2014年6月六级段落匹配

六级考试段落匹配训练题带答案英语六级考试中，长段落匹配题篇章长，对考生的整体阅读能力有了更高的要求，需要考生重视平时的阅读训练。

六级考试段落匹配训练题***一***Defitions of ObesityA: How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight orhas passed into the obese stage.B: The World Health Orgazation remends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" ***BMI*** is calculated by dividing the person's weight inkilograms by the suare of their height in meters, and is thus given in uts of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to beoverweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.C: However, it is recogzed that this defition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethc origin, the latter being imrtant as different ethcgroups he very different fat distributions. Another shorting is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, XX can also he artificiallyhigh BMIs.Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program ***NCEP*** in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation ***IDF*** are starting to define obesity inadults simply in termsof waist circumference.Health Effects of ObesityD: Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hipcrates wrote that "persons XX are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those XX are slender". This observation remains very truetoday. Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and etional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellXXs type 2 ***"mature onset diabetes"*** and also makesType 2 diabetes re difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity andcoronary heartdisease is also well-known.CancerE: Furtherre, in 2021 medical researchers established a link betweenbeing overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer asaresult of being overweight. This figure was made up of5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that beingoverweight may also increase the risk of cancerin the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.F: The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hornes oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a woman'enstrual cycle. Researchers he found that the re a woman eats, or the re sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why womenfrom less affluent countries he lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve re daily vement. This lowerstheir progesterone level, resulting in lower predissition to breast cancer.G: The Times newspaper, in 2021 rerted that obesity was the main oidable cause of cancer ang non-okers in the Western world!AgingH: Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2021 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extentthat being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age.The effect was exacerbated by oking, and a non-overweight woman XX okes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The bination of being obese and aoker added at least ten years to awoman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.I: The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chrosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres hebeen dubbed the "chrosomal clock" bXXuse, as an orga ages, they bee progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the orga. Beyond a certain int, the telomerebees so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chrosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco oke release freeradicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.DementiaJ: RXXnt research ***2021*** conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% re likely to developdementia pared to those of normal weight. For those XX are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementiarisk was 35% higher.K: Scientists from the Aging Research XX at the Karolinska InstXXte in Sweden he been able totake information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, bloodpressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigng each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people atrisk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle nges which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.Other ProblemsL: The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia andpublished in 2021, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women XX are overweight orobese—a growing prortion of thers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment reuired to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases reuire an emergencyCaesarean section.M: This is atrue health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ***SARS*** and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.2. Using the "Body Mass Index"to define aperson's weight ideal is limited, bXXuse it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethc origin.3. A person's etional well-being would be affected by obesity.4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.5. Women from less affluent nations tend to he much less breast cancer.6. A non-overweight woman XX okes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to her biological age.7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco oke, can lead to inflammation.8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle nges that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will ssibly drain economies.六级考试段落匹配训练题答案1. A2. C3. D4. E5. F6. H7. I8. J9. K10. L英语六级考试中，长段落匹配题篇章长，对考生的整体阅读能力有了更高的要求，需要考生重视平时的阅读训练。

2014年6月英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(三)Section BGenetically Modified Foods--Feed the World?[A] If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic about genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions--and vocal green lobbies--the idea seems against nature.[B] In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the U. S. last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the U. S. this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.[C] Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from--and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks?[D] The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will be probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, theworld's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arableland has declined steadily since 1960 and will decrease by half over the next 50 years, according to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications ( ISAAA).How can biotech help?[E] Biotechnologists have developed genetically modified ricethat is fortified with beta-carotene(胡萝卜素)--which the body。

2014年6月大学英语六级阅读练习题附答案及解析目录2014年6月大学英语六级阅读练习题附答案及解析 (1)2014年6月大学英语六级仔细阅读练习题附答案及解析(1) (2)2014年6月英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题附答案解析(1) (11)2014年6月英语六级选词填空习模拟练习附答案(1) (17)2014年6月大学英语六级仔细阅读练习题附答案及解析(2) (21)2014年6月英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题附答案解析(2) (30)2014年6月英语六级选词填空习模拟练习附答案(2) (37)2014年6月大学英语六级仔细阅读练习题附答案及解析(1) Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based an the following passage.Dropping out of university to launch a start-up is old hat. The twist with Joseph Cohen, Dan Getelman and Jim Grandpre is that their start-up aims to improve how universities work. In May 2011 the three founders quit the University of Pennsvlvania. to launch Coursekit,soon renamed as Lore.whichhas already raised $ 6m to develop what Mr. Cohen, its 21-year-old chief executive, describes as a social-learning network for the classroom".Lore is part of a trend that builds on the familiarity with social networking that has come with the success of Facebook. It customizes the rules of a network to meet the specific needs of students. Anyone teaching a class would reasonably worry that students using Facebook were gossiping rather than learning useful information from their network of friends. Lore allows teachers to control exactly who is in the network by issuing a class-membership code and to see how they are using it. They can also distribute course materials, contact students, manage tests and grades, and decide what to make public and what to keep private. Students can also interact with each other.In the academic year after launching its first version last November, Lore was used in at least one class in 600 diversities and colleges. Its goal for its second year, about to begin, is to spread rapidly within those 600 institutions, not least to see what the effects of scale are from having lots of classes signed up within the same institution.The firm has a fast-growing army of fans in the faculty common room. Lore, says Edward Boches, who uses it for his advertising classes at Boston University, makes teaching "more interactive, extends it beyond the classroom and stimulates students to learn from each other rather than just the professor."Among other challenges for the company, there remains the small matter offiguring out a business model. For the moment it has none. Mr. Cohen hopes that eventually Lore could become the primary marketplace for everything from courses to textbooks, but so far the service is free and carries no advertising. Blackboard, the industry incumbent (占有者), charges users for its course-management software. It remains to be seen how it will respond to the upstart(新贵).The lack of a plan does not appear to bother Lore's founders or investors, -who seem content to learn a lesson from another university drop-out, Mark Zuckerberg, the co-founder of Facebook: achieve critical mass in your network and the profits will follow. And after that perhaps they can expect an honorary degree from the a/ma mater(母校).56. What do we learn from the first paragraph about Lore?A．It specializes in producing old hats.B．It aims to improve the way universities work.C．It invests $ 6m in the development of social network.D．It promotes the communication among classmates.57. What does Lore enable teachers to do?A．Meet specific needs of students.B．Learn useful information from friends.C．Control the online class membership.D．Monitor students' personal privacy.58. For its second-year goal, Lore is to __A．increase fans in the faculty common roomB．launch its second version in 600 universitiesC．make more classes from 600 institutions signed upD．spread its influence within the same institution59. Concerning the prospect of Lore, Mr. Cohen expects it toA．confront with Blackboard as an equalB．offer free service to the advertisersC．cover businesses from courses to textbooksD．Develop its own come-management software60. What do we learn about Lore's founders?A．They can't be bothered to design a business model.B．They learn a lesson from the success of Facebook.C．They will not make profits without drawing mass users.D．They desire to receive an honorary degree from the alma mater.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.A bull grazes on dry wheat husks(Phi) in Logan, Kansas, one of the regions hit by the record drought that has affected more than half of the U. S. and is expected to drive up food prices.Leadinu water scientists have issued one of the sternest warnings yet about global food supplies, saying that the world's population may have to switch almost completely to a vegetarian diet over the next 40 years to avoid catastrophic shortages.Adopting a vegetarian diet is one option to increase the amount of water available to grow more food in an increasingly climate-unstable world, the scientists said. Animal protein-rich food consumes 5 to 10 times more water than a vegetarian diet. One third of the world's arable(适于耕种的) land is used to grow crops to feed animals. Other options to feed people include eliminating waste and increasing trade between countries in food surplus and those in deficit."900 million people already go hungry and 2 billion people are malnourished in spite of the fact that per capita food production continues to increase," they said. "With 70% of all available water being in agriculture, growing more food to feed an additional 2 billion people by 2050 will place greater pressure on available water and land."The report is being released at the start of the annual world water conference in Stockholm, Sweden, where 2,500 politicians, UN bodies, non-governmental groups and researchers from 120 countries meet to address global water supply problems.Competition for water between food production and other uses will intensifypressure on essential resources, the scientists said. "The UN predicts that we must increase food production by 70% by mid-century. This will place additional pressure on our 'already stressed water resources, at a time when we also need to allocate more water to satisfy global energy demand--which is expected to rise 60% over the coming 30 years--and to generate electricity for the 1.3 billion people currently without it," said the report.Overeating, undernourishment and waste are all on the rise and increased food production may face future constraints from water scarcity."We will need a new recipe to feed the world in the future," said the report's editor, Anders Jagerskog.A separate report from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) said the best way for countries to protect millions of farmers from food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia was to help them invest in small pumps and simple technology, rather than to develop expensive, large-scale irrigation projects."Farmem across the developing world are increasingly relying on and benefiting from small-scale,locally-relevant water solutions. These techniques could increase yields up to 300% and add tens of billions of U. S. dollars to household revenues across sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. " said Dr. Colin Chartres, the director general.61. What can be inferred from the water scientists' warning?A．The record drought forces half of the U. S. to go hungry.B．The record drought drives up food prices m the U. S.C．Severe food shortage may happen without proper measures.D．A vegetarian diet is the only option to avoid disastrous shortages.62. What do the scientists say can be done to increase food supply?A．Grow more animal protein-rich food.B．Turn pastures into arable lands.C．Promote trade between countries self-sufficient in food.D．Increase the amount of water for food production.63. According to the water scientists' report,A．per capita food production has been increasingB．reduced food supply will make more people malnourishedC．70% of water will be used to feed 2 billion people by 2050D．researchers begin to seek solutions to tackle water problem64. In regard to the problem of water supply, scientists believeA．more water should be allocated to satisfy energy demandB．food production must be increased to 70% by mid-centuryC．energy demand will intensify pressure on water resourcesD．electricity generation must be increased by 60% 30 years later65. What does the IWMI say is the best solution to food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia?A．Applying small pumps and simple technology.B．Launching large-scale irrigation projects.C．Increase the local household revenues.D．Investing in a new expensive irrigation project.答案解析：56 B）。

2014 年 6 月英语六级真题及答案Part I WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese Yo u should write at Chinese. least 120 words following the outline given belo w:1.近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文学习的现象；2.出现这种现象的原因和后果；3我认为,Given Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of ChinesePart II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minute s)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage qu ickly and answer the questions on Answer sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choo se the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For qu estions 8-10, complete the sen-tences with the information given in the pas sage. Welcome,Freshmen. Have an iPod.Taking a step that many professors may view as a bit counterproductive, so me colleges and universities are doling out Apple iPhones and Internet-cap able iPods to their students.The always-on Internet devices raise some novel possibilities, like tracking where students gather together. With far less controversy, colleges could s end messages about canceled classes, delayed buses, campus crises or just the cafeteria menu.While schools emphasize its usefulness —online research in class and inst ant polling of students, for example — a big part of the attraction is, undou btedly, that the iPhone is cool and a hit with students. Being equipped with one of the most recent cutting-edge IT products could just help a college o r university foster a cutting-edge reputation.Apple stands to win as well, hooking more young consumers with decadesof technology pur- chases ahead of them. The lone losers, some fear, could be professors.Students already have laptops and cell phones, of course, but the newest de vices can take class distractions to a new level. They practically beg a user to ignore the long-suffering professor strug- gling to pass on accumulated wisdom from the front of the room — a prospect that teachers find most irr itating and students view as, well, inevitable.“ When it gets a little boring, I might pull it out,‖acknowledged Naomi P ugh, a first-year student at Freed-Hardeman University in Henderson, Ter m., referring to her new iPod Touch, which can connect to the Internet ove r a campus wireless network. She speculated that professors might try even harder to make classes interesting if they were to compete with the devices. Experts see a movement toward the use of mobile technology in educati on, though they say it is in its infancy as professors try to come up with us eful applications. Providing powerful hand- held devices is sure to fuel deb ates over the role of technology in higher education.“ We think this is the way the future is going to work,‖said Kyle Dickson, co-director of re- search and the mobile learning initiative at Abilene Chris tian University in Texas, which has bought more than 600 iPhones and 300 iPods for students entering this fall.Although plenty of students take their laptops to class, they don’t take the m everywhere and would prefer something lighter. Abilene Christian settle d on the devices after surveying students and finding that they did not like hauling around their laptops, but that most of them always carried a cell ph one, Dr. Dickson said.It is not clear how many colleges and universities plan to give out iPhones and iPods this fall; officials at Apple were unwilling to talk about the subje ct and said that they would not leak any institution plans’s.“ We can’t announce other people’s news,‖saidGreg Joswiak, vice presid ent of iPod and iPhone marketing at Apple. He also said that he could not d iscuss discounts to universities for bulk purchases.At least four institutions — the University of Maryland, Oklahoma Christi an University, Abilene Christian and Freed-Hardeman — have announced t hat they will give the devices to some or all of their students this fall.Other universities are exploring their options. Stanford University has hire d a student-run com-pany to design applications like a campus map and dir ectory for the iPhone. It is considering whether to issue iPhones but not sur e it, snecessary, noting that more than 700 iPhones were registered on the u niversity network’s last year.At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, iPhones might alreadyhave been everywhere, if AT&T, the wireless carrier offering the iPhone in the United States,had a more reliable network, said Andrew Yu, mobile devices platform pro ject manager at M.I.T.“ We would have probably gone ahead with this, maybe just getting a thou sand iPhones and giving them out, ‖Mr. Yusaid.The University of Maryland at College Park is proceeding cautiously, givi ng the iPhone or iPod Touch to 150 students, said Jeffrey Huskamp, vice p resident and chief information officer at the university. ― Wedon’t think tha t we have all the answers, Mr‖. Huskamp said. By observing how students use the gadgets, he said,― We’ retrying to get answers from the students. ‖ At each college, the students who choose to get an iPhone must pay for mo bile phone service. Those service contracts include unlimited data use. Both the iPhones and the iPod Touch devices can connect to the Internet throu gh campus wireless networks. With the iPhone, those networks may provid e faster connections and longer battery life than A T&T’s data network. Many cell phones allow users to surf the Web, but only some newer ones are c apable of wireless connection to the local area computer network. University officials say that they have no plans to track their students (and Apple said it would not be possible unless students give their permission). They say that they are drawn to the prospect of learning applications outsid e the classroom, though such lesson plans have yet to surface.“ My colleagues and I are studying something called augmented reality (a field of computer research dealing with the combination of real-world and virtual reality), said‖ Christopher Dede, professor in learning technologies at Harvard University. ― AlienContact, for‖ example, is an exer- cise develo ped for middle-school students who use hand-held devices that can determi ne their location. As they walk around a playground or other area, text, vid eo or audio pops up at various points to help them try to figure out why ali ens were in the schoolyard.“ You can imagine similar kinds of interactive activities along historical li nes, ‖like following the Freedom Trail in Boston, Professor Dede said.― It’s important that we do research, so that we know how well something like this works. ‖The rush to distribute the devices worries some professors, who say that st udents are less likely to participate in class if they are multi-tasking. ― I ’m n ot someone who’s anti-technology, but I,m always worried that technology becomes an end in and of itself, and it replaces teaching or it replaces analysis,, said’Ellen Millender, associate professor of classics at Reed College in Portland, Ore. (She added that she hoped to buy an iPhone for herself on ce prices fall.)Robert Summers, who has taught at Cornell Law School for about 40 years,announced this week — in a detailed, footnoted memorandum — that he would ban laptop computers from his class on contract law.“ I would ban that too if I knew the students were using it in class, Profes‖sor Summers said of the iPhone, after the device and its capabilities were e xplained to him. ― Whatwe want to encour- age in these students is an activ e intellectual experience, in which they develop the wide range of complex reasoning abilities required of good lawyers. ‖The experience at Duke University may ease some concerns. A few years a go, Duke began giving iPods to students with the idea that they might use t hem to record lectures (these older models could not access the Internet).“ We had assumed that the biggest focus of these devices would be consu ming the content, said‖ Tracy Futhey, vice president for informationtechn ology and chief information officer at Duke.But that is not all that the students did. They began using the iPods to creat e their own ― content, making‖ audio recordings of themselves and presenti ng them. The students turned what could have been a passive interaction in to an active one, Ms. Futhey said. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 1 上作答。

2014年6月英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(一)Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to-it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Six Steps to Tackling Your Student Loans[A] Any payment is a good debt payment, but a strategy can be useful too-even if your strategy means opening the envelope.Open the envelope[B] This is the hardest thing to do. The bills come with the "Sallie Mae" or "Discover" logo on them and you toss them aside, hoping to deal with them when you feel less besieged (围攻). You know you started owing some amount- $20,000, $50,000, $100,000—and that the interest is piling up, but you don't know exactly how much or how. When faced with heavy debt, many people try to avoid seeing the numbers.[C] This doesn't work, even psychologically. Anyone who has let credit-card bills or mortgage bills pile up, 1reopened, knows that avoiding the envelope does not reduce your anxiety; it increases it. As those envelopes multiply, they take over your psychological state. In horror movies, it's like the monster in the room behind the door. You don't know what it looks like, but it keeps you scared and immobile. So, open the envelope.[D] Or, even better, log in online. All student loan providers have a web site where you can see what you owe, your interest rates, and your payment schedules. SallieMae. com is no-frills, but still allows you to see your loans on one screen, including your interest rates. Discover. corn also has a pretty basic site. Citibank has a more complex site. Get used to logging into these sites pretty often; ff you need motivation, think of it as visiting your money while it's in prison.。

2014年6月大学英语六级考试真题(一)答案与详解Part ⅠWriting1、审题:本次作文仍旧是六级考试中常见的体裁：议论文【考频：★★★】,所选取的话题为it is unwise to jump to conclusions upon seeing or hearing something(只凭所见所闻就仓促下结论是不明智的）。

考生应该着重阐释在信息爆炸的当今社会，如果仅凭所见所闻就仓促得出结论，我们可能会深受其害。

因此，我们在作结论时要去伪存真，三思而后行。

2、列提纲：3.语言: 对谚语的描述要用词准确，议论部分可使用从句等高分句型。

Looking Before LeapingConfronted with various kinds of Information, modern people tend to trust whatever they have heard or read. However, it is unwise to jump to conclusions upon seeing or hearing something because the things we see or hear cannot all be correct. Living in the information age full of changes, we should discern clearly right from wrong.It is evident that some information is so misleading that we should not believe it. For instance several years ago, due to the nuclear pollution in Japan, a host of Chinese, especially middle-aged people and seniors, rushed to buy salt, firmly believing salt could prevent radiation, which was very ridiculous. Also, although it is generally accepted that a picture is worth a thousand words, some pictures cannot be trusted in this day and age, for photoshop has prevailed all around the world.In conclusion, it is imperative for us to hold correct attitudes towards the information we see or hear. Instead of drawing conclusions in a hurry, we should raise our awareness of judging right from wrong and look before leap. I firmly believe a better future is awaiting us if we make each and every decision upon deep thinking.PartⅡListening Comprehension1.听力原文：W：The students have been protesting against the increased tuition.M：Yeah, I heard about the protest. But I don’t know how much good it will do..Q: What does the man mean?1. A) College tuition has become a heavy burden for the students.B)College students are in general politically active nowadays.C)He is doubtful about the effect of the students5 action.D) He took part in many protests when he was at college.【预测】四个选项中多次出现了College和students两词，结合选项中的burden, politically active，action，protests可以推测，对话内容与大学生们.的抗议行动相关。

2014年英语六级阅读段落信息匹配题练习(1)Words: 943How to Survive Black FridayA) If you’re celebrating Thanksgiving today, you might be considering venturing out to the Black Friday sales tomorrow morning. After all, there will be at least a few great deals—and you can do all your holiday gift shopping in one crazy sprint. In order to make it out with your sanity—and your wallet—intact, there are a few Black Friday tips I)d like to share.B) First, making your shopping list is essential. When I was little, I could sit for hours with the Black Friday ads (especially Toys R Us), telling whoever was listening that I wanted pretty much everything on each page. I may have grown out of Toys R Us, but I still see plenty I want flipping through the sales papers. Sometimes, I can even convince myself that I really need some great gadget (小玩意儿)that I hadn’t actually intended to buy. So, before I even start browsing through the sales papers, I make a list of items that I’m particularly looking for. While I might adapt my list to what’s on sale—maybe swap out a movie title or choose a different videogame based on what is available.C) Second, many retailers offer online deals for Black Friday, so check the online deals before shopping. When you add in gas money and the time you might spend standing in line on Friday morning, online sales are even better. Before you brave the crowds, take a look at your favorite websites—and the stores you!re planning to visit. Many sales will kick in at midnight, so you"ll be able to check no matter how early you’re planning on getting in line at the local big box retailer. For some stores, you can order items online and pay the Black Friday price, then pick them up at your local store.D) Third, I have to say you’d better pick a shopping b uddy who will match your pace. My mother will be getting up at 4 a.m. Friday morning. While I admire her dedication, her Black Friday will be much longer than mine. I prefer to shop at a more comfortable pace, though, so I’ll be going with a different shop ping buddy. My mom and my sister—both power shoppers—are much happier pairing up and letting the slow poke(慢性子的A) (that’s me) go on my own. I do think that having a buddy does make the whole process much easier, though: one person can stand in line while the other person grabs whatever is on the list. Even better, a buddy can help youstick to your list and your budget, avoiding unnecessary spending.E) Fourth, don’t forget to bring your ads with you. There’s a chance that your discounted item may not ring up as on sale when you actually get up to the cash register. Instead of trying to recall exactly what the sale paper said, pull that ad out and ask the clerk to double check it. You can avoid confusion by carrying your ads with you—and, if you go to a store with a price-matching policy, you may be able to get the same prices that another store is offering. If you’re relying on ads you found online, you might have a harder time getting a deal, though. Some stores won’t even honor the prices listed on thei r own websites. Printing off the ad can help you convince a clerk, but it’s not guaranteed.F) Fifth, as to returns policies, they seem to get tighter every year, and they can be worse for Black Friday. For some items, stores may have only a short return policy—and they may charge you a restocking fee. If you aren’t sure if you’ve bought the right size (or are otherwise considering a return), plan on making your return as soon as possible. Keep your receipt handy and pick up gift receipts where necessary.G) Sixth, it is better to use your credit card on Black Friday. Normally, I，m against using a credit card for most purchases. It’s too easy to run up a big bill, but there are some definite benefits to using plastic on Black Friday. Many credit card companies have much better return protection than stores: a purchase made on your credit card may have guaranteed refund up to 90 days. Credit cards often offer warranty coverage for free on purchases—a much better deal than most of the service contracts offered by stores. Lastly, some cards offer sale price protection. If the price of your purchase is marked down further than the price you paid within a certain time frame, you can get a refund of the difference.H) Seventh, if you’re planning to find a grea t deal on an HDTV on Black Friday, I"m afraid that you’re out of luck. Even on Black Friday, it’s rare to see much in the way of sales on big ticket electronics. The small sales are generally just not worth the hassle of trying to get a sales person to help you with anything time intensive when they’re getting slammed with hundreds of shoppers.I) Last but not least, there’s nothing wrong with skipping the Black Friday sales. If there’s nothing on sale that you’re interested in, why bother? The entire day is set up to let retailers sell as much stuff as they can—to take as much of your money as they can. But there)s no better place for your money than in your wallet or bank account. So, stay Home, relax and take advantage of your leftovers. You’llbe saving money even if you wind up making a few full price purchases down the road.1. The author’s mother prefers shopping with the author’s sister because the author is slow.2. When shopping, it is better to bring the ads with you because some items may actually not be on sale.3. You can buy items online at the Black Friday price and then get them at the local store.4. While the author looks through the sales papers, she may make changes on her shopping list.5. In order to help readers spend their money more reasonably on Black Friday, the author would like to share a few Black Friday tips.6. You can’t find a great deal on expensive electronics on Black Friday because it is unnecessary for the stores to go for the small sales.7. Skipping the Black Friday sales means you are saving money.8. If your credit card is with price protection, you can get a refund of the price gap.9. For items with short return policy, you have a risk of paying for a restocking fee.10. The author advises people to use a credit card, which usually can guaranteea 90- day refund period.答案：6.H 本题是H段大意的总结。

Words: 1,062Sugar—Friend VS EnemyA) Sugar is everywhere. It‟s in our drinks, it‟s in our foods, and it‟s hidden in places we never would think of. Many would call sugar their friend in time of need, but in fact their so-called “good friend” could tur n out to be their worst enemy in disguise. Sugar for many is something they may have been battling with for a long time. Here‟s a simple three-step process to help you start to win back the battle for your health.B) The first step is to be aware of what sugar really does to your body. Most people will say they “know” that they shouldn‟t have sugar, but they really can‟t help it. To me that is a lack of true awareness of what sugar does to oneself. I don+t think many people will say that they want to hurt their body on purpose, but unless they know it‟s really happening they will continue down that road. Sugar is slower to impact our health, and it，s that slow destructive process that is the most dangerous. Unfortunately, most people don‟t know the damage until it has already been done.C) Sugar increases fat storing. Possibly the most important hormone in the body is insulin (胰岛素)，when it comes to weight loss and health. Insulin is the main hormone that we have full control over daily through our diet and lifestyle. When we eat sugar and it enters into our bloodstream too quickly, we have a spike in blood sugar levels. Now in times of high activity we are able to burn it off, but if we are sitting around this is not a good thing. So in response to that high level of blood sugar, the body will release more insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin will then take the excess glucose (葡萄糖)and try to find a place to store it. If your muscles are all full or have insulin resistance) then the best place to put the excess glucose is fat cells. When insulin is high, the fat cells are told to shut down any process of releasing stored fat into the blood for burning. With chronic high insulin spikes comes a resistance to it by your cells, leading to more insulin production, leading to more fat storing, and more resistance, eventually going down a road of diabetes and ill health for the whole body.D) Sugar also disrupts normal brain function. I think most people can relate to mood swings and energy highs/lows that come after a high sugar meal. Sugar can also be the source of many people‟s increased anxiety and depression. Let us not also forget the kids with ever-increasing attention “disorders” and behavioral issues. Sugar is not helping with that, either. In fact, there have been many studies that show when taking sugar out of a kid‟s diet and increasing fat intake, their attention ability increases, their behavior changes for the better.E) Sugar decreases your overall health and makes you age quicker. Too much sugar will lower your overall immune system increase destructive inflammation, lead to essential mineral deficiencies in the body, feed bad bacteria growth in your gut and other wonderful stuff. Aging is just a fancy word for the body breaking down quicker than it can repair itself, as that is what happens when we get older. Aging also is accelerated by the increasing risks of all degenerative diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, heart disease and cancers. We are all going to get older, but it doesn‟t mean that we have to “age” quicker.F) The second step is to realize you are in 100% control of your actions. This could be the most underrated yet the most important step, as we are the only person who controls what we put into our body. Everything starts in what we choose to put in our mouths. Some people may say they can‟t control their sugar cravings, but that is already admitting defeat and giving up power to some “cosmic sugar influence” out there. We can pass on dessert, we don‟t need to buy a candy bar, we can drink water instead of soda, but the choice is ours to make.G) Also many like to call it an “addiction”. This is just another way to give up your own personal power of choice. While sugar can have “addictive like” qualities, it‟s not something tha t you own or is a part of you. Fight the battle and you will get over the addictive feelings, they will go away. But if you call it an addiction and make it part of you, then it is yours to keep forever. Be free from it, let go. Take back control and anything is possible.H) The third step is to just live the daily journey one choice at a time. Life is just a series of present moments, and the choices we make in those moments. So let，s just focus on what we can do right now instead of worrying about what has happened in the past or may or may not happenin the future. “Now” is all we have and all we need to focus on.I) Choose to eat more natural foods. Choose whole food proteins, healthy fats and natural sources of carbohydrates. If it wasn‟t around a t housand years ago or is made by man (and not nature), chances are you don‟t need it. Note how it says “Choose” above, as it is your choice. Find the hidden sources of sugars and remove them. Sugar is hidden in places such as sauces, ketchup, soups, processed foods, drinks, so called health bars, and more. Become a label reader and see how much sugar you are consistently putting into your body. Don‟t fall for the marketing trick either of “low fat”, because that usually means “more sugar”.1. We are able to lower blood sugar levels by taking part in intense activities.2. If you consider sugar as an addiction and call it something that you own, you won"t get rid of it forever.3. In the author‟s opinion, the reason why many people can$t help having suga r is that they are unaware of its danger.4. When insulin in the bloodstream is high, fat cells will stop releasing stored fat.5. The author believes that sugar which we called “good friend” in time of need in fact is a hidden enemy.6. Many studies show that sugar-free diets with more fat can improve children‟s attention ability.7. The truth that we get older is that our body breaks down faster than it can be self?repaired.8. You yield to your addictive feelings, which means you give up your own personal power of choice.9. The author believes that taking high sugar meals may result in mood fluctuation.10. To be healthy, what we should do now is to eat natural foods and get rid of the hidden sources of sugars.Higher Grades Challenge College Application ProcessA) Josh Zalasky should be the kind of college applicant with little to worry about. The high school senior is taking three Advanced Placement courses. Outside the classroom, he，s involved in mock trial, two Jewish youth groups and has a job with a restaurant chain. He，s a National Merit semifinalist and scored in the top ? percent of all students who take the ACT.B) But in the increasingly frenzied world of college admissions, even Zalasky is nervous about his prospects. He doubts he#ll get into the University of Wisconsin, a top choice. The reason: his grades. It$s not that they%re bad. It&s that so many of his classmates are so good. Zalasky‟s GPA is nearly an A minus, and yet he ranks only about in the middle of his senior class of 543 atEdina High School outside Minneapolis, Minnesota. That means he will have to find other ways to stand out.C) “It‟s extremely difficult,” he said. “I spent all summer writing my essay. We even hired a private tutor to make sure that essay wa s the best it can be. But even with that, it‟s like I*m just kind of leveling the playing field.” Last year, he even considered transferring out of his highly competitive public school, to some place where his grades would look better.D) Some call the p henomenon that Zalasky‟s fighting “grade inflation”—implying the boost is undeserved. Others say students are truly earning their better marks. Regardless, it‟s a trend that‟s been building for years and may only be accelerating: many students are getting very good grades. So many, in fact, it is getting harder and harder for colleges to use grades as a measuring stick for applicants.E) Extra credit for AP courses, parental lobbying and genuine hard work by the most competitive students have combined to shatter any semblance of a Bell curve, one in which A，s are reserved only for the very best. For example, of the 47,317 applications the University of California, Los Angeles, received for this fall‟s freshman class, nearly 23,000 had GPAs of 4.0 or above.F) That‟s also making it harder for the most selective colleges—who often call grades the single most important factor in admissions—to join in a growing movement to lessen the influence of standardized tests.G) “We，re seeing 30, 40 valedictorians at a high school because they don，t want to create these distinctions between students,” said Jess Lord, dean of admission and financial aid at Haverford College in Pennsylvania. “ If we don‟t have enough information, there‟s a chance we‟ll become more heavi ly reliant on test scores, and that‟s a real negative to me.”H) Standardized tests have endured a heap of bad publicity lately, with the SAT raising anger about its expanded length and recent scoring problems. A number of schools have stopped requiring test scores, to much fanfare.I) But lost in the developments is the fact that none of the most selective colleges have dropped the tests. In fact, a national survey shows overall reliance on test scores is higher in admissions than it was a decade ago. “It‟s the only thing we have to evaluate students that will help us tell how they compare to each other,” said Lee Stetson, dean of admissions at the University of Pennsylvania.J) Grade inflation is hard to measure, and experts，caution numbers are often misleading because standards and scales vary so widely. Different practices of “weighting” GPAs for AP work also play havoc. Still, the trend seems to be showing itself in a variety of ways.K) The average high school GPA increased from 2.68 to 2.94 between 1990 and 2000, according to a federal study. Almost 23 percent of college freshmen in 2005 reported their average grade in high school was an A or better, according to a national survey by UCLA‟s Higher Education Research Institute. In 1975, the percentage was about half that.L) GPAs reported by students on surveys when they take the SAT and ACT exams have also risen—and faster than their scores on those tests. That suggests their classroom grades aren‟t rising just because students are getting smarter. Not surprisingly, the test-owners say grade inflation shows why testing should be kept: it gives all students an equal chance to shine.M) The problems associated with grade inflation aren‟t limited to elite college applicants. More than 70 percent of schools and districts analyzed by an education audit company calledSchoolMatch had average GPAs significantly higher than they should have been based on their standardized test scores—including the school systems in Chicago, Illinois, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Denver, Colorado, San Bernardino, California, and Columbus, Ohio. That raises concerns about students graduating from those schools unprepared for college. “They get mixed in with students from more rigorous schools and they just get blown away,” said SchoolMatch CEO William Bainbridge.N) In Georgia, high school grades rose after the state began awarding HOPE scholarships to students with a 3.0 high school GPA. But the scholarship requires students to keep a 3.0 GPA in college, too, and more than half who received the HOPE in the fall of 1998 and entered the University of Georgia system lost eligibility before earning 30 credits. Next year, Georgia is taking a range of steps to tighten eligibility, including calculating GPA itself rather than relying on schools, and no longer giving extra GPA weight to vaguely labeled “honors” classes.O) Among those who work with students gunning for the more selective colleges, opinions differ as to why there seem to be so many straight-A students. “I think th ere are more pressures now than there used to be, because 20 or 30 years ago kids with a B plus average got into some of the best colleges in the country,” said William Shain, dean of admissions and financial aid at Bowdoin College in Maine. “It didn，t matter if you had a 3.9 instead of a 3.95. I don，t know if it matters now either, but people are more likely to think it does.”P) Lord, the Haverford dean, sees grade inflation as the outcome of an irrational fear among students to show any slip up—in grades or discipline. In fact, colleges like his are often more interested in students who have overcome failure and challenge than robots who have never been anything less than perfect. “There，s a protection and encouragement of self-esteem that I don‟t agree with, but I think it‟s a lot of what‟s going on here,” he said. “And the college admissions process feeds into that.”Q) Back in Minnesota, Edina may join a growing number of schools that no longer officially rank students—a move that could help students like Zalasky, who says he was told by Wisconsin his class rank makes him a longshot. “They feel they‟re being left behind or not getting into the schools that they‟re applying to because of a particular class rank,” says Edina counselor Bill Hicks. “And there is some validity with respect to some certain schools that use certain formulas.”R) But the colleges most popular with Edina students already know how strong the school is: students‟ median verbal and math SAT scores are 1170 out of 1600. Hicks isn‟t willing to blame the concentration grades at the top on spineless teachers, or on grade-grubbing by parents and students. Expectations are high, and grades are based on student mastery of the material, not a curve. Wherever teachers place the bar for an A, the students clear it.S) “Everyone here is like, … if I can get a 98 why would I get a 93? said Lavanya Srinivasan, who was ranked third in her Edina class last year. Far from being pushovers, she says, Edina teachers are tougher than those in a course she took at Harvard last summer. Zalasky agrees the students work hard for their high grades. “The mentality of this school is, if you‟re not getting straight A，s you‟re not doing well,” he said. “There‟s just so much pressure on us day in and day out to get straight A‟s that everybody does.” Hicks compares the atmosphere at Edina to the World Series expectations that always surround the superstar lineup of the New York Yankees. “If they don‟t win it,” he said, “then it‟s failure.”1. Nearly half of the applications that the University of California received this autumn had GPAs of 4.0 or above.2. It，s also harder for the most selective colleges to lessen the effect of standardized tests.3. More than 30 years ago, about 11.5 percent of college freshmen reported their average grade in high school was an A or better.4. Because of the negative effects of standardized tests recently, a lot of universities have no longer required test scores.5. Some think Zalasky‟s improvement unworthy, while ot hers think his high grades win the praise for him.6. Because many of his classmates are so outstanding, Zalasky is nervous about his college application.7. Some colleges would like to admit students who have conquered failure and challenge rather than those who have never been anything less than perfect.8. In the next year, Georgia is taking a series of measures to tighten qualification, including calculating GPA itself and avoiding paying too much attention to vaguely labeled “honors” classes.9. In Zalasky，s opinion, students are put under great pressure to work hard to get straight A"s, or they will be regarded as losers.10. More and more schools no longer officially rank students by grade, which can help students like Zalasky.Words: 1,103How Ozone Pollution WorksA) The weather report on the radio or TV tells you that it is going to be sunny and hot and that an orange ozone alert has been issued. What is ozone? What does an orange alert mean? Why should you be concerned about it? In this article, we will examine what ozone is, how it is produced, what health hazards it poses and what you can do to reduce ozone pollution.B) Ozone is a molecule of three oxygen atoms bound together (O3). It is unstable and highly reactive. Ozone is used as a bleach, a deodorizing agent, and a sterilization agent for air and drinking water. At low concentrations, it is toxic. Ozone is found naturally in small concentrations in the stratosphere, a layer of Earth‟s upper atmosphere. In this upper atmos phere, ozone is made when ultraviolet light from the sun splits an oxygen molecule (O2), forming two single oxygen atoms. If a freed atom collides with an oxygen molecule, it becomes ozone. Stratospheric ozone has been called “good” ozone because it protects the Earth‟s surface from dangerous ultraviolet light.C) Ozone can also be found in the troposphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere. Tropospheric ozone (often termed “ bad ” ozone) is man - made, a result of air pollution from internal combustion engines and power plants. Automobile exhaust and industrial emissions release a family of nitrogen oxide gases (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC), by-products of burning gasoline and coal. NOx and VOC combine chemically with oxygen to form ozone during sunny, high- temperature conditions of late spring, summer and early fall. High levels of ozone are usually formed in the heat of the afternoon and early evening, dissipating during the cooler nights.D) Although ozone pollution is formed mainly in urban and suburban areas, it ends up inrural areas as well, carried by prevailing winds or resulting from cars and trucks that travel into rural areas. Significant levels of ozone pollution can be detected in rural areas as far as 250 miles downwind from urban industrial zones.E) You can make ozone test strips to detect and monitor ozone levels in your own backyard or around your school. You will need corn starch, filter paper (coffee filters work well) and potassium iodide (can be ordered from a science education supplier such as Carolina Biological Supply or Fisher Scientific). Basically, you make a paste from water, corn starch and potassium-iodide, and you paint this paste on strips of filter paper. You then expose the strips to the air for eight hours. Ozone in the air will react with the potassium iodide to change the color of the strip. You will also need to know the relative humidity, which you can get from a newspaper, weather broadcast or home weather station.F) When you inhale ozone, it travels throughout your respiratory tract. Because ozone is very corrosive, it damages the bronchioles and alveoli in your lungs, air sacs that are important for gas exchange. Repeated exposure to ozone can inflame lung tissues and cause respiratory infections.G) Ozone exposure can aggravate existing respiratory conditions such as asthma, reduce your lung function and capacity for exercise and cause chest pains and coughing. Young children, adults who are active outdoors and people with respiratory diseases are most susceptible to the high levels of ozone encountered during the summer. In addition to effects on humans, the corrosive nature of ozone can damage plants and trees. High levels of ozone can destroy agricultural crops and forest vegetation.H) To protect yourself from ozone exposure, you should be aware of the Air Quality Index (AQI) in your area every day—you can usually find it in the newspaper or on a morning weather forecast on TV or radio. You should also be familiar with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guide for ozone-alert values.I) What do the numbers in the AQI mean? The AQI measures concentrations of five air pollutants: ozone, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. The EPA has chosen these pollutants as criteria pollutants, but these are not all of the pollutants in the air. These concentrations are compared to a standard set out in federal law. An index value of 100 means that all of the criteria pollutants are at the maximum level that is considered safe for the majority of the population. To reduce your exposure to ozone, you should avoid exercising during afternoon and early evening hours in the summer.J) There are several ways you can help to decrease ozone pollution. Limit using your automobile during afternoon and early evening hours in the late spring, summer and early fall. Do not use gasoline-powered lawn equipment during these times. Do not fuel your car during these times. Do not light fires or outdoor grills during these times. Keep the engine of your car or boat tuned. Make sure that your tires are properly inflated. Use environmentally safe paints, cleaning and office products (some of these chemicals are sources of VOC).K) Besides personal attempts to reduce ozone pollution, the EPA has initiated more stringent air-quality standards (such as the Clean Air Act and its modifications) to reduce air pollution. Compliance with these standards by industries, manufacturers and state and local governments has significantly reduced the levels of many common air pollutants.L) With continued conservation and reduction practices, adherence to ozone-pollution warnings, research and government regulation, ozone-pollution levels shouldcontinue to fall. Perhaps future generations will not be threatened by this environmentalpollutant.M) The thing that determines whether ozone is good or bad is its location. Ozone is ……good，，when it is in the stratosphere. The stratosphere is a layer of the atmosphere starting at the level of about 6 miles (about 10 kilometers) above sea level. The stratosphere naturally contains about six parts per million of ozone, and this ozone is very beneficial because it absorbs UV radiation and prevents it from reaching us.N) Ozone is “bad” when it is a t ground level. Ozone is a very reactive gas that is hard on lung tissue. It also damages plants and buildings. Any ozone at ground level is a problem. Unfortunately, chemicals in car exhaust and chemicals produced by some industries react with light to produce lots of ozone at ground level. In cities, the ozone level can rise to a point where it becomes hazardous to our health. That‟s when you hear about an ozone warning on the news.1. When ultraviolet rays from the sun separate an oxygen molecule into two single oxygen atoms in the stratosphere, the combination of a single oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule forms ozone.2. You can make ozone test strips by yourself to find out about ozone levels in your own locale.3. Long-time exposure to ozone is badly harmful to our respiratory system.4. Chemicals in industrial waste gas and vehicle exhaust react with light to form lots of ozone at ground level.5. Internal combustion engines and power plants cause the artificial tropospheric ozone, also know n as “bad” ozone.6. Ozone is very helpful because it absorbs UV radiation and separates us from it.7. Using gasoline-powered lawn equipment in the late spring, summer and early fall may increase ozone pollution.8. Ozone pollution occurs in urban and suburban areas as well as in rural areas.9.In order to decrease ozone pollution, the EPA has set up more rigorous air-quality standards.10. Pay close attention to the Air Quality Index in your area every day can keep you away from ozone exposure.EarthquakesA) An earthquake is one of the most terrifying phenomena that nature can dish up. We generally think of the ground we stand on as “rock-solid” and completely stable. An earthquake can shatter (粉碎)that perception instantly, and often with extreme violence.B) Up until relatively recently, scientists only had unproven guesses as to what actually caused earthquakes. Even today there is still a certain amount of mystery surrounding them, but scientists have a much clearer understanding. There has been enormous progress in the past century. Scientists have identified the forces that cause earthquakes, and developed technology that can tell us an earthquake"s magnitude and origin. The next hurdle is to find a way of predicting earthquakes, so the y don‟t catch people by surprise. In this article, we‟ll find out what causes earthquakes, and we‟ll also find out why they can have such a devastating effect on us.C) An earthquake is a vibration(震动)that travels through the earth‟s crust. Technically, a large truck that rumbles down the street is causing a mini-earthquake, if you feel your house shaking as it goes by; but we tend to think of earthquakes as events that affect a fairly large area,such as an entire city. All kinds of things can cause earthquakes: volcanic eruptions, meteor(流星)impacts, underground explosions (an underground nuclear test, for example), collapsing structures (such as a collapsing mine). But the majority of naturally-occurring earthquakes are caused by movements of the earth‟s plates.D) We only hear about earthquakes in the news every once in a while, but they are actually an everyday occurrence on our planet. According to the United States Geological Survey, more than 3 million earthquakes occur every year. That‟s about 8,000 a day, or one every 11 seconds! The vast majority of these 3 million quakes are extremely weak. The law of probability also causes a good number of stronger quakes to happen in uninhabited places where no one feels them. It is the big quakes that occur in highly populated areas that get our attention.E) Earthquakes have caused a great deal of property damage over the years, and they have claimed many lives. In the last hundred years alone, there have been more than 1.5 million earthquake-related fat alities. Usually, it‟s not the shaking ground itself that claims lives; it‟s the associated destruction of man-made structures and other natural disasters it causes, such as tsunamis, avalanches (雪崩)and landslides.F) The biggest scientific breakthrough in the history of seismology—the study of earthquakes—came in the middle of the 20th century, with the development of the theory of plate tectonics(筑造学).Scientists proposed the idea of plate tectonics to explain a number of peculiar phenomena on earth, such as the apparent movement of continents over time, the clustering of volcanic activity in certain areas and the presence of huge ridges at the bottom of the ocean.G) The basic theory is that the surface layer of the earth—the lithosphere—is comprised of many plates that slide over the lubricating (润滑的)asthenosphere layer. At the boundaries between these huge plates of soil and rock, three different things can happen.H) Plates can move apart. If two plates are moving apart from each other, hot, molten rock flows up from the layers of mantle below the lithosphere. This magma (岩浆) comes out on the surface (mostly at the bottom of the ocean), where it is called lava (熔岩).As the lava cools, it hardens to form new lithosphere material, filling in the gap. This is called a divergent plate boundary.I) Plates can push together. If the two plates are moving toward each other, one plate typically pushes under the other one. This plate below sinks into the lower mantle layers, where it melts. At some boundaries where two plates meet, neither plate is in a position to push under the other, so they both push against each other to form mountains. The lines where plates push toward each other are called convergent plate boundaries.J) Plates slide against each other. At other boundaries, plates simply slide by each other—one moves north and one moves south, for example. While the plates don‟t drift directly into each other at these transform boundaries, they are pushed tightly together. A great deal of tension builds at the boundary.K) We understand earthquakes a lot better than we did even 50 years ago, but we still can‟t do much about them. They are caused by fundamental, powerful geological processes that are far beyond our control. These processes are also fa irly unpredictable, so it‟s not possible at this time to tell people exactly when an earthquake is going to occur. The first detected earthquake waves will tell us that more powerful vibrations are on their way, but this only gives us a few minutes‟ warning, at most.L) So what can we do about earthquakes? The major advances over the past 50 years have。

二．图画段落（段落组合：段落123）What is subtly portrayed in the above illustration is that 用简单的句子描述漫画中的内容(也就是漫画中人物正在干什么，是说话还是做事) ,with dialogue/behaviour thought-provoking. As can be apparently seen in it ,when asked/hearing 具体来说明漫画中人物的言行。

However simple the given drawing may appear at first sight ,its implication goes undoubtedly far-reaching:漫画的讽刺社会现象或用意。

（段落模型1:描述画面）What might account for the phenomenon conveyed by this image ? It is no difficult job for us to come up with some possible factors that underlie the above complicated phenomenon.for one thing ,原因一。

For another,原因二。

Besides,one more important factor worth our concern is that 原因三。

（段落模型2：解释原因）Given the current issue,the whole society should take it seriously and take relevant actions.our government of various levels could make relevant plans or rules to guide all to live a scientific and proper life .furthermore ,each individual should be made aware that any prompt action is of benefit to all.(段落模型3：提出观点或看法)三．表格型（段落组合：段落423）As is evidently illustrated in the figures offered in the above chart/graph/table 图表大概反映了什么情况。