二手汽车-外文文献翻译

英语作文推销二手车Selling a used car can be a challenging but rewarding experience. As a seller, it's important to effectively market your vehicle in order to attract potential buyers and secure a fair price. In this essay, I will discuss some key strategies for successfully promoting a used car in the market.First and foremost, it's crucial to thoroughly clean and detail the car before listing it for sale. A clean and well-maintained vehicle is more appealing to potential buyers and can command a higher selling price. Make sure to wash and wax the exterior, clean the interior, and address any minor cosmetic issues such as dents or scratches. Additionally, consider having the car professionally detailed to give it that extra shine.Next, take high-quality photos of the car from various angles. Good photos are essential for creating a strong first impression and attracting potential buyers. Be sure to capture clear images of both the exterior and interior, highlighting the car's best features. If possible, include photos of any maintenance or service records to demonstrate the car's history of care and maintenance.When writing the car's listing, be sure to provide detailed and honest information about the vehicle. Include key details such as the make, model, year, mileage, and any additional features or upgrades. Highlight any recent maintenance or repairs, as well as any remaining warranty or service contracts. It's important to be transparent about the car's condition to build trust with potential buyers.In addition to traditional online marketplaces, consider promoting the car on social media platforms and local classifieds. Utilize relevant hashtags and keywords to increase the visibility of your listing. You can also reach out to friends, family, and colleagues to spread the word about the car you're selling. Networking can often lead to successful sales, as people are more likely to trust a recommendation from someone they know.When communicating with potential buyers, be responsive and accommodating. Promptly answer any inquiries and be open to scheduling test drives or inspections. Be prepared to negotiate the selling price, but also know your bottom line and be firm about it. It's important to strike a balance between being flexible and standing your ground in order to secure a fair deal.In conclusion, successfully promoting a used car requires careful preparation, effective marketing, and strong communication. By presenting the vehicle in its best light, providing accurate information, and engaging with potential buyers, you can increase your chances of selling the car at a fair price. With the right approach, selling a used car can be a rewarding experience for both the seller and the buyer.销售二手车可能是一项具有挑战性但又有回报的经验。

买二手车的优缺点英文作文Buying a used car, like any major decision, comes with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. In this essay, we will explore both the pros and cons of purchasing a second-hand vehicle.Firstly, let's delve into the advantages of buying a used car. One of the most significant benefits is cost savings. Used cars generally come with a lower price tag compared to new ones, allowing buyers to acquire a vehicle within their budget. Additionally, used cars often have lower insurance premiums and registration fees, further reducing the overall cost of ownership.Another advantage of buying a used car is depreciation. Unlike new cars, which typically experience rapid depreciation in value during the first few years, used cars have already undergone this initial depreciation. This means that the rate of depreciation is slower, potentially saving buyers from significant financial loss in the longrun.Furthermore, the used car market offers a wide variety of options. Buyers have the opportunity to choose from a diverse selection of makes, models, and years, allowing them to find a vehicle that best suits their preferences and needs. Whether it's a specific feature, brand, or price range, the used car market caters to a broad spectrum of requirements.However, along with the advantages, there are also several disadvantages associated with buying a used car. One of the primary concerns is the vehicle's condition and reliability. Unlike new cars, which come with warranties and assurances of quality, used cars may have hidden defects or mechanical issues that are not immediately apparent. This can lead to unexpected repair costs and maintenance expenses, potentially offsetting the initial savings gained from purchasing a used car.Moreover, the history of a used car may be unclear. Without a comprehensive maintenance record or vehiclehistory report, buyers may be unaware of past accidents, repairs, or other issues that could affect the car's performance and safety. This lack of transparency can pose risks to buyers and compromise their peace of mind.Additionally, financing options for used cars may be less favorable compared to new ones. Interest rates and loan terms may be less favorable, resulting in higher monthly payments and overall costs. Furthermore, lenders may require a larger down payment or impose stricter eligibility criteria for used car loans, making it more challenging for some buyers to secure financing.In conclusion, buying a used car offers several advantages, including cost savings, slower depreciation, and a diverse selection of options. However, it also comes with disadvantages such as potential reliability issues, unclear vehicle history, and less favorable financing options. Ultimately, the decision to purchase a used car should be carefully considered, weighing the pros and cons to determine the best course of action based on individual circumstances and preferences.。

外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard ofelectric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, animportant consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rod bearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operatingcycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes are closer together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。

买二手车比买新车好英语作文Buying a used car can often be a more practical and cost-effective option compared to purchasing a brand-new vehicle. While new cars have their own appeal and advantages, there are several compelling reasons why opting for a pre-owned car may be the better choice in many cases. In this essay, we will explore the key benefits of buying a used car and why it may be the smarter financial decision.One of the primary advantages of purchasing a used car is the significant cost savings. New cars typically depreciate rapidly, often losing a substantial portion of their value within the first few years of ownership. This means that a used car, even just a couple of years old, can be purchased for a fraction of the original price. This can be particularly beneficial for those on a tighter budget or those who simply want to get more value for their money. By avoiding the steep initial depreciation that comes with a new car, buyers can enjoy a lower purchase price and potentially save thousands of dollars.In addition to the upfront cost savings, owning a used car can also result in lower insurance premiums. Insurance companies generallycharge higher rates for new vehicles, as they are more expensive to repair or replace in the event of an accident. Older cars, on the other hand, are typically less expensive to insure, which can lead to substantial long-term savings for the car owner.Another compelling reason to consider a used car is the availability of a wider selection of models and features. When buying new, buyers are often limited to the latest model year and the specific options and configurations offered by the manufacturer. With a used car, the pool of available vehicles is much larger, allowing buyers to potentially find a model that better suits their needs and preferences, even if it's a few years older. This can be especially beneficial for those who have specific requirements or are looking for a particular set of features that may not be available in the current model year.Furthermore, used cars have often already undergone the initial "break-in" period, where the vehicle's components and systems have been thoroughly tested and any initial issues have been addressed. This means that the car is more likely to be reliable and require fewer repairs in the near future, potentially saving the owner money on maintenance and repair costs.Another advantage of buying a used car is the ability to negotiate the price more effectively. Unlike with a new car, where the price is often fixed or only slightly negotiable, used car prices are generallymore flexible and open to negotiation. Savvy buyers can leverage their research and bargaining skills to potentially secure a better deal, further enhancing the cost savings.It's important to note that while buying a used car can offer significant benefits, it also comes with some potential drawbacks that should be carefully considered. Used cars may not have the latest safety features or technological advancements, and their history may not be as well-documented as a new car. Additionally, the reliability and condition of a used car can vary significantly, depending on factors such as the previous owner's maintenance habits and the vehicle's overall history.To mitigate these risks, it is crucial for buyers to thoroughly research the used car's history, obtain a comprehensive inspection by a trusted mechanic, and carefully evaluate the vehicle's condition before making a purchase. Taking the time to conduct due diligence can help ensure that the used car is a sound investment and meets the buyer's needs and expectations.In conclusion, buying a used car can often be the more financially prudent choice compared to purchasing a brand-new vehicle. The significant cost savings, lower insurance premiums, wider selection of models, and potential for better negotiation make a strong case for considering a pre-owned car. However, it is essential to carefullyweigh the pros and cons and conduct a thorough evaluation to ensure that the used car is a reliable and safe investment. By making an informed decision, buyers can enjoy the benefits of owning a quality used car while saving money in the long run.。

文献信息：文献标题：Why Is It So Difficult To Buy a High-Quality Used Car?（为什么买一辆高质量的二手车这么难？）国外作者：Scott A. Wolla文献出处：《Page One Economics Newsletter》 , 2016字数统计：英文1522单词，7636字符；中文2705汉字外文文献：Why Is It So Difficult To Buy a High-Quality Used Car?“I discovered that the informational problems that exist in the used car market were potentially present to some degree in all markets.”—George A. Akerlof, Nobel Prize winner, 2001Are you in the market for a vehicle? During the 2007-09 recession, new vehicle sales plunged to their lowest levels in nearly 30 years. They have since fully recovered as people replace their aging vehicles with shiny new cars, trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles. Prices of new vehicles, however, are at all-time highs, leading many buyers to look for used vehicles. It can be a challenge, though, for buyers to figure out whether they are getting a good deal. The seller generally knows far more about the vehicle. Even with careful examination, the buyer still likely won’t know everything the seller knows. When one party knows more about the product than the other party, there is “asymmetric information.” In the case of a used car, the seller has more information and the advantage. The opposite can also be true in a transaction—the buyer can have more information and the advantage.The Market for LemonsThe used-car market is often used to discuss the implications of asymmetricinformation. In this market, sellers have greater knowledge about the condition and quality of their cars than buyers. For example, a seller is likely to know about engine or transmission problems, the maintenance history, and any defective equipment. In other words, the seller is likely to know whether the car is a “lemon” (a car with defects). The buyer, however, is at a disadvantage. Even with a careful visual inspection or a test drive, defects can be missed or hidden. The seller is in the driver’s seat (so to speak) in this market.To better understand asymmetric information, consider a buyer looking for a particular car make and model. Let’s call it the Economy car Utility Maximizer. The buyer is willing to pay up to $14,000 for a high-quality used car (a “cherry”) but only $10,000 for a low-quality used car (a lemon). Imagine she visits two sellers advertising 2012 Utility Maximizers. One seller is selling a cherry; the other is selling a lemon. Each seller knows the history of the car for sale—they have good information and know whether it is a cherry or a lemon. The buyer, however, doesn’t see much difference between the two cars. She can’t tell whether either car is a cherry or a lemon. In other words, there is asymmetric information. As such, because she can’t know for sure, the buyer assumes that neither car is of high quality. So, she is willing to only offer a price below that of a highquality car: $12,000.Now consider the larger used-car market. Other buyers behave in similar ways. Because they cannot distinguish between lemons and cherries, they offer prices somewhere in the middle. Some sellers who really do have high-quality used cars aren’t willing to sell them below their true value, so they keep the cars instead. Sellers of low-quality cars, however, gladly sell their lemons. Low prices, then, reduce the overall quality of used cars on the market, leading to a market dominated by lemons. With fewer cherries on the market, buyers offer even less, further reducing the quantity of high-quality cars on the market. This cycle leads to market inefficiency because transactions that would have benefited both buyers and sellers fail to take place. That is, although sellers are willing to sell high-quality used cars to buyers at a fair price, the transactions do not occur because the buyers are unsure about the condition of the cars.Closing the Asymmetric Information GapRegulation has helped buyers receive better information. The 1975 Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (also known as the Lemon Law) regulates warranties on vehicles (and other consumer goods), and a variety of state laws (also referred to as lemon laws) protect consumers from defective products, including vehicles.To reassure used-car buyers—and to get them to pay a higher price—some sellers provide warranties or “certify” their highest-quality used cars. Generally, a car labeled certified has been inspected and repaired (if necessary) to meet high quality standards and may include a warranty. Buyers can also take several steps to help reduce the asymmetric Information gap. First, research can help steer them to a generally more-reliable car. Third-party sources, such as Consumer Reports and J.D. Power, collect and analyze data to estimate the average reliability and quality of certain car models.Once a buyer finds a car, various sources can provide additional information about that car. For example, auto mechanics can look for defects hidden or overlooked. For a fee, they will look “under the hood” and run diagnostic tests. Additional information (such as maintenance, odometer, and accident history) is available by researching the car’s VIN (vehicle identification number). Various companies will provide a VIN report for a fee.In the future, buyers may be able to easily obtain even more information about a car’s history from the car’s event data recorder (EDR), which is similar to the “black box” on an airplane. Today, nearly all new cars have an EDR. These microcomputers collect data related to safety and accidents, including speed, braking, seatbelt use, and airbag deployment. EDRs are likely to become more powerful and collect more data over time.Consider the CostIn the rush to close the asymmetric information gap, it is important to realize that obtaining information can be costly. Some information may have explicit costs (feesor subscriptions), while others have implicit, or opportunity, costs. Any time you spend researching a product is time you could have spent doing something else. Therefore, the more expensive a transaction is, the more beneficial your research may be. So it’s wise to seek out information before buying a house or car or choosing a college but less important for choosing a frying pan or a stapler.Other Markets with Asymmetric InformationOther markets also have the challenge of asymmetric information. In the insurance market, for example, buyers usually have more information than sellers (insurance companies). The person wanting health insurance has more information about his or her current health than the insurance company. This imbalance can lead to two potential problems in the health insurance market. The first is adverse selection: People with health problems are more likely to buy health insurance than healthy people, who might decide they don’t need health insurance. This imbalance can create a pool of insured people with more health problems than the general population. If this is the case, health insurance companies will likely pay more claims and charge higher premiums. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has attempted to reduce adverse selection by creating financial incentives to encourage all people (even the young and healthy) to buy insurance.The second potential pitfall is moral hazard: People with insurance tend to take on more risk (knowing insurance will pay some of the cost if anything bad happens) than they would otherwise. This increase in risky behavior could increase the number of claims insurance companies must pay and result in higher premiums. Insurance companies attempt to learn about a potential customer’s health and other habits before granting medical or life insurance to reduce the risk to the company and ensure an appropriate monthly premium is charged.Credit markets also notably feature asymmetric information problems. A potential borrower has better information about his or her own ability and willingness to repay a loan than the lender. Lenders attempt to learn about potential borrowers’ credit and financial history from credit reports. This information improves the abilityof lenders to choose whom they should lend to and what interest rate they should charge.Finally, asymmetric information problems also plague labor markets. Job seekers know more about their own job skills and work ethic than potential employers. Employers generally conduct interviews and check references but may also give assessments and seek additional information online, including on social media. In addition, some employers review credit reports, require drug testing, and/or perform a criminal background check.ConclusionWhen one party to a transaction has more information than the other, the party with more information has the advantage. This circumstance is a problem not only for the party with less information, but also for the market itself as transactions that would have benefited both buyers and sellers fail to occur. For example, even though some people are willing to sell high-quality cars for a suitable price, buyers won’t pay top dollar because they are unable to assess a car’s true condition. So, the car owners won’t sell, and the beneficial transactions never occur. However, the growing availability of information— if you seek it out—may help close the asymmetric information gap.中文译文：为什么买一辆高质量的二手车这么难？我发现二手车市场存在的信息问题在所有的市场都有可能出现。

二手汽车-外文文献翻译学校代码：10128英文参考文献及译文题目：T h e U s e d C a r I n d u s t r y姓名：马威学院：能源与动力工程系别：交通运输系专业：交通运输班级：交通运输09-2指导教师：高志鹰副教授二〇一三年六月The Used Car IndustryWith annual sales of nearly $370 billion, the used vehicle industry represents almost half of the U.S. auto retail market and is the largest retail segment of the economy.In 2005, about 44 million used cars were sold in the U.S., which is more than double that of the nearly 17 million new cars sold. In 1898, the Empire State Motor Wagon Company is one of the very first used car companies. The used vehicle market is substantially larger than other large retail sectors, such as the school and office products market ($206 billion in estimated annual sales) and the home improvement market ($291 billion in Estimated annual sales).The Federal Trade Commission recommends that consumers consider a car retailer’s reputation when deciding where to purchase a used car.In the United States, an estimated 34% of consumers (in 2006) are buying a Vehicle history report for used cars. Vehicle history reports are one way to check the track record of any used vehicle. The report may indicate minor/moderate collision damage or improper vehicle maintenance.These reports will indicate items of public record, such as vehicle title branding, lemon law buybacks, odometer fraud, and product recall vehicle history reports provide customers with a record based on the vehicle's serial number.An attempt to identify vehicles which have been previously owned by hire car rental agencies, police and emergency services or taxi fleets is also made. Consumers should research vehicles carefully, as these reporting services only report the information to which they have access. In some places the government is a provider of vehicle history, but this is usually a limited service providing information on just one aspect of the history. Two vehicle history reporting services used to offer the service for free namely Install VIN and Vin Check. But currently customers need to pay to view vehicle reports through Instating. Vin Check became part of Auto Check and provides very little information for free, and customers need to buy a detailed report.distributor or repairer each operate at different levels of the production or distribution chain.Whether a vertical agreement actually restricts competition and whether in that case the benefits outweigh the anti-competitive effects will often depend on the market structure. The new Regulation 1400/2002, which entered into force on 1 October 2002, introduces a number of substantial changes as regards the exemption of distribution agreements for new motor vehicles and spare parts. It also introduces major changes] as regards the exemption of agreements for the provision of repair and maintenance services by authorized and independent repairers and other independent operators, such as onroad assistance operators, distributors of spare parts and providers of training for repairers.Auto Transport is used to move the vehicle from the factory to the dealerships. This includes country to country shipping as well as state to state shipping. Auto shipping and transport was largely a commercial activity conducted by dealers, manufacturers and brokers until the last ten to fifteen years. The explosion of Internet use has allowed this niche service to grow and reach the general consumer marketplace. This car shipping industry has grown explosively since the advent of the Internet. People are now able to purchase cars from anywhere in the world and have them shipped to their doorstep.Used Car Roadshow is a car programme that was originally aired on the Men & Motors channel, but now it is also shown on ITV4. The show is presented by Penny Mallory and Jason Dawe. The show airs for one hour. Each programme is filmed at car shows throughout the UK, where enthusiasts display their cars and collections, as well as some who want to sell and buy cars. Penny and Jason always attempt to pick the most eye catching and unusual cars at these shows, as well as demonstrating bargains that can be had from the used car market. Every programme has a different scenario, where a viewing member of the public is looking to buy a used car. Scenarios can vary from the budget-conscious student wanting to spend no more than £1500, to the mid 20 year old wanting a sports car for no more than £20,000. There are also in betweens who want something economical, or good for long distance touring, orfor the family. They give Jason the specifications they want, and the things they would like and not like.Throughout the show Jason comes up with different cars to suit the buyer's needs, summarizing the positives and negatives. He often picks three cars, with one mystery car thrown in to interest the buyer. Normally the buyer is given three cars to examine and decide from with the guidance of Penny and Jason throughout, from which one has to be dropped before the other two can be tested. The test drive is normally taken with Penny on board, who gives her opinions on the car to give the buyer a better insight as to what they may want. If the buyer decides that he/she does not like one of the cars, then Jason will throw in his mystery car to liven things up.In the end the buyer usually makes a decision on the car they want, and attempts to negotiate with Jason, who consequently rings the seller on air from a mobile and tries to achieve the best deal possible for the buying member of the public. As of 2009, no new series/episodes had aired.二手车行业随着每年接近3700亿的成交量，二手车行业占据了美国接近半数的汽车零售市场，它也成为了最大的零售业务的经济体。

二手汽车广告英文作文Looking for a reliable and affordable option for your next vehicle? Consider buying a used car. Used cars offer a range of benefits, from cost savings to a wider selection of models. In this article, we'll explore the advantages of purchasing a pre-owned vehicle and provide tips for making a smart buying decision.First and foremost, one of the most significant advantages of buying a used car is cost savings. Used cars are typically much cheaper than their new counterparts, allowing you to get more value for your money. With the depreciation of new cars happening most dramatically in the first few years, buying used means you can avoid absorbing that initial loss in value.Additionally, when you buy a used car, you have a wider selection of models to choose from. While new car buyers are limited to the latest year's offerings, used car buyers can explore a variety of makes, models, and model years. This expanded selection increases the likelihood of finding a vehicle that meets your specific needs and preferences.Moreover, used cars often come with lower insurance premiums and registration fees compared to new cars. Since the value of a used car is typically lower than that of a new car, insurance companies often charge lower premiums to insure them. Additionally, registration fees are often based on the vehicle's value, meaning you'll pay less to register a used car.Another benefit of buying a used car is that you can avoid the initial depreciation hit that new cars experience. New cars lose a significant portion of their value within the first few years of ownership, but used cars have already experienced this depreciation, allowing you to preserve more of your investment.Furthermore, many used cars come with certified pre-owned (CPO) programs, offering additional peace of mind to buyers. CPO programs typically include extendedwarranties, thorough vehicle inspections, and other benefits, giving buyers confidence in the quality and reliability of their purchase.When shopping for a used car, there are several factors to consider to ensure you make a smart buying decision. First, determine your budget and research the market to understand what types of vehicles are available within your price range. Consider factors such as mileage, condition, and features to narrow down your options.Next, thoroughly inspect any used car you're considering purchasing. Look for signs of wear and tear, such as rust, dents, or mechanical issues. Take the car for a test drive to evaluate its performance and handling. If possible, have a trusted mechanic inspect the vehicle to identify any potential problems.Additionally, research the vehicle's history using services like Carfax or AutoCheck to uncover any past accidents, damage, or other issues. A comprehensive understanding of the vehicle's history can help you make an informed decision about whether it's the right choice for you.In conclusion, buying a used car offers numerous advantages, including cost savings, a wider selection of models, and lower insurance premiums. By carefully researching the market, inspecting potential vehicles, and understanding their history, you can make a smart buying decision and find a reliable used car that meets your needs and budget. Whether you're looking for a commuter car, a family vehicle, or a weekend cruiser, buying used is a practical and economical choice.。

外文文献翻译(含: 英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Jens Clausen, Birgit Blättel-Mink2, Lorenz Erdmann, Christine Henseling .Contribution of Online Trading of Used Goods to Resource Efficiency: An Empirical Study of eBay Users [J].Sustainability, 2010, 2: 10-30.英文原文Contribution of Online Trading of Used Goods to Resource Efficiency:An Empirical Study of eBay UsersJens Clausen, Birgit Blättel-Mink , Lorenz Erdmann and ChristineHenselingAbstractThis paper discusses the sustainability impact (contribution to sustainability, reduction of adverse environmental impacts) of online second-hand trading.A survey of eBay users shows that a relationship between the trading of used goods and the protection of natural resources is hardly realized.Secondly, the environmental motivation and the willingness to act in a sustainable manner differ widely between groups of consumers.Given these results from a user perspective, the paper tries to find some objective hints of online second-hand trading’s environmental impact.The greenhouse gas emissions resulting from theenergy used for the trading transactions seem to be considerably lower than the emissions due to the (avoided) production of new goods.The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for second-hand trade and consumer rmation about the sustainability benefits of purchasing second-hand goods should be included in general consumer information, and arguments for changes in behavior should be targeted to different groups of consumers.Keywords: online marketplaces; online auctions; consumer; electronic commerce; used products; second-hand market; sustainable consumption1.IntroductionOnline auction and trading platforms are increasing the opportunities for sustainable consumption.The potential of online based second-hand trading lies largely in the opportunity to extend the life span of products, thereby avoiding additional environmental stresses due to the purchase of new goods.To date, private households often failed to exploit the potentials for reusing products because of high transaction costs.Trade in second-hand goods remained limited to regional markets.These barriers frequently prevented local and regional used goods markets from attaining critical mass and becoming attractive for both buyers and sellers.In recent years, however, rapidly increasing use of the Internet and trading platforms, such as eBay, have fundamentally transformed the underlying conditions of such markets.Online markets have not only significantly increased the numbers of market participants; they have also changed the roles traditionally assigned to consumers and producers.Exchange sites, auction platforms and other Internet-based trading models where users are not merely buyers, but at the same time, also active sellers of products or services, have shifted the role of consumers.Against this background, this article examines consumption processes using the example of eBay, the world’s largest online trading platform for used goods, by focusing on the following question: Which sustainability potentials are connected with the electronic trading of used goods, and how can these potentials be exploited? This question lies in the center of the research project “From Consumer to Prosumer—Development of new trading mechanisms and auction cultures to promote sustainable consumption.”The project is intentionally linked with various streams of research and insights, especially concerning the intensification of use, lifestyle research, and life-cycle assessment, in the fields of information technology and telecommunications, and integrates them from the perspective of the research guiding question.After giving an overview of the scientific work on environmental attitudes and behavior in the context of internet based used goods trading, and an empirical look on internet usage in Chapter 2, the empirical results of an online survey on online trading and sustainability are presented inChapter 3.Chapter 4 draws conclusions from the empirical study and Chapter 5 focuses on the ecological assessment of used goods trading.The paper concludes with some remarks on the consequences of second-hand trade, online platforms, and consumer policy.2.Internet-Based Used Goods Trading from a Subjective PerspectiveSustainability researchers in the social sciences assume that environmentally-oriented behavior is supported to a non-negligible degree by positive attitudes toward the environment and by knowledge about the environment [1-7].Time and again, however, representative surveys of the population provide evidence for a discrepancy between concern about increasing environmental devastation and its consequences, as well as knowledge about the environment on the one hand, and environmental behavior that is in line with such knowledge on the other.It is possible to identify groups of individuals who display environmentally-friendly behavior, but not the corresponding attitudes toward the environment (e.g., older single women), just as there are groups of individuals who display a high degree of ecological awareness, but whose behavior is nonetheless not consistently environmentally oriented (e.g., families whose environmentally-friendly behavior is organized to the hilt, but who still drive a family car).Three bundles of characteristics that influence the sustainability of styles of consumption have emerged in the research [8]: the household’s social situation(socio-demographic characteristics and time resources), consumer preferences (subjective preferences relating to the selection of products and behaviors), and actual consumption behavior.Socio-demographic characteristics that substantially influence differences in terms of sustainable consumption patterns include age, educational level, gender, marital status, and income, with women, well educated people, and parents striving for consistency of attitudes and behavior.Grunenberg and Kuckartz [1] were able to identify the group they called the “environmentally committed”in their study, which was representative for Germany.“[A group] that takes environmental problems more seriously and is actively committed to solving them.Entirely consistent pro-environment behavior is not demanded of this group; that would require, for example, that these individuals would not just eat exclusively organically-grown food, but would also sell their cars and take bicycling vacations.”(Grunenberg/Kuckartz, p.204 [1]).The following indicators were used to define the group of environmentally-committed individuals: membership in an organization promoting conservation or environmental protection; donation to such an organization in the previous year; familiarity with the term “sustainable development;”high willingness to pay for improved environmental protection; frequenting of information about environmental problems from specialist periodicals; environmental mentality type 1 (motto: “Be arole model when it comes to environmental protection!”); declared shared responsibility for environmental protection (statement: “It isn’t difficult for an individual person to do something for the environment!”) (Grunenberg/Kuckartz, p.204 [1]).Members of this group are often in the familial phase of life, have a relatively high level of education, often live in major cities or small communities, seldom in medium-sized towns or villages, tend to come from West Germany, as a rule have a higher professional position (senior staff, upper-middle-level or upper-level civil servants, the professions), have a medium to high, but not very high income, and tend to live in quiet neighborhoods in single- or two-family houses.Regarding their political preferences, the authors ascertained a more pronounced interest in politics in general, and a clear focus on post-materialist values.As to trading in used goods as a specific area of consumption, a study of West Berlin showed that buying and selling used goods is linked fairly rarely to ecological motives [9].Pragmatic reasons for selling used goods are mentioned more frequently, for instance “making room”or “getting rid of items we no longer need.”In contrast, when purchasing used goods, financial motives are more important.The proportion of men who buy and sell used goods is somewhat higher than that of women.The average age is 36.More than two-thirds of those offering goods on the second-hand market have a job.Housewives and students comprise 10%of sellers each, the unemployed and pensioners about 5% each.The sellers often live in multi-person households, and live less commonly alone.Among the buyers of second-hand goods, 29.4% are in the 19- to 25-year age group and 35.7% are in the 26- to 35-year group.Most people have a job (61%), and students form 15% of the buyers, which is substantially higher than their proportion of the cational levels are above-average among buyers, too, as is the proportion of individuals living in multi-person households.3.Online Trading and Sustainability—Empirical ResultsTaking the example of eBay, the above mentioned relationships were more closely looked at with an online survey that was carried out by the authors in November, 2008.The survey was intended to gain insight into eBay users’consumption patterns, their attitudes, and their ways of dealing with used products on eBay.The survey was directed to private eBay users who use the site, both for buying and selling, and who carried out at least one transaction during the preceding 12 months.In total, 2,511 valid questionnaires were analyzed.In contrast to Germany’s total population, more men (57.1%) than women responded, more persons who live with their partners (73.4%), and more people living in households of three or more (52.4%).The sample also displays a relatively high educational (49.4% level A) and employment status (49.2% working full time), and the respondents tend to live in or near urban areas.The agedistribution of the respondents (biggest cluster 40–49 years old; 29.8%) and their income distribution (40% medium to low income) are comparable with the overall population.More women (45.1%) than men (34.0%) of the sample live in households with children; the proportion of men increases with increasing age.The women who buy or sell on eBay have lower incomes.48.7%, of all female eBay buyers earn less than 2,000 Euros per month compared to 39.8% of all male eBay pared to the group of Internet users mentioned above, the sample analyzed here differs only in relation to income, with Internet users displaying higher incomes.The following subjects will be approached: Attitudes toward the environment and motives for trading on eBay, attitudes of eBay users regarding used products and their handling of used products.Then, a typology of consumer patterns of eBay users that was derived from the data will be presented.4.Conclusions from the Empirical StudyThe results of the survey show that environmental aspects play only a minor role for the majority of the surveyed eBay users when trading used products.When concerning their motivations in particular, other aspects have been more important to date: practical and financial considerations, as well as having fun trading on eBay.Opportunities to make trading on eBay more environmentally friendly lie in providing information about the environmental relevance of used goods trading, e.g.,directly on the eBay platform.In addition, the broad range of motivations that eBay speaks to offers good starting points for creating alliances of motivations that connect ecological aspects with other aspects of use.A concrete strategic point of intervention is the option to provide opportunities for climate-neutral shipping on the eBay platform, and eBay users have indicated a high willingness to use such an option.The survey also made it possible to identify various starting points for intensifying used goods trading.When developing communications strategies in this regard, the value of used goods for others should be emphasized more strongly.This could happen, for example, by pointing more clearly to the quality, as well as the monetary value, of used products in such communications.Interesting approaches that take this direction include quality tests of used products, as well as tools with which users can learn about the prices they can get for used products.The test lab introduced by eBay in mid-2008 is an interesting approach.Certain used products were tested here to show their value in relation to the value of new products.The results highlight the significance of situations of change in life for trading used products.Such phases, for example, the birth of one’s first child or retirement can (under certain circumstances) function as times when people start trading used goods, or they can be situations in which the willingness to buy and to sell second-hand products is especially high.An important aspect for used goods trading is that the effort invested in selling the product must be financially worthwhile.The responses showed, however, that this is not always the case.This aspect must be taken into account when developing measures to intensify used goods trading.Another finding: a central problem of used goods trading lies in the fact that many buyers are unsure of the quality of the products for sale (lack of warranties, doubts about whether the products are in fact in proper working order).In order to address this concern, it is important to develop mechanisms that increase trust in second-hand products and reflect their quality.Initial starting points include initiatives to refurbish used products.One example for this is the initiative which purchases, refurbishes and then resells used cell phones and provides a warranty.Identification of the five consumption patterns in online used goods trading contributed to structuring the various behavior patterns of private eBay users.Above all, the fact that the respondents’differences in socio-demographic characteristics are very small is remarkable.The five types do differ significantly, however, regarding their attitudes and their behavior on eBay.They also differ with respect to their concern for the sustainability-related contexts of eBay trading.The environmentally oriented buyers of used goods and the prosumers, as different as they may be, are those upon whom we pin our hopes for sustainability.Although the former group displays a certain consistency in terms of attitudes andbehavior, which is also characterized by increasing awareness of sustainability, it is the prosumers who treat new and used products with care in order to resell them, thereby contributing to lengthening of the life spans of products, even if they are not aware of this effect.中文译文二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献:eBay用户的实证研究Jens Clausen , Birgit Blättel-Mink , Lorenz Erdmann ,Christine Henseling 摘要本文探讨了网上二手交易的可持续性的影响(对可持续发展的贡献,减少对环境的不利影响) 。

二手汽车-外文文献翻译————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：学校代码：10128英文参考文献及译文题目：T h e U s e d C a r I n d u s t r y姓名：马威学院：能源与动力工程系别：交通运输系专业：交通运输班级：交通运输09-2指导教师：高志鹰副教授二〇一三年六月The Used Car IndustryWith annual sales of nearly $370 billion, the used vehicle industry represents almost half of the U.S. auto retail market and is the largest retail segment of the economy.In 2005, about 44 million used cars were sold in the U.S., which is more than double that of the nearly 17 million new cars sold. In 1898, the Empire State Motor Wagon Company is one of the very first used car companies. The used vehicle market is substantially larger than other large retail sectors, such as the school and office products market ($206 billion in estimated annual sales) and the home improvement market ($291 billion in Estimated annual sales).The Federal Trade Commission recommends that consumers consider a car retailer’s reputation when deciding where to purchase a used car.In the United States, an estimated 34% of consumers (in 2006) are buying a Vehicle history report for used cars. Vehicle history reports are one way to check the track record of any used vehicle. The report may indicate minor/moderate collision damage or improper vehicle maintenance.These reports will indicate items of public record, such as vehicle title branding, lemon law buybacks, odometer fraud, and product recall vehicle history reports provide customers with a record based on the vehicle's serial number.An attempt to identify vehicles which have been previously owned by hire car rental agencies, police and emergency services or taxi fleets is also made. Consumers should research vehicles carefully, as these reporting services only report the information to which they have access. In some places the government is a provider of vehicle history, but this is usually a limited service providing information on just one aspect of the history. Two vehicle history reporting services used to offer the service for free namely Install VIN and Vin Check. But currently customers need to pay to view vehicle reports through Instating. Vin Check became part of Auto Check and provides very little information for free, and customers need to buy a detailed report.Several of the services, most notably those in the United Kingdom and theUnited States, sell reports to dealers and then encourage the dealers to display the reports on their Internet sites. These reports are paid for by the dealer and then offered for free to potential buyers of the vehicle. Car check service is available online for the public and motor trade.Companies may add to the reports additional information gathered from police, finance and insurance companies.In the UK, the DVLA provides information (Car check) on the registration of vehicles to certain companies for consumer protection and anti-fraud purposes. Used car pricing reports typically produce three forms of pricing information. Dealer or Retail Price is the price you should expect to pay if buying from a licensed new-car or used-car dealer — retail price. Dealer Trade-in Price or wholesale price is the price you should expect to receive from a dealer if you trade in a car. This is also the price that a dealer will typically pay for a car at a dealer wholesale auction. Private-Party Price is the price you should expect to pay if you were buying from an individual. A private-party seller is hoping to get more money than they would with a trade-in to a dealer. A private-party buyer is hoping to pay less than the dealer retail price.The growth of the Internet has fueled the availability of information on the prices of used cars. This information was once only available in trade publications that dealers had access to. There are now numerous sources for used car pricing. Multiple sources of used car pricing means that listed values from different sources may differ. Each pricing guide receiving data from different sources and makes different judgments about that data. Pricing of used cars can be affected by geography. For example, convertibles have a higher demand in warmer climates than in cooler areas. Similarly, pickup trucks may be more in demand in rural than urban settings. The overall condition of the vehicle has a major impact on pricing. Condition is based on appearances, vehicle history, mechanical condition and mileage. There is much subjectivity in how the condition of a car is evaluated.There are various theories as to how the market determines the prices of used cars sold by private parties, especially relative to new cars. One theory suggests that new car dealers are able to put more effort into selling a car, and can therefore stimulate stronger demand. Another theory suggests that owners of problematic cars("lemons") are more likely to want to sell their cars than owners of perfectly functioning vehicles. Therefore, someone buying a used car bears a higher risk of buying a lemon. A car dealership or vehicle local distribution is a business that sells new and/or used cars at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary. It employs automobile salespeople to do the selling. It may also provide maintenance services for cars, thus employing automobile mechanics, stock and sell spare automobile parts, and process warranty claims.In China, an authorized car dealership is called 4S car shops. The 4S represents Sale, Spare part, Service and Survey .In most cases, brand-name new cars can be purchased only from 4S shops. For new cars in high demand, a premium is sometimes added for instant delivery or just placing an order. Likewise, cars with high supply are often discounted. The profit of car dealers in China is quite high compared to the rest of the world, in most cases 10%. This is due to the non-transparent invoice price as announced by manufacturers and to the premiums they charge for quick delivery. Due to the lack of knowledge for most customers, dealers can sell add-ons at much higher prices than the aftermarket. This field is ruled by Commission Regulation (EC) NO 1400/2002 of 31 July 2002, on the application of article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector.In the Member States of the European Union, motor vehicle and spare part manufacturers distribute their products through networks of distributors. As far as motor vehicles are concerned, these distributors are commonly known as dealers. Motor vehicle manufacturers and other undertakings also operate networks of authorized repairers. Such a distribution or repair network consists of a bundle of similar agreements between the manufacturer and the individual distributors or body shops. For the purposes of EU competition law, these agreements are referred to as vertical agreements, as the manufacturer and distributor or repairer each operate at different levels of the production or distribution chain.Whether a vertical agreement actually restricts competition and whether in that case the benefits outweigh the anti-competitive effects will often depend on the market structure. The new Regulation 1400/2002, which entered into force on 1 October 2002, introduces a number of substantial changes as regards the exemption ofdistribution agreements for new motor vehicles and spare parts. It also introduces major changes] as regards the exemption of agreements for the provision of repair and maintenance services by authorized and independent repairers and other independent operators, such as onroad assistance operators, distributors of spare parts and providers of training for repairers.Auto Transport is used to move the vehicle from the factory to the dealerships. This includes country to country shipping as well as state to state shipping. Auto shipping and transport was largely a commercial activity conducted by dealers, manufacturers and brokers until the last ten to fifteen years. The explosion of Internet use has allowed this niche service to grow and reach the general consumer marketplace. This car shipping industry has grown explosively since the advent of the Internet. People are now able to purchase cars from anywhere in the world and have them shipped to their doorstep.Used Car Roadshow is a car programme that was originally aired on the Men & Motors channel, but now it is also shown on ITV4. The show is presented by Penny Mallory and Jason Dawe. The show airs for one hour. Each programme is filmed at car shows throughout the UK, where enthusiasts display their cars and collections, as well as some who want to sell and buy cars. Penny and Jason always attempt to pick the most eye catching and unusual cars at these shows, as well as demonstrating bargains that can be had from the used car market. Every programme has a different scenario, where a viewing member of the public is looking to buy a used car. Scenarios can vary from the budget-conscious student wanting to spend no more than £1500, to the mid 20 year old wanting a sports car for no more than £20,000. There are also in betweens who want something economical, or good for long distance touring, or for the family. They give Jason the specifications they want, and the things they would like and not like.Throughout the show Jason comes up with different cars to suit the buyer's needs, summarizing the positives and negatives. He often picks three cars, with one mystery car thrown in to interest the buyer. Normally the buyer is given three cars to examine and decide from with the guidance of Penny and Jason throughout, from which one has to be dropped before the other two can be tested. The test drive isnormally taken with Penny on board, who gives her opinions on the car to give the buyer a better insight as to what they may want. If the buyer decides that he/she does not like one of the cars, then Jason will throw in his mystery car to liven things up.In the end the buyer usually makes a decision on the car they want, and attempts to negotiate with Jason, who consequently rings the seller on air from a mobile and tries to achieve the best deal possible for the buying member of the public. As of 2009, no new series/episodes had aired.二手车行业随着每年接近3700亿的成交量，二手车行业占据了美国接近半数的汽车零售市场，它也成为了最大的零售业务的经济体。