过客—明代艺术中的乞丐与市井（上）黄小峰 16文伯仁《太湖泛舟图》与《泛太湖图》辨析薛帅杰19抗战时期赵望云民间生活题材写生探析于亮起娜22宜作文字观—对一类书法文献的解读杨冬林第12期4红尘过客—明代艺术中的乞丐与市井（下）黄小峰10王文治的琉球之行周正18徐渭《畸谱》考中庆21书法中的“燥”与“躁”堝#24陆机《平复帖》释文新说朱书全廖淑雯袁铭涓胡寒杨26理性与自信—论梁启超的美术观杨帆•鉴藏第1期22稀世古拓窥唐楷书文画印结翰缘—喜读南昌夏善昌先生藏《九成宫醴泉铭〉〉唐拓本任道试第2期30《雁塔圣教序》书刻异常现象献疑权诺第4期22主观鉴定与孤证证伪-一•也谈《古书画名家名作辨伪三十例》赵华®鉴定考M第9期30阮元《致黄易》八札考释薛龙春®市场第1期22 26盐业银行的艺术品质押与张伯驹的书画收藏祝捷*专家论道第丨一丨2期，言恭达专栏抱云堂散论（一〜十二）第丨一丨2期，胡抗美专栏31现代书学的开端35关注这个时期的书法理论家 26现代书学的特征30现代书学的动力之- 一反思 26现代性的价值判断 25书法艺术感知方式的变化 27从“书为形学”看现代书学的观念之变 29当代书法：“终结”之惑？35现代书学的理论启示.•也谈书法在中国艺术史上的地位 30现代书学理论的有益探索—浅议宗白华《中国书法里的美学思想》(上）26现代书学理论的有益探索一浅议宗白华《中国书法里的美学思想》(下）28书法本质性界定的再讨论@古代作品第1期32十七世纪的金陵画坛33故国兴亡多少事一任笔墨伴客愁龚良第2期36我向毫端寻往迹：明清山水画的古意今情（上）37艺循清閟—倪瓒（款）《狮子林图》及其清宫仿画研究赵硤哲第3期28我向毫端寻往迹：明清山水画的古意今情（下）29 “四王”复古论辩蔡昱仪44清初遗民画家徐枋的绘画、交游与生活付阳华第4期32董其昌的书画艺术33董其昌的艺术及其书画辨伪凌利中第5期28杨守敬书法专题29书之大者：阅读杨守敬张文博34杨守敬早年与江汉关的两段缘分沈必晟38晚清湖北书法二杰：张裕钊、杨守敬孟庆星44同道相益：杨守敬对山本竟山的传习授书程说英第6期26明清流派印专题27晚明印章的酬赠与交易考论刘勇34屹立不摇的西泠派风黄尝铭40 “浙派”鼻祖丁敬刘墨44王献唐论文人印章之仿古—从李零《铄古铸今：考古发现和复古艺术》谈起周松林第7期28沈周绘画专题29沈周的幽默傅中34沈周早期画风的承继与演绎吴刚較第8期30恽寿平绘画专题31恽寿平画学成就述略朱万章44恽寿平没骨花鸟画师承考苏国强第”期36沙滩文化书画专题学术主持：吴鴨37莫友芝家族书法朱良津44饮誉东瀛稿墨书韵一黎庶昌的生平成就与书稿墨迹叶敏53书为心画—郑珍的书法观与书法作品刘恒60郑珍绘画考刘秀丹第1(>期32唐寅书法专题33狂士标格才子声名—唐寅书法艺术管窥周正42唐寅书法及其相关作品考释张圓满第II期28明清写意人物画专题29对影成双—明清女画家对女性形象的描绘起政哲42月映千江—明清时期佛教绘画面面观陈粟裕第12期30清代扬州书画专题31尚雅随俗各臻其妙一一扬州博物馆藏清代扬州书画精选高荣58冗繁削尽留清瘦，画到生时是熟时-一故宫博物院藏郑燮绘画的清理与研究胥瑞蜗®近现代专趟芯1期69丹青未了—略谈李苦禅的艺术人生探索请苟英良79文化传统的坚守者：李苦惮先生孙燕华第2期71张大千与溥心畲包立民78溥心畲先生南渡前的艺术生涯启功88南张北溥的翰墨缘傅中第3期77迹简意淡写意境权峰84清刚爽徤—李道熙先生的绘画陈传席87李道熙艺术辑评黄君定李行百孙克刘正成刘尼處赵力忠李社正邢少臣高天民于洋明澍雨董立军刘士忠到智先98李道熙年表期71略论谢稚柳绘画艺术的形成与发展汤哲明弟5期65 “传神”于“古今雅俗”之间—任伯年人物画再论：以中国美术馆馆藏为重点邓锋第6期67张翰飞、张君逸的书画艺术张飞鹙第7期75泰笔走天下雅俗两相宜•一海派名家黄山寿的生平交游稽考及其书画艺术文样晶第8期83金石春秋*~一张廷济与乾嘉道文人圈特展综述刘云峰期81凝定厚重气象浑穆一-钱松畚先生画展序关为山84笔墨松岳—纪念钱松畚先生诞辰120周年陈A生第1"期73潇潇暮雨金刚坡—傅抱石的散锋笔法与“线”传统的关系于洋80傅抱石历史人物画线条的背后万新华第11期89意匠笔墨红尘心绪齐白石的人物画艺术再论马明宸第12期89罗未子山水画管窥朱光耀陈宇新97罗未子年表@往者风流第4期94李宝瑞绘画辑评黄永玉寥寥陈A生96漫谈李宝瑞画作中的文化意象付京生第5期82怎么写魏哲84卓识洞见迥绝群伦—魏哲先生的书法识见与创作郑雪峰86魏哲书画艺术辑评杨仁恺葛鸿柏吴振绛叶鵝飞陈洪武马啸白煦张公者朱天曙任军伟朱培尔陈宇虞卫牧张铭第6期90许鱗庐绘画美学思想探析张莉@大家风釆第2期100我来说说“以画入书”范扬102范扬艺术辑评薛永年范迪安王鲁湘第6期96侯德昌书画艺术辑评张仃黄苗子秦岭云袁行霈薛永年陈醉王镛夏硕琦尚辉李永林赵力忠第1丨)期92承宋元古意写时代华章—韩天衡先生的艺术世界何家英96豆庐十论韩天衡®当代艺术家第丨期90唯写有形一周俊的人物画范迪安100正见力学文心诗境一朱天曙的书法创作、研究与 国际传播李徽102熙云馆艺话朱天曙106无言寄情有志生辉一张永乐的书法艺术王建波第2期108画笔的绳索孙明道第3期100腕下出锦绣毫端蕴春秋—朱良津艺文论述马宏明 106习书感言—从我这五年的书法篆刻实践说起杨帆108杨帆书法篆刻辑评侯开嘉徐利明第4期102李远东书法辑评胡传海张袪光姜寿田刘正成郑荣明 薛玉龙梁事明张旭光言恭达申万胜吴东民108问道山川—周胜荣山水画的求索程大利110气局与气韵-—周胜荣的山水画创作之路马啸114超以象外刘墨第5期92艺术，需要不断探索一访于文江田可可100朱赓博绘画辑评程大利范扬范存刚唐辉刘万鸣104心印为画风格即人一读朱赓博绘画高勇第6期1〇4率性与天趣的合奏—观李大震先生大写意花鸟画邵大箴110清雅脱俗文质彬彬：走进李永强的荷花世界陶义美 第7期90心向朴素王河98浩然之气在胸中徐恩存第8期98李学明的原乡美学沈凤国104鲍铁雷绘画略谈何加林110赵锟的昨天、今天和明天王伟林112书法杂谈赵從第()期98抱素含幽清著处谁堪冷艳比华滋—王和平的花鸟画及其当代意义黄映怡104神逸之间自成一格—于友善中国画析与赏樊波第丨U期102知行并进，道艺兼成—崔树强的书学研究和书法创作宋立108笔比青藤上碧霄周祥林110笔墨当随自我夏鸭程第I I期104艺能弘道非道弘艺—程阳阳中国画品评杨祥民108轻若蝉翼重若崩云一-谈刘元堂的书法、绘画与 散文邹广胜114雅逸婉转一任自然—谈林汉涛艺术朱文哲116十年种树长风烟温加119韩戾军诗作选第12期110余海翔书法别议姜寿田112法为我用不随时流余海翔116中国花鸟画摭论郭睿@每月观察第丨2期100 “狂草四人展”观察思考康守永吴川淮«学院文苹第6期114小篆创作的正与奇吕雪菲@创作研究第5期110关于山水画的写生徐晓波第7期102山水画写生中的情感与笔墨李晓松第8期122时代印记：论主题性美术创作的当代表达范春晓第1)期110关于山水，以及实践中的我梅婉碎第12期103高峰应运而起一长安画派何以崛起阿莹106墨法对水墨画创作的意义丁香阳108现代书法的发展轨迹亓汉友◎点评第9期117刘志明山水画作品谷卿«点击实力第2期114点击书法•杨频116诗的力量一杨频书法简论丘新巧118探幽独去踏雪频来一记书法博士杨频刘大石第3期112点击书法.龙友114涵泳:迂回与进入龙友第8期116点击书法.梅跃辉118书法现代性创变对章法的要求梅跃挥*艺海浮樣第1期110我的题跋（上）李刚田112味初斋里的新进士谢权墙第2期12〇我的题跋（下）李刚田第3期118招魂与留魂：赵朴初的“依样葫芦”曲谷卿119雀巢微语八则唐吟方第5期112笔落长安惊一读王子武绘画有感阿堂第in期114翁方纲的一封介绍信薛旭森®品书第1期114大美铸哲书刘丽娜114鸿篇巨制再追王铎第2期122元王朝的背影：评《大元气象》叶康宁122 —本介绍茶联的好书东方既白第3期120作为“方法”的空间—巫鸿《“空间”美术史》的阅读与思考巨建伟第4期120开启明清美术研究的新篇陈康生120书法史的文化逻辑欧阳逸川第5期116赵孟頫杰作的精美呈现—评《赵孟頫书画全集》唐元明117别具光彩照人衣：读《淄博窑》李昌菊第6期116有关《新见秦汉度量衡器集存》，我想讲两句李学勤116闲话《味绿居闲话》厚艳芬117 —部完整系统的画论史—评张曼华《中国画论史》张媛第7期106居士文章付海曲一评新出版（〈白蕉文集》王浩州第()期114寓目书画与美术史研究—朱万章《过眼与印记：宋元以来书画鉴藏考》序朱良志115艺事一道见微而知著—朱天曙《艺微》读后刘昕第1U期116结缘傅抱石万新华116绕不过去的石涛张长虹第11期122 “访碑使”黄易的塑造与还原谷卿第12期120挑战与反思：艺术考古方法论研究范式的考量—评练春海〈〈重塑往昔：艺术考古的观念与方法》李安乐®大讲堂第1期118书法没有秘密—读王羲之的几部名帖（第十六讲）寇克让第2期124这不是“抄袭”—溥心畲的“传统”和转化（第十九讲）杭春晓第3期I22技法审美中的理论张力（第二十讲）丛文俊第4期122从经典法帖看草法规范（第二十一讲）李洪智第6期U9宋代绘画的“视觉语境”（第二十二讲）黄小峰第7期114中国画时代发展的瓶颈（第二十三讲）张桐瑀第S期124上古衣冠凝而成象—傅抱石人物故实画的“古典”与“现代”（第二十四讲）张鹅@深庹报迫第1期116我社举办“弘扬沂蒙精神、抒写伟大时代”书画大展同期主办“首届中国书画艺术与市场拓展论坛”崔漫第7期108守恒拓远，与时代同行—第四届“艺术市场.北京论坛”会议纪要刘泊君110 “陕西汉唐碑刻研究工作坊”综述陈俊吉蔡春旭第1(>期118 “从王羲之到颜真卿”书学大会发言纪要怡务整理122祖国风华茂海岳翰墨雄一庆祝新中国成立70周年全国名家邀请展暨第三届中国书画杂志社书法年展侧记崔漫第12期121第二届“为学•为艺”北京高校美术学研究生论坛会议综述唐宇122第三届中国书法国际传播论坛纪要言恭达康守永范水李洪智陆家衡黄惇朱天曙陆彩荣陆明君陶然崔伟吕晓刘墨叶培贵王登科范正红崔希亮第丨一12期115集善仁美助推圆梦—“优秀残疾人艺术家百人推介计划”书画摄影专场活动等123张世刚艺术馆开馆等126两江风骨一江西江苏中国画学术交流展等121不忘初心一全国著名女书法家作品邀请展等119巨匠的剪影一张大千120岁纪念大展等118花开向阳奔向百年一人大附小第五届毕业画展等107襟抱四海—国际水墨邀请展等128著名美术家刘文西逝世等116翰墨中原—河南省第二届书法篆刻作品展等117第十七届临沂书圣文化节开幕书学大会同曰举行等123伟大历程壮丽画卷—庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年美术作品展等124著名中国画家方增先辞世等«>展览巡礼第1期122薪火相承齐门匠心尤德民126老齐和他的“齐家样”刘峨怵第5期120 “山河知己”：桂林山水写生作品展研讨会摘要刘5.马啸朱万章李强王东辉黄宏辉余久一彭晓之曾军艺孙洪云门张岩刘正杰黄荣植第7期120花鸟友于—我社书画院写意花鸟画创作研究委员会委员作品展尤德民第9期122阵中点将.福建篇孙欣王和平陈明马啸林维李国华朱小伪林容生场,题第1—1()期等東邀槁选登（9—IS)(以收稿先后为序）«>藏家之友第1一丨2期周俊李连志马硕山李晓松李学明雷家民黄彦华王寿石罗翔陈俊哲黄胜凡郑瑰玺包洪波周文会®广角第4期全国第四届茶文化书法作品展征稿启事136清.乾隆帝“八徵耄念之宝”原钤限量礼盒第1()期135 — 136书法导报中国美术报第丨丨期134 —136中国书法艺术品书画世界荣宝斋中国书画第12期135《中国书画》2019年总目录。
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2010书名定价探索发现：世界未解之谜生命起源未解之谜19.8一目了然的世界战争史3古罗马的繁荣与分裂23.8一目了然的世界战争史4法兰克王国与拜占庭帝国23.8优秀青少年科普趣味读物丛书：远古生物19.8优秀学生必知的化学解读23.8优秀学生必知的科技发明23.8优秀学生必知的陆地奇观23.8优秀学生必知的气象奇观23.8优秀学生必知的珍禽异兽23.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想不可思议的人体19.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想动物王国大密探19.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想令人惊奇的科学19.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想千变万化大自然19.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想日常生活大揭秘19.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想异想天开好问题19.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想有趣的植物世界19.8玩转历史—大腕传记书系莎士比亚和他的戏梦人生18.5大灾难未解之谜24.8中小学快乐沟通丛书—难忘的伙伴：如何与同学沟通？16.8健康日记—扔掉小眼镜16中学数理化知识拓展丛书-手机电池中的化学25《红色侵染-革命歌曲大家唱》-歌唱新生活（一）19.8《红色侵染-革命歌曲大家唱》-歌颂祖国19.8健康日记-心理更健康16.8健康日记-远离大虫牙16.8中小学快乐沟通丛书-守护的天使：如何与父母沟通？16.8健康日记-防止意外伤15健康日记-告别小胖墩16.8中小学快乐沟通丛书-化雨的春风：如何与老师沟通？16.8大自然未解之谜24.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想-宇宙地球大探索19.8玩转历史—大腕传记书系猫王和他的摇滚麦克风19玩转历史—大腕传记书系丘吉尔和他的光荣战役19玩转历史—大腕传记书系亚历山大和他的磅礴远征18没事儿读点英文小说吧-杰克·伦敦短篇小说精选20探索发现：世界未解之谜地球起源未解之谜19.8健康的生活18.7神的平衡器24.8小学生笔顺规范字典10小学生组词造句（双色）20学生反义词词典（双色）22赠言小词典10土地上的诗庄稼-中国农民诗人诗选25最经典的科幻故事25最经典的情感故事25雷锋精神学习读本25雷锋日记13学生常用典故词典（双色）18小学生辨字辨音手册（双色）18【中华民族优秀传统文化教育丛书】义的系列故事（连环画）29【中华民族优秀传统文化教育丛书】智的系列故事（连环画）29科学巨人18.7神奇的细胞18.7生命的基础18.7多彩的生命18.7生生不息18.7探索发现：世界未解之谜宇宙起源未解之谜19.8优秀学生必知的奇花异木23.8没事儿读点英文小说吧-马克·吐温短篇小说精选20教师口才艺术25玩转历史-大腕传记书系维多利亚女王和她的宫廷娱乐18《红色侵染-革命歌曲大家唱》-歌唱新生活（二）19.8《红色侵染-革命歌曲大家唱》-军歌嘹亮19.8破译天下谜团-飞碟谜团24.8历史深处的忧虑（二版）-近距离看美国之一19总统是靠不住（二版）-近距离看美国之二23如彗星划过夜空21破译天下谜团-宇宙谜团24.8破译天下谜团-地球谜团24.8福尔摩斯全集 血字的研究24探索发现：世界未解之谜自然科学未解之谜19.8探索发现：世界未解之谜UFO与外星人之谜19.8探索发现：世界未解之谜百慕大未解之谜19.8鬼斧神工18.7生命的圣火18.7飞翔的中国18成语故事（彩绘版）13.8动物故事（彩绘版）13.8天鹅·光源24.8探索发现：世界未解之谜恐龙灭绝未解之谜19.8探索发现：世界未解之谜奇趣自然未解之谜19.8探索发现：世界未解之谜人类进化未解之谜19.8【中华民族优秀传统文化教育丛书】行的系列故事（连环画）29学生同义词近义词词典（双色版）18英文书法指南（修订）16最经典的经济学常识25最经典的军事常识25牵牛花25长大不容易28中国记忆-美文卷19.8换一种方式飞行25最经典的人与动物故事25最经典的世界历史常识25中国红：中国新诗90年红色经典20探秘中国汉字18成语小词典19与青少年谈观念22如何与他人交往22从哪里来到哪里去18.7世界未解之谜发明发现未解之谜19.8大自然给人类的礼物能源20分分合合的陆地和水20探索月球的奥秘+20外星人谜团18苦乐年华24还我河山19树枝分叉中的数学19足球中的物理学25细读弟子规25探索太阳系的奥秘18探索星座的奥秘18探索宇宙的奥秘18飞碟现象未解之谜24.8探索宝藏未解之谜24.8高速智能的计算机24次级生长的木材20五彩缤纷的海洋世界20优秀生必知的航天航空20优秀生必知的人体奥秘23优秀生必知的物理奥秘23优秀生必知的宇宙奥秘23优秀生必知的昆虫王国23环境与科学23人类奥秘20恕的系列故事20两个小八路13受益终生的处世精粹16在苏州国学讲习会的讲稿20实用五线谱乐理入门18摄影基础与入门18围棋战术布局技巧18梁遇春精品文集20与青少年谈情操22如何面对灾难22好习惯成就好人生22好心态才会更健康22恐龙帝国24心心相印的磁20新型的纳米技术20细胞20陨石20钢铁20电20可回收使用的废物20爬行动物20地球20探索UFO和外星人的奥秘18探索地球的奥秘18英文小说 欧·亨利短篇小说精选20近距离看美国之三25柯南·道儿短篇小说精选20载人宇宙飞船20神奇的人体结构20生活中离不开的化学20撬动地球的力20干旱缺水的荒漠-沙漠 20温暖千家的热20无处不在的纤维20五彩缤纷的光20生命的杀手 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MultiMediaCard SpecificationVersion : Ver. 0.9Date 4 – June - 2004Samsung Electronics Co., LTDSemiconductor Flash Memory Product Planning & Applications1 Introduction to the MultiMediaCard ----------------------------------------------------------- 51.1 System Features ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51.2 ProductModel2 Function Description ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72.1 Flash Technology Independence ------------------------------------------------------------------ 72.2 Defect and Error Management --------------------------------------------------------------------- 72.3 Endurance ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72.4 Automatic Sleep Mode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72.5 Hot Insertion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82.6 MultiMediaCard Mode -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82.6.1 MultiMediaCard Standard Compliance ----------------------------------------------------------- 82.6.2 Negotiation Operation Conditions ----------------------------------------------------------------- 82.6.3 Card Acquisition and Identification ---------------------------------------------------------------- 82.6.4 Card Status ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82.6.5 Memory Array Partitioning --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92.6.6 Read and Write Operations ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92.6.7 Data Transfer Rate ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------102.6.8 Data Protection in the Flash Card -----------------------------------------------------------------10-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 2.6.9 Erase2.6.10 Write Protection ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------102.6.11 Copy Bit ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102.6.12 The CSD Register ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 112.7 SPI Mode ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112.7.1 Negotiating Operation Conditions ---------------------------------------------------------------- 112.7.2 Card Acquisition and Identification --------------------------------------------------------------- 112.7.3 Card Status --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112.7.4 Memory Array Partitioning -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112.7.5 Read and Write Operations ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112.7.6 Data Transfer Rate ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 112.7.7 Data Protection in the MultiMediaCard ----------------------------------------------------------- 1212-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.7.8 Erase2.7.9 Write Protection ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123 Product Specifications ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 133.1 Recommended Operating Conditions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 133.2 Operating Characteristis ----------------------------------------------------------------- 143.3 System Environmental Specifications ----------------------------------------------------------------- 153.4 System Reliability and Maintenance -------------------------------------------------------------- 153.5 Physical Specifications ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 164 MultiMediaCard Interface Description --------------------------------------------------------- 174.1 Pin Assignments in MultiMediaCard Mode ------------------------------------------------------- 174.2 Pin Assignments in SPI Mode ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 184.3 MultiMediaCard Bus Topology ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 184.4 SPI Bus Topology -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 194.4.1 SPI Interface Concept ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 194.4.2 SPI Bus Topology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1920------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.5 Registers4.5.1 Operation Condition Register (OCR) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------204.5.2 Card Identification (CID) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------214.5.3 Relative Card Address (RCA) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 4.5.4 Card Specific Data (CSD) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 4.6 MultiMediaCard Communication -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3030----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.6.1 Commands4.7 Read, Write and Erase Time-out Conditions ----------------------------------------------------- 33 4.8 Card Identification Mode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34 4.8.1 Operating Voltage Range Validation --------------------------------------------------------------- 35 4.9 Data Transfer Mode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35 4.9.1 Block Read ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 4.9.2 Block Write ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3738------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.9.3 Erase4.9.4 Write Protect Management -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 4.9.5 Card Lock/Unlock Operation ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 4.9.6 Responses4.9.7 Status ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 42 4.9.8 Command Response Timing ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4448 4.9.9 Reset------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.10 SPI Communication ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 4.10.1 Mode Selection ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 4.10.2 Bus Transfer Protection ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 4.10.3 Data Read Overview ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 4.10.4 Data Write Overview ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 4.10.5 Erase and Write Protect Management ----------------------------------------------------------- 52 4.10.6 Reading CID/CSD Registers ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 53 4.10.7 Reset Sequence --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 4.10.8 Error Conditions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 4.10.9 Memory Array Partitioning --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 4.10.10 Card Lock/Unlock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 4.10.11 Commands ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 4.10.12 Responses ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 4.10.13 Data Tokens --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 4.10.14 Data Error Token --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 4.10.15 Clearing Status Bits ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 60 4.11 SPI Bus Timing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 4.12 Error Handling ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64 4.12.1 Error Correction Code (ECC) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 4.12.2 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 642 Function Description2.1 Flash Technology IndependenceThe 512 byte sector size of the MultiMediaCard is the same as that in an IDE magnetic disk drive. To write or read a sector (or multiple sectors), the host computer software simply issues a Read or Write command to the MultiMediaCard. This command contains the address and the number of sectors to write/read. The host software then waits for the command to complete. The host software does not get involved in the details of how the flash memory is erased, programmed or read. This is extremely important as flash devices are expected to get more and more complex in the future. Because the MultiMediaCard uses an intelligent on-board controller, the host system software will not require changing as new flash memory evolves. In other words, systems that support the MultiMediaCard today will be able to access future MultiMediaCards built with new flash technology without having to update or change host software.2.2 Defect and Error ManagementMultiMediaCards contain a sophisticated defect and error management system. This system is analogous to the systems found in magnetic disk drives and in many cases offers enhancements. For instance, disk drives do not typically perform a read after write to confirm the data is written correctly because of the performance penalty that would be incurred. MultiMediaCards do a read after write under margin conditions to verify that the data is written correctly (except in the case of a Write without Erase Command). In the rare case that a bit is found to be defective, MultiMediaCards replace this bad bit with a spare bit within the sector header. If necessary, MultiMediaCards will even replace the entire sector with a spare sector. This is completely transparent to the host and does not consume any user data space.The MultiMediaCards soft error rate specification is much better than the magnetic disk drive specification. In the extremely rare case a read error does occur, MultiMediaCards have innovative algorithms to recover the data. This is similar to using retries on a disk drive but is much more sophisticated. The last line of defense is to employ powerful ECC to correct the data. If ECC is used to recover data, defective bits are replaced with spare bits to ensure they do not cause any future problems.These defect and error management systems coupled with the solid-state construction give MultiMediaCards unparalleled reliability2.3 EnduranceMultiMediaCards have an endurance specification for each sector of 1,000,000 writes (reading a logical sector is unlimited). This is far beyond what is needed in nearly all applications of MultiMediaCards. Even very heavy use of the MultiMediaCard in cellular phones, personal communicators, pagers and voice recorders will use only a fraction of the total endurance over the typical device’s five year lifetime. For instance, it would take over 100 years to wear out an area on the MultiMediaCard on which a files of any size (from 512 bytes to capacity) was rewritten 3 times per hour, 8 hours a day, 365 days per year.With typical applications the endurance limit is not of any practical concern to the vast majority of users.2.4 Automatic Sleep ModeAn important feature of the MultiMediaCard is automatic entrance and exit from sleep mode. Upon completion of an operation, the MultiMediaCard will enter the sleep mode to conserve power if no further commands are received within 5 msec The host does not have to take any action for this to occur. In most systems, the MultiMediaCard is in sleep mode except when the host is accessing it, thus conserving power. When the host is ready to access the MultiMediaCard and it is in sleep mode, any command issued to the MultiMediaCard will cause it to exit sleep and respond. The host does not have to issue a reset first. It may do this if desired, but it is not needed. By not issuing the reset, performance is improved through the reduction of overhead.2.5 Hot InsertionSupport for hot insertion will be required on the host but will be supported through the connector. Connector manufacturers will provide connectors that have power pins long enough to be powered before contact is made with the other pins. Please see connector data sheets for more details. This approach is similar to that used in PCMCIA to allow for hot insertion. This applies to both MultiMediaCard and SPI modes.2.6 MultiMediaCard Mode2.6.1 MultiMediaCard Standard ComplianceThe MultiMediaCard is fully compliant with MultiMediaCard standard specification V3.31.The structure of the Card Specific Data (CSD) register is compliant with CSD structure V1.2.2.6.2 Negotiating Operation ConditionsThe MultiMediaCard supports the operation condition verification sequence defined in the MultiMediaCard standard specifications. The MultiMediaCard host should define an operating voltage range that is not supported by the MultiMediaCard. It will put itself in an inactive state and ignore any bus communication. The only way to get the card out of the inactive state is by powering it down and up again. In addition the host can explicitly send the card to the inactive state by using the GO_INACTIVE_STATE command.2.6.3 Card Acquisition and IdentificationThe MultiMediaCard bus is a single master (MultiMediaCard host) and multi-slaves (cards) bus. The host can query the bus and find out how many cards of which type are currently connected. The MultiMediaCard’s CID register is pre-programmed with a unique card identification number which is used during the acquisition and identification procedureIn addition, the MultiMediaCard host can read the card’s CID register using the READ_CID MultiMediaCard command. The CID register is programmed during the MultiMediaCard testing and formatting procedure, on the manufacturing floor. The MultiMediaCard host can only read this register and not write to it.2.6.4 Card StatusMultiMediaCard status is stored in a 32 bit status register which is sent as the data field in the card respond to host commands. Status register provides information about the card’s current state and completion codes for the last host command. The card status can be explicitly read (polled) with the SEND_STATUS command.2.6.7 Data Protection in the Flash CardEvery sector is protected with an Error Correction Code (ECC). The ECC is generated (in the memory card) when the sectors are written and validated when the data is read. If defects are found, the data is corrected prior to transmission to the host.The MultiMediaCard can be considered error free and no additional data protection is needed. However, if an application uses additional, external, ECC protection, the data organization is defined in the user writeable section of the CSD register2.6.8 EraseThe smallest erasable unit in the MultiMediaCard is a erase group. In order to speed up the erase procedure, multiple erase groups can be erased in the same time. The erase operation is divided into two stages.Tagging - Selecting the Sectors for ErasingTo facilitate selection, a first command with the starting address is followed by a second command with the final address, and all erase groups within this range will be selected for erase.Erasing - Starting the Erase ProcessTagging can address erase groups. An arbitrary selection of erase groups may be erased at one time. Tagging and erasing must follow a strict command sequence (refer to the MultiMediaCard standard specification for details).2.6.9 Write ProtectionThe MultiMediaCard erase groups are grouped into write protection groups. Commands are provided for limiting and enabling write and erase privileges for each group individually. The current write protect map can be read using SEND_WRITE_PROT command.In addition two, permanent and temporary, card levels write protection options are available.Both can be set using the PROGRAM_CSD command (see below). The permanent write protect bit, once set, cannot be cleared.The One Time Programmable (OTP) characteristic of the permanent write protect bit is implemented in the MultiMediaCard controller firmware and not with a physical OTP cell.2.6.10 Copy BitThe content of an MultiMediaCard can be marked as an original or a copy using the copy bit in the CSD register. Once the Copy bit is set (marked as a copy) it cannot be cleared.The Copy bit of the MultiMediaCard is programmed (during test and formatting on the manufacturing floor) as a copy. The MultiMediaCard can be purchased with the copy bit set (copy) or cleared, indicating the card is a master.The One Time Programmable (OTP) characteristic of the Copy bit is implemented in the MultiMediaCard controller firmware and not with a physical OTP cell.2.6.11 The CSD RegisterAll the configuration information of the MultiMediaCard is stored in the CSD register. The MSB bytes of the register contain manufacturer data and the two least significant bytes contains the host controlled data - the card Copy and write protection and the user ECC register.The host can read the CSD register and alter the host controlled data bytes using the SEND_CSD and PROGRAM_CSD commands.2.7 SPI ModeThe SPI mode is a secondary (optional) communication protocol offered for MultiMediaCard. This mode is a subset of the MultiMediaCard protocol, designed to communicate with an SPI channel, commonly found in Motorola’s (and lately a few other vendors’) microcontrollers.2.7.1 Negotiating Operation ConditionsThe operating condition negotiation function of the MultiMediaCard bus is not supported in SPI mode. The host must work within the valid voltage range (2.7 to 3.6 volts) of the card.2.7.2 Card Acquisition and IdentificationThe card acquisition and identification function of the MultiMediaCard bus is not supported in SPI mode. The host must know the number of cards currently connected on the bus. Specific card selection is done via the CS signal.2.7.3 Card StatusIn SPI mode only 16 bits (containing the errors relevant to SPI mode) can be read out of the MultiMediaCard status register.2.7.4 Memory Array PartitioningMemory partitioning in SPI mode is equivalent to MultiMediaCard mode. All read and write commands are byte addressable.2.7.5 Read and Write OperationsIn SPI mode, only single block read/write mode is supported.2.7.6 Data Transfer RateIn SPI mode only block mode is supported. The typical access time (latency) for each data block, in read operation, is 1.5mS. The write typical access time (latency) for each data block, in read operation, is 1.5mS. The write block operation is done in handshake mode. The card will keep DataOut line low as long as the write operation is in progress and there are no write buffers available.2.7.7 Data Protection in the MultiMediaCardSame as for the MultiMediaCard mode.2.7.8 EraseSame as in MultiMediaCard mode2.7.9 Write ProtectionSame as in MultiMediaCard modeFigure 3-1 Timing Diagram of Data Input and Output3.5 Physical SpecificationsDimensions of Normal MMC(24mm x 32mm x 1.4mm)Dimensions of RS-MMC(24mm x 18mm x 1.4mm)rising and falling edges). If the host does not allow the switchable R OD implementation, a fix R CMD can be used. Consequently the maximum operating implementation, a fix R CMD can be used. Consequently the maximum operating frequency in the open drain mode has to be reduced in this case.4.4 SPI Bus Topology4.4.1 SPI Interface ConceptThe Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a general-purpose synchronous serial interface originally found on certain Motorola micro-controllers. The MultiMediaCard SPI interface is compatible with SPI hosts available on the market. As any other SPI device the MultiMediaCard SPI channel consists of the following 4 signals:- CS : Host to card chip select signal- CLK : Host to card clock signal- DataIn : Host to card data signal- DataOut : Card to host data signalAnother SPI common characteristic, which is implemented in the MultiMediaCard card as well, is byte transfers. All data tokens are multiples of 8 bit bytes and always byte aligned to the CS signal. The SPI standard defines the physical link only and not the complete data transfer protocol. The MultiMediaCard uses a subset of the MultiMediaCard protocol and command set.4.4.2 SPI Bus TopologyThe MultiMediaCard card identification and addressing algorithms are replaced by hardware Chip Select (CS) signal. There are no broadcast commands. A card (slave) is selected, for every command, by asserting (active low) the CS signal (see Figure 4-3). The CS signal bust is continuously active for the duration of the SPI transaction (command, response and data). The only exception is card-programming time. At this time the host can de-assert the CS signal without affecting the programming process. The bi-directional CMD and DAT lines are replaced by unidirectional dataIn and dataOut signals. This eliminates the ability of executing commands while data is being read or written and, therefore, eliminates the sequential and multi block read/write operations. The SPI channel supports only single block read/write.Figure 4-3 SPI Bus SystemReadThe read access time is defined as the sum of the two times given by the CSD parameters TAAC and NSAC (refer to Table “Card Specific Data (CSD)”). These card parameters define the typical delay between the end bit of the read command and the start bit of the data block. This number is card dependent and should be used by the host to calculate throughput and the maximal frequency for stream read.WriteThe R2W_FACTOR field in the CSD is used to calculate the typical block program time obtained by multiplying the read access time by this factor. It applies to all write/erase commands (e.g. SET(CLEAR)_WRITE_PROTECT, PROGRAM_CSD(CID) and the block write commands). It should be used by the host to calculate throughput.EraseThe duration of an erase command will be (order of magnitude) the number of sectors to be erased multiplied by the block write delay.4.8 Card Identification ModeAll the data communication in the card identification mode uses only the command line (CMD). MultiMediaCard State Diagram (Card Identification Mode)Figure 4-2 MultiMediaCard State Diagram (Card Identification Mode)The host starts the card identification process in open drain mode with the identification clock rate f OD(generated by a push pull driver stage). The open drain driver stages on the CMD line allow the parallel card operation during card identification. After the bus is activated the host will request the cards to send their valid operation conditions with the command SEND_OP_COND (CMD1). Since the bus is in open drain mode, as long as there is more than one card with operating conditions restrictions, the host gets in the response to the CMD1 a “wired or” operation condition restrictions of those cards. The host then must pick a common denominator for operation and notify the application that cards with out of range parameters (from the host perspective) are connected to the bus. Incompatible cards go into Inactive State (refer to also Chapter “Operating Voltage Range Validation”). The busy bit in the CMD1 response can be used by a card to tell the host that it is still working on its power-up/reset procedure (e.g. downloading the register information from memory field) and is not ready yet for communication. In this case the host must repeat CMD1 until the busy bit is cleared. After an operating mode is established, the host asks all cards for their unique card identification (CID) number with the broadcast command ALL_SEND_CID (CMD2).All not already identified cards (i.e. those which are in Ready State) simultaneously start sending their CID numbers serially, while bit-wise monitoring their outgoing bitstream. Those cards, whose outgoing CID bits do not match the corresponding bits on the command line in any one of the bit periods, stop sending their CID immediately and must wait for the next identification cycle (cards stay in the Ready State). There should be only one card which successfully sends its full CID-number to the host. This card then goes into the Identification State. The host assigns to this card (using CMD3, SET_RELATIVE_ADDR) a relative card address (RCA, shorter than CID), which will be used to address the card in future communication (faster than with the CID). Once the RCA is received the card transfers to the Standby State and does not react to further identification cycles. The card also switches the output drivers from the open-drain to the push-pull mode in this state. The host repeats the identification process as long as it receives a response (CID) to its identification command (CMD2). When no card responds to this command, all cards have been identified. The time-out condition to recognize this, is waiting for the start bit for more than 5 clock periods after sending CMD24.8.1 Operating Voltage Range ValidationThe MultiMediaCard standards operating range validation is intended to support reduced voltage range MultiMediaCards. The MultiMediaCard supports the range of 2.7 V to 3.6V supply voltage. So the MultiMediaCard sends a R3 response to CMD1 which contains an OCR value of 0x80FF8000 if the busy flag is set to “ready” or 0x00FF8000 if the busy flag is active (refer to Chapter “Responses”). By omitting the voltage range in the command, the host can query the card stack and determine the common voltage range before sending out-of-range cards into the Inactive State. This bus query should be used if the host is able to select a common voltage range or if a notification to the application of non usable cards in the stack is desired. Afterwards, the host must choose a voltage for operation and reissue CMD1 with this condition sending incompatible cards into the Inactive State.4.9 Data Transfer ModeWhen in Standby State, both CMD and DAT lines are in the push-pull mode. As long as the content of all CSD registers is not known, the f PushPull clock rate is equal to the slow f OpenDrain clock rate. SEND_CSD (CMD9) allows the host to get the Card Specific Data (CSD register), e.g. ECC type, block length, card storage capacity, maximum clock rate etc..。
书籍分类汇总
一、共青团、党政、马列毛邓中特思想系列书籍
二、青年励志系列（教育、经济管理、职场、成功、创业、人生规划）
三、文学艺术类（名著传记、历史小说、音乐、美术、绘画、舞蹈、体育）
四、科普读物类（自然科学、天文地理、科普生活、医疗保健、旅游、工业交通）
五、综合性图书（1 丛书2 百科全书、类书3 辞典4 论文集、全集、选集、杂著5 年鉴、年刊6 期刊、连续性出版物）
一、共青团、党政、马列毛邓中特思想系列书籍：
二、青年励志系列（教育、经济管理、职场、成功、创业、人生规划）
三、文学艺术类（名著传记、历史小说、音乐、美术、绘画、舞蹈、体育）
四、科普读物类（自然科学、天文地理、科普生活、医疗保健、旅游、工业交通）
五、综合性图书（1 丛书 2 百科全书、类书3 辞典 4 论文集、全集、选集、杂著 5 年鉴、年刊 6 期刊、连续性出版物）。
傅三石 Fu Sanshi《中国艺术家作品集》系列数字图书书名：《中国艺术家傅三石作品集》组稿编辑：吕振志 杨丹文稿编辑：石金栋版式设计：张邃制作：北京中艺国展信息技术研究院发行：华夏数字艺术馆网址： 开版：16开大度版次：2013年6月第1版法律顾问：新华律师事务所内部编号：ART.00(2013Y0604)版权所有，违者必究。
目录 contents封面 --------------------------------------- 1版权页 ------------------------------------- 2目录 ------------------------------------- 3艺术简介 ------------------------------------- 4相关评论 ------------------------------------- 5书法作品 ------------------------------------- 6-31封底 ----------------------------------------- 32多年以来，三石先生的主要成绩就是继古人的“一笔龙、一笔虎”之后又创作了“一笔鹰”填补了书坛历史上的空白，将鹰、龙、虎、榜书推向三境界高峰，他还创作了“千佛字以及行草结合的“万寿”一字和“书神之歌”的歌词（以上四项已申报著作权）。
在理论上他还撰写了《自然人与书法自然、究竟什么是书法艺术、千佛字的创作、文武相合——书法与武术、书法究竟有多少法、说说书法艺术的风格、简写字究竟能不能入书》等三万五千多字的文章（相继发表在交流刊物上）。
另外还创作了许多格言，尤其是书法学习上的格言。
“胸中没有雄风，笔底哪来波涛。
大众的心态是失败的心态，只有突出个性才是成功之举。
创新，就是根基于内而独立于外的一种思索、一种立异与升华。
均被《中华名人格言》以优秀格言收编。
Evidence of the voice-related cortical potential:An electroencephalographic studyJessica Galgano and Karen Froud ⁎Department of Biobehavioral Sciences,Teachers College,Columbia University,USA Received 1October 2007;revised 4March 2008;accepted 12March 2008Available online 21March 2008The Bereitschaftspotential (BP)is a slow negative-going cortical potential associated with preparation for volitional movement.Studies since the 1960s have provided evidence for a BP preceding speech-related volitional motor acts.However,the BP associated specifically with voice initiation (i.e.a volitional motor act involving bilateral true vocal fold adduction)has not to date been systematically investigated.The current investigation utilizes a novel experimental design to address methodological confounds typically found in studies of movement-related cortical potentials,to demonstrate the existence and localization of generators for the voice-related cortical potential (VRCP).Using high-density EEG,we recorded scalp potentials in preparation for voice onset and for exhalation in a stimulus-induced voluntary movement task.Results showed a slow,increasingly negative cortical potential in the time window of up to 2500ms prior to the mean onset of phonation.This VRCP peaked at a greater amplitude and shorter latency than the BP associated with exhalation alone.VRCP sources were localized to the anterior rostral regions of the medial frontal gyrus (Supplementary Motor Area (SMA))and in bilateral laryngeal motor areas before and immediately following the mean initiation of phonation.Additional sources were localized to the bilateral cerebellum and occipital lobe in the time window following the mean onset of phonation.We speculate that these results provide additional support for fine somatotopic organization of the SMA.Further examination of the spatiotemporal change of the VRCP yielded source models which indicated involvement of the laryngeal motor cortices and cerebellum,likely responsible for the initiation and continuation of phonation.©2008Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.IntroductionThe event-preceding brain component associated with prepara-tion for volitional movement,referred to as the Bereitschaftspo-tential (BP),has been described in detail over many years of research (Kornhuber and Deecke,1965;Deecke et al.,1969,1976).Several studies have attempted to identify and isolate the BP related specifically to preparation for speech.For example,Brooker and Donald (1980)put a significant amount of consideration into matching the time constants of instrumentation,and included EMG recordings of several muscles that are active during speech.Wohlert (1993)and Wohlert and Larson (1991)investigated the BP preceding speech and nonspeech movements of various levels of complexity.Both experiments controlled for respiratory artifact by having subjects hold their breath prior to task initiation.In addition,electro-ocular and EMG activity were monitored,and (in the 1993study)a pneumatic respiration transducer was utilized to monitor breathing patterns.Additionally,EMG activity from the orbicularis oris muscle was used to trigger and average segments.More recent advances in electroencephalo-graphic and electromyographic techniques have made it possible for examinations of this nature to more accurately identify BPs associated with vocalization and oral movements.These advances have also permitted investigations aiming to specify the cortical and subcortical pathways involved in volitional control of exhalation,which is required for voice production.Kuna et al.(1988)found thyroarytenoid muscle activity during exhalation,suggesting that cortical control of volitional respiration may be related,in part,to the requirement for precise management of vocal fold position during respiration.Although a significant amount is understood about the BP,it has been difficult to extract these components from EEG recordings,since the BP is typically a slow change in amplitude with a wide bilateral distribution (Brooker and Donald,1980;Deecke et al.,1986;Ertl and Schafer,1967;Grabow and Elliott,1974;McAdam and Whitaker,1971;Morrell and Huntington,1971;Schafer,1967),representing shifts of only a few microvolts.Thus,accurate triggering by the exact onset of movement is extremely important.Studies attempting to identify the BP associated with the volitional motor act of laryngeal or vocal fold movement (which we will refer to as the V oice-Related Cortical Potential,or VRCP)have encountered other obstacles too:in particular,difficulties withco-/locate/ynimg NeuroImage 41(2008)1313–1323Corresponding author.Department of Biobehavioral Sciences,Box 180,Teachers College,Columbia University,New York,NY 10027,USA.Fax:+12126788233.E-mail address:kfroud@ (K.Froud).Available online on ScienceDirect ().1053-8119/$-see front matter ©2008Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.019registration between physiological measurements and electrophy-siological instrumentation,inaccurate identification of vocal fold movement onset,and methodological confounds between voice, speech and language(Brooker and Donald,1980;Deecke et al., 1986;Ertl and Schafer,1967;Grabow and Elliott,1974;McAdam and Whitaker,1971;Morrell and Huntington,1971;Schafer,1967). In addition,respiratory artifact or R-wave contamination of the BP preceding speech has proven a major difficulty,particularly in early studies(Deecke et al.,1986).Larger-amplitude artifacts due to head-,eye-,lip-,mouth movements and respiration must also be eliminated before signal averaging(Grözinger et al.,1980).Earlier studies investigating voice-related brain activations typically confounded the distinctions between voice,speech and language.Voice refers to the sound produced by action of the vocal organs,in particular the larynx and its associated musculature. Speech is concerned with articulation,and the movement of organs responsible for the production of the sounds of language—in particular,those of the oral tract,including the lips,tongue and nguage refers to the complex set of cognitive operations involved in producing and understanding the systematic processes which underpin communication.Therefore,studies which have at-tempted to isolate voice or speech-related activity by the use of word production instead have described activation relating to a combina-tion of these cognitive and motor operations(for example,Grözinger et al.(1975)used word utterances amongst their tasks designed to elicit speech-related activations;Ikeda and Shibasaki(1995)used single words as well as nonspeech-related movements like lingual protrusion;McAdam and Whitaker(1971)used unspecified three-syllable words to elicit ostensibly speech-related activity).Con-versely,in a magnetoencephalography(MEG)study,Gunji et al. (2000)examined the vocalization-related cortical fields(VRCF) associated with repeated production of the vowel[u].Microphones placed close to the mouth were used to capture the sound waveform from the vocalization;the onset of the waveform provided the trigger for segmenting and averaging epochs.This design carefully attempts to identify vocalization-related fields;however,operationalizing a procedure which is able to most closely capture the onset of voicing is particularly difficult.Difficulty stems,in part,from the limited number of compatible neuroimaging techniques and instruments able to capture these phenomena.The present study contributes to understanding of the timing and distribution of the VRCP by addressing two major sources of methodological confound:the blurring of distinctions between voice, speech and language;and the accurate identification of movement onset for triggering and epoch segmentation.Furthermore,we use high-density EEG recordings,providing an increased level of detail in terms of the scalp topography,and additionally enabling the application of source modeling techniques to ensure accurate identification of the VRCP.Our results provide novel insight into voice generation by addressing the following research question: Can the true VRCP,associated only with laryngeal activity,be isolated from related movement potentials,by utilizing the right combination of control and experimental tasks?We predicted that a stimulus-induced voluntary movement paradigm would yield significant differences in the characteristics of the Readiness Potentials associated with(a)initiation of phonation and(b)respiration.To be specific,we predicted the existence of an isolable voice-related cortical potential associated only with prepara-tion for initiation of phonation and greater amplitude of the VRCP vs. the respiration-related cortical potential.We also predicted that VRCP sources would be localized to the Supplementary Motor Area, primary motor cortices,and sensori-motor regions.Elucidation of the neural mechanisms of normal voice is a crucial step towards understanding the role of functional reorganization in cortical and subcortical networks associated with voice production, both for changes in the normal aging voice,and in pathological populations.This approach to determining the neural correlates of voice initiation could provide a foundation for creating neurophy-siologic models of normal and disordered voice,ultimately informing our understanding of the effects of surgical,medicinal and/or behavioral interventions in voice-disordered populations. The findings could ultimately provide us with new basic science information regarding the relative benefit of different treatment approaches in the clinical management of neurogenic voice disorders.In addition,the larger significance of this work is related to the fact that voice disorders are currently recognized as the most common cause of communication difficulty across the lifespan,with a lifetime prevalence of almost30%(Roy et al.,2005). Materials and methodsA stimulus-induced voluntary movement paradigm in which trials of different types were presented in subject-specific rando-mized orders was utilized.This method addressed the documented problem of the classic BP paradigm which involves self-paced movements separated by short breaks:the person is already conscious of and preparing for a particular movement and there is a known repetition rate of the movements(Libet et al.,1982,1983). This can lead to automatic movements,which change the presentation of the VRCP.In our procedure,it is not possible for the participant to predict ahead of time which task they have to perform,which allows for a spontaneous movement.The movements were chosen to avoid another methodological confound,between voice,speech and language tasks.Requiring subjects to produce linguistically complex units,such as sounds or words(e.g.Ikeda and Shibasaki,1995;Wohlert and Larson,1991; Wohlert,1993)led to some debate concerning whether BPs for speech might be lateralized to the dominant hemisphere for language.This problem is avoided in the current study,and the problem of movement artifacts involved in speech and speech-like movements such as lip-pursing or vowel-production(Gunji et al., 2000;Wohlert and Larson,1991;Wohlert,1993),in particular of back,tense,rounded vowels(such as the[u]used in Gunji et al's experiments),by utilizing a task which involves voicing only,and has no related speech or language overlay.The actions of breathing out through the nose,and gentle-onset humming of the bilabial nasal [m]without labial pressing,are equivalent actions in terms of involvement of the articulatory tract,the only difference being the initiation of vocal fold movement in the humming condition.By having participants breathe or hum following a period of breath-holding,the possibility of R-wave contamination is also reduced (Deecke et al.,1986).Onset of phonation is established by mea-suring vocal fold closure using electroglottography(EGG),and a telethermometer attached to a trans-nasal temperature probe was used for the earliest possible identification of exhalation onset. Subjects24healthy subjects(21females and3males)with an age range of21–35years of age(mean age=26years)participated in the study.All subjects were informed of the purpose of the study and1314J.Galgano,K.Froud/NeuroImage41(2008)1313–1323gave informed consent to participate,following procedures ap-proved by the local Institutional Review Board.All participants took part in a training phase,which was identical to the experi-mental procedure and served to train participants on the expected response to each screen.Each step of the procedure was discussed and explained as it was occurring,and there was ample opportunity for feedback to be provided to ensure accurate task performance.EEG/ERP experimental set-up and proceduresEEG data acquisitionScalp voltages were collected with a 128channel Geodesic Sensor Net (Tucker,1993)connected to a high-input impedance amplifier (Net Amps200,Electrical Geodesics Inc.,Eugene,OR).Amplified analog voltages (.1–100Hz bandpass)were digitized at 250Hz.Individual sensors were adjusted until impedances were less than 30–50k Ω,and all electrodes were referenced to the vertex (Cz)during recording.The net included channels above and below the eyes,and at the outer canthi,for identification of EOG.The EEG,EOG,stimulus triggered responses,EGG and telethermometer data were acquired simultaneously and later processed offline.Recording of respirationA nasal telethermometer (YSI Model 43single-channel)with a small sensor (YSI Precision 4400Series probe,style 4491A)was placed 2–4cm inside one nostril transnasally and used to measure the temperature of inhaled and exhaled air.Readings from the telethermometer were digitally recorded by interfacing the teletherm-ometer with one outrider channel input to the EEG net amplifier connection,for co-registration of the time course of respiration with the continuous EEG.Recording of voice onsetA Kay Telemetric Computerized Speech Lab,Model 4500(housing a Computerized Speech Lab Main Program Model 6103Electroglottography)with 2electrodes placed bilaterally on the thyroid cartilage,adjacent to the thyroid notch,was used to measurevocal fold closure and opening.The EGG trace was acquired in the Computerized Speech Lab (CSL)proprietary software and co registered offline with EEG and telethermometer recordings,in order to determine error trial locations and confirm onset of vocal fold adduction and controlled exhalation.V oice sounds were also recorded by microphone on a sound track acquired on the CSL computer,sampling at 44.1kHz.A response button box permitted participant regulation of the start of each trial.At each button press,an audible “beep ”was generated by the system which provided an additional point of co-registration between the EGG system and the time of trial onset.In addition,pressing the button permitted the subject to move to the next trial set from a screen that allowed physical adjustment into a more comfortable position if needed in between tasks (to reduce movement artifact).Instructions and experimental taskThe experimental task required subjects to hold their breath for 4s,followed by breathing out or humming through the nose.The action carried out was determined by presentation of a “Go ”screen after the breath-holding interval;the “Go ”screen randomly presented either a “Breathe ”or “Hum ”instruction.To avoid using language-based stimuli in this experiment,the instructions to breath or hum were represented instead by letter symbols:a large 0for breathing,and a large M for humming.There were eighty trials altogether (forty voice and forty breathe).Experimental stimuli were presented using Eprime stimulus presentation software (Psychology Software Tools,Pittsburgh,PA).Subjects were visually monitored via a closed circuit visual surveillance system,to ensure compliance with experimental conditions.Each trial (breathe or hum)was followed by a black screen,which indicated to participants that they could take a break before the next trial,swallow,blink and make themselves comfortable (this was intended to reduce movement artifacts during trials).Participants used button presses to indicate when they were ready to continue on to the next trial (Fig.1).Data analysisRecorded EEG was digitally low-pass filtered at 30Hz.Trials were discarded from analyses if they contained incorrectresponses,Fig.1.The following experimental control module display shows the timeline of stimulus presentation during the experiment.Initially,a red screen instructed the subject to hold their breath with a closed mouth (4s).This was followed by a green screen which displayed either an “M ”or “0”,prompting the subject to hum or breathe out,respectively.Following each trial,a black screen instructed the subjects to make themselves comfortable to minimize movement artifact before moving onto the next trial.When subjects were ready,a button press triggered an audio beep which allowed for co-registration of instrumentation being utilized.1315J.Galgano,K.Froud /NeuroImage 41(2008)1313–1323eye movements (EOG over 70µV),or more than 20%of the channels were bad (average amplitude over 100µV).This resulted in rejection of less than 5%of trials for any individual.EEG was rereferenced offline to the average potential over the scalp (Picton et al.,2000).EEG epochs were segmented from −3000to +500ms from onset of voicing or exhalation,and averaged within subjects.Data were baseline-corrected to a 100ms period from the start of the segment,to provide additional control for drift or other low amplitude artifact.For identification of ERPs and for further statistical analyses,two regions of interest (ROIs)were selected:the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)ROI,and the Primary Motor Region (M1)ROI.The 7SMA sensors were centered around FCz,where SMA activations have previously been reported (e.g.Deecke et al.,1986).The M1ROI consisted of 25sensors,centered anterior to the central sulcus and located around the 10–20system electrodes F7,F3,Fz,F4,F8,A1,T3,C3,Cz,C4,T4,A2(listed left-to-right,anterior-to-posterior),where Motor-Related Potentials have been previously identified (Jahanshahi et al.,1995).See Fig.2.Statistical analysesData from averaged segments were exported to standard statistical software packages (Microsoft Excel and SPSS),permit-ting further analysis of the ERP data.Repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOV A)was used to evaluate interactions and main effects in a 2(Condition:voicing vs.breathing)×2(region:SMA vs.M1)×3(time window:pre-stimulus,stimulus to voice onset,and post-voice onset)comparison.The dependent variable was grand-averaged voltages across relevant sensor arrays,determined following data preprocessing.The ANOV A was followed by planned comparisons,and all statistical analyses employed the Greenhouse –Geisser epsilon as needed to deal with violations of assumptions of sphericity.Point-to-point differences in mean amplitude between the 2conditions (humming vs.breathing)were evaluated for statistical significance,using separate repeated measures t -tests performed on mean amplitude measures within a 4ms sliding analysis window.Bonferroni corrections were employed to control for type 1error arising from multiplecomparisons.Fig.2.This sensor layout displays the 128-channel Geodesic Sensor Net utilized in the current experiment.Legend:Black=SMA montage;Grey=M1montage;Black+Grey=Channels entered into Grand Average.1316J.Galgano,K.Froud /NeuroImage 41(2008)1313–1323VRCP.Time-locking of the segmented EEG to the onset of true vocal fold adduction as recorded from the electroglottograph enabled identification of the standard BP topography,with a peak at the time of the movement onset,followed by a positive reafferent potential.The topography of the VRCP was examined using true vocal fold (TVF)adduction onset obtained from the EGG recording,and is subject-specific.Individual averaged files were placed into group grand-averages.The VRCP was identified in individual averaged data and in group grand-averages,based on the distribution and latency of ponent duration and mean amplitude for each subject(and for grand-averaged data)in each experimental condition were calculated.Three pre-movement components of the VRCP were measured, i.e.early(−1500to−1000ms prior to movement onset),late(about −500ms prior to movement onset),and peak VRCP(coincides with or occurs approximately50ms prior to movement onset)(Deecke et al.,1969,1976,1984;Barret et al.,1986).To determine the onset of each VRCP component,mean amplitude traces from individual and grand-averaged voice trials were examined independently by scientists with BP experience(Jahanshahi et al.,1995;Fuller et al., 1999).The mean latency of the early VRCP(rise of the slope from the baseline),the late VRCP(point of change in slope),and the peak VRCP(most negative point at or prior to vocal fold closure)were measured.The slope of the early VRCP was calculated(in microvolts per second)between the point of onset of the early VRCP and the onset of the late VRCP.The slope of the late component was calculated from the point of onset of the late VRCP to the onset of the peak VRCP.A2(region:SMA vs.M1)×2(time window:early VRCP te VRCP/late VRCP vs.peak VRCP)repeated measures ANOV A,followed up with planned comparisons,was used to examine interactions and main effects.BESA.In order to model the spatiotemporal properties of the VRCP sources,we used Brain Electrical Source Analysis(BESA: Scherg and Berg,1991).Source modeling procedures were applied to the voice produc-tion condition only(not to the exhalation condition).This is because a telethermometer was used to record changes in temperature associated with inhalation and exhalation;however,these associated changes do not reliably correlate with the true onset of exhalation or thyroarytenoid muscle activity associated with exhalation,as evidenced by the wide variety of measures reported in the literature for determination of respiration onset(e.g.Macefield and Gandevia (1991)used EMG measured over scalene and lateral abdominal muscles;Pause et al.(1999)used a thermistor placed at the nostril to determine onset of respiration based on changes to air temperature; Gross et al.(2003)determined onset of respiration to be associated with highest cyclic subglottal pressure;and other methods have also been reported).Source localization approaches are therefore not appropriate for the exhalation condition;consequently,we con-ducted comparisons between potentials associated with exhalation and voice using statistical analyses of differences in amplitude only. Source localization procedures were conducted on the voice pro-duction condition,because in that condition we were able to identify the initiation of voicing,using electroglottography.BESA attempts to separate and image the principal components of the recorded waveform as well as localizing multiple equivalent current dipoles(ECDs).Any equivalent current dipole was fit to the data over a specified time window,and the goodness of fit was expressed as a percentage of the variance.Our procedure for developing the ECD model was closely based on procedures detailed in Gunji et al.(2000),as follows.First,we selected an interval for analyzing the data in terms of a spatiotemporal dipole model.Following Gunji et al.,we selected the interval of−150ms to+100ms,because this interval covered the approximate period from the onset of the instruction screen to preparation to move the vocal folds,through to onset of phonation and the start of auditory feedback.Gunji et al.further recommend a dipole modeling approach limited to this time interval in order to focus on brain activations just before and after vocalization,rather than attempting to model the complex and persistent sources associated with Readiness Potentials.We therefore seeded sources and fit them for orientation and location in the time window from −150ms to0ms(the averaged time of the start of phonation).The time window from0to+100ms was examined separately.Sources seeded in both time windows are described below.ResultsIndividual data were grand-averaged and component identifica-tion was based on distribution,topography,and latency of activations (individual subjects and grand-averaged data).AVRCP was identified in all subjects,maximized over fronto-central electrodes(overlying the SMA).For grand-averaged data,all electrodes overlying the SMA showed a large VRCP in the specified time window(see Fig.3). Voicing vs.Controlled Exhalation ConditionsThe ANOV A revealed that the triple Condition×Region×Time interaction was significant(F(1,124)=2488.463,p b.0001),as were both two-way interactions(Condition×Region,F(1,124)=68.428, p b.0001;Condition×Time,F(1,124)=1808.242,p b.0001; Region×Time,F(1,124)=6651.504,p b.0001).Planned compar-isons revealed that the mean amplitudes of the VRCP were significantly more negative than the BP associated with the controlled exhalation condition,and SMA amplitudes were significantly more negative than M1.The significant interaction between Condition and Region for all subjects was found to be due to the fact that,although SMA sensors were always significantly more negative than M1 sensors(t(1939.233)=26.272,p b.0001),there was a greater difference in the measured negativities in V oice trials compared to Breathe trials(see Fig.4).Further examination of the main effect of Time revealed that,as time progressed,mean amplitudes became significantly more negative(i.e.VRCPs became significantly more negative from the pre-stimulus time window to the time of voice onset and beyond). Investigations of the Condition by Time interaction revealed sig-nificant progressive increases in the measured negativities from early to late time windows for the V oice condition.However, subjects showed a greater degree of negativity in the pre-and post-screen time windows for the breathe condition only(see Fig.5).For the Controlled Exhalation/Breathing Condition,the SMA BPs from stimulus to exhalation were significantly more negative than in the pre-stimulus interval.The M1region,however,showed no significant increase in negativity until the later time windows.In other words,over the SMA sensors the movement-related negativity increased in the period leading to exhalation,as well as later;over the M1sensors,however,readings did not become significantly more negative until after movement.Investigations of the Region×Time interaction for the voicing trials showed a significant increase in the negativity over both the SMA and M11317J.Galgano,K.Froud/NeuroImage41(2008)1313–1323regions between the pre-stimulus interval and the time to voice onset.Mean amplitudes continued to become significantly more negative across time intervals post-voice onset for both regions.This is summarized in Table 1and shown in Fig.5below.To summarize,several significant findings were revealed.The voicing condition was significantly more negative than the exhalation condition,activation over SMA sensors was significantly more negative than over M1sensors,and negativities significantly increased over the three time windows for the voice condition only.VRCP slope changesThe 2×3repeated measures ANOV A examining changes in the VRCP slope (microvolts per second)revealed a significant main effect of time,with the earlier time window being associated with ashallower slope than the later time window in both Regions.No other main effects or interactions were significant.Source localization using BESAUsing BESA,we fit dipoles to the grand-averaged data from 23subjects'responses to the V oice condition.We accepted an ECD model as a good fit when the residual variance dropped to 25%or below (standard for fitting to data from individuals is 10%RV).We began by seeding pairs of dipole sources to the left and right laryngeal motor areas,and in the middle frontal gyri,known to be associated with oro-facial movement planning in humans (Chainay et al.,2004)and the origination of human motor readiness potentials (Pedersen et al.,1998),respectively.A final pair of dipoleswasFig.3.The above waveform demonstrates grand-averages of 24subjects.In the voice condition,a peak negativity of the VRCP (SMA:−10.0086,V;M1:−5.2983,V)was found at bilateral TVF adduction,evidenced by onset movement shown in the Lx (EGG)waveform.A standard BP topography in M1is revealed.The late VRCP in M1shows a steeper slope,positive deflection preceding movement onset,and longer latency when compared to SMA.In the breathe condition,peaks showed longer latencies over both M1and SMA sensors,and reduced amplitude over SMA.Steps in the stimulus presentation/analysis procedure are superimposed:the breath-holding screen starts at −4000ms,and the “Go ”screen (instruction to hum through the nose)appears after 4s of breath-holding and is shown for a further 4s period.Initiation of phonation (recorded by EGG)was established for each individual trial within each subject.The interval between the onset of the “Go ”screen and phonation is where the specific VRCP could be identified.1318J.Galgano,K.Froud /NeuroImage 41(2008)1313–1323。
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